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NatSci4 12:30-1:30 MWF

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• Climate is the average

weather over many years.

• Defined a region with certain

temperature, dryness, wind,

light, etc.

• The standard averaging

period is 30 years.

What is Climate ?

What is a season?A Season is :

-a traditional division of year based on unique weather conditions.

-In temperature regions, there are four seasons, spring, summer, autumn, and winter, while in tropical countries there are often only two, a dry season and rainy season

What is Spring Season?

is one of the four conventional

temperate seasons, following winter and preceding

summer.

What is Summer Season?

is the hottest of the four temperate seasons,

falling between spring and autumn.

What is Autumn Season?

is the third season of the year, coming after

summer and before winter, and coinciding with the

dropping of leaves from the trees as they go into a

winter rest, which is why it's also called fall.

What is Winter Season?

is the coldest season of the year in polar and

temperate climates, between autumn and spring.

Rainy Season

What is Rainy Season?

monsoon season, is

the time of year when

most of a region's

average annual rainfall

occurs. It usually lasts

one or more months.

What is Dry Season?

is a yearly period of low

rainfall, especially in the

tropics. The weather in the

tropics is dominated by the

tropical rain belt, which

moves from the northern to

the southern tropics and

back over the course of the

year.

Dry Season

SOIL • Soil is a natural body comprised of solids (minerals

and organic matter), liquid, and gases that occurs on the land surface, occupies space, and is characterized by one or both of the following: horizons, or layers, that are distinguishable from the initial material as a result of additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and matter or the ability to support rooted plants in a natural environment.

TYPES OF SOILSandy• Sandy soil has the

largest particles among the different soil types.

• It’s dry and gritty to the touch, and because the particles have huge spaces between them, it can’t hold on to water.

Silty• Silty soil has much

smaller particles than sandy soil so it’s smooth to the touch.

• When moistened, it’s soapy slick. When you roll it between your fingers, dirt is left on your skin.

Clay• Clay soil has the

smallest particles among the three so it has good water storage qualities. It’s sticky to the touch when wet, but smooth when dry.

Peaty• Peaty soil is

dark brown or black in color, soft, easily compressed due to its high water content, and rich in organic matter.

IMPORTANCE OF SOIL• Soil supports growth of plants • Soil support for survival of many bacteria, algae, fungi,

and etc.• Soil is a source of minerals• Soil is used in making utensils.• Soil is used for construction of homes, buildings,

roads , etc.• Soil keeps atmosphere cool.• Home for animals, bird, and insects.

ORGANISMS

Bacteria

• Are the most abundant of the soil organism.

Fungi• Are not the most

abundant of the soil organism, but they account for the greatest amount of living mass in soil.

Actinomycetes

• Are believe to be an evolutionary transition between bacteria and fungi because they have characteristics of both organism.

Algae• Are multicellular

organisms with chlorophyll and therefore, are autotrophic in their nutritional requirements.

Protozoa• Are the most abundant

of the soil inhabiting organism that can be considered ‘animal life’

• Include amoeba and paramecium, which feed on organic matter and other soil microbes.

Nematodes• Are microscopic

roundworms that can comprise as much as 90% of the multicellular invertebrates in soil.

Viruses• Are sub-microscopic

organisms with a relatively simply structure .

• Viruses are intracellular parasites that do not respire or metabolize and must have a biological host to reproduce.

Species a species is defined as all organisms that can reproduce one another and produce fertile offspring

Biodiversity• The number of

species in an ecosystem, and the number of individual organisms of each species.

• On of the most important types of interactions between species is which species eat other species; this interaction is known as the food web.

Examples of species in the soil

. In the soil food web the energy source is the decaying organic matter called detritus.