climate monograph ru

Download Climate Monograph Ru

If you can't read please download the document

Upload: sandu-emanoil-alexe

Post on 27-Nov-2015

5 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

Schimbari climatice

TRANSCRIPT

  • ! !" !!"

    SCHIMBAREA GLOBAL A CLIMEI #$%"

    !"#$%&$ (")*+,

    -& ..../

  • ! !" !!"

    /"!0112&+3

    4INTRODUCERE N CHIMIA VERDE (GREEN CHEMISTRY)

    Un manual pentru Liceu

    567 8/0119&+

    7:+22220;

  • > 3 5 01 1=1?9;?11)7/ /" ) ! / " @$"& A

  • ; $ &" < ;0&"" B

    ;0;&@@&>"" 2

    0$% 8

    0;@& 8 00+& ;1 0?7& ;; 0@" ?;

    ?B; ?; ?B0D> ?0 ?B? >@" ? ?

    ?=7/ /"/ ?9

    ""& ?8

  • !& &@ /"@"

    >@*>, "@ "& @ " " > * /& > ! @ $>",A" @ !(" "@ & $ & @ / @ > / @ @ 3 " @" >&@ $" > @ / " ! $& & @ @ @ /@ ; &*" , "@&>"$&" !

    1.1 Compoziie i structur 7 @ ;1111 F >" ;91G > " A @ & @&"$8=G" > @" ""08F @& " >& @ " " 21 F !"& @ @"H@ " 21F >>" $& @$" ! >& > ! / /&"$" >@ "! $@

    >=212 /*H HI++IJJIE6

    E, *H 0,*H *+ 0D,

    A " >&@ I$ " >"

    & " @" > & "& @@ $ ( / &$ 0 A&! @""&@"> "@!@"

    # >" "" +& ( @ & " @ $@>! !@@@>@&

    ; K$""" " & "/ >"> &0-""" "$@>"

    (

  • 3 @ @ @$"> ""

    >" " >" "&&@ &>" $ " @$> @&K "! @" @$ @ >K "$ @& >& @ @ > !"& @ ! *# ;;, $ B9LF ! ( " &" > "

    !

    7 ! >" $M;=L 90L $ ;" >& " $& " " @ ! ($81L

    $ 21 F @& " D " >" >& " !81F5" /" ( $ ;=91L ! N /$>!0

    )#*#+)+,-*#.+/#*,+

    :

    / "

    #$&@

    4$

    $!"

    &

    + ""

    $

    )

    0

  • 7 @ ! 2181 F " @"@>"&"" " @@ # > " & J & " " & ) /@ /*;0,

    A" > // > # " $ >$ ! @" >" A > & " " "77 @*@ > !& $ 0=1L " " > @" *! " " & &" >, @& " $$" ;1?0 911 9911 &"& > ! " @A " "& @> > @& " ! / & $ ! @" ! &@&$

    1.2 Iradiaia solar i temperatura pe Pmnt

    > $ /& "*??, & *?< 0,K " / " ( " ( " $ 7 /@" " > & @> " ! " &@> "/>" /@"& "" > @*@ ", >!*# ;0,

    > * ,* "/ O111191;J* O11;1;1,I & $3-* O;1?21,I/> @ """&

    /$>!3-* O?21?;9,3-:* O?;9021,3-* O021;1,I P$>/"* O?21=21,I >@* O1=2?11Q,& > ! I "

    @ "&+> J@" @&

    ? 3 @ @ /> " $>/" ! " 4 // >" ! " $ 7 " ! " @@""

  • $91G "$ /> J3-*8G,$>/"*"&

    4 ( " " *@" "( @ &",$/"" ! @ $>" $& >" /7

    3 &">I A& &" >" "

    /@&"

    *%

    3 &" > !& *$ 0?9L,"@& >!

    -"!"! *;1L+;1L7, *;1L09L+7, *09L?9L+7, *?9L99L+7, *99LB1L, *B1L=9L+7, *=9L81L+7,

    K& & ( ! $ > &"$" ! &" $ @ ! @">"@&> @&>"

    A > /" ! @& > @>" " & ! @" " > @ >>"@ @ @> //& &P $ ;91F& " ;11G &" 22F & J &3- // " @K @ >@>>" &"& B

    B7@""@> >$) "&K>&@" $ &"*@& ,$"!@&$ > " @

    > >J3- #

    *4RO ,@$&* ,A "* ,

    2

  • K @" @>" * 0;, ! @> & P " @>) /"&/

    &@ @"!!&I@ D " & @>" @& " /$ "/"//"&@*, @ ") / *?" ! 1G @&" A" /& $" " "" $ " " @ ! >" $& " (" $ @& 7 > " $ @" > $@ ! >"

    ; 1 ! @& & 4 " " " > @& " ! & " " /" / @" & C " ( ! & & "@!">!

    0 /"> !#/ $ @ /" $!">" !

    ? A" " @ @$ " " " K > " /" > "!

