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Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century – Moving Forward

A technology strategy for carbon capture and storage

UK Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum January 2014

Contact

Further information on this report and the UK Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF) can be obtained from: www.apgtf-uk.com

Philip Sharman APGTF Chairman

January 2014

Preamble

The UK Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum (APGTF) is an industry-led stakeholder group that provides a technology focus for the power generation sector in the UK on carbon abatement technologies for fossil fuels including CCS. The industrial members of the APGTF have included almost all of the key players in the development of CCS in the UK over the last 12 years, including Alstom, AMEC, BP, Costain, Doosan Babcock, E.ON, EDF Energy, Rolls-Royce, RWE npower, Scottish Power, Siemens and SSE. These organisations have invested heavily in research and development (R&D) and project development since the first APGTF Foresight Report published in 2001. Many agencies and associations interested in CCS are also represented on the APGTF, including the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI), the Technology Strategy Board (TSB), the Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC), the Industrial & Power Association (IPA), the CCS Association (CCSA), the Confederation of UK Coal Producers (COALPRO), the Association of UK Coal Importers (CoalImp), the Health & Safety Laboratory (HSL), the Coal Research Forum (CRF) and other university groupings, and from the UK Government the Department of Energy & Climate Change (DECC), the Department of Business, Innovation & Skills (BIS) and UK Trade & Investment (UKTI).

To aid the reader, the following explains the contents and purpose of each of the Chapters of the strategy:

Chapter 1: Introduction Describes the current situation with respect to CCS in the UK and internationally.

Chapter 2: Objectives of the Strategy Sets out the purpose, objectives and targets of the 2014 strategy versus previous strategies.

Chapter 3: Current Activity in CCS in the UK Current R&D underway in UK;

Types of R&D versus ‘Technology Readiness Levels’ (TRLs), interaction with pilot-scale and demonstration project;

Presents DECC’s ‘dartboard diagram’ representing current R&D and a spreadsheet listing other projects relevant to the planning of further work;

Current activity in skills development; and

Current activity in international collaboration/engagement.

Chapter 4: Priorities for Research, Development & Demonstration (RD&D)

Recommendations for RD&D (an update of the previous Table 4), using APGTF’s recommendations to DECC as the high-level headings.

Chapter 5: Other Related Recommendations

Knowledge exchange;

Skills development, capacity building and supply chain development;

International collaboration;

Public outreach/education.

Chapter 6: Conclusions

Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century Moving Forward

Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum 1

Contents

page

Executive Summary 2

1: Introduction: Current Status of CCS in the UK and Internationally 5

2: Objectives of the Strategy 19

3: Current Activity in CCS in the UK 23

4: Priorities for Research, Development and Demonstration 31

5: Other Related Recommendations 51

6: Conclusions 53

7: References 55

8: Glossary 56

Appendix 1: Table of R&D Projects Underway 60

Appendix 2: EU CCS Demonstration Project Network – Proposed Topics for Future Investigation by the R&D Community 98

Front cover, main image:

The CC100+ pilot-scale CO2 capture project at Ferrybridge power station (courtesy of Doosan Babcock Ltd ©)

Smaller images, from top to bottom:

Grangemouth Refinery and Petrochemical Complex (courtesy of 123RF)

Carbonated aggregate using CO2 captured directly from combusted landfill gas (courtesy of Carbon8 Systems Ltd)

The Energy Endeavour rig test drilling for National Grid in the North Sea, August 2013 (courtesy of National Grid)

Peterhead 2,177MW CCGT power station (courtesy of SSE plc)


A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies2

Executive Summary

A Strategy for Success

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has a pivotal role to play if the use of fossil fuels in power stations and vital energy-intensive industries is to keep in step with the low-carbon agenda. Globally, recognition is growing that CCS must be at the forefront of efforts to limit increases in average temperatures caused by climate change; it has been calculated that, in the UK, successful deployment could cut the cost of meeting carbon reduction targets by up to 1% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by 2050. Yet the annual amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) captured and stored worldwide currently totals tens of megatonnes, compared to the thousands of megatonnes that need to be achieved by the middle of the 21st century.

This technology strategy aims not only to confront the challenge and help unleash the potential but also to keep the UK at the vanguard of CCS technology development and commercialisation. Decarbonising the UK’s energy system; achieving major cuts in industrial carbon emissions; boosting energy security; generating billions of pounds in income and tens of thousands of jobs for ‘UK plc’ – these benefits are all within reach if large-scale deployment of CCS becomes a reality in this country.

Taking full and realistic account of work currently under way and wider developments in the UK and worldwide, as well as the recommendations of the UK’s CCS Cost Reduction Task Force (CRTF), this strategy sets out a clear vision that has three components:

` Adoption of a target of around 10% of UK electricity to be generated from fossil fuel plant fitted with CCS by 2025.

` Creation of capability that enables CCS to make a major contribution to meeting the UK’s target of an 80% cut in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.

` Positioning of the UK to succeed in global CCS markets and to play an influential role in the CCS policy dialogue at both European Union (EU) and global level.

Realising this vision presents several challenges. These include: cutting costs and risks so that CCS is economically competitive with other low-carbon technologies; putting appropriate, effective market frameworks in place; and removing a range of barriers to deployment.

In close conjunction with other organisations wherever appropriate, the APGTF will work to pursue this vision and address these challenges. This document sets out Strategic targets (see p.20) and Technology Implementation targets (see p.21), plus a suite of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) priorities and other recommendations designed to ensure that key CCS development criteria – in terms of scale, cost and timelines – can be met effectively.

CCS in the UK Today

In the UK – as worldwide – confidence is growing that CCS can be safely employed at the necessary scale and at a cost at least comparable to other low-carbon power generation options. Nevertheless, gaps and barriers remain that, if not addressed, will hamper not just the pursuit of CCS projects in this country but also the building of globally marketable expertise within the UK.

Despite sluggish progress on large-scale CCS projects, the last three years have nevertheless seen several positive developments. For example, 2012 saw publication of the Government’s CCS Roadmap and in December 2013 it was announced that, with funding from the Commercialisation Programme set out in the Roadmap, a front-end engineering design (FEED) study would go ahead on the White Rose CCS project in Yorkshire; an announcement on the Peterhead CCS project in Aberdeenshire is expected in January 2014.

A huge amount of RD&D has also been completed or is under way, supported by public funding agencies and private companies and covering every stage in the innovation chain. (See Appendix 1 for a list of projects.) In addition, significant progress has been achieved in developing relevant skills and research/test facilities, in securing international collaboration and in enhancing knowledge exchange.



What Next? – A Platform for Progress

This strategy aims to capitalise on progress to date while focusing on remaining barriers. In consultation with APGTF members, the Carbon Capture and Storage Association (CCSA) and the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC), the APGTF has therefore developed a list of over 150 RD&D recommendations (see p.32-49). These focus on five fields of activity: whole systems and cross-cutting issues; CO2 capture; industrial CCS; CO2 transport; and CO2 storage. The aim is to assist identification of projects most useful in terms of cutting the costs of CCS, and to make it easier to identify the budgets required to conduct RD&D that can ensure CCS meets its full potential in the UK.

Almost 100 of these recommendations focus on RD&D needed to meet short-term objectives (ie on a timescale of 0-10 years); the others focus on RD&D needed to meet objectives that are either medium-term (7-15 years) or long-term (10-20+ years). Most recommendations are categorised as ‘Medium Priority’ and should begin as soon as possible; the ‘Highest Priority’ recommendations concentrate, for example, on topics that could benefit from linkage to the first/early full-scale CCS projects. Recommendations are cross-referenced to recent/current projects relevant to planning further RD&D.

Complementing this list of RD&D recommendations, the strategy also sets out a range of additional recommendations that cover: knowledge exchange; skills development, capacity building and supply chain development; international collaboration; and public outreach/education.

The UK Department of Energy & Climate Change’s (DECC’s) updated CCS Roadmap has emphasised the Government’s desire for a strong CCS industry with projects beyond the current Commercialisation Projects. Building industry confidence in a ‘trajectory’ for CCS implementation in the UK and likely pay-back on investment will help overcome the challenges currently faced in planning and justifying RD&D.

The recommendations of this strategy, viewed in the context of the broad sentiment within industry at the end of 2013, present a major challenge to the APGTF, the UK Government and its agencies, to motivate industrial co-investment in R&D and maintain the embryonic CCS teams in those organisations not involved in the Commercialisation Projects. Momentum must be maintained across the industry to ensure that the best value is obtained from public investment to date in CCS.

The APGTF will now follow up the strategy by developing, with others as appropriate, pragmatic Action Plans. These, in conjunction with the targets, priorities and recommendations outlined in this document, will provide a framework enabling top-line objectives to be achieved, delivery milestones to be reached and investment to be encouraged – helping to turn CCS into a mainstream carbon-abatement technology and underpinning development of a strong, globally influential UK CCS industry in the years and decades ahead.

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The CC100+ pilot-scale CO2 capture project at Ferrybridge power station (courtesy of Doosan Babcock Ltd ©)

A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies


Introduction: Current Status of

CCS in the UK and Internationally



Introduction: Current Status of CCS in the UK and Internationally

Background

The APGTF has developed a series of technology strategies since 2001, the most recent of which, entitled ‘Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century – Maintaining a Leading Role: a Technology Strategy for Fossil Fuel Carbon Abatement Technologies’[1],was published in August 2011. This strategy gave details of the research, development and demonstration (RD&D) considered necessary to keep the UK at the forefront of fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies (CATs) worldwide. The strategy was well received by the UK Government and its agencies, industry and academe, and over the last two years good progress has been made on many of the priorities, with several of the major R&D initiatives highlighted in the strategy now underway in the UK as described below in Chapters 2 and 3. The APGTF’s call for a large-scale, integrated demonstration programme of the main carbon capture and storage (CCS) options was supported by the Government announcement of four large-scale, integrated demonstrations of CCS, and this policy was included in the Coalition Agreement of 2010. Although progress on large-scale CCS projects in the UK and Europe has been slower than anticipated, there was a major step forward at the end of 2013 with the announcement of Government contracts for a major ‘front-end engineering design’ (FEED) study for the UK’s Commercialisation Programme, with a second such study expected to be announced early in 2014.

The need for CCS

Meanwhile, the need for CCS as one of the tools for reducing carbon emissions globally – both from power generation and industry – has been more widely recognised. The recent International Energy Agency (IEA) ‘Roadmap for CCS’[2] states clearly that, as long as fossil fuels and carbon-intensive industries play dominant roles in our economies, CCS will remain a critical greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction solution. The IEA’s analysis shows that CCS is an integral part of any lowest-cost mitigation scenario where long-term global average temperature increases are limited to significantly less than 4°C, particularly for the 2°C scenario (‘2DS’): in 2DS, CCS is widely deployed in both power generation and industrial applications. The total carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage rate must grow from the tens of megatonnes of CO2 (MtCO2) captured in 2013 to thousands of MtCO2 (ie gigatonnes of CO2 – GtCO2) in 2050 in order to address the emissions reduction challenge. A total cumulative mass of approximately 120GtCO2 would need to be captured and stored between 2015 and 2050 across all regions of the globe. For CCS to help fulfil the ambitions of the IEA’s 2DS, the new roadmap identifies three time-specific goals for its deployment:

Goal 1: By 2020, the capture of CO2 is successfully demonstrated in at least 30 projects across many sectors, including coal- and gas-fired power generation, gas processing, bio-ethanol production, hydrogen production for chemicals and refining, and iron and steelmaking. This implies that all of the projects that are currently at an advanced stage of planning are realised and several additional projects are rapidly advanced, leading to over 50MtCO2 safely and effectively stored per year.

