DR . V.K. GUPTA

Contents Climate change

Causes

Impacts

Combative Measures

Conclusion

Climate Change: “ Change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.” (UNFCCC,)

Climate:“Climate is defined as the "average weather" or statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system”. (IPCC,)

Causes:GHG(CO2,CH4,NO2)

Gases which absorb IR radiation are termed collectively as "greenhouse gases".

Infrared radiation from greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is emitted in all directions, including back to the earth's surface.It is this re-emission to the earth's surface that maintains a higher temperature on our planet than what would be possible without the atmosphere.

Mechanism:

Earths Energy Budget

Greenhouse Effect

Causes:

Change in CO2 Conc.:

N2O from agriculture & others

Global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased markedly as a result of human activities, with an increase of 70% in 1970-2004

CO2 from fossil fuel & other sources

CH4 from agriculture, waste & energy

CO2 from deforestation, decay & peat

F-gases

60

50

40

30

20

10

01970 1980 1990 2000 2004

GtC

O2-e q

/yr

Global Anthropogenic GHG Emission

Observed changesObserved changes

Global average sea level

Northern hemispheresnow cover

Global average temperature

Impact

Melting of Glaciers

Vegetation

Temperature

storms / sea level rise

Humans

Volcanic eruption / earth quakes

Decrease in food & freshwater

(IPCC., 2007)

Animals

Climate change

Projected changes

Impact on animal health

Direct impact:

1.Impact on physiological and adaptation machenisms

2. Disease extention Emergence and Reemergence

Indirect impact:Feed Security

Changes in climate affects the quality and quantity of forage produced (Topp and Doyle, 1996)

As a consequence, productivity of dairy animals could be altered (Baker et al., 1993)

Heat stress

Thermo neutral zone varies from 15-25oC for crossbred cattle and buffaloes and 15-28oC for Sahiwal cattle

Heat stress is simply defined as the point where the animals cannot dissipate an adequate quantity of heat to maintain body thermal balance

(Singh and Upadhyay., 2008, 2009)

Increased maintenance energy requirement Animals will activate mechanisms to dissipate the excess heat and maintain body temperature (maintenance energy increase by 20-30%)

Dry matter intake (DMI) Decreases in animals subjected to heat stress (10 to 20%) (Singh et al.,2008)

Feed nutrient utilization Loss of sodium and potassium , associated with heat stress due to increased sweating rate

Reproductive performance Heat stress has also been reported to decrease reproductive performance in dairy animals.

(Upadhyay et al., 2009)

Animal growth

Growth gradients and growth constants indicate that climate change/global warming will negatively impact animal’s growth

Puberty will be prolonged due to rise in temperature

Time to attain puberty was observed to prolong from 5 to 17 days due to decline in growth rate at high temperatures

(Upadhyay et al., 2008).

Milk production Decrease in milk production in cattle/buffaloes under heat

stress (range from 10 to >25% ) (Upadhyay etal.,2009).

Temperature: Climate change is expected to increase average temperatures as well as the number and intensity of heat waves

Acclimation

Less feed intake Decrease of calorigenic harmones(catecholamines, GH etc)

Negative energy balance

Alteration in glucose & lipid metabolism & liver function

Less lactose

Reduced milk yield

Less NEFA/EFA

Oxidative stress

Less Immunoglobulins

Metabolic diseases

Infection, mastits,calf mortality

(Nardone et al., 2010)

Feed securityClimate change have serious implication on feed security resulting in Malnutrition

Excess or Scarcity of Water resulting from draught, floods, heavy rains can affect production

A new range of pests and diseases will affect most cropand forage species with effects on the quantity and quality of livestock feeds

Rising sea levels Coastal flooding of agricultural land due to sea levels rise leading to decreased yield of crops

New and emerging challenges in the field of livestock diseases

Disease Distribution to new regions (e.g Bluetongue)

Prevalent Disease e.g. parasitic gastroenteritis may become more widespread

Impact on Diseases

over 30 diseases have appeared that are new to medicine, since1975

Of equal concern is the resurgence of old diseases,such as malaria and cholera ( WHO, 2005)

Impact on infectious diseases:

 Epidemiological Triad

Examples of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Disease: past 10 years

Climate change affect the incidence of VBDs through its effect on

geographic distribution, population density, prevalence of infection by pathogens and the pathogen load in individual hosts and vectors

Vector-borne Disease

Climate change : Increase range or abundance of animal reservoirs and/or arthropod vectors

(e.g., Lyme, Schistosomiasis) Enhance transmission

(e.g., West Nile virus and other arboviruses)Increase importation of vectors or pathogens

(e.g., Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile virus)Increase animal disease risk and potential human risk

(e.g., African trypanosomiasis)

Recent emerging infectious diseases transmitted via insect vectors

Mosquitoes Borne DiseasesTrypanosomiasis, Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunia, Yellow fever, Filaria are some of most climate sensitive diseases in which there is a direct correlation with temperature and rainfall

Pest Borne DiseasesLyme ,Plague, Mediterranean spotted fever and west Nile fever

Rodent-borne diseasesLeptospirosis, are commonly reported in the after-math of flooding

Lyme disease is an emerging infectious disease caused by at least three species of bacteria belonging to the genus Borrelia spread by blacklegged tick bites. The number of reported cases of Lyme disease has doubled during 1992-2006

Lyme disease

West Nile virus

Climate change may lengthen survival periods of WNV-competent Anopheles mosquitoes and possibly allow infected hosts (birds) to change their geographic range.

