climate and weather. todays class map projection leftovers air pressure and winds climate...
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Climate and Weather
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Today’s class
• Map projection leftovers
• Air pressure and winds
• Climate comparisons
• Weather: hurricanes
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Map projections
• Project a round globe onto a flat surface
• Options?
• Stretch out some areas
• Cut out some areas
• Shrink some areas
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Map projections
• Three properties to consider
– Area (equal-area or equivalent)
– Shape (conformal)
– Distance (equidistant)
– Choose two out of three
• How large an area?
• Purpose of the map
• Ulterior motives?
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Cylindrical projections
• Shapes are preserved
• But not area!
• Mercator projection• Deliberate
distortion?
– Cold War
– Colonialism
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Cylindrical projections: Gall- Peters
• Adjusting Mercator for a more “just” map
• Also preserves area
• Distorts shape differently
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Conic projections
• Best for hemispheres or small regions
• Area and shape only slightly distorted
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Planar projections
• Equidistant; good for navigation
• Only good for one hemisphere
• Distorts area, not shape
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Other projections• Based on more
complicated math
• Interrupted, oval, combination
Goode
Robinson
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Dymaxion
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Air pressure and winds
• Air is a fluid
• Warmer air is less dense
• Air moves from dense to less dense conditions
• Ex.: Land-sea breezes
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Global air circulation
• Equator receives most insolation
• Hot air rises, heads towards poles
• Air becomes heavy and sinks at 30°N and S
• Plus the Coriolis effect
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• Warmer air “holds” more water
• Low pressure=warm air=precipitation
• High pressure=cold air=dry air
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Ocean currents
• Follow same circular pattern (driven by wind)
• Warm currents flow away from equator, pile up on eastern shores
– Gulf Stream, Brazil
• Cold currents flow towards equator, cause upwelling
– Humboldt/Peru, California
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Climate classification
• Temperature and precipitation
• Köppen classification system
• Nine types, plus highlands
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Climate classification
• Form groups according to climate
• Verify your answers
• Look at South America: find a city or country with your climate (Humid continental and subarctic/tundra, use North
America—why?)
• Explain how insolation, global air circulation, altitude, and land/water proximity make your place have the climate that it does
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Weather: hurricanes
• Start at low pressure centers
• Warm air rises
• Water evaporates with energy from sun
• With condensation, energy is released
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