Goal 2: By 2030, CCS is routinely used to reduce emissions in power generation and industry, having been successfully demonstrated in industrial applications including cement manufacture, iron and steel production, pulp and paper production, ‘second-generation’ biofuels, and heaters and crackers at refinery and chemical sites. This level of activity will lead to the storage of over 2GtCO2/year.

Goal 3: By 2050, CCS is routinely used to reduce emissions from all applicable processes in power generation and industrial applications at sites around the world, with over 7GtCO2 annually stored in the process.

The IEA’s cost analysis suggests that without CCS, overall costs to reduce emissions to 2005 levels by 2050 increase by 70%. In the UK, the ETI (a member of the APGTF) has estimated (using its ‘Energy Systems Modelling Environment’ – ESME) that without CCS the cost of the UK meeting its climate change targets would nearly double: the net present value (NPV) cost from 2010 to 2050 of meeting the UK’s CO2 reduction targets would be £300bn for a low-cost practical route (ie including CCS); however, if CCS is excluded, the NPV cost would increase by more than £200bn[3]. The reason that the impact is so high is that as well as providing a cost-effective low-carbon power source, CCS is important across the whole ‘energy system’, including dealing with industrial emissions, enabling hydrogen production and potentially, when combined with biomass firing, creating net-zero or even

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negative CO2 emissions. Without CCS, a future carbon-constrained energy system would look very different, for example requiring the complete decarbonisation of the transport and/or domestic heating sectors.

Confidence in CCS and competitiveness

Increasing confidence is being gained through R&D, through ‘pre-FEED’ and FEED studies in support of the many proposals to develop large-scale CCS projects, and through experience around the world, including building and operating capture plants, that CCS can be safely employed now and in the future, at the necessary scale and at a cost which is comparable to or lower than other low-carbon electricity generation options.

There are no scientific barriers preventing CCS. In the UK – because the Government has opted for offshore storage – social barriers are anticipated to be much less of a difficulty than elsewhere in Europe. It is expected that RD&D (underway and future) will provide evidence that will further reduce these barriers. The regulatory regime is established, but there remains significant concern over the stringency of storage regulation which may yet be a barrier to investment. In particular, the long-term liability associated with storage sites has the potential to be a significant deterrent to potential project developers.

The final report of the UK’s CCS Cost Reduction Task Force (CRTF), commissioned by DECC, was published in May 2013[4]. The work carried out predicted that, if built at full-scale in an extended programme, CCS with coal or gas can be cost competitive with other low-carbon generation options by the mid-2020s. The report highlighted a number of areas, recognised in this strategy, where R&D could support the objective of cost reduction. In October 2013, DECC published its response to the CRTF’s final report[5], endorsing the value of the report and supporting the recommendations therein. DECC’s response also provides updates on some key policy developments since publication of the UK’s CCS Roadmap in 2012 (see section on Roadmap below).

Importance to the UK

CCS could make a huge contribution to reducing the UK’s CO2 emissions. Fossil fuels currently (2012) provide some 70% of the UK’s electricity, and if all of this generation was replaced by coal or gas with CCS, the emissions from electricity generation would be reduced by about 90%. Clearly, if the proportions of generation by nuclear power plants or renewable energy sources increase, then the proportion of reductions attributable to CCS would be less than this. APGTF members’ R&D and project development activities have been predicated on UK targets of 20-30GW capacity of CCS electricity generation on a mix of coal and gas by 2030, compatible with the recommendations of the UK Committee for Climate Change (CCC) to decarbonise the electricity system by 2030[6] and the ambitions for the UK published in the strategy of the CCSA[7]. This level of ambition is also consistent with the UK’s ‘share’ in the scenarios published in the new IEA Roadmap for CCS, which, as discussed above, envisages 30 projects globally by 2020 (50MtCO2 stored per year), over 2GtCO2/year stored by 2030 and over 7Gt/year by 2050.

Peterhead 2,177MW

CCGT power station

(courtesy of SSE plc)



The UK generation gap

There has been something of a hiatus in the building of new fossil fuel power plants in the UK, partly due to a slowing in demand for electricity, partly due to the economic downturn, but also due to the uncertainties arising from the Government’s long-awaited Electricity Market Reform (EMR).

The UK energy regulator Ofgem released a report on electricity capacity in June 2013[8]. According to this report, electricity margins could tighten in the winter of 2015/16 to between around 2% and 5%, resulting in a supply disruption being a ‘1-in-12-year’ event. The probability of a supply disruption is currently 1-in-47-years. By 2015/16, Ofgem expects the total installed capacity to fall to 76.8GW, from the 77.9GW capacity estimated for this winter (2013/14).

A view has developed that the only way to avoid a ‘generation gap’, whilst continuing to close coal plants to meet the European Commission’s (EC’s) Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), is to build combined-cycle gas turbine power plants (CCGTs), which must be ‘CO2 capture-ready’.

Short-term market forces have seen power generation from coal increase and from gas decrease as a result of falling international coal prices, a consequence of shale gas displacing coal for power generation in the USA. However, with coal capacity shutting down and new-build gas capacity coming on stream as EMR develops, this trend is expected to reverse in the medium term. Further ahead, investment in both new gas- and coal-fired capacity will be necessary to keep a balanced power generation portfolio in the UK.

Economic benefits

There are major potential economic benefits to the UK economy from successfully developing CCS, beyond simply meeting our climate change targets.

i. Exports of CCS technology and avoidance of imports

UK companies could be well placed to win home and export business along the whole ‘CCS value chain’ – power plant (designed for CCS), CO2 capture plant, CO2 transport infrastructure and CO2 storage operations. The value of the export market, and the number of jobs that would arise, are both hugely dependent on the pace of growth of the market and the market share won by UK companies.

There have been several studies that attempt to quantify the potential benefits and these indicate that the benefits could be very significant:

A study by the IPA in 2009[9], based on the earlier 2009 IEA CCS Roadmap roll-out programme and a 10% market share of the export market for UK companies, concluded:

` The ‘UK plc’ share of global business is potentially worth more than £10-14bn/year from around 2025, with the added value in the UK worth £5-9.5bn/year.

` The UK share of this global business could potentially create 27,000 jobs in the UK from 2020, increasing to 70,000 by 2035. A further 10,000 jobs are possible given the right level of Government support.

A study carried out on behalf of DECC by AEA Technology in 2010[10] suggested significant value added to the UK economy from CCS and related clean coal technologies, reaching £2-4bn/year by 2030. Similarly, the report estimated that this level of CCS activity would sustain 70,000-100,000 jobs in the UK by 2030: of this total, about 50% would be in existing businesses’ activities (e.g. boiler and steam turbines), with the remaining 50% in new employment activities associated with CCS services (e.g. the design and manufacture of capture, transport and storage facilities).

A further report from AEA Technology in March 2013 ‘Assessing the Domestic Supply Chain Barriers to the Commercial Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage within the Power Sector’[11] re-affirms that “under the base scenario, the total cumulative CCS market in the UK to 2030 is £15.3bn, with the total UK market being around £2.7bn/year in 2030.”

The economic benefits clearly depend on the size of the UK programme and the rate of build, and the share of the global business gained by UK companies will depend crucially on UK companies winning UK projects and thereby gaining ‘references’ that will be the basis of future exports.



ii. Reduced costs of low-carbon electricity to the consumer

Comparison of the levelised costs of electricity generation (LCOE) shows the cost of generation by coal or gas with CCS (inclusive of capture, transport and storage) in the mid-2020s to be similar to other low-carbon sources such as onshore wind and probably less than offshore wind. This comparison does not recognise the other cost advantages of CCS: unlike wind which is intermittent, CCS-generated electricity does not require investment in back-up plant, and because the CCS power plants will mostly be located at existing power plant sites (provided that an economic route to storage can be exploited), CCS does not require significant extra investment in the electricity transmission grid. It is important that the Government fully recognises these cost advantages of CCS and does not rely on simple comparisons of LCOE, e.g. in its desire for technology-neutral auctions for Feed-in Tariff ‘Contracts for Difference’ (CfDs).

iii. Energy-intensive industries

CCS will permit the operation of a number of high-emitting, energy-intensive industries (including cement manufacture, iron and steel blast furnaces, pulp and paper production, second-generation biofuels, and heaters and crackers at refining and chemical sites) in the UK within future carbon emissions targets and indeed many pilot projects and trials are underway overseas. However, unlike electricity generation, some of these industries are able to relocate to other areas where different business conditions exist, so policy instruments must incentivise application of CCS and not just provide disincentives for continued operation and investment in such industries. Some individual industrial sources of CO2 are similar in size to power plants (e.g. Port Talbot Steelworks at ~10MtCO2/year, Teesside Steelworks at ~8MtCO2/year and the Grangemouth Refinery & Petrochemical Complex at ~4MtCO2/year). However, many industrial sources will not be large enough to justify their own pipeline to a store. As a consequence, industrial CCS ‘clustering’ of sources to form regional networks will be essential and, associated with such CCS networks, it will be necessary to set and meet common standards for CO2 purity.

Grangemouth Refinery and

Petrochemical Complex

(courtesy of 123RF)



iv. Indigenous fossil fuels and diversity in the generation mix

CCS would enable the use of indigenous coal and natural gas (and shale gas) in a low-carbon electricity system. The development of CCS would allow the UK to have further resilience in its supply of electricity as both coal and gas can be used to provide either baseload power or back-up capacity to deal with any significant shortfall and intermittency from renewable energy sources. It has been clear since the announcements of the last UK Government of “no new coal without CCS”, now being reinforced by the Emissions Performance Standard (EPS) which is to be set at 450gCO2/kWh, that the future of coal-fired generation in the UK beyond the mid-2020s is completely dependent on the deployment of CCS. Any lack of impetus in the development of CCS will mean that coal-fired generation disappears from the UK portfolio over the next 7-10 years.

There is a desire within the UK coal industry to see ‘coal+CCS’ projects brought forward quickly enough to maintain the current coal burn as older stations are closed in response to the EC’s IED and the pressures of the ‘Carbon Floor Price’. Four coal+CCS power plant projects have been developed in response to the Government’s call for ‘commercialisation projects’, of which one (The White Rose Project) has been selected to go forward to the next stage and a further two named as “reserve projects”.

For gas and, potentially, shale gas, the EPS would permit operation without CCS but, as pointed out by the CCC, CCS would be needed on the majority of these stations if the 2030 decarbonisation target is to be met. The requirement to build CCGTs ‘capture-ready’ is thus reinforced, as many will need to be retrofitted with CCS.