    =$BG&"" @""

    3

  • >&@&" !> ">&/& & @& @" @ @@@>& $@!0!>&"

    *$/& &,">"&!@" & "" @ / @ " > A !" @@ >" ! ! @" A $ @> $"&&@""& "&/& &@

    2.1 Clasificarea poluanilor aerului

    & @ @&! *"& " >$ >" / / @& @ , / @ & /&!@"!"* @7D 0>+D,& * > 2 D ?, & ! @" ! &@>

    ?111 & @ & ( $ $"& > / ! $ & > # & ! !( " @ $/ & @@>" @> ! @ " A & *, & &@"& " *@, "&@&

    & !@ /"" /*D,/*D 0,> > *+D ! ( / @" +D, @ / $ / /& & @ @ *7D 0, / @"@" &@$" @"@ @*H 07D *+D 0,D? >" / & *+, > & $& K & &@>" + @@>" >*

  • A" ! @" @ @@

    *;Q,I " "*0Q,I A (" T;Q //!

    I # T0Q >I @ !10 911QI + U911Q

    / !@ "

    $ &@>!@" >"

    "" " ! ! " ;1Q* ;1 >" ,@ + "!*" ,K(B1G ;1 @ 09*@@,T09Q / ( @ * $",

    2.2 Natura poluanilor

    " *" , >" ( !(" """& $ / & > @ $ !$ @

    &@@" @ >$@ "* > &$, & " !@""& @!@ $!$*>&$ ,

    K>&"& $ "$$3 @*7D 0,&$ @"@" ! ;82? @ 21 081 7D 0 $ B8 $"& > > *+D , ! $ @ " * & ! " > @,4+D !0181 !>&$"0 @ @ &!@& & > & $" D 0 *@ ", > > K @" > (" @ //&3-$!$@ @>"*?B0,

    7 / & > $ *$ @ , ! !(" """& A / >" ) / ""$ &"!@"K /@@ " " $/!> @4 "&&$"7 HR ;821 !""& 73 " >

    56

  • @ ! > ( $ > $ & @ @ !"> @&D " / " " ! @" "$@A 7@! &" $ 5 ( ! !" 3 : + @ ) >" ) @ @ @$ """& !(" & $ * 23 ! -D, A -D / ! @ @& / $ ! & & " " " > @$ ! " @ @ "&

    ( > ! 0 & / @ " & "4 $ 4 / / A / ! /C"D 0C> @"*>!"> /",

    2.3 Sursele poluanilor

    !(" $ " A @ @"" "&" & $"& !(" K & / @ @$ " @ !(" $ @ (/ > @"&! /!">$" ("K "@ &" !(" @ ! >" &@" " K > &" > >$ $ !"(" !("

    % $"& " & " / " !"> & >"&>$

    " > $ @/ > !"> & " > > $ ! !>& //@$&

    3> //@ !"> &C " "/ $ /" " $" D D 07D 0 ! @" @ /! "" &!!/ !>//&@!">&K !@/>"/"""@!@" "2181G & * " , / " >" (" / *D, !@"

    8@ ""@/

    55

  • >>" @" "$ ) @@ / "* ,@ / D 0D 0 3 > / ! " > *+D, $ @$/ ! > @ > > & >" H "> / / & >&! &* @> 7 @ / /!"&!"& $

    A"$ />"&$!> &" @ / $("&!> /

    2.4 Rspndirea poluanilor

    &&@ &@ &I +"/&I A&@&""I @"@>&! @"I ->@"I @ >I & $4 " / @&@" &

    $$$&&@ &@*@, !">" &@"!" A / > / @ @ ! ! > ! @ !"& $"!(&

    $ & K &@ @ & @ @& $/*&,

    K & & $ ( $ & / @ @A$ " & &&&">"/&$

    $"$ @ @" *;;,@"!"> ""! /" !" > " " " & & ! " " $" K & @!> K> / $ & & K

    57

  • $ !& "7" @ " " @ $ @ / & " !"> " & !" "!">&! $>( &

    2.5 Efectele poluanilor

    D"&"@& @/"&K/$@$ >>"@@

    @"@ $" ""& @@! A> "*"," "

    4@ $"@ $ * , >" @$* ,&&$ "$ /@/@&@ "!!/ & " $@ ! " @ > ! @ @ ""@ >& " &*,

    # & $ $ " @&" @$" @> @ " & & @ $/"@"/@$ + &*&&, >" > & $ @ ! "

    7 / - > >& @&

    - ! " " $& ! & $" @ @& " ">, @ @" $ 81 "A @ / " !" " / $$ " @ $;9L

    P @&" & 7 - " /"@;11L$;2L /@"# & ??L >& @"&@&$&" 4@!">@! " $&*$",/*/D 0,

    " >@&""@ ""V# *;=B2;2?1, ! ( ;211 4 " @ /"> "">" "@P $ # @> /> @ > >! V 6*;201;28?, ! " *$, /// " " / @" & *, 4 "">&! @";1 4@/"

    5

  • ">$$&/" ///"/@ & & >!! ;91 "$!

