clinical anatomy of respiratory system
DESCRIPTION
CLINICAL ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEMTRANSCRIPT
C LINICAL ANATOMY OF
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FATIMA TRUNKWALA
GROUP 216
Introduction
• Conducting portionNose, Pharynx , Larynx ,
Trachea and Bronchi
• Respiratory portionRespiratory bronchioles ,
Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli
Nose
• Nasal cavity
Interior area of the nose; lined with a sticky mucous
• Paranasal Sinuses
air-filled space within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid
bones of the skull
Pharynx
• Funnel shaped tube that lies posterior to the nasal cavity
• Common passageway for air and food and it provides a resonating chamber
for speech sounds
• It is composed of:
Nasopharynx – uppermost portion
Oropharynx – middle portion
Laryngopharynx – lowermost portion
Larynx
• It is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx.
• It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords.
• It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
Trachea
• It is a tubular passageway for air, located anterior to the esophagus
• It extends from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra where it divides into
the right and left bronchi
• The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated mucous membrane
• Tracheal wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings
Lungs
• Main and primary organ of the respiratory System
• Consists of lobes
Right lung has three lobes.
Left lung has two lobes.
Bronchial Tree
• The bronchial tree consists of branched tubes leadding from the trachea to
the alveoli.
• Bronchial tree begins with the two primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.
• Branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea are right and left primary
bronchi; these further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts
which terminate in alveoli.
The Alveoli
• Primary exchange of gases occur
• Cup-shaped out pouching lined by epithelium and supported by a thin
elastic basement membrane.
• Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening.
Congenital Anomalies of respiratory system
• TRACHEAL STENOSIS
• TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
• BRONCHIAL ATRESIA
• LUNG AGENESIS
Tracheal stenosis
• Rare
• Focal (30%), Generalized (30%), Funnel shaped (20%).
• Affects Lower 1/3rd of distal airway
TRACHEO-OESOPHAGEAL FISTULA
• Type A: Corresponds to pure esophageal atresia without fistula.
• Type B: is esophageal atresia with fistula between the proximal pouch and the trachea.
• Type C: is esophageal atresia and fistula from the trachea or the main bronchus to the distal esophageal
segment. (most common)
• Type D: is esophageal atresia with both proximal and distal fistulas
• Type E: is tracheoesophageal fistula without atresia.
Bronchial Atresia
• Focal obliteration of a proximal segmental or subsegmental bronchus that
lacks communication with the central airways.
• Upper lobe bronchi are frequently affected
Lung Agenesis
• Teratogenic;
• 4th week of Gestation
• Usually Unilateral
• More than 50% of children with pulmonary agenesis have associated
congenital anomalies that involve the cardiovascular
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