UK CCS Roadmap and 2013 update

In April 2012, the UK Government published its ‘CCS Roadmap - Supporting Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the UK’ [12], which sets out how the Government proposed to take forward a programme of interventions to support the development of CCS. This programme included:

` “A CCS Commercialisation Programme with £1bn in capital funding to support commercial-scale CCS, targeted specifically to learn-by-doing and to share resulting knowledge to reduce the cost of CCS such that it can be commercially deployed in the 2020s (see Box 1);

` A £125m, 4-year, co-ordinated R&D and Innovation Programme covering fundamental research and understanding, through to component development and pilot-scale testing, to ensure that the best ideas – with a clear focus on cost reduction – can be taken forward to the market, and establishing a new UK CCS Research Centre;

` Development of a market for low-carbon electricity through EMR, including availability of Feed-in Tariff CfDs for low-carbon electricity tailored to the needs of CCS-equipped fossil fuel power stations (see Box 2);

` Intervention to address key barriers to the deployment of CCS including work to support the CCS supply chain, develop transport and storage networks, prepare for the deployment of CCS in industrial applications and ensure the right regulatory framework is in place; and

` International engagement focused on sharing the knowledge generated through the programmes and learning from other projects around the world to help accelerate cost reduction.”



DECC’s Commercialisation Programme (source DECC website)

The UK CCS Commercialisation Competition makes available £1bn capital funding, together with additional support through the UK Electricity Market Reforms, to support the practical experience in the design, construction and operation of commercial-scale CCS. This will:

` generate learning that will help to drive down the costs of CCS;

` test and build familiarity with the CCS specific regulatory framework;

` encourage industry to develop suitable CCS business models; and

` contribute to the development of early infrastructure for CO2 transport and storage.

The current competition opened in April 2012, and closed in July 2012. Four full-chain (capture, transport and storage) projects were shortlisted in October 2012. On 14th January 2013, all the shortlisted bids submitted revised proposals. On 20th March 2013 the Government announced two preferred bidders:

` Peterhead Project in Aberdeenshire, Scotland – a project which involves capturing around 90% of the CO2 from part of the existing gas-fired power station at Peterhead, before transporting it and storing it in a depleted gas field beneath the North Sea. The project involves Shell and SSE.

` White Rose Project in Yorkshire, England – a project which involves capturing 90% of the CO2 from a new, super-efficient, coal-fired power station at the Drax site in North Yorkshire, before transporting and storing it in a saline aquifer beneath the southern North Sea. The project involves Alstom, Drax Power, BOC and National Grid.

The Government will undertake discussions with the two preferred bidders to agree terms for FEED studies.

Box 1

As described above, in October 2013 DECC published its response to the CRTF report and provided updates on some key policy developments since publication of its 2012 CCS Roadmap. The updates which are most relevant to this APGTF strategy are summarised below:

` The importance of CCS in the UK is restated and reference made to recent modelling conducted for the Government’s EMR ‘Delivery Plan’, which included scenarios of up to 13GW of CCS by 2030, with an industry appetite for even more.

` The Government’s commitment to the Commercialisation Programme supported by £1bn of capital expenditure is restated. There is also a new emphasis on the desire of the Government for CCS to develop into a strong industry.

` DECC envisages three phases of CCS deployment in the UK, starting with the current projects under the Commercialisation Programme, with a second phase of further projects possibly coming forward on similar timeframes as well as subsequent to those projects.

` The second phase projects could benefit from lower costs associated with the use of existing infrastructure, lower costs of capital and potentially synergies with enhanced oil recovery (EOR).

` DECC intends to work with the industry-led PILOT* oil and gas group to further explore how CO2-EOR could play a role in UK CCS projects.

` The fact that CCS projects are major infrastructure developments that can also bring about investment and growth is recognised, and analysis suggests the technology could cut the annual cost of meeting the UK’s carbon targets by up to 1% of GDP by 2050[13]. DECC emphasises that its continuing focus is to deliver support in a way that facilitates the wider development of the CCS industry, particularly ensuring that the support made available now to early projects has a beneficial impact on the pace and cost of future CCS deployment. It quotes as an example that, as part of the White Rose CCS project, a large capacity ‘Yorkshire/Humber CCS Trunkline’ has been included in the FEED study, with capacity in excess of that required for the Competition project alone, to support the work National Grid is already undertaking as part of its EC-funded activities for the Don Valley project. Such a pipeline could encourage the development of further CCS projects in the area through the provision of transportation facilities and access to CO2 storage.

* See https://www.gov.uk/govenment/policy-advisory-groups/pilot



` CCS for deployment on industrial sources is less developed than for power sources. As a result, the Government has committed in the recent DECC publication ‘The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge’ [14] to a techno-economic study to help to better understand the necessary industrial carbon capture technologies and costs. A joint Industry-Government steering group has been established to guide this work, which is expected to be completed in the spring of 2014.

` In order to encourage supply chain development, as detailed in the EMR consultation launched in October 2013, projects seeking a CfD will be required to produce a Government-approved ‘supply chain plan’ before they are eligible to enter the CfD allocation process. This will apply to all low-carbon generation projects above a 300MW capacity.

` In support of international collaboration, Energy and Climate Change Minister Greg Barker recently signed a Joint Statement with the Governor of Guangdong on low-carbon cooperation, including CCS. This has been complemented by the creation of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between UK and Chinese organisations developing CCS*.

` DECC shares the CRTF’s interest in the extent and value of flexibility that CCS might bring. Flexibility could be of particular value in a future low-carbon energy ‘mix’ with large proportions of intermittent or inflexible generation. Further research on this could be important for both the UK and international CCS development. DECC has proposed a study on this topic to the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) which it has agreed to take forward.

` Constraints and limitations on plant size can restrict developers’ ability to make the most favourable economic choices for their site. The Government agrees with the importance of allowing developers to make the most appropriate choices for their sites and does not intend to introduce any constraints on the size of plant in the future. Similarly, the Government has adopted a technology- and fuel-neutral approach in its CCS policy, leaving the choice to the developers, who are best placed to make these decisions.

* Guangdong Low-carbon Technology and Industry Research Centre (GDLRC), Clean Fossil Energy Development Institute (CFEDI), UKCCSRC, and Scottish Carbon Capture and Storage (SCCS)

The 10-year MoU between

UKCCSRC, SCCS, GDLRC and CFEDI

being signed in London, September

2013, witnessed by Governor Zhu Xiaodan

of Guangdong Province, PRC,

and Energy and Climate Change

Minister Greg Barker, DECC

(courtesy of UKCCSRC)



The Government’s CCS Roadmap, published in April 2012[12], included the CCSA’s ambition for 20-30GW of CCS to be deployed by 2030 and stated: “The measures being taken by Government, as set out in this Roadmap, should enable this ambition to be achieved, subject to CCS demonstrating its effectiveness as a cost-competitive, low-carbon source of electricity generation in time to meet projected demand.” However, in its ‘EMR Delivery Plan’[15], published in December 2013, where the Government presents a forward view of low-carbon capacity in 2030 (Chapter 6), there are five scenarios quoted for CCS that have total UK CCS electricity generating capacities of 1-13GW, much smaller than the wind capacities (24-54GW) and nuclear capacities (9-20GW) quoted.

International position

The international state-of-play of CCS is very well described in the recent Global CCS Institute report ‘Global Status of CCS’ [16].

Notably, a number of large-scale, integrated projects (the Boundary Dam project in Saskatchewan, Canada, which is a post-combustion CO2 capture technology retrofit on a coal-fired power plant; the Kemper County energy facility in Mississippi, USA, which is a new coal-fired integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) with pre-combustion decarbonisation; and the Gorgon gas processing plant in Western Australia) have moved forward to the construction phase and are now well ahead of the UK’s Commercialisation Programme. In contrast, there has been a reduction in the number of planned, full-scale CCS projects since 2011, particularly in Europe with the failure of the EC’s measures to stimulate development.

Status of CCS technologies in a UK context

A full description of the various CCS technologies is presented in the APGTF’s 2009 strategy (Section 4)[17] and is therefore not repeated here.

The latest estimates of capital expenditure (‘CAPEX’) and operating expenditure (‘OPEX’) costs and the resulting LCOE for various CCS options are given in the Final Report of the CRTF[4] and show that coal- or gas-fired power plants with CCS can be a competitive form of low-carbon power generation.

For both power generation and industrial CCS, the technologies comprise CO2 capture, transport and offshore storage, covered in turn below.

UK Electricity Market Reform

The main barrier to CCS is undoubtedly the lack of financial incentives to implement it. The cost of carbon emissions, whether levied via the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) or in the UK via the Carbon Price Floor, is insufficient to cover the cost – particularly for early projects. A similar gap existed for electricity generated from renewable energy sources and this has been filled by the Renewables Obligation. In the future, it is proposed that the financial incentives for low-carbon generation will be through the mechanisms of EMR.

The EMR programme will significantly change the electricity market. The Government anticipates that it will result in £110bn investment for the UK to secure an affordable supply of electricity while meeting its climate change targets.

As part of the programme, the Government is introducing:

` Feed-in Tariffs with CfDs – a mechanism to support investment in low-carbon generation;

` Capacity Market – a mechanism to support security of supply if needed; and

` Institutional arrangements to support these reforms.

Importantly, CCS is seen as one of the key technologies – alongside wind (onshore and offshore) and nuclear – that will contribute to the low-carbon generation goal and be supported by CfDs (see Box 2). The proposal to introduce measures through EMR to support the implementation of CCS beyond the initial demonstration or Commercialisation projects is world-leading.

EMR – Contracts for Difference (source: DECC website)

These will stimulate investment in low-carbon technologies (including renewables, nuclear and CCS) by providing predictable revenue streams that will encourage investment by reducing risks to investors and by making it easier and cheaper to secure finance.

Box 2



RWE’s 3MWe carbon capture

pilot plant at Aberthaw

power station, south Wales which pilots

carbon capture technology

designed by Shell Cansolv

(courtesy of Shell Cansolv)

CO2 capture

The capture technologies that are ready for application and proposed for the early CCS power projects (in the UK and abroad) are:

Post-combustion capture (PCC) for gas-fired or supercritical pulverised coal (PC)-fired power plants using solvents. This is the technology proposed for the Peterhead CCGT retrofit project whose FEED study is expected to be announced early in 2014. It was also proposed for the Kingsnorth, Longannet and Hunterston CCS demonstration projects in the UK that have been cancelled. Furthermore, E.ON/GDF Suez plan to use this technology option at their demonstration project at Maasvlakte in the Netherlands and it is also being used at Boundary Dam in Canada (it was recently announced that the integrated CCS demonstration project at Unit 3 at the Boundary Dam power station, which will capture and store 1MtCO2/year, is on track for completion by April 2014; it is running about $115m over its budget of $1.24bn, although the capture portion is “essentially finished on budget”).

This technology is of particular interest because of its potential for retrofitting to existing, modern, high-efficiency, supercritical power plants such as those built over recent years in China and India, and for this reason it was specified in the first UK CCS Competition. PCC is suitable for baseload electricity generation and has the capability for flexible operation.

In the UK, there are two PCC pilot-scale plants at Ferrybridge power station in Yorkshire (SSE/Doosan Babcock/Vattenfall/TSB/DECC, 5MWe) and Aberthaw power station in south Wales (RWE npower/Cansolv, 3MWe), as well as the UKCCSRC’s PACT Facilities at Beighton near Sheffield (150kWth). PCC is being validated at 5-40MWth scale in Europe. There is a significant amount of supporting R&D underway in the UK (see Chapter 3).