    3.1 Metode de calcul

    $ " W $ !!"W/$/ $W

    /" & " ! /" @ "" ! / > ! >N @"" " " ! @> / /"" @" &" " @ / @$ ! & "& > $ " @& >& @ &/@;11 1">A&"&D 0@" D 0 >/@" /* D ?, @ /&A" & D ? >" &@>&$&"

    P&@09?1G !>$?9!" C/$@/ ">> " &$ >& !" " / @ / " >>@ @ / / + *& >>,3@ > @&

    D 0MH0DM BH;0 DB* >,MD 0B B B@

    #> & D 0 @" @ &" X! > " " "@> ! @&@)@/"$>" "!>*$;11 !",&D 0@ @$ &" @ " ">

    A$>&@""! 011111C"$ $ / $ &@$ $("X "$!)3 "! >& A@ @&" ! & " $@" ;;

    7 &" " @ !& /@/ "@$ &@$ &-F! &@>"" &"$$;B1111 ;; / " ! / ! ( " >>" & ) A $ + >" $ @>>"$& ! @

    5(

  • 5 / " @& @& > /@" * 0H > ; H, ! & $ "" ! & ; H & 0H $ @ " & ! $ " @" $ @& & / @" >"" " $ & " "/ @ 0H; H " $ > >& " / ! &" @ & / >@ A & @ > @@"6& /@""6*# ?;,A @/$"&D 0""! $;B1111!""!> & " " ! "$/ " & "D *8L " ;891;821;9L, $ 01111! &3 @!;?1111$&;BL

    # 2 !3 * ,1 .)))) 6 *)))72 ) 4)- 48)6 5!+%9*)))7

    $ & $" " ! & D 0 *H A &$ @@) @

    @ @ $ @ $ & > " / A" "& @ $ />>" @4 @@$! $@ &3 &" " ! @@@&";?1111!"

    3.2 Modele de predicie computerizat

    & " > $/>!!! " "@*$, /$ & "$ "

    "

    D 0

    *;111,

    &

    D0

    *,

    A@

    &"*

    ,

    >

    50

  • P $ & 4@ @ " " & /" / 4 " ! $> $ 5 + - : 4 &"$&$-&$ $/@>"$ /

    3 $ $@@ &

    : ; >" $/ > ! $> $* > , > >" $ @ ! " "> >>"/"@"?1@ ;0 "

    / "!& " & > $ /" / " & $ & &/ ! " 91;11 / " ! ( @ > > $ $ & "$ @ "/ " / " " @ @ " !& & & $/ " >" & " " @& & $ / & & & $$ & $ * , > " & $@!@ &

    4 !$" !& $P$/> " @@" ! $ "!@>@ & Box 3.1. Variabilele pentru modelarea prediciei vremii

    @ $ > &$$@>$/>"@ & $! " 4 / +4* ... , >& = $ >*=@,

    I 3@"I 5&I -&$>>" -$>$"

    >&$ *0,I 3$"*0,I * @ $ ",I *,I & * $!B,I >"" *"" $",I - & $>" * ;1 ,I

    >& $

    / $" $ 091 I$;1F

    A / /" >

    / @ " /> " $/*> $ $ &$?;,&;0 @@;@ ;1 ;0 &$ "/"* &"@&,

    51

  • 3 @ " @ > ! @D 0$$*:?0, > / " $ " F * " F , >" D 0 F // @ / " &"!$/Box 3.2 O estimare a emisiilor anuale de dioxid de carbon eliberat n traficul din Italia

    :>/ *&;0// " T;0, > ( D & " /& " " "/>@";11G" @""

    H ?H 0H 0H 0H 0H 0H 0H ?

    # $/ 2H;2 ! 7 " " ( $/! >"&"

    2H;2 MD0D 0MH0D

    ;0928 2H;2 MD0D 0MH0D

    009;B ;2

    "&>! @/" @"/@/ @"@* !,A" "B80 $> "*;;& !@B1=& ""*";11G,!&/>"0;?= /N7"""">" //$ >; // ;1F & @ / * " ,:>&@ "&@ 99111111@!@" > " ! @ ! $ / / !@" @ > ! ) &$!& $@7>$ 47 6*47, ">/ 4+-7 *4+-7, ; 01107 &@ 7 " /&$"& >"! @"!2=1E7 " /& > @ @ ( " > 7$@> $*-, H 0DD ?H+D ? H " @@ @")K > "

    52

  • @ " $/ $& *(,$& *,@@ &" !& / ! @ > * > ", D & @" > / ! @" & > @ @ @ @") K > " @&" @" " " $/ / * , / */ $, $ @" "@ A$@$ / @ @ @ > @ @" & /" @ ! A $ &@ !" !/""& $" $ >" @@ !"&@$" > * , & &>"7@& " $>" ! ;11111 $ & /"$ &/$$ & $ /3> @ &" >&D 0!@"09G19 1BL!>! &"

    3.3 Echilibrul energetic al Terei

    ! ;07 " K/$@/ "*# ?0I/?;,4 !/ /@>! 4 76 *47,) *# ?0 :, D &" $> "@!"> /"" " >"! @ ""& > @ " D //& (" "@" " / / V" " ( / @" //"@"> !" !@"&$*3-,!// > */&" "

    &&@" ""A@!!"" & !!! $"5 & " "" ! D //" !"> /"& /@" & @ & $ " & "/"""@ ! $" @$"

    53

  • @!$ P$@" 5> > & $ / " //" "@&>

    Tabel 3.1. Echilibrul radiaiilor solare

    &* J3-, @G G&@@>& @@9&@@>& 0;&@&@& "B

    ?0G@"@>"

    //*D 0H0D,@ ;2//@&"*", 9 1

    B2G//"

    $ ;11G&@*, @G G&@&" 82&@&""& 2

    81G"@&"

    //"@"

    &@" ;?=Y&@""& B1

    ==G//"@&"

    "@"@"

    &""@&" 0 ;&""@"

    "D 0*$91G,D 0@"" " $& /> ! *&>/" @>,A/$"" & 9111 ;? > & "* " & @$" /" ! ", @ " D 0 @ / $& & " >"@/@

    "& ">""&@ >$&" //&"/@&K;28B>7$ *;298;80=,"/&/!@" 9BL@&"

    @$$& > ! ( " "/ ! A ! //!/ "/ @ @ " " @&> & @ " & @/ $" //@" &D 0!

