Clinical assessment of intelligence, personality and

achievement

Overview of psychological testsOverview of psychological tests 1.-types of tests1.-types of tests Psychological tests are used to assess Psychological tests are used to assess

intelligence , achievement , personality, and intelligence , achievement , personality, and psychopathology.psychopathology.

These tests are classified by functional area These tests are classified by functional area and by whether information is gathered and by whether information is gathered objectively or projectively.objectively or projectively.

2.—objective versus projective tests .2.—objective versus projective tests . -an objective tests are based on questions -an objective tests are based on questions

that are easily scored and statistically that are easily scored and statistically analysed.analysed.

A projective test requires the subject to A projective test requires the subject to interpret the questions. Responses are interpret the questions. Responses are assumed to be based on the subjects assumed to be based on the subjects motivational state and defense mechanisms.motivational state and defense mechanisms.

Individual versus group testing.Individual versus group testing. -tests administered to one individual at a time allow -tests administered to one individual at a time allow

careful observation and evaluation of that particular careful observation and evaluation of that particular person. A test battery looks at functioning of an person. A test battery looks at functioning of an individual in a number of different functional areaindividual in a number of different functional area

Tests given to a group of people simultaneously have Tests given to a group of people simultaneously have the advantages of efficient administration grading and the advantages of efficient administration grading and statistical analysis..statistical analysis..

Intelligence testsIntelligence tests --intelligence is defined as the ability to --intelligence is defined as the ability to

understand abstract concepts, reason ;assimilate, understand abstract concepts, reason ;assimilate, recall, analyze and organize information; and meet recall, analyze and organize information; and meet the special needs of new situations.the special needs of new situations.

Mental age (ma) as defined by alfred Mental age (ma) as defined by alfred binet ,reflects a persons level of intellectual binet ,reflects a persons level of intellectual functioning. chronological age (ca) is the persons functioning. chronological age (ca) is the persons actual age in years.actual age in years.

Intelligence quotient (iq)Intelligence quotient (iq) --iq is the ratio of ma to ca times 100;--iq is the ratio of ma to ca times 100; Ma/ca x 100 =iqMa/ca x 100 =iq. An iq of 100 means that the . An iq of 100 means that the

persons mental and chronological ages are persons mental and chronological ages are equivalent.equivalent.

The highest ca used to determine iq is 15 years.The highest ca used to determine iq is 15 years. Iq is determined mainly by genetics . Poor Iq is determined mainly by genetics . Poor

nutrition illness during development can nutrition illness during development can negatively effect iq,.negatively effect iq,.

Iq is relatively stable through out life. In the Iq is relatively stable through out life. In the of absence of brain pathology –iq is same in of absence of brain pathology –iq is same in old as in childhood.old as in childhood.

The results of iq –influenced by emotional The results of iq –influenced by emotional response to testing situations.response to testing situations.

----normal intelligence----normal intelligence Iq of 100 means ma and ca are approximately Iq of 100 means ma and ca are approximately

same. normal iq is 90-100.same. normal iq is 90-100. Iq,<70 is considered as mentally retarded. Iq,<70 is considered as mentally retarded.

DSM IV classification of m rDSM IV classification of m r -mild 50 – 70-mild 50 – 70 Mod 35-55Mod 35-55 Severe 20 – 40Severe 20 – 40 Profound < 20 Profound < 20

A score between 71 & 84 indicates borderline A score between 71 & 84 indicates borderline intellectual functionintellectual function

A person with iq more than 2 standard deviations A person with iq more than 2 standard deviations above the mean (iq>130) has a superior above the mean (iq>130) has a superior intelligenceintelligence

WESCHLER INTELLIGENCE TESTSWESCHLER INTELLIGENCE TESTS The weschler adult intelligence scale revised The weschler adult intelligence scale revised

(waisr) is the most commonly used iq test.(waisr) is the most commonly used iq test. Waisr has 11 sub tests—6 verbal 5 performanceWaisr has 11 sub tests—6 verbal 5 performance

Sub tests evaluate general information, Sub tests evaluate general information, comprehension, similarities , arithmetic, comprehension, similarities , arithmetic, vocabulary, picture assembly, picture vocabulary, picture assembly, picture completion, block design, object assembly, completion, block design, object assembly, digit span &digit symbol.digit span &digit symbol.

Weschler intelligence scale for children Weschler intelligence scale for children revised wisc r –intelligence in children 6- revised wisc r –intelligence in children 6- 61/2 years61/2 years

Weishler preschool and primary scale of Weishler preschool and primary scale of intelligence---children 4- 61/2 yearsintelligence---children 4- 61/2 years

Vineland social maturity scale--skills for daily Vineland social maturity scale--skills for daily living in mr & challenged people.living in mr & challenged people.

Achievement testsAchievement tests --uses--uses Evaluate how well an individual has mastered Evaluate how well an individual has mastered

specific subject areas such as reading & specific subject areas such as reading & mathematics.mathematics.

Used for evaluation & career counseling in schools Used for evaluation & career counseling in schools & industry& industry

specific achievement tests

Wide range achievement test (wrat) –often Wide range achievement test (wrat) –often used clinically –evaluates arithmetic, used clinically –evaluates arithmetic, reading & spelling skills.reading & spelling skills.

Achievement tests often used by school Achievement tests often used by school systems include the california, iowa and systems include the california, iowa and peaboly achievement tests. peaboly achievement tests.

Personality testsPersonality tests -personality tests are used to evaluate -personality tests are used to evaluate

psychopathology and personality psychopathology and personality characteristics.--characteristics.--

Psychiatric evaluation of the patient with Psychiatric evaluation of the patient with emotional symptomsemotional symptoms

Psychiatric history Psychiatric history The patients psychiatric history is taken as part of The patients psychiatric history is taken as part of

the medical history. The psychiatric history the medical history. The psychiatric history includes questions about mental illness, drug and includes questions about mental illness, drug and alcohol use ,sexual activity, current living alcohol use ,sexual activity, current living situation, and sources of stress.situation, and sources of stress.

The mental status examination and related The mental status examination and related instrumentsinstruments

The mental status examination evaluates an The mental status examination evaluates an individuals current state of mental functioningindividuals current state of mental functioning

The folstein mini mental state examination is The folstein mini mental state examination is commonly used at the bedside to follow commonly used at the bedside to follow improvement or deterioration in functionimprovement or deterioration in function

objective rating scales of depression that are objective rating scales of depression that are commonly used include the hamilton, raskin and commonly used include the hamilton, raskin and zung scales.zung scales.

Terms used to describe psychophysiologic symptoms Terms used to describe psychophysiologic symptoms and mood in patients with psychiatric illnessand mood in patients with psychiatric illness