Kemper County energy facility during construction,

October 2013, Mississippi, USA

(courtesy of Southern

Company)



Oxy-fuel combustion for coal power plants. This is the technology proposed for the 426MWe White Rose Commercialisation Project at Drax for which the FEED study is now underway.

Oxy-fuel combustion has been developed in Europe and the USA by Alstom and in the UK by Doosan Babcock and partners, and is suitable for new-build projects and retrofitting to existing plant. Four other companies are offering to build new oxy-fuel fired power plant. It has been validated at a large pilot-scale in Europe, e.g. the 30MWth Schwarze Pumpe project in Germany (lignite-fired), the 30MWth Lacq project in France (gas-fired) and at Ponferrada in Spain (20MWth PC-fired and 30MWth circulating fluidised bed (CFB) coal-fired, operated by CIUDEN). Other retrofit applications to coal-fired plants at a demonstration scale are underway in Australia (Callide, 20MWe) – now operational with an aim to achieve 10,000 cumulative operating hours by November 2014 – and planned in the USA (FutureGen 2.0, 165MWe).

Oxy-fuel combustion is suitable for baseload and flexible operation (the air separation unit (ASU) could be designed to meet oxygen (O2) demand with ramp-up and turn-down rates of ~3%/minute, similar to a sub-critical PC unit). The significant amount of supporting R&D in the UK includes the Doosan Babcock ‘OxyCoal’ 40MWth combustion system demonstration on the test facility at Renfrew and projects using the PACT facilities (see Chapter 3).

Pre-combustion decarbonisation from gas- or for IGCC coal-fired power plants. Pre-combustion decarbonisation from gas was the technology identified for the first proposal for a low-emissions power plant at Peterhead in 2005. Subsequent interest in pre-combustion decarbonisation has focused upon IGCC coal-fired power plants.

This technology is primarily for baseload electricity generation and is proposed for use by three entrants in the UK Commercialisation Competition for new coal power plants with CCS, namely 2Co Energy, Teesside Low Carbon and Captain Clean Energy. It is also of interest for hydrogen (H2) production and offers fuel flexibility.

Pre-combustion decarbonisation has higher CAPEX but lower OPEX costs than PCC or oxy-fuel combustion technology options, although at the current level of knowledge there is little difference in the resulting LCOE.

In a pre-combustion decarbonisation system, CO2 can be removed from the gas stream using a physical solvent washing technology, which has been proven at scale in the syngas, ammonia and chemicals feedstock industries over many years and at many plants including in the USA and China. An alternative approach is under development in the UK, based on compression of the gas stream to separate the CO2 in a liquid form (see the Next Generation Capture Technology project in Appendix 1).

Other technologies. There are many other capture technologies at an earlier stage of development, including solid absorbent cycles, chemical/carbonate ‘looping’ cycles and novel oxy-fuel cycles (see Chapter 3 for references to current R&D).

TATA Steelworks in

Port Talbot UK (courtesy

of 123RF )



Industry CO2 capture

There is extensive development and piloting of industrial CCS around the world (see ‘Existing Activities’ column in the table on p.43) but little on the ground as yet in the UK. However, the Government (DECC and BIS) has recently initiated a study, entitled ‘Techno-Economic Study of Industrial Carbon Capture for Storage and Capture for Utilisation’, which is to report in the spring of 2014. Government analysis has identified that industrial CCS (‘ICCS’) is likely to be a key technology to deliver carbon abatement in energy-intensive industries such as iron and steel, cement, chemicals and refining: without CCS, it may not be possible to substantially decarbonise these sectors. The Government’s 2013 publication ‘The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge’[14] committed DECC and BIS to undertake this study to better understand industrial carbon capture technologies and costs. The study will help determine the next steps in supporting innovation in this field. It is notable that ‘industrial capture’ is included in the EC’s ‘Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015 in the Area of Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy’[18] published in December 2013.

CO2 transport

In the UK, the transport of CO2 from the capture plant to the storage site offshore will be by pipeline, ship or a combination of these methods. A network of pipelines similar to the current gas transmission system would eventually be needed to access all large sources of CO2.

Pipeline transport of CO2 is an established technology. It has been proposed both using new pipelines (e.g. for the White Rose project) and also by re-using redundant gas pipelines (e.g. for the original Longannet retrofit project).

Pipelines may operate at medium pressure (around 30 bar) with the CO2 in gaseous phase or at high pressure (>80 bar) with the CO2 in ‘dense’ phase. The CO2 may be compressed or pumped at the capture site, in stages along the pipeline and at the storage platform. Compressors required for this duty are available commercially.

In the USA, there are extensive pipeline networks transporting dense phase CO2 from natural sources and ammonia plants to oilfields where it is used for EOR.

For CCS applications in the UK, CO2 pipelines must be designed to take account of the relatively dense population along pipeline corridors (cf. the USA), the need to recognise the presence of impurities (especially O2), the requirement for the CO2 to be relatively dry to avoid corrosion or hydrate formation, and, in the event of a leak, the effect of Joule-Thomson cooling on the pipe material rendering it more brittle. The transport system design also has to recognise the pressure requirements at the storage site which may vary over time (e.g. gas injection initially and dense phase injection later) and the possible composition restrictions imposed where existing infrastructure (e.g. well tubes) is to be re-used.

Pipelines and compressor stations can be engineered safely by taking a conservative approach to their design, but RD&D, including that underway (Chapter 3) and that recommended (Chapter 4), will allow increased confidence, design margins to be refined and costs to be reduced.

Pipeline infrastructure

to serve a potential

Yorkshire and Humber CCS

cluster (courtesy of

National Grid)



CO2 storage

A number of ‘source-sink mapping’ studies, including GESTCO (2008), UKSAP (ETI, 2011), CASSEM (SCCS, 2012) and Captain (SCCS, 2013), have confirmed material storage potential in the UK with a number of locations where the proximity of a cluster of CO2 sources and potential suitable storage favour the development of regional CCS ‘hubs’. Storage sites for these hubs include the Bunter sandstone in the southern North Sea (SNS), the Captain fairway in the central North Sea (CNS) and the Irish Sea.

CO2STORED* is the UK’s most comprehensive atlas of offshore CO2 storage sites, accessible on the internet and operated by the Crown Estate and the British Geological Survey (BGS). The database is the result of ETI’s £4m, 3-year UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP). In addition, Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS) continues assessment of the Captain fairway via the CO2MultiStore project.

The ETI’s overall appraisal of UK storage capacity in 2011[19] showed a potential capacity of 78GtCO2 (compared to a UK requirement of around 15GtCO2 over 100 years). Approximately 90% of the storage potential is in deep saline formations, although significant potential capacity also exists in mature/depleted oil and gas reservoirs.

Implementation of CO2-EOR could provide some early storage opportunities. The potential to maximise the hydrocarbon recovery from the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) is currently the subject of a Government-commissioned review by Sir Ian Wood. In an interim report from the review[20], EOR (of which CO2-EOR is one subset of technologies) is recognised as one of a number of options for improving recovery. Whilst CO2-EOR is not currently being undertaken in the UK North Sea, successful hydrocarbon gas EOR projects are being undertaken in the BP-operated Magnus and Ula fields. Barriers to the implementation of CO2-EOR in the North Sea are seen by operators as more commercial- and policy-based than technical. In particular, CO2-EOR will need to compete with the new generation of enhanced waterflood technologies that are now beginning to be deployed in the market.

* See http://www.co2stored.co.uk

Major CO2

emitters and potential

storage sites in the UK

(courtesy of the Energy

Technologies Institute)



Active projects in the UK are proposing storage in depleted gas fields (including the Goldeneye Field by Shell, initially for the Longannet project and now for the Peterhead Commercialisation project), in depleted oil fields (by 2Co Energy with EOR) and in deep saline formations (Summit Power in the Captain aquifer in the CNS and National Grid in the SNS, initially for the White Rose project). The Teesside Low Carbon project considered storage in a combination of geological features, deep saline formations and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Storage in deep saline formations has a potential cost advantage, avoiding the higher investment and operating costs associated with EOR. However, this advantage tends to be offset by the limited availability of appraisal data for many deep saline formation storage options which is a major uncertainty in the development of this resource. The appraisal drilling by National Grid at its selected site in Block 42/25 in the summer of 2013 was a significant step forward.

The Energy Endeavour rig

test drilling for National Grid in the North Sea, August

2013 (courtesy of

National Grid)

Early deep saline formation opportunities are targeting confined structures (ie domes or equivalent) where the potential for migration is limited. In the near-to-medium term, understanding and mitigating geomechanical risk will be a key area of work. In the longer term, interest will also need to focus on open structures with larger capacity where models of long-term migration will need to be validated.

Health and safety of CCS

Like any large-scale industrial activity, there are hazards associated with CCS which could impact on human safety if not properly managed. Many of these hazards are well understood. Industry is continuing to work with academics and regulators to define the appropriate controls – including prudent engineering solutions – that should be implemented. Where appropriate, knowledge is being transferred from other relevant sectors, ie the oil and gas, petrochemicals and industrial gases industries. Safety will be ensured by the UK’s established safety legislation (enforced by the Health & Safety Executive), which is designed to protect both workers and members of the public, and will apply across the CCS chain from CO2 capture to injection.

Update of strategy

Taking account of the above scenario analysis and the announcements by DECC of the next stage in the UK Commercialisation Programme, the APGTF has decided it is timely to update its strategy to take account of the current situation, with particular emphasis on updating the priorities for RD&D to take account of the work which is now underway, the latest position globally and the recommendations of the CRTF regarding reducing the costs associated with CCS.



18

Ferrybridge Power Station

(courtesy of SSE plc)

Objectives of the Strategy


Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum

Objectives of the Strategy

Aims of the APGTF strategy

The main aim of the APGTF strategy remains, as in 2011:

“To ensure that the UK maintains a leading role in the development and commercialisation of carbon abatement technologies that can make a significant and affordable reduction in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.” [1]

This aim requires CCS to be developed and implemented in the UK on a sufficient scale, with costs reducing at least in line with the CRTF trajectory, and in a sufficiently timely manner to allow UK organisations to benefit in home and export markets.

The vision of the APGTF strategy, first set out in 2009, had an ambitious target for CCS deployment by 2020 which will not now be met, and in the current strategy (see Box 3) the vision must recognise the reality of the slower pace of implementation in the UK and Europe than was envisaged five years ago.

2

APGTF’s 2014 Vision for CCS in the UK

1. Adoption of a target for the successful deployment of carbon abatement technologies for fossil fuels (CATs), and in particular CCS, in the UK, with a target of around 10% of UK power generation (approximately 40TWh) being from fossil fuel plant fitted with CCS by 2025.

2. A capability is created in the UK so that CCS can make a major contribution to the target of 80% greenhouse gas emissions reduction by 2050 (against a 1990 baseline).

3. The UK is positioned for success in the global markets and influence in the EU and global policy dialogue.

Box 3

The three challenges identified in the DECC CCS Roadmap of 2012[12] need to be met, namely:

` Reducing the costs and risks associated with CCS so that it is cost-competitive with other low-carbon technologies;

` Putting in place the market frameworks that will enable CCS to be deployed by the private sector cost effectively; and

` Removing key barriers to the deployment of CCS for both the power and industrial sectors.