    ;? "&>""" &"!7 &*7,"&""K>@$&" ;D 0 ;

    ?; ?

    54

  • #*%+ ,15 +65!+%9*))) ; / @ "" @ "!& " & > " ! *! D 0, / " !& $/ & $/ ! "& "> $ $& " & D 0 $09G ! ;11 $ &! ! /$ P*H., ! ;892 "& " +& @" *+ @ @ 37I ...,!" >" $ $ @ @>" /" # ?? >" $ /"*, ! & D 0!;892011?*:,* >",!;8810110 A @ & D 0 *;8=8011?, &&" > >

    @ " 5+ *... , ! @ ?? *,

    $"&

    $"&$

    &

    @

    A@*,

    7@&"

    *>",

    : "

    A

    * &,

    4

    &

    &

    &

    $/

    $ &

    77/

    @&$@""

    : >

    8

    &//

    @"

    &@"

    &@@"

    &//"

    &"

    @"

    4@"

    76

  • ##A$ 48*))#657 44)*))*6;7"BCD>%56335>%5 44 )7$

    4E4-*))#6!76A-F 97

    K @& + >" & D 0$?;9!;892?=1!011 ?AP! & 5+ $ > > "&D 0$!!$

    & +&" D" @" *+D 37I ... $ , "!$> / 9L!;891;888*# ?" "

    #G2 4) 4446335>%57

    " $> & " !"> &

    >" @ > @ " "/"&D 0 >""/ &D 0 @& " ;1?9L A" "!"> $ $ / & "& $

    954::;

    75

  • Z& /& !& //& &@ >@" $(" "&$"&*/&, >$&

    3.4 Efectul de ser depinde de structura molecular a gazelor

    A /*D 0,$ "*H 0D, *H @ " ! " > *+ 0, *D 0, @ "W " " *# ?9,!"

    7 P. />>" " ) $""/"& "*& ,"! >> @ & $&" &K>/*D 0 + 0, P. " " @ " *# ?9,K > & /$& &@ @ >" /> P.4 @ &!@ " * 0, /*D 0, *+ 0,#/@ " $&" &"!"" $A $ $ @&" " & "/" ! @& " /& @ &" * ,"/"

    ! /& P. @ ! "" "> -"/$*H

  • #%B D $

    !

    "@@" @*# ?, > @ " & @ /& *#, /& @ >* "" &"&)A!>*+H ?I >@"," >@! & /" >! $&" / > !" & @ @ " " $@ & & " "H+H* ;1=9[,! & @ " ">!$@ !& />*# ?9,7P.>>" ! @!""("! N

    @ $@" ! > " *H 0D, ! !@ *5- , ! @" @ & / Z " " @" ! " & " ! " " & #& "$@@" -) "HDH ;1

  • K > /*D 0, & & @" " "&/$ &" @$&"A/" !/@ @ " " / A/!> &""/!( * # ?9,

    " " $ ! @ " *,@ "& >>* >@", !" @ " D >@>" " "" $" *! P. D ? # ?9 , ""/"$" *!# ?9,K " $ ! @" " " " @ " K !" & A " & > @" -) " " "DDD;;=[

    !#$

    " $ " @ & > @ " &@

    & " D " "@"$ ! & & " >" @$&" * "" ! ; , " * "" ! "& , " & D@ &>"" *4! ""!V,"@ $&&4O >" F *BB?;1 ?\?;1 2 ; ,& " (" $$ A $ & " " " @&" " >" " # @ ! >J$>/" #" "!$ $>

    " " @" > & !" >$ *" >& , !"& $ !( 4 " ! / >"> ( ! " // " " A @ @/ $ / " /@K ;809@> ]@ *- ;811C% ;892, & " > ) " " / " (! $" *",*" > , *" , *" ,/& ""K > 3/@ /"@& " $ ^ ;0 @& & !(@ "/>"$

    7(

  • @ & " " $ @" K>& >&!/$ !7@ "@"&@> $ "& $ " @ @ / A+A@& " ! / & & ! & " >>" @ 3 " // @ " " " @ @ & " (>"$ "*,+$ @ "@"!@ & "7")/&!$ ")/$ >J_ 3- @ " "$*>@"D 0D ?" /&3-:3-,P$>/" " > @$" >$/& " *# ?B,

    #. 6$$7

    BH$A%

    " " "&@> @ * " & , @ @ @&" "&@"

    K &" $ @ @$@" A" // & @ " " $" $ @

    @ ) " $" $ " > ! @ " @" @ & & & > ! " $ @" @" @" ! " @ @"" & K> " / >>" )!!">" K ! @>" @ "

    /.

    EN

    ER

    GIE

    GS

    1 L*

    2 L*

    70

  • >" / & "

    A //& @ ) / @"" @ $ $ @" >>" $ @ " @& "$ $ @ / " " " // " " " >> ) $ @" "/@" (" " //& & @ / & @ " " "$//&" !&///"

    & @ " $ $ @" "$& >!/> " $/& " @ " @@ > /> " // *# ?=,

    #E%$ , 6 7 I*J62%?$7 62;7

    3>"!""/ " " / $ OD & ) 4 / / "4 / @& $/& " //& A"$/& //& P $/& !"& ! "/K>D 0 / " @ !