LeishmaniasisThe current environment is conducive to Phlebotomus sandfly survival for several months. The risk of contracting leishmaniasis may become high.

Mediterranean spotted fever

Abundant and widespread distribution of the tick as well as the high prevalence of dogs infected with Rickettsia conorii. Disease transmission is highest during warmer months

Schistosomiasis

Schistosoma transmission, the competent snail population may be infected, and the risk of transmission is high

Temperature change from 1960s to 1990s

0.6-1.2oC

1.2-1.8oC

Temperature Changes:1960s to 1990s

0.6-1.2oC

1.2-1.8oC

Climate change and water borne disease

Disasters. Lack of sanitation. More flooding and run-off. Disasters. Lack of sanitation. More flooding and run-off. Higher water temperature improving survival. Increase water Higher water temperature improving survival. Increase water bodiesbodies

Heavy rainfall, even without flooding, may increase rates of diarrheal disease as sewage systems overflow

Increases in soil run-off may contaminate water sources , Haemonchosis, cryptosporidiosis and Haemonchosis, cryptosporidiosis and Giaradiasis…Giaradiasis…eg. Salmonella , cholera

Effect of cl imate change on air quality

Climate Change also change patterns of air movement and pollution, causing expanded or changed patterns of exposure and resulting health effects

Higher RH allows survival, Increased air movement , Dust and Higher RH allows survival, Increased air movement , Dust and pollution exacerbating respiratory diseasepollution exacerbating respiratory disease

Climate change therefore influence pollutant concentrations, which in turn may affect health especially cardiorespiratory

IPCC expects all parts of the planet to experience more heat exposure in the future (IPCC , 2007) Dehydration increases the concentration of calcium and other compounds in the urine, which facilitates the formation of kidney stones

Cardiovascular Disease and StrokeCardiovascular disease appear to be modified by weather and climate. Ozone is also associated with acute myocardial infarction

(Cramer and Forrest , 2006)

Combate the change? Global and National Intiatives Global, regional or national efforts Sustainable Development andGreen Techology Reduce GHG emissions Follow guidelines- IPCC, UNEP, OIE, WHO Kyoto Protocol Carbon Trading and Clean Development Machenism

Efforts From Our Sector Development of disease and draught resistant breeds by genetic

approach Change in management practices of animal production to reduce

GHG emission Improved nutritional management schemes Thorough review of livestock production system in India A national policy on mitigation of climate change should give more

emphasis on livestock sector Proper risk management mechanisms and preparedness for CC

Conclusion Livestock animals are potential victims and causes of CC

It contributes 18% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions

Climate change will badly affect the animal health and production directly or indirectly if not checked

Climate change affects host ,vector and pathogens to change disease dynamics of VBD

Management practices should be changed to adapt with changing climate

References

1. Mass-Coma et al, Climate change effects on trematodiasis, with emphasis on zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis. Veterinary Parasitology 163(2009) 264-280.

2. Nardone et al, Effects of climate change on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock science 130(2010) 57-69

3. Thornton et al,The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know. Agricultural systems 101(2009) 113-127

4. Gubler et al, Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem. Emerging infectious disease4(1998) 442-450

5. Githeko et al, Climate change vector borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull.WHO 78(2000)1136-1147

6. Patz et al. Effect of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. International journal of parasitology 30(2000)1395-1405

7. IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change:AR4).2007.The Inter governmental Panel on Climate Change 4th assesment report. www.ipcc.ch/

8. Baylis et al, The effects of climate change on infectious diseases of animals. Report for the Foresight Project on Detection of Infectious disease.2006 UK 35pp

9. Sutherst, Implications of global change and climate variability for vector!borne diseases] generic approaches to impact assessments. International Journal for Parasitology 28(1998) 935-945

10. De La Rocque et al, 2008. Climate change: effects on animal disease systems and implications for surveillance and control. In: De La Rocque, S., Hendrickx, G., Morand, S. (Eds.), Climate Change: Impact on the Epidemiology and Control of Animal Diseases. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), Paris. Sci. Tech. Rev. 27 (2), 309–317

Nature has greater understanding of itself than we ...let the nature behave in its own way….. Thank you