The APGTF, working within its traditional scope, will seek to contribute to meeting its own aims and the challenges identified by DECC through:

` RD&D;

` Knowledge exchange;

` Supply chain development, skills development and capacity building;

` International collaboration; and

` Public outreach/education

for the full chain of activities in fossil and biomass fuel power generation, including important improvements in the base generation plant. The APGTF will provide recommendations and pursue its own actions in these areas, working with the UKCCSRC and other consortia (including ‘Flex-e Plant’, the other Future Conventional Plant consortium and the Bioenergy SUPERGEN Hub) as appropriate.

The APGTF will contribute to the complementary activities of other groups and organisations, such as the CCSA, the UK CO2 Storage Development Group and the UK CCS Commercial Development Group which will provide leadership on regulation, storage and finance.

The APGTF will also seek to participate in and contribute to the UK CCS Knowledge Transfer Network, building on its experience as the delivery partner for cleaner fossil fuels in the Technology Strategy Board’s Knowledge Transfer Network for Energy Generation & Supply (EG&S KTN).

Strategic and Technology Implementation targets consistent with the above aims are set out overleaf.

19



Strategic Targets

The following tables are reproduced from the 2011 APGTF strategy[1], with a new column added to record progress and update timescales.

20

InitiativeTimescale (as stated in the 2011 APGTF Strategy)

Update (at January 2014)

A UK CCS Roadmap addressing RD&D and deployment and associated issues

Late 2011 Issued by DECC in April 2012 and updated October 2013, giving recognition of deployment beyond the Commercialisation projects.

R&D Now and continuing Good progress, see Chapter 4, but will need to continue, with more emphasis on cost reduction.

UK regulations 2010, with adaptation to 2025 Review in line with EU review, 2014.

UK CCS Competition (300MW+ CCS demonstration on pulverised coal)

Operational by 2015 Superseded by DECC’s Commercialisation Programme, which should have led, according to the 2012 Roadmap, to operation of one or two plants in 2016 (now more likely to be 2018). FEED study for 1st project (White Rose) initiated in December 2013, with that for 2nd (Peterhead) anticipated for January 2014.

UK CCS Demonstration Projects 2-4

Commissioned 2015-2018 Follow-on projects may now be supported by EMR. Four in total could be in operation by 2020.

Phase 3 of EU ETS From 2013 Phase 3 of EU ETS in place with full auctioning of allowances. Discussions have begun on Phase 4 (2021 onwards).

11-13 large-scale, integrated demonstrations in Europe

1st phase of 6-7 demonstrations by 2015/16;2nd phase of 5-6 demonstrations by 2018

NER300 scheme proposed but no projects approved under Phase 1. In Phase 2, there is just one CCS project – White Rose in the UK.

UK CCC targets:

Fit CCS to new coal power plant initially built capture-ready

Trivial level of fossil fuel use without CCS

2020-2025

By mid-2020s

CCC in May 2013 stated:

“Set in legislation during this Parliament a target to reduce carbon intensity of power generation to 50gCO2/kWh by 2030 with some flexibility to adjust this in light of new information.

Publish strategies for the further development of offshore wind and the commercialisation of CCS, setting out the amount of intended investment to 2030 and cost reductions required to sustain this ambition.”

EU target for full commercialisation

By 2020 EU Consultative Communication on ‘The Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe’[21] emphasises the importance of CCS in 2030.

World CCS requirement to 2050 Based on IEA ‘BLUE Map’ scenario, 100 CCS projects by 2020, storing 240MtCO2/year plus 100 projects/year thereafter.

Over 3,000 projects in 2050, storing 8.2GtCO2/year with approximately 50% of these on coal- or gas-fired power plants

IEA CCS Roadmap 2013:

2020: 50MtCO2/year stored

2030: 2GtCO2/year stored

2050: 7GtCO2/year stored

Table 1 Programme

Implementation versus

2011 Strategy



Technology Area

Demonstration Needed (2011 APGTF Strategy)

Update (at January 2014)

CO2 capture (coal)

Post-combustion Capture (PCC)

Retrofit coal-fired power plant with PCC operating in the UK by 2015

Retrofit proposed for Longannet cancelled due to cost. Similar project proceeding well at Boundary Dam, Canada – expected to go into operation in 2014.

600°C coal-fired power plant with PCC operating in the UK by 2017

New-build projects developed for Kingsnorth and Hunterston, but cancelled due to funding and policy issues.

Oxy-fuel combustion

Large-scale (100-500MWe) oxy-fuel CCS demonstration by 2016

425MWe project proposed for White Rose project, Drax. FEED study initiated December 2013.

Pre-combustion decarbonisation

A full-scale (400-800MWe) UK IGCC demonstration based on UK ‘original equipment manufacturer’ (OEM) capability by 2015

3 x pre-combustion decarbonisation IGCC projects are candidates for follow-on from the Commercialisation projects, but with limited UK OEM technology input. The target date has probably been delayed 4-5 years.

CO2 capture (gas)

Gas-fired power plant with PCC operating in the UK by 2016

Retrofit project proposed for Peterhead in the DECC Commercialisation Programme. FEED study initiation anticipated in early 2014.

Demonstration of high-efficiency gas turbine (GT) working on very high H2-content fuel (perhaps through international collaboration)

Remains a target for coal IGCC and is the subject of R&D in a European project (H2-IGCC project).

Demonstration of pre-combustion decarbonisation with a CCGT plant (possibly a retrofit project)

Demonstration of integrated combined cycle with gas reformer was envisaged but no project yet proposed.

DECC are supporting the development of materials for the turbine of the Net Power Allam Cycle (oxy-fuel based gas power plant) with the aim to build and operate a 25MWth pilot by 2014/15.

CO2 transport

Development of a (initially point-to-point) transport system associated with the first large-scale, integrated demonstration project by 2015

White Rose and Peterhead projects based on point-to-point transport. White Rose project includes a study of an oversize Yorkshire/Humberside pipeline. Major supporting project (COOLTRANS) led by National Grid.

Development of an onshore transport network linked to several capture sites by 2020

Recognised as a target post- Commercialisation projects.

CO2 storage

Initial offshore storage demonstrated in UK depleted gas- and oil-fields associated with the first large-scale, integrated demonstration project by 2015

Peterhead, Captain, Don Valley and Teesside projects in the DECC Commercialisation competition propose such storage.

Network of offshore storage demonstrated in UK depleted gas- and oil-fields (including EOR if appropriate) by 2020

Recognised as a target post- Commercialisation projects.

Major saline formations appraisal programme to validate storage capacity and integrity, completed by 2020 to enable deployment between 2020 and 2030

Deep saline formation selected for the White Rose project and initial appraisal drilling successfully completed by National Grid. Further appraisal under consideration by the UK CO2 Storage Development Group led by the Crown Estate.

Table 2 Technology

Implementation Targets –

overview versus 2011 Strategy



22

Current Activity in CCS in

the UK

250kW air/oxy-fuel combustion rig at UKCCSRC’s

PACT facilities, Beighton (courtesy of UKCCSRC PACT)



Current Activity in CCS in the UK

This chapter describes activities underway in the UK within the scope of interest of the APGTF and relevant to this strategy.

Current activity – R&D

Several of the major R&D initiatives recommended in previous APGTF strategies are now underway in the UK, with significant support along the ‘innovation chain’ (see Figure 3.1). Support is provided at Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)* 1 to 6 from the Research Councils (led by EPSRC), TSB, ETI and DECC (see Figure 3.2). The Crown Estate is also actively supporting storage-related work and National Grid has its own programmes, including COOLTRANS, an £8m project supported by the EC under the European Energy Recovery Package (EERP) as part of the Don Valley project.

3

Figure 3.1 Technology innovation

chain

Demonstration

Newideas

Pre-commercialfull-scale

implementation

Commerciallyproven and

economies ofscale achieved

Pilot-scaletechnologyvalidation

Research &Development

Deployment

Figure 3.2 TRLs and funding

£

Demonstration

TRL 1-3‘in the lab’

TRL 3-5‘at scale’

TRL 6-7‘commercial prototype’

TRL 8-9‘in-service’

Integration through UK Gov. Depts., the Energy Res. Partnership (ERP), UKERC, etc

Department of Energy & Climate Change

Technology Strategy Board

Research Councils

EU ETS, supplier obligationsand policy support

Research &Development

Deployment

Energy Technologies Institute

The support models (and proportion of funding and ownership of results) vary across these funding agencies, with the highest levels of funding (near 100%) at the lowest TRLs and the lowest (~25%) at the highest, although with its unique public-private funding arrangements the ETI is able to fund up to 100% of costs for TRL 3-6 projects.

Industry, including all of the APGTF’s industrial members, has provided the balance of R&D funding, estimated overall at about half of the total, justified within the companies by the commercial benefits which were expected to accrue from the demonstration/ Commercialisation projects and future CCS deployment.

* TRL 1-3 : ‘in the lab’ research and feasibilty; TRL 3-6 : ‘at scale’ technological development; TRL 6-7 : technology is demonstrated with commercial prototypes; TRL 8-9 : describes technology once it is ‘in service’. [22]



In 2012, DECC produced a very useful graphical representation of the R&D which has been initiated under various public-sector programmes in its £125m, four-year R&D and Innovation Programme, 2011-2015 – see Figure 3.3. Projects are classified into ‘Fundamental R&D’ (mostly funded by the Research Councils), ‘Component Development & Applied Research’ (TSB, DECC and ETI) and ‘Pilot-scale Technology Validation’ (ETI, TSB and DECC). Projects are collected by technical area into ‘Whole System’, ‘Conversion & Generation’, ‘Capture: Pre-combustion Decarbonisation’, ‘Capture: Post-combustion’, ‘Capture: Oxy-fuel’, ‘CO2 Monitoring’, ‘CO2 Transport’, ‘CO2 Storage’ and ‘CO2 Utilisation’.

In order to inform forward plans for RD&D, the APGTF has worked with UKCCSRC to extend the listing of projects behind the DECC ‘dartboard diagram’ to include newer projects (largely EPSRC funded), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded R&D and important relevant earlier projects (mainly TSB and EC supported): this extended list is included as Appendix 1 to this strategy and will be maintained by UKCCSRC and accessible on their website.

It should be noted that there is a great deal more RD&D underway elsewhere in Europe (much of it funded by the EC’s Framework Programme or Research Fund for Coal & Steel (RFCS)) and around the world than is included in the listing. The recommendations of this strategy include the creation of a much more comprehensive database with a portal to project results.

Figure 3.3 The £125m UK CCS R&D Programme (2011-2015)



Current activity – research capacity and skills development

Activity by the APGTF and its members in the past has encouraged and supported capacity building initiatives by the Research Councils’ Energy Programme. These include relevant Centres for Doctoral Training (CDTs), the UK CCS Consortium (UKCCSC Phase I), the UK CCS Community Network (UKCCSC Phase II) and the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCSSRC):

` The EPSRC Engineering Doctorate (EngD) Centre in Efficient Fossil Energy Technologies (EFET), which is hosted by three universities in the Midlands Energy Consortium (MEC) – Nottingham, Loughborough and Birmingham. The EFET EngD Centre produces research leaders to tackle the major national and international challenges. In total, training is being provided for 50 PhDs (with 10 being recruited each year between 2009 and 2013) whose projects include the successful development of CO2 capture for power generation and coal utilisation.