    !">" / ! & ! "*>;)# ?2,

    K > / ! !">" $$ ! ! "*> 0)# ?2 :,-/& @ / $/& >" /4"" /$/&@!>D 0 >" /! & " " *# ?2 , ! ! > & /"*# ?2A,

    P "* ,

    /. /8

    G

    71

  • #8 F $ 6F=7

    7 !" !" " &" @) " ) ) 4 " " ) " ! @ " @$/&@ //& > O;9111 * (",! $/& > O

  • " $ D ! @&"@//&$

    A/$"*H 0D//& O09B9, > @ " " /" " //" ! & > @ "I *H *+ 0D, >*D ?, @/*# ?,A">*+ 0, *D 0, >@ " $/ $ @@ $, $/& $& //&

    * O;19 , (" ! &3- $/& " " @" & ! & " @ *# ?2, K / /" ! $ $> & " " " @ @& >>" " 7@@!> @ "!">@/)!&"

    & & ! $& & $& " + "@ @ // " & @" @ /"& >* ,

    3.5 Dioxidul de carbon principalul gaz cu efect de ser

    K " , P$ * ;8;8 C ;82=, ! A ">/ " / >& @ " / $ I " " @ " > @$ >& A $ ! " @ /& ! !""

    K " P$ " / *D ?, " ( " " D 0 " >"* BH;0 DB, @>" " $ ! /("$ """)

    / >" ! ! F-!+ *" !%+ ,"!$?111 + >" @ ")D"@&"H*@>@ -- !, I *@","@@ >@$ /" ! @" ! @" @& "$"@&" ;<

    /@ @*# ?8,K@$0;9 /@"/@"D 0

    ; ">$

    73

  • #4%+ $ ,

    $ $ F 5!6F+5 !7!! 6!=+!=?F7

    &("*;;1, /@!@>"$/&! "@&!"$ " " D 0 >$" ! >" / ! ! "/@ "@@&" !" >" @ / " " D 0 ! @ @ ! &"/ D 0@""!@"@! & "

    D//! !@"/ " ! D 0 $ @" ! D 0 H0D / * >, >$" */ " , "D 0 /& ( ! D 0 "@ @* , $ & D 0 D / @ //"

    A" " " @/F & / " D " """/" $ !(" @"" &A@"& &"/&>$" $( $&" " & @" @ / $"& ">D 0 $@/F " "

    >$@"

    #//@

    *9,A@>

    "@>"

    *;10,

    *;19,

    D*>$C?9111,

    7*>$CB111,

    7$ &*>$C;=91,

    / &"*>$C811111,

    &*B1,

    & *91,

    #>*;;1,

    A"*;,

    74

  • /@ >""@ !@"!" >@" >$"&

    / " " " " //@ ! "" ! & >"!/

    // ! @" / " ! @ / /" >D 0 & / $& """!4@;211/>"/ @@@& /!@/$$K "/!"@" "!"& "&A$& " " $ / $&" / $&" $

    & / /@ (" / ! @" D 0 ( ! & @" @ 081 ! ;2B1 ! $ ?=1 !>&! "@;9D 0*/ ?0, @ / / @ >" & /$" @""76*0111, " D 0 !73 >" *?9G, (*?;G,* 0;G,*=G,!@

    A" @ @ $ / @&D 0 @"K &"! @&"@D 0D 0>@>"A" / & " ! / @ @/ @ ! @ D 0 /&@$" ! & " & / ! @" "@ D 0@>" " & > @&" " ;91111 E 0*$$("@& ,"""" " & @ >" @ "&@$ / / *; 0 ,K > " "@>" D 0/$ !>/" $@& 21G//&D 0@>"

    ;9 3 @@ / ( /

    A@"/! !! /""@&"N " "& @ " /" ! / " D 0 @ " " " & " / ! @ $ & @ >" @""@&&" / ("D 0>//@

    " / /" ! @" > $"& *//",$B =D/@// (" / " ! @" &"*? , " /> ")*= /"Z"/@"*?,$" &;;D 0

    ;9 A760111

    6

  • !& ! $ / " / $"&K"$&" >"$"@@*?0I:?0,

    3.6 Alte gaze cu efect de ser

    4" >" " $ (" @ !"> / >"!@" > @ "D 0A *H @ " > *D ?, / ! "" " @ *# ?;1,

    /&" >@" @&"!//&> D @ " ( & K"> 5/" *5/] 5], " > @ " D 0 $5]O;*/??,Tabel 3.2. Variaia concentraiei principalelor gaze cu efect de ser din perioada pre-industrial pn n 1994 (American Chemical Society, 2000).

