climate change adaptation in lease develop countries

8/3/2019 Climate Change Adaptation in lease develop Countries

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National Stakeholder Workshopon Community Based Adaptation

to Climate Change

ByMs. Fatou Gaye

24th February 2011Mansea Hotel Banjul, the Gambia


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UNFCCC

Is at the centre of efforts to addressclimate change (CC) at the international

level Provides the basis for concertedinternational action to mitigate climate

change and to adapt to its impacts


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Climate Change

Increase in greenhouse gases into theEarths atmosphere and has caused a

rise in the amount of heat from the sunwithheld in the Earths atmosphere,heat that would normally be radiated

back into space


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Signs of Climate Change

Increase in average global temperature(global warming)

Changes in cloud cover andprecipitation

Particularly over landMelting of ice caps and glaciers andreduced snow coverIncrease in ocean temperatures andocean acidity due to seawater absorbing

heat and carbon dioxide from the


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Impacts of climate change

How prepared is society's capacity to respondto climate change e.g. sea level rise e.g. IPCC

reports that between 1990 and 2100, sealevel will rise by 9-88 centimetres, atmosphereCO2 concentration will reach 540-970 ppm.

This will be compounded in coastal cities Fall in land level due to urbanization

Urbanization causes extraction of more

ground water, soil consolidates and the landsubsides


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Adaptation

Finding and implementing sound waysof adjusting to the adverse effects of

CC it is coping with climate change and it isinevitable, one copes with it by:

Taking measures to reduce thenegative effects of climate change

To exploit the positive ones by makingappropriate adjustments


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Adaptation

A process where societies makethemselves better able to cope with

uncertain future. It entails taking the rightmeasures to reduce the negative effectsof CC.There are many options and opportunitiesto adapt and they range fromtechnological actions, behaviour changesOthers include early warning systems


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Adaptation vs Maladaptation

There is existing pool of knowledge andexperience with local communities on copingwith climate variability and extreme weatherevents to adapt for generations, this isbasically based on trial and error basis.

This knowledge and experiences help

communities to adapt, where these optionscause other climate change effects, then maladaptation would take place


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Justification of adaptation

There is no doubt that CC is alreadybeing felt and its cost is increasing. It

will have wide range effects on thesocio-economic, environmental andrelated sectors including agriculture,food security, water resources, humanhealth, terrestrial ecosystems,biodiversity and coastal zones


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Effects of CC

Changes in rainfall pattern are likely to lead tosevere water shortages and/or flooding

Rising temperatures will cause shifts in cropgrowing seasons which affects food securityand changes in the distribution of diseasevectors putting more people at risk fromdiseases such as malaria and dengue fever


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Effects of CC

Temperature increases will potentiallyseverely increase rates of extinction for

many habitats and species Increasing sea levels means greaterrisk of storm surge, inundation andwave damage to coastlines, especiallyto Small Island developing States(SIDS) and low lying deltas


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Vulnerability

Adaptation is for all affected but in LDCs highand urgent priority is required. Many of ourcountries have sufficient information andknowledge is available on strategies andplans to implement adaptation now.

On the other hand LDCs have limited humancapacity and financial resources and thismakes them more vulnerable and furthermakes adaptation even more difficult.


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Vulnerability

Africa will face increasing water scarcity andstress with a potential increase of waterconflicts as almost all of the 50 river basins inAfrica are trans-boundary

Agricultural production relies mainly on rainfallfor irrigation and will be severelycompromised in many LDCs, particularly forsubsistence farmers and in sub-saharanAfrica.

Much of the agricultural land will be lost withshorter growing seasons and lower yields


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Vulnerability

Africa and LDCs are vulnerable to a number ofclimate sensitive diseases including malariatuberculosis and diarrhoea. In some areas, under CC

temperatures are changing the geographicaldistribution of disease vectors

CC is an added stress to already threatenedhabitats, ecosystems and species in Africa, and islikely to trigger species migration and lead to habitatdestruction.


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Vulnerability

Future sea level rise may cause hugeimpacts on the African coastline. 30%

of Africa's coastal countries are at riskof partial or complete inundation due toaccelerated sea level rise. Further sealevel rise threatens lagoons andmangrove forests in both eastern andwestern Africa


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Barriers to adaptation andintegration in national policies

The lack of funding compounded by thecomplexities involved in accessing the fundswhen they are available

Lack of resources, institutional and technicalcapacities to integrate adaptation into policyand development planning

Increase costs and vulnerability due to furtherdelay in the implementation of the urgent andmost immediate needs contained in theNAPAs


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Barriers to adaptation andintegration in national policies

Lack of sufficient institutional memoryon CC issues affecting continuity

Representation at internationalmeetings

Education and training Insufficient public awareness especially

involving the local communities


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Adaptation Funding

Meet urgent and immediate adaptationcosts now, or meet additional costs,

rendering more people to suffer ifdelayed any further

New international financial mechanismto provide sustained and sufficientfinancing


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Adaptation Funding

Funding for National Adaptation Strategies oraction plans at the local, provincial andnational levels

CDM projects benefit projects with lowhanging fruits and LDC projects are sure tobenefit sustainable development

Considerations are being made sinceCOP/MOP 2


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Funds for Adaptation underUNFCCC

The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF)partly established to support projectsaddressing urgent and immediate needs inthe LDCs identified in the NAPAS

LDCF supported learning by doing approachto adaptation

Adaptation fund which is 2% levy on proceedsfrom the CDM which is uncertain as itdepends on the price of carbon and theextend to which the CDM is utilized.Particularly vulnerable ones

Note that this exclude lev in ro ects


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Funds for Adaptation underUNFCCC

Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs) when exploited may provide

funding for adaptation Bilateral and Multilateral direct fundingof adaptation through IGOs, nationaland local governments, institutions andNGOs


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How much is sufficient???

Many studies have been carried out onthe cost adaptation, though very difficult

to estimate due to uncertainties.UNFCCC estimates tens of USDbillions yearly from now and could bymore than 100 USD billion yearly

Others e.g. World Bank estimates atUSD 10 billion yearly


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Available under UNFCCC

Currently available in the above Trustfund, SCCF and the LDCF are as of

over a year ago was USD 275 million Adaptation fund could receive up toUSD 80 to 300 million yearly up to 1012

There will certainly be a gap: How dowe fill in the Gap.


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Maybe available underUNFCCC

2 % levy on the share of proceedsbeing discussed under Article 9 of the

convention The proposals to be extended to the

Joint Implementation and Emmissionstrading under the mechanisms of theKyoto Protocol


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Way forward

As adaptation stakeholders let our voices beheard, to shift focus from vulnerabilityassessment, to a much improved assessmentof the COST of adaptation projects alreadyidentified

Consider improved assessment of otheradaptation vulnerabilities e.g. long term andagree in full cost funding additional todevelopment planning programmes


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Way forward

Capacity Building is a requirement foradaptation. Some capacity building is

taking place at different level Systematic integration of adaptationinto the sustainable developmentplanning also need enhanced capacity,the need to understand the step by stepinvolved in integration


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Way forward

There is need for the use of appropriateknowledge base on adaptation from theNairobi work programme, as well as new

research on identified gaps Consider the needs of the technology, finance

and capacity building implications of differentadaptation programmes e.g. short term and

long term adaptation responses


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Way forward

Always push for funding to implement priorityprojects identified in the NAPAs and topromote information sharing between

Regions, sub-regions etc. Always emphasise on securing adequate,

predictable and sustainable funding foradaptation and stress the vulnerability of

LDCs


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Merci Beaucoup

I thank you all for

listening to this lengthy

presentation

climate change adaptation in lease develop countries

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