` A new EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Carbon Capture & Storage and Cleaner Fossil Energy is being established in 2014, building upon the success of the existing EFET EngD Centre by focusing on core strengths identified by the EFET Industrial Partners and EPSRC. The existing partnership has been expanded to include the University of Leeds and BGS as an associate partner to improve the quality and breadth of the training programme and increase the level of industrial participation, particularly in CO2 storage (BGS) and power plant operation (Leeds). The new Centre will involve over 50 recognised academics in CCS and cleaner fossil energy to provide comprehensive supervisory capacity across the theme for 70 doctoral students. It will provide an innovative training programme co-created in collaboration with the Industrial Partners to meet their advanced skills needs. The partnership has significant international reach, especially in Asia, and there will be strong links to UKCCSRC, the two Future Conventional Power Consortia and the Bio-energy and Sustainable Chemistry CDTs.

EngD student undertaking

research (courtesy

of the EFET EngD Centre, University of Nottingham)



` Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage (SCCS), a partnership between BGS, Heriot-Watt University and the University of Edinburgh, is the largest research group on CCS in the UK. Supported by a grant from the Scottish Funding Council (SFC) and as part of the Energy Technology Partnership (ETP), SCCS has a remit to work on research across all of Scotland’s universities and develop a network to support the engagement of SMEs in R&D. SCCS continues to build on the research base across Scotland covering a full-chain of disciplines and seeking capacity to meet demand. Through its direct funding, SCCS currently supports three post-doctoral research assistants and one Scientific Research Officer post, and also has seven PhD students part-funded through the ETP PhD Studentship programme.

` In 2012, the UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC), with an administration team located at the University of Edinburgh, was founded to act as a focal point for CCS-related research and the UKCCSRC PACT (Pilot-scale Advanced Capture Technology shared facilities) were set up. UKCCSRC is supported by the EPSRC as part of the Research Councils UK Energy Programme, with additional funding from DECC to lead and coordinate a programme of underpinning research on all aspects of CCS in support of basic science and UK Government efforts on energy and climate change. UKCCSRC has been carrying out a process to define Centre research and has provided input to the priorities recommended in Chapter 4. The PACT facilities, based in Sheffield, Cranfield and Edinburgh, are the focal point for large-scale experimental work undertaken by UKCCSRC and are also available for use by UK industry, especially SMEs, for development and demonstration of products by the CCS supply chain.

` There has been significant investment in CO2 measurement test facilities at NEL under the sponsorship of the UK Government’s National Measurement Office to enable a range of measurement and sampling technologies to be evaluated. The CO2 gas facility allows the performance of flow measurement devices in gaseous CO2 and CO2 mixtures to be evaluated. This facility has been used to test the performance of ultrasonic flow meters, orifice plates and coriolis mass flow meters in CO2 resulting in an evaluation of the most appropriate technology for gaseous CO2 metering. The CO2 static facility has been used to test the performance of flow measurement and compositional analysis devices. This facility allows sensors to be installed in a non- flowing regime where phase changes can be induced by changing the composition of the CO2 through the introduction of impurities like N2, H2, H2O and O2. The temperature and pressure are controlled in such a way as to produce gaseous and dense phase CO2. The facility has also been used to test flow and composition measurement devices in dense phase CO2 and CO2 mixtures. The liquid re-circulation (dynamic) CO2 facility will be used to test measurement devices and components in flowing CO2 conditions. The fluid used will be pure CO2 or a CO2 mixture and may be in a gas, liquid or two-phase condition.

NEL’s CO2 Gas Facility – flow meters

under test (courtesy of NEL)



Industry, too, has invested in major (multi-£m) test facilities including:

` Doosan Babcock’s ‘OxyCoal’ combustion test facility (40MWth) at Renfrew.

` E.ON’s 1MWth Combustion Test Facility (oxy-fuel test unit) at Ratcliffe Technology Centre.

` SSE/Doosan Babcock/Vattenfall’s CC100+ PCC pilot plant (5MWe) at Ferrybridge power station.

` RWE npower/Cansolv’s PCC Pilot (3MWe) at Aberthaw power station.

` GL Noble Denton’s pipe test facilities at Spadeadam.

Current activity – knowledge exchange

There is already extensive sharing of knowledge within the UK and internationally, through conferences and meetings (including those organised by the APGTF, the CCSA, the Energy Institute and UKCCSRC), collaborative projects and university/industry collaborations. Websites, such as those hosted by the APGTF, CCSA, the EG&S KTN, UKCCSRC and SCCS, provide portals to published information. In addition, many international websites provide further opportunities for knowledge exchange, including the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plant (ZEP), the Global CCS Institute, the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF).

DECC ran a major knowledge exchange event at the conclusion of the FEED studies for the first CCS demonstration competition. Although the event was only one day in duration, there was extensive supporting information in the form of written reports.

In Europe there is a formal requirement for organisations that are receiving EERP support for CCS projects to participate in the European CCS Demonstration Project Network which currently has five members. The Network started life primarily focused on knowledge exchange between the members (who are restricted to organisations implementing full-scale projects at the FEED stage and onwards) but it has begun to develop its external sharing through publications and events (e.g. see the Situation Report, published in September 2013[23], which contains useful details of the projects and, relevant to this strategy, recommendations for R&D). The Network is currently working with the Global CCS Institute to produce a structured plan for future global knowledge sharing.

It has to be noted that knowledge sharing is currently inhibited by the competitive environment in which project developers and researchers operate.

The CC100+ pilot-scale project at

Ferrybridge power station

(courtesy of Doosan

Babcock Ltd ©)



Inventys VeloxoTherm™

technology with Rotary Adsorbant

Machine constructed by

Howden Group, commissioned and tested as

part of the ETI’s Next Generation

Capture Technology for

Gas Fired Power project

(courtesy of the Energy

Technologies Institute/

Inventys Thermal Technologies)

Current activity – international collaboration

Most of the members of the APGTF already engage in international collaboration. This includes participation in joint R&D projects (including EC Framework projects, projects with Chinese partners etc.), tenders and proposals for overseas CCS projects and technology transfer.

UK universities have a long track record of international collaboration in CCS, with information flowing out to collaborators as well as in. Recently, UKCCSRC and Carbon Management Canada (CMC-NCE) established an exchange programme allowing early-career researchers from their respective organisations to collaborate with each other on CCS projects. Funding is available per proposal to fund graduate students and post-doctoral researchers. The exchanges will build new or strengthen existing collaborations between the two countries’ top researchers, share experimental facilities and exchange knowledge.

UKCCSRC and SaskPower have established a joint initiative to link practical experience on SaskPower’s Boundary Dam project with a wide-ranging academic CCS research programme. The three-year MoU was signed in May 2013 to facilitate research and related opportunities aimed at improving costs and performance of CCS. In support of the MoU programme, UKCCSRC has allocated an initial budget to meet the additional costs to UK academic researchers. A joint SaskPower/UKCCSRC panel will provide oversight and planning for the coordinated research activities.

With its focus on developing technologies to support the UK in meeting its CO2 reduction targets, the ETI has invested in projects that bring together international collaboration (e.g. its ‘next generation’ capture technologies for gas-fired power involving Canadian SME Inventys, Doosan Babcock and Howden).

However, despite all this UK and international activity, there remain critical gaps in this area, and this strategy recommends additional support mechanisms to encourage learning from major projects underway elsewhere in the world.



Priorities for Research, Development

and Demonstration

Carbonated aggregate using CO2 captured directly from

combusted landfill gas (courtesy of Carbon8 Systems Ltd)



Priorities For Research, Development and Demonstration

RD&D themes

In this chapter, the APGTF priorities for RD&D are tabulated (see Table 4.1). These recommendations have been developed in consultation with members of the APGTF, the CCSA and the UKCCSRC, and have taken account of the recommendations published by the European CCS project network (see Appendix 2).

Recommendations are set out against five themes:

` CCS whole systems and cross-cutting issues (ie issues which cut across capture, transport and storage).

` CO2 capture.

` Industrial CCS.

` CO2 transport.

` CO2 storage.

In the fourth column of Table 4, recent and current projects which are judged relevant to the planning of further RD&D are noted, with identification (‘Id’) numbers that reference further information included in the spreadsheet in Appendix 1.

Prioritisation

RD&D needs have been prioritised and colour-coded as follows:

RED – Highest Priority

BLUE – Medium Priority

GREEN – Lower Priority

Most of the APGTF’s priority RD&D projects fall into the ‘Medium Priority’ category and should commence as soon as possible.

The ‘Highest Priority’ has been afforded specifically to topics which could bring benefit to the commercialisation of CCS or other early full-scale CCS projects, or could benefit from links to these projects, or could influence the policy on roll-out of CCS (e.g. to high-emitting industries).

‘Lower Priority’ topics are those that could benefit from delay for a year or two to allow other relevant work to be completed first.

4



Short-term targets (applicable in 0-10 years)

Recent and current RD&D Medium-term targets (applicable in 7-15 years)

Long-term targets (applicable in 10-20+ years)

Targets 2015: FEED studies for UK Commercialisation Programme projects due to be complete

2013-2016: 2nd phase of UK projects (CfD-enabled) enter engineering phase

` Two Commercialisation Programme projects shortlisted

` Three other commercialisation projects under development

` 2020: Evidence points to CRTF targets being achieved or surpassed

` 2020-2025: Development of onshore CO2 transport network linked to several capture sites

` 2020-2025: At least one operational example of CO2-EOR

` Through to 2030: Roll-out of at least 12GW in operation

` 2030: Extensive networks of pipelines linking hubs onshore and offshore with tributaries to smaller CO2 sources

R&D needs R&D needs to meet short-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years)

Recent and current RD&DR&D needs to meet medium-term objectives (applicable in 7-15 years)

R&D needs to meet long-term objectives (applicable in 10-20+ years)

Effective methods to improve understanding of CCS, and responses to CCS, by the public, financial community and institutions, including the wider context of CCS, risks, policy/regulatory/incentive/frameworks and carbon accounting (including bioenergy with CCS and industrial emissions):

` Focus on issues related to initial projects and policy development

` Id3: Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects)

` Id243: Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive: CCSI

Maximise economically realistic potential for utilisation of captured CO2 (including EOR):

` Critical evaluation of economics of utilisation options

` Evaluation of opportunities for EOR in offshore situations

Strategic development of UK storage resource for UK and European emissions:

` Establish scale and timing of opportunities and identify hurdles and enablers

System-level modelling to understand the operability of a full CCS system in response to an increased need for fossil fuels to provide security and flexibility in a decarbonised energy system with intermittent renewables:

` Value of ‘dispatchable’ fossil power with CCS in a low-carbon energy system

` System operability and power plant interaction with CO2 grid

` Flexibility and coping with changes in demand

` Decoupling flow rates

` Virtual system simulation and optimisation

` Perform complete safety, operability and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of individual sections and full CCS chain, including economics