    ( 7= &!"&!;88 />"!&;=G *H

  • H > ! / @ / ! @" @7>& $"& "!"/&">"" /" @ / $ "$ / / @ ! @& " K > > *!/ D 0 /, @ !"> & @ / ! @"$"& > / &@3! >&" */$$ , @&""/$ " & / / @ $ @ > > ! " *!/ /,P /> $"@&/">" ! $"")! " > ! /& @>" $ /!@"@ $A"" "$" 911 > " ! @$"3""$=? "! NK //!("! >

    4" / ( ! @" A !"> @ ( > /"@* ! &!, K> @$" " /") ! " " > ( > A @ $&" ! @" $ " *;0 , ! & /*91011, >@ "*/?0,

    H !"> /

    K >" $ > @ " /& " !"> / 3 > ! @ " >@%

    K - J- ! J J- D H*211 !, !&" ! " @"7@& J- @ !$" 7> " @ @ >& "& ! J $ $ )* , @ " / > ! ;2& >@"!!@

    >*D ?, @ " >" ! @ K > " " &@" / " " > "@ & >@ > @P $ @D ?@!(/@/ >3-*

  • 4@ " & ;B U 1; O 0;"(" @@ > @"P& >!@"" ;21 ?

    D>@ ! @ " *@ , > ! /& *;?G, @ !"> /" A D ? @ DH +D ?

    & >& ! @" @&@$$&" > @">!@/*H#?B?, @!@"

    /&" >!!"> / "D ? *0;, > @ $ ! & @ K@" @ & > 3- *D 0I @ ! @" & @@D ? " @ / > > *+D ,& & ! & " >"" /&D ?@"

    > ! //& ! "" >& @"7 >" " >! "! @"! 91 " @& P $ @ " &> "

    A>$ *7b/, @" !" ;291 @>$>

    K 4 $ > @ (" " " ! ;891 " ! 0111 ! ;G "> & >$11?11=

    %(

    >*+ 0D, >)/@ >! + 0D > ! @" $ ! * ,& //K > & /" > @/"!+H ! @>" ! > + 0D $" ! "" > * > , $ ! + 0D ! > @ >A >" " 9G > ! "" >D @! + 0D * ;;G ! +D , & + 0D @ " ! &""A+ 0D/"/> /"

    & > @ $ ;0G "109G! K@" >$&" ;01 & !"> /" @ /*/?0 ??,

    @/ *# & > " & @, /& ! " " ! ;8?1 ! ! "@/" 3 ;= @

    ;B K&*;1L,;D ?$0;

  • + # />" @ " " "

    / " " @A" @*# ?,#;;">& @ / @*# 0 0, #;0 K >@ >" ! $/&>" >)*;82=,

    /&@@"! @/6" " @ @ @ *! @ &, $& " ! > /& >@"4 ""&//&&! ! >@" & // " " X@ " @") " !2 ;; A #;0 *# 0 0I /??, > @ "//!$ "

    K$ (" > ; 821 @/ @ ! @/ *H#, @/ * H#, / @>"! "" " > & & $&!@"" @/*/??,&H#$@"!0101!&" >@@ >@"

    D " " ! @/ @/ *#,/!& ! &@ >@"@@&! "> /"*5],$>"=111 ;0111 @/ ! @ / ! & @ @ @ "@"

    3 $ & !"> /" *U00111I / ??,& @ @ *7# B, / ! @" @ > >>!&@ ">&! */??I# ?;1,Tabel 3.3. Potenialul de nclzire global i media de viaa exprimat n ani a anumitor gaze cu efect de ser. Date preluate de la Universitatea din Urbino (2003), American Chemical Society i Carassity et al. (1995)*.

  • 3.7 Schimbarea global a climei: scenarii posibile

    @&!"> / (" " A > $& @ & ! $& $"& $ /& &"!"

    !/ $ > @ " & @" !;9G>"! /& / K & " >>" / ! ";11 & "9191 /"/>!"91 & 0?G ! "" " @ //@ > ! @" & D 0$ >" " /> " ! 01?10191 & " ;2B1 & @ / > $ ;1L ?9L $ 0;11 @ ";?1111 /";BL $ $ 9 A" $""!">&" D: @@$&" """D&! !>@&! &$"1;9189 !/"+._F ->: FF

    D @ & """& K"> @$> >$ " & !&" " " K @> & &!> /* & , " / @ " "@ >" &$" *&&,3 " ! 4 7 3 $ @$$">" >!>"

    // >!" @&" ( / ! @" A @$> >$ !& " @*$"& @, @ " & D 0 @>" 4" !" //& @$* $ @,!"> @&"" &*>@@,

    D / &@& & > @ * //&,&*/, ""

    K"> /" / " " A @>" @ ! & > @ / " @ @ ( //& D 0 @ !" @@$" (" " & $"

    K"> /">$"( "$" @" "& @ " /@"$" >@ "@ A ( / @ " ! !& @&!@& 4@ />& " " " 3 @ " @ >& @ @& / @ @

    0

  • *+H & 3 @ / " " " /" / " ! D $ $ " " " $ / " ""$!("* >&,

    !(

    D>@/!01?9F *@,( " 9199 F *@ " >@ , >" /@"""!>*D ?I$>?B0,@>"/ /&& 3- " /" ( @ @& " "&&$$A "//&&3-!>@"! >@&" "

    : ">)@ K@ ! "$" " *7/ +/, & >@ " $& @ !@" @ "A ;821 " & & > $ " # @ >) " & @ > "" ! >@@"" "> +"

