climate change adaptation in latin america and the caribbean: cgiar research rodomiro ortiz (cimmyt,...
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Climate change adaptation in Latin America and the Caribbean: CGIAR research
Climate change adaptation in Latin America and the Caribbean: CGIAR research
Rodomiro Ortiz (CIMMYT, on behalf of CGIAR)
Regional Consultation Meeting on the Development of the Global Climate Change Network in Latin America and the CaribbeanUNEP, 18-19 May 2009, Mexico City, Mexico
Rodomiro Ortiz (CIMMYT, on behalf of CGIAR)
Regional Consultation Meeting on the Development of the Global Climate Change Network in Latin America and the CaribbeanUNEP, 18-19 May 2009, Mexico City, Mexico
The Centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Some approaches in CGIAR climate change agenda
Better forecasts, policy options: provide local and regional information that combines forecasting knowledge with expertise in farming systems
Developing climate-ready crops capable of withstanding increased temperatures, drought, and flooding
More efficient use of resources: improving farmers’ ability to use water efficiently and to better manage fragile soils essential to adapt to the shocks of climate change
Impact of Climate Change
At least US$ 7 billion per year in additional funding is required to finance the research, rural infrastructure, and irrigation investments needed to offset the negative effects of climate change on human well-being The mix of investments differs by region: Sub-Saharan Africa requires the greatest overall investment and a greater share of investments in roads, Latin America in agricultural research, and Asia in irrigation efficiency
Source: Nelson, G.C. et al. 2009. Climate Change Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. IFPRI, Washington D.C. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21.pdf
Daily per capita availability
Source: Nelson, G.C. et al. 2009. Climate Change Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation. IFPRI, Washington D.C. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/pr21.pdf
Sector analysis: Colombia
50-60% farmers (about 70% of the agricultural work) are smallholders
Agriculture accounts ~50% of national GHG emissions (Colombia accounts 0.37% of global GHG emissions)
28.6% of agricultural products from above 1200 m
Permanent crops (66.4% GDP) will be severely affected
Source: Andrew Jarvis, CIAT, personal communication
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Cambio en temperatura mayor a 2.5ºC
Cambio en ppt mayor 3%
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Evaluating technology options: cassava improvement
Grey areas would get no benefit from drought or flood tolerance.
Blue areas benefit from drought tolerance improvement
Purple areas benefit from flood tolerance improvement
An international SGRP initiative hosted by Bioversity International
Goal
“To enhance the
sustainable management
and use of agrobiodiversity
for meeting human needs
by improving our
knowledge of all its
different aspects”
A new project undertaken by the Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research and partners
Improve the information available to researchers and others on use of agrobiodiversity to help cope with climate change
Identify some key characteristics of production systems around the world where agrobiodiversity is likely to be particularly important for coping with climate change
Explore ways of improving access to, and availability of, new crop diversity from ex situ genebanks to rural communities and indigenous peoples
Example: Working with indigenous peoples in Bolivia and Sarawak together with PROINPA and the Sarawak Biodiversity Centre
Source: Toby Hodgkin, Bioversity International, personal communication
Genetic dissection of drought tolerance at CIMMYT
10 segregating populations
F2/3, F3/4 and RIL families / hybrids
Mexico, Zimbabwe, Kenya
30 stress environments
About 350 morphological traits
About 70 physiological parameters
About 3,000 QTL data pointsSource: M. Bänziger et al., CIMMYT
CIMMYT heat-tolerance screening (leaf chlorophyll content - LCC) for 2,225 wheat landraces (Reynolds et al. 1999)
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Minimum Maximum Mean
Low LCC
High LCC
Control
Cropping systems ID {“hot spots”}
Passport data analysis of accessions from heat-stress prone areas (GIS tools)
Characterization data available from thermo-screening
Multi-site testing temperature data and crop performance or any other assessment
Modeling “heat impacts” on crops in target population of environments
Germplasm enhancement by design
Guided- crop physiology H0 testing (leading to defining ideotypes for crop breeding)
Temperature component fine-tuning in crop modelsInstrumentation from remote sensing to trait recording
in the experimental fields or greenhousesMolecular trait analysis – reverse geneticsAllele discovery, comparative biology (synteny) Cross-breeding targeting “hot spots”
MAIN OUTPUT: Genetically-enhanced seed-embedded technology (GESET) to “beat the heat” and water stresses
Conservation agriculture: saving resources and money
Conservation agriculture includes minimal soil disturbance, retaining an adequate cover of crop residues, and use of economically viable crop rotations
Conservation tillage leads to net savings of diesel use per hectare, greatly reduces water use, and lower CO2 emissions
Resource conserving technology practices provide a better soil cover, moderate soil temperatures, and reduce the evaporation of irrigation water
N2O a potent greenhouse gas generated through use of manure or N fertilizer
Reduced emissions (50% less) possible in intensive irrigated wheat systems by proper amounts and timing of N applications.
Use of infrared sensor to measure yield potential as plants grow
Normalized Differential Vegetative Index (NVDI)
Reducing emissions of nitrous oxide
Source: I. Ortiz-Monasterio, CIMMYT
Climate change in the Semi-Arid Tropics
Source: D. Hoisington, ICRISAT, personal communication
The innovation paradigm in agriculture
Impacts =
[Info, Knowledge, Technology] Agro-
Ecosystems
Management Policy Institutions
People indicates multiplicative interactions
The CGIAR Challenge Program on Climate Change, Food Security and Agriculture
A CGIAR-Earth System Science Partnership joint undertaking with other partners
Further information
CGIAR Climate Change Challenge Program: Bruce Campbell, Director, CGIAR Challenge Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, [email protected]
Agro-biodiversity: Marleni Ramírez, Director for Latin America and the Caribbean, Bioversity International, [email protected]
Agro-forestry: Tony Simons, Deputy-Director General, World Agroforestry Center, [email protected]
Arid Zones: Marteen van Ginkel, Deputy-Director General of Research, ICARDA; [email protected]
Fishery: Patrick Dugan, Deputy-Director General, WorldFish Center, [email protected] Food Policy: Mark Rosegrant, Director for Environment and Production Technology, IFPRI,
[email protected]: Robert Nasi, Program Director, CIFOR, [email protected] Livestock: John McDermott, Deputy Director General, ILRI, [email protected] Maize, wheat (incl. conservation agriculture in respective cropping systems): Marianne
Bänziger, Deputy-Director General for Research & Partnerships, CIMMYT, [email protected]
Potato, sweetpotato, Andes: Charles Crissman, Deputy-Director General, CIP, [email protected]
Semi-Arid Tropics: David Hoisington, Deputy-Director General of Research, ICRISAT; [email protected]
Tropical agriculture (including bean-, cassava-, forage-, fruit- and rice- cropping systems): Andrew Jarvis, Program Leader on Decision and Policy Analysis, CIAT, [email protected]
Water: David Molden, Deputy-Director General, IWMI, [email protected]