` Id4: Multi-scale whole systems modelling and analysis

` Id5: ETI CCS System Modelling Toolkit

` Id761: Flexible network development

` Id200: New DECC-proposed IEAGHG project on flexibility

Further optimisation of system-level modelling and cluster development (sources and stores) recognising the different lead-times of the several parts of the CCS chain:

` Capture hubs

` Storage hubs

` Effective approaches to linking capture hubs and storage hubs

Further development of optimised flexible CCS:

` Coal/CCS

` Gas/CCS

` Biomass/CCS

Improved understanding of the impact and benefits of clustering of sources, optimum location of power plants (gas and coal) and strategic development of UK storage resources:

` Assess possibility of reuse of North Sea and onshore infrastructure

` Investigate UK/European options for clustering CO2 sources and sinks and developing pipeline networks onshore and offshore

` Scottish Enterprise Storage hub project

` SCCS Multistore

` FP7 SiteChar

Assess the optimum levels of CCS for low-carbon electricity and heat and industrial CO2 abatement:

` Focus on studies to inform policy decisions

` Id201: Scottish Government study on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system (initiated mid-2013)

Develop CO2 accounting, monitoring and measurement techniques (CO2 and impurities) and influence development of CO2 standards taking account of different sources and applications:

` CO2 measurement and accuracy of measurements (CO2 accounting) through whole system

` Develop techniques for fiscal metering of CO2 (plus impurities) to +/- 2% accuracy in gas phase and dense phase

` NEL facilities and projects

` Id58: Project COMET – (Coriolis Metering Technology in CO2 Transportation for CCS)

Wh

ole

Sys

tem

s an

d C

ross

-cu

ttin

g Is

sues

32

Table 4.1






Targets 2015: FEED studies for UK Commercialisation Programme projects due to be complete

2013-2016: 2nd phase of UK projects (CfD-enabled) enter engineering phase

` Two Commercialisation Programme projects shortlisted

` Three other commercialisation projects under development

` 2020: Evidence points to CRTF targets being achieved or surpassed

` 2020-2025: Development of onshore CO2 transport network linked to several capture sites

` 2020-2025: At least one operational example of CO2-EOR

` Through to 2030: Roll-out of at least 12GW in operation

` 2030: Extensive networks of pipelines linking hubs onshore and offshore with tributaries to smaller CO2 sources




Effective methods to improve understanding of CCS, and responses to CCS, by the public, financial community and institutions, including the wider context of CCS, risks, policy/regulatory/incentive/frameworks and carbon accounting (including bioenergy with CCS and industrial emissions):

` Focus on issues related to initial projects and policy development

` Id3: Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects)

` Id243: Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive: CCSI

Maximise economically realistic potential for utilisation of captured CO2 (including EOR):

` Critical evaluation of economics of utilisation options

` Evaluation of opportunities for EOR in offshore situations

Strategic development of UK storage resource for UK and European emissions:

` Establish scale and timing of opportunities and identify hurdles and enablers

System-level modelling to understand the operability of a full CCS system in response to an increased need for fossil fuels to provide security and flexibility in a decarbonised energy system with intermittent renewables:

` Value of ‘dispatchable’ fossil power with CCS in a low-carbon energy system

` System operability and power plant interaction with CO2 grid

` Flexibility and coping with changes in demand

` Decoupling flow rates

` Virtual system simulation and optimisation

` Perform complete safety, operability and life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of individual sections and full CCS chain, including economics

` Id4: Multi-scale whole systems modelling and analysis

` Id5: ETI CCS System Modelling Toolkit

` Id761: Flexible network development

` Id200: New DECC-proposed IEAGHG project on flexibility

Further optimisation of system-level modelling and cluster development (sources and stores) recognising the different lead-times of the several parts of the CCS chain:

` Capture hubs

` Storage hubs

` Effective approaches to linking capture hubs and storage hubs

Further development of optimised flexible CCS:

` Coal/CCS

` Gas/CCS

` Biomass/CCS

Improved understanding of the impact and benefits of clustering of sources, optimum location of power plants (gas and coal) and strategic development of UK storage resources:

` Assess possibility of reuse of North Sea and onshore infrastructure

` Investigate UK/European options for clustering CO2 sources and sinks and developing pipeline networks onshore and offshore

` Scottish Enterprise Storage hub project

` SCCS Multistore

` FP7 SiteChar

Assess the optimum levels of CCS for low-carbon electricity and heat and industrial CO2 abatement:

` Focus on studies to inform policy decisions

` Id201: Scottish Government study on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system (initiated mid-2013)

Develop CO2 accounting, monitoring and measurement techniques (CO2 and impurities) and influence development of CO2 standards taking account of different sources and applications:

` CO2 measurement and accuracy of measurements (CO2 accounting) through whole system

` Develop techniques for fiscal metering of CO2 (plus impurities) to +/- 2% accuracy in gas phase and dense phase

` NEL facilities and projects

` Id58: Project COMET – (Coriolis Metering Technology in CO2 Transportation for CCS)

33






Targets/ milestones

` 2014: Boundary Dam PCC coal operational - Canada

` 2017: CCS Commercialisation Programme projects (full-scale PCC and oxy-fuel) online

` 2018 onwards: Prove technologies at large power plant scale, identify how to reduce capital costs and improve plant flexibility

` 2020: Other UK projects driven by CfD and additional commercial drivers

` ‘First-of-a-kind’ (FOAK) demonstrations will include existing plant/retrofits as well as new plant

` 2020: Demonstration on range of fossil fuels (coal, gas)

` 2018-2020: Warranties offered on proven technologies for large-scale new-build and retrofit applications

` 2023: Up to 5GW of CCS plants in operation driven by CfDs, CO2 price or regulation

` 2023: Demonstrate integrated ‘Next Generation’ technologies and develop options for stand-alone ‘Future Generation’ technologies

` 2023: UK examples of post- and pre-combustion and oxy-fuel options commercial

` 2023: UK storage proven, UK infrastructure being installed

` 2023: Energy penalties reduced to 8%points for PCC & oxy-fuel for coal, 5-6%points for pre-combustion, 7%points for gas

` 2023: Demonstration on range of fuels including biomass (co-firing/dedicated)

` (2020): 700°C coal power plant operational (efficiency >50% before CCS, >45% with CCS) designed for CCS, with some utilisation of waste heat

` 2025: Commercially available systems with >85% capture rate for all fuel types

` 2030: All capture systems, all coals, all firing configurations efficiency 45%+ LHV including CO2 capture, suitable for flexible generation

` ~2025: Commercial pulverised fuel ‘Ultra Supercritical’ (USC) boilers and turbines (>700/720°C and >35MPa) – mainly materials issues




Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions:

` Learning from FOAK demonstrations (fixing, refining ‘nth-of-a-kind’ (NOAK) designs)

` Improve understanding of environmental impacts of ‘Current Generation’ capture technologies

` Refine requirements for retrofitting capture technologies at existing power, industry and biofuel plants (eg space constraints and layout issues)

` Develop guidelines for cost estimation and reduction

` Independent technology assessment, including LCA and health and safety (H&S) implications, of the different proposed ‘Next’ and ‘Future Generation’ capture technologies

` R&D activities from ‘Competition’ entries

Pilot projects:

` Id28: Ferrybridge CC100+ Pilot

` Id202: OCTAVIUS

` HiPerCap – high performance PCC (TNO/SINTEF/NTNU/CSIRO)

` Natural gas projects: Id21 GASFACTS and Id19

` Biomass projects: Id 30, 31, 34, and 42

Develop and demonstrate at appropriate pilot-scale ‘Next Generation’ capture agents and processes both for new plant and for retrofit to earlier plants (including novel low-temperature solid absorbents and new oxy-fuel exhaust/flue gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) and optimised gas turbines):

` RD&D into ‘Next Generation’ capture agents and processes (e.g. membranes, carbonate looping cycle (CLC), biomass)

` Provide validation of demonstration (‘Current Generation’) capture technologies

Develop commercially available systems to meet CRTF targets and CO2 purity standards for all fuel types

Develop novel cycles or capture systems with energy penalty significantly below 10%points for coal and 8%points for gas:

` Optimisation and refinement of flexible ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies

` RD&D ‘Future Generation’ technologies

` Capture/mineralisation for aggregates

34

Table 4.2a

CO

2 ca

ptu

re -

(a)

gen

eral

/ove

rvie

w






Targets/ milestones

` 2014: Boundary Dam PCC coal operational - Canada

` 2017: CCS Commercialisation Programme projects (full-scale PCC and oxy-fuel) online

` 2018 onwards: Prove technologies at large power plant scale, identify how to reduce capital costs and improve plant flexibility

` 2020: Other UK projects driven by CfD and additional commercial drivers

` ‘First-of-a-kind’ (FOAK) demonstrations will include existing plant/retrofits as well as new plant

` 2020: Demonstration on range of fossil fuels (coal, gas)

` 2018-2020: Warranties offered on proven technologies for large-scale new-build and retrofit applications

` 2023: Up to 5GW of CCS plants in operation driven by CfDs, CO2 price or regulation

` 2023: Demonstrate integrated ‘Next Generation’ technologies and develop options for stand-alone ‘Future Generation’ technologies

` 2023: UK examples of post- and pre-combustion and oxy-fuel options commercial

` 2023: UK storage proven, UK infrastructure being installed

` 2023: Energy penalties reduced to 8%points for PCC & oxy-fuel for coal, 5-6%points for pre-combustion, 7%points for gas

` 2023: Demonstration on range of fuels including biomass (co-firing/dedicated)

` (2020): 700°C coal power plant operational (efficiency >50% before CCS, >45% with CCS) designed for CCS, with some utilisation of waste heat

` 2025: Commercially available systems with >85% capture rate for all fuel types

` 2030: All capture systems, all coals, all firing configurations efficiency 45%+ LHV including CO2 capture, suitable for flexible generation

` ~2025: Commercial pulverised fuel ‘Ultra Supercritical’ (USC) boilers and turbines (>700/720°C and >35MPa) – mainly materials issues





` Learning from FOAK demonstrations (fixing, refining ‘nth-of-a-kind’ (NOAK) designs)

` Improve understanding of environmental impacts of ‘Current Generation’ capture technologies

` Refine requirements for retrofitting capture technologies at existing power, industry and biofuel plants (eg space constraints and layout issues)

` Develop guidelines for cost estimation and reduction

` Independent technology assessment, including LCA and health and safety (H&S) implications, of the different proposed ‘Next’ and ‘Future Generation’ capture technologies

` R&D activities from ‘Competition’ entries

Pilot projects:

` Id28: Ferrybridge CC100+ Pilot

` Id202: OCTAVIUS

` HiPerCap – high performance PCC (TNO/SINTEF/NTNU/CSIRO)

` Natural gas projects: Id21 GASFACTS and Id19

` Biomass projects: Id 30, 31, 34, and 42

Develop and demonstrate at appropriate pilot-scale ‘Next Generation’ capture agents and processes both for new plant and for retrofit to earlier plants (including novel low-temperature solid absorbents and new oxy-fuel exhaust/flue gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) and optimised gas turbines):

` RD&D into ‘Next Generation’ capture agents and processes (e.g. membranes, carbonate looping cycle (CLC), biomass)

` Provide validation of demonstration (‘Current Generation’) capture technologies