    4.1 Ciclul ozonului

    Box 4.1 Ciclul natural al ozonului

    #>>D0M * T0>

    D0

    D? M*0%57L 5% B: *))* 6M " 3 > %597<

    > *$ 81G, @>" ?1 F & " K /> 3- > @ >

    >3- T0" $"D ;2 />Dd " D0 /& D ? K& $" > @ //& 0

  • > ;8 > " >>$$D d *:>*>>>" &,$@*$;1G,! !>"Dd>@D ?@&R,

    " & @ > & 3- " @& @ @ & / " & / &" & > //&&3- K * , ! $& K ! >"&@$*" @ >" >& " & @ > > @ & @$> & > & & / / ! @" >" ! @" " 3-@ /*d :d,@$!>&>

    ! " $ @/*#,@)/@/ )*&,/ > @ "@ $ & # @ / /!"7& @/@& &" /& & & ! @ @/ *H#, & & & $ ! > &&!@"$$&"! @"$!;9">" ! > * > " ! " @"( @&"" "@, 11;! &*" 1[ ; , A " D ? 11; & ; A3 $$0B8;1 ;B >!"&$ "; 0$9;1 8 ?D ?*1[I;,&D ?!"//& @&"&" "3- " ( @A/ " >" & >@29A3""!;88 ?D> *D,7 3/&73 7"81A3!B/;88?

    2

  • A H# > $ @ " & //"H@& ! > & / $! >

    A @ & @& ! &" & & !@" /& > ! @" & / & & ! >I $& &@*H ?,;;;*H ? ?,* && &/ >@ :!@ " >) @ " & ! > ! @ @ @ !" " A > $" ! @ " */, " ! & & $( >>" / ! : 21[ @>" & @ ) "& @ ! "! &">

    &>" & &/ / * 0, / *: 0, & & *: >"! & >&>"> /! >@ " /*D:D,&>" *$@>D 0 D ?,/ " ! K &d :d >& "!> ! &>" @ *H @@ > >&$( >& "> @ ! $( @ @ & " @" / !@ $ & @ d :d !>

    5>"& !;1F!!"&!@@"

    Box 4.2. Reaciile n lan care duc la distrugerea ozonului prin poluanii halogenai (Cl i Br).

    +ABA" $AA%A! * H, *D+D 0, $& @/ > ( ! @" " > > *+D , (" !@>*H+D ?,@$& $$A%"" " / " *H D+D 0, $ / @"!

    ,+ 0D9MH0D

    , HMD+D 0 H+D ?M 0/,D+D 0MH0D H+D ?MHD

    ,HMHD H0DM 0,+ 0D9MH H+D ?MD+D

    H+D ?0

    >*H+D ?,@!&&!X @)@

    3

  • &>>*+D ,@X@)@ >"$>D & +D 0@D+D 0/&$$+A%"$ / " > A" @ @ ! "$ @>" @ / /@ / >K @> * & " >" ,

    0M

    : 0M :

    0 0

    ! & ! & ># $ " & ""

    *MD ?,

    DMDM 0D0M

    0D0M MD 0

    D 0M MD 0M

    *DMD 0,

    D? D0

    0 0

    0 ?

    3"@"(") @&!>/

    DM:D :MMD 0

    MD ? DMD 0:MD ? :DMD 0

    D? D00 ?

    A* 0D0@, !*,/@ & $ @ ( $ ">"@$( *,/ > *=1G,K " " > @ "@*,

    4.3 Efectele gurii de ozon asupra sntaii umane i a mediului

    K > ! > >" & " ""@( !>/

    A > 3- A+ + $ & >$ & !$ & $ 3 & & @ @ A+ & $"" $" & @ ! > / ! " & D & $ @ ! > @" $ &3- " @$" &>

    *,

    @

    *,

    @

    4

  • 3@! &!/"" " > 3- 3-: 3 - /> " >" A+ " /" !& ($ >@ 4>3-"! // > 3- D >" > 3- !& " ( " " @$" ! > ! ! &" / :$ ( *! , >" $ &

    K > 3- & "" / !/" A+ >" @"" " >> "& >3-: " >" K/ > 3-: @ @ *, >3- & $K " & &3- ! @ > " /& > & " @&" &3-

    A++//&3-:> "&& >>" A+ ! >@ " $!/> " " @>" /> ! > A+ " ! !" & ( /"D;G&> > 0G & 3-: " ! @/ 9G *81G,/&3-: @@@ "@ K > " &! &3- $ & *";101,

    3 @ $"""& >$@& * , $/"/

    $ &3- $ " ( ! "" & > & 3- @ >$ " $ A ! " " > >>" @&3-:*@$ A,

    D " @" &" > "& & 3-:) " ! / A+ " " ! A+K @ " " > @$ & " $09!

    A$&!(" &3- $ &3-: @ >" @ & >" "& @" & //& I " & @ " & 3-: 3 /" @ " "@> $ " " @ " $" >3-@"" $"@+ $&3-;111 ! I @ " $& " / " & !"! &

    (6

  • "/ @! "&@ &3- />&@7@ "B;0G!$&$"&@ "!@ ">*;1;0 "", " 0 C &3-$"$"&/&@ >>"/"!

    > ! / & 3-: K $" " @& @> @ @>" !"/7@" " " " >!( !"" 09G & > > ! K 011 @ (" " / 3-: " " $ "& D " > $/@$"$ ";BG@&"" $ ! > " /$ @ @ > & 3-: > /" & &/"

    D & 3-: $ "& > $(!@"/&"> @$ @ * ?B0, " &" &@&">3-@"e !$"e@/ @

    4.4 Conexiuni ntre distrugerea stratului de ozon i efectul de ser

    & > " @ " !@" >

    Tabel 4.1. Relaii ntre efectul de ser i distrugerea stratului de ozon

    4@" A >@7@ K/!@" K@"

    5> 5> @ " *D 0 H0D H " > @ /d:d>"&!& D ?

    +/ & @ > @ " / !"> /"

    A & >" & 3- ( @& " A"/& > & 3- @&"

    > 4 $ D 0 @//@ "I H @ @!"

    7&/ @ // @I!"

    K # >

    (5

  • ! $ / /" ) @ ! ! " @ ! @$ & ! / "@ & ! @ @ * ?0, @ /" @ " @ @ @ @ K @ >$ " / @& "" $ > @ " "@ " @ >" /& $ !$&"@ */@! //&@*D 0H /" >"*&,! >@" "!"$"/"!

    Z &" " & " /! @" / @& " A$ & "- //& &" >@"

    A""&@" D 0!;2B1K&" " " $"& @ // @ "/&& &D 0

    $ " " ! & D 0 /"! !"@& (" > >! & " & $>"19^10L@&" @;@" " "@/ 4" / &@ & " >"""$> /

    4 > >" " " $ @ !" " !@" > @ " ""+ & >" "& @ @& @ " & " @ !" /" ;11G " /"

    5.2 Protocolul de la Kyoto

    K"> /" $" @ " ! E6 @"&"$ K/;88=&$& &@ ;B1 &" / >

    (7

  • / !$ $ > @ " &" > ! >$ > 011201;0K @& F*/011;, @&" "& !/011?!$ "@ !/0114E62G > @" "!01;0@&" $ ! ! ;881 % / " " /$& " " A " " $" E6*# 9;,

    "!3 * *))# N9 $ / > @ " " ( $ !/>$ "/$@!> /91=1G &

    ;01

    ;;1

    ;11

    81

    21

    ;881

    ;889

    0111

    0119

    01;1

    !"#$

    % &(%

    &("# #()$ &( !"# $

    ;11 ;1;B

    8==

    80

    (

  • * = 6 !3 *7 *) ) < /" & K 011; > @ " @ 0?G@&"$;881@ & 9 & $"! "&" & *#& 5P/ 7

    3 : + , $ & /$/& 7

    @ 44 ! 011; /& " > @ " @@

    02G *$ @"&"D 0,I

    0;G*"D 0+D 7D ,I 01G@*D 0+D >@,I ;1G *H &,I C>*@//@ !">,A ;881 " ! 011; "> &

    01G D 0 /& * ! E6, / BG > @ " 4! 9 >&34# H @ @ ( //*>!">,A@ !"@ > / // @ >

    K $ & > & "> 0

    /

    *

    D0,

    ""&

    4

    A

    "

    ((

  • / / / > @

    5.3 Perspective

    K / @ $ $ 3 4 @$& " > @ " !@ @/ "$""@& @@$!*# 90,

    7 @ * & , / ">> " " BG " ! 01;1 *$ $ ;881, " & " / $ @ @ / & /" """"@>

    4 >@" $ ?">K " ! "" / >" > +D$ """!01;1@&>$"@ "@ $/" @/ *H#, @ ! " @/*#@,/@/

    A" //& $ ! 9 @& $ " ! ( " >& //& & " @7/$&@ @&"A011=!@& &@"/ @/$& @"@> $ @ &" 911991 >"/

    7/" "5H5"! 01;1 *$ ;881, " $ " $ 34 / / >$

    >" $) ! " @ ! & 5H5 @" " "" " @>" A $ /@ 34 * : # D 7 7 , & " >> $) * & D 0, !" D 0@K011201;0 / " !">;1 D 0 & !" ? "

  • 0, !/""& " @ & @@D 0!""@>"

    @ @@ " " @ $ "" /&@ (/ /)/0*$0+

    K ;8;0 " @ 5 P * ;298: ;800,&@ !(&7 0;

    K&$" @""@@""@I$ " / " " "$ " I! $ $ @ @ " @ $ @ $ " >/"@ @)

    @ $>* 65,4 !& ! " $"& @$K7" $>&"/" "/> ""/$@"$>&"/>" > $@ "" @)

    "> > $>& " />>" "" &!"//@A! ;881 5 6 * $&"/",!"

    5"/ " *,5/& ! @ & 00 / $ "5 $ "! >!&

    @5 ! > ! $ *]F 676.65 6*0111,,3& " " * 3 @ 6 *3I... ,, 5 @" $& & @ /&) D " @& @ " & A08 D7 3 4 *011?I6@A0808,A &!& @" @ >>" @ " @ > $& & >>" / /)

    A$ " 5 ! > $"& /" @ " @ " !" > /" > @ / " $ ! $ "">$"

    A ! """&>" "

    0; 57?B?29*;8;0,00@&& &+..../

    (1

  • A>$ " / > /" & @>

    A "/ !$@/& A>$ &

    $>">" A>$ $$ & /

    $>" / A>$ "@ !

    @$ A>$ &

    """& " @/! "">"!@""

    !& "!!5( @"$>@ 3 /& @ 5 ! $& & // $> /

    & &@ $ & / &&/"" >$">"!5 /"&"@"" !&$!>$

    (2

  • ! !" !!"