Develop commercially available systems to meet CRTF targets and CO2 purity standards for all fuel types

Develop novel cycles or capture systems with energy penalty significantly below 10%points for coal and 8%points for gas:

` Optimisation and refinement of flexible ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies

` RD&D ‘Future Generation’ technologies

` Capture/mineralisation for aggregates

35






Targets/ milestones

` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions

` 2011: Ferrybridge slip-stream 5MWe project online (PC)

` 2013: PACT 0.3MWth pilot online (gas)

` 2014: Boundary Dam (Canada) operational

` 2017-2018: Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project operating

` 2017-2020: Demonstration of state-of-the-art gas-fired with PCC operational

` 2016-2018: Prove large-scale operation, prove sustainable solvent rates, manage corrosion issues, demonstrate availability >85%, demonstrate flexibility

` 2020: Refine economic plant performance in real market conditions

` 2020: Refine NOAK designs to reduce operational expenditure costs, particularly energy penalty of capture to <8%points (gas) and <10%points (coal)

` Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project FEED study proceeding

` ~2020+ PC-USC plants at ~25MPa and 700/720°C commercially available

` 2020: Large-scale plants with availability and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX and OPEX

` 2020-2025: Improved boiler/turbine efficiencies to compensate for energy penalty of capture

` 2025: Widespread availability of commercial plants (new and retrofit) with warranties for all coal types and CCGTs, high efficiency PF-USC boilers at ~35 MPa and 700/720°C commercially available

` 2030: Prove innovative capture options




Identify requirements for retrofitting/capture-readiness/future-proofing:

` Develop techniques to optimise (thermal) plant integration

` Increase steam cycle efficiency

` Investigate benefits of exhaust (flue) gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) on CCGTs

` Improve full-plant dynamic operation

` See Post-combustion capture projects: Id 12-34, 100-103 and 202-209

` Refine techniques for more flexible operation (ie load-following, ‘two-shifting’ and managing transients)

` R&D on improvements to ‘Current Generation’ capture options and ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies (membranes for air separation, advanced compression, pressure/temperature/electrical swing adsorptions, CLC, etc

` Continue to improve existing technologies

` Large-scale tests/demonstration of ‘Next Generation’ capture options

` R&D on ‘Future Generation’ capture options (ionic liquids, solid sorbents, precipitating systems, metal organic frameworks, gas hydrate crystallisation, advanced membranes, etc)

Solvent, process and equipment improvements for cost reduction:

` Develop solvents that regenerate at lower temperatures and/or higher pressures and/or have better kinetics and/or lower corrosion tendencies, and are resistant to impurities in the flue gas

` improve scrubber performance and turn-down capability

Develop understanding of environmental impact (to air and water):

` Assessment of environmental options for treatment of waste products/effluents

` Measurement and control of emissions to air

36

Table 4.2b

CO

2 ca

ptu

re -

(b

) Po

st-c

om

bu

stio

n C

aptu

re






Targets/ milestones

` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad), improving confidence in long-term effects - degradation, corrosion, emissions

` 2011: Ferrybridge slip-stream 5MWe project online (PC)

` 2013: PACT 0.3MWth pilot online (gas)

` 2014: Boundary Dam (Canada) operational

` 2017-2018: Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project operating

` 2017-2020: Demonstration of state-of-the-art gas-fired with PCC operational

` 2016-2018: Prove large-scale operation, prove sustainable solvent rates, manage corrosion issues, demonstrate availability >85%, demonstrate flexibility

` 2020: Refine economic plant performance in real market conditions

` 2020: Refine NOAK designs to reduce operational expenditure costs, particularly energy penalty of capture to <8%points (gas) and <10%points (coal)

` Peterhead Commercialisation Programme project FEED study proceeding

` ~2020+ PC-USC plants at ~25MPa and 700/720°C commercially available

` 2020: Large-scale plants with availability and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX and OPEX

` 2020-2025: Improved boiler/turbine efficiencies to compensate for energy penalty of capture

` 2025: Widespread availability of commercial plants (new and retrofit) with warranties for all coal types and CCGTs, high efficiency PF-USC boilers at ~35 MPa and 700/720°C commercially available

` 2030: Prove innovative capture options





` Develop techniques to optimise (thermal) plant integration

` Increase steam cycle efficiency

` Investigate benefits of exhaust (flue) gas recirculation (EGR/FGR) on CCGTs

` Improve full-plant dynamic operation

` See Post-combustion capture projects: Id 12-34, 100-103 and 202-209

` Refine techniques for more flexible operation (ie load-following, ‘two-shifting’ and managing transients)

` R&D on improvements to ‘Current Generation’ capture options and ‘Next Generation’ capture technologies (membranes for air separation, advanced compression, pressure/temperature/electrical swing adsorptions, CLC, etc

` Continue to improve existing technologies


` R&D on ‘Future Generation’ capture options (ionic liquids, solid sorbents, precipitating systems, metal organic frameworks, gas hydrate crystallisation, advanced membranes, etc)

Solvent, process and equipment improvements for cost reduction:

` Develop solvents that regenerate at lower temperatures and/or higher pressures and/or have better kinetics and/or lower corrosion tendencies, and are resistant to impurities in the flue gas

` improve scrubber performance and turn-down capability


` Assessment of environmental options for treatment of waste products/effluents

` Measurement and control of emissions to air

37






Targets/ milestones

` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad)

` 2018: Commercial- scale IGCC operating – driven by CfD and other economic incentives

` 2016-2020: Greengen, China

` Through to 2020: Demonstrate economic performance in real market conditions

` 2020: Prove H2 combustion with high-efficiency CCGTs

` Further reduce steam requirement, and reduce energy penalty to 5-6%points

` Demonstrate IGCC with CCS for widespread use with variety of fuels, and high availability >(85%)

` 2030: Deploy gas-separation membranes




Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad):

` Improve gasifier availability

` Identify and develop cheaper materials and/or unit redesign for cost reduction

` See Pre-combustion decarbonisation projects: Id 6-11, 98 and 99

` Investigate polygeneration concepts (including H2 production) using Fischer Tropsch process

` Large-scale tests/demonstration of high-efficiency low-NOx gas turbines, high-temperature gas clean-up, lower-cost materials, novel process catalysts

` Underground coal gasification (UCG) with capture

` Hydrogen production and storage as part of an H2 network.

` Develop novel capture options and identify ‘Future Generation’ options (advanced membranes, cryogenics, emergent technologies)

` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced WGS, H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal CLR)

` Large-scale solid oxide fuel cells – obviating capture unit


` Pilot-scale/large-scale tests on ‘Future Generation’ capture and process options


` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced water-gas-shift (WGS), H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal chemical looping reforming (CLR))

` Develop high-temperature gas clean-up technologies


` Develop techniques to optimise process integration across entire, highly-integrated plant

Process and equipment improvements for cost reduction:

` Reduce O2 production costs

` Increase H2 turbine efficiency while reducing NOx emissions

` Identify potential ‘Next Generation’ separation (eg CO2 and air) options (pressure/electrical swing adsorption, compression, gas separation membranes, cryogenics); operability of IGCC is important

Table 4.2c

CO

2 ca

ptu

re -

(c)

Pre

-co

mb

ust

ion

Dec

arb

on

isat

ion

38






Targets/ milestones

` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad)

` 2018: Commercial- scale IGCC operating – driven by CfD and other economic incentives

` 2016-2020: Greengen, China

` Through to 2020: Demonstrate economic performance in real market conditions

` 2020: Prove H2 combustion with high-efficiency CCGTs

` Further reduce steam requirement, and reduce energy penalty to 5-6%points

` Demonstrate IGCC with CCS for widespread use with variety of fuels, and high availability >(85%)

` 2030: Deploy gas-separation membranes




Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad):

` Improve gasifier availability

` Identify and develop cheaper materials and/or unit redesign for cost reduction

` See Pre-combustion decarbonisation projects: Id 6-11, 98 and 99

` Investigate polygeneration concepts (including H2 production) using Fischer Tropsch process

` Large-scale tests/demonstration of high-efficiency low-NOx gas turbines, high-temperature gas clean-up, lower-cost materials, novel process catalysts

` Underground coal gasification (UCG) with capture

` Hydrogen production and storage as part of an H2 network.

` Develop novel capture options and identify ‘Future Generation’ options (advanced membranes, cryogenics, emergent technologies)

` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced WGS, H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal CLR)

` Large-scale solid oxide fuel cells – obviating capture unit


` Pilot-scale/large-scale tests on ‘Future Generation’ capture and process options


` Develop novel process options (sorbent-enhanced water-gas-shift (WGS), H2 membrane reformers, sorption-enhanced reforming, steam and autothermal chemical looping reforming (CLR))

` Develop high-temperature gas clean-up technologies


` Develop techniques to optimise process integration across entire, highly-integrated plant


` Reduce O2 production costs

` Increase H2 turbine efficiency while reducing NOx emissions

` Identify potential ‘Next Generation’ separation (eg CO2 and air) options (pressure/electrical swing adsorption, compression, gas separation membranes, cryogenics); operability of IGCC is important

39






Targets/ milestones

` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration, and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad)

` 2012 onwards: OxyCoal (UK) and Schwarze Pumpe (Germany) projects

` 2013-14: Callide (Australia) project

` 2018: White Rose project due on-line

` 2015-2020: Other international demonstrations eg FutureGen 2.0 (USA) and Chinese projects

` 2015-2020: Learn from experience of construction and commercial operation of the largest ASUs in the world (relevant to commercial-scale operation of oxy-fuel combustion) – RIL (India)

` White Rose Commercialisation Programme project FEED study proceeding

2020: Large-scale plants with availability and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX and OPEX

2025: Commercial USC oxy-fuel combustion at ~30 MPa and 600/620ºC





` Investigate characteristics (including combustion, corrosion, slagging, fouling etc) using alternative fuels (pet-coke, biomass, low-volatile coal)

` Large-scale demonstration of flue gas clean-up, CO2 processing and compression for transport

` Demonstration of load-following and transient processes

` Optimise gas analysis and measurement equipment for high-CO2 flue gas streams

` See oxy-fuel projects: Id 36-40, 104, 209, and 210-218

` Assessment of flexibility improvements for compatibility with forecast intermittent operation

` Advanced burner/combustion system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel coal/biomass plant

` Advanced furnace/boiler system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel plant - process integration with O2 separation

` Further develop advanced materials that can withstand high temperatures in boiler/furnace

` Further develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, absorbents, ion transport, etc)

` Further develop CLC depending on progress in previous stages

` Initial testing of one or more innovative cycles for gas-fired oxy-fuel combustion

` Further development and demonstration of promising outcomes from medium-term R&D


` Develop cost-effective means of mitigating air ingress to oxy-fuel combustion systems (recognising the success at Callide and Lacq)

` Identify/develop most cost-effective materials suitable for the flue gas environments


` Reduce the energy required for O2 production by cryogenic distillation

` Develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, absorbents, ion transport, etc)

` Component testing and system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel cycles

` Modelling to develop process integration options

` Refinement of design/costing for NOAK plant


` Determine optimal clean-up chain taking into account: CO2 purity, energy penalty; waste minimisation

` Optimisation of water recovery, treatment and usage

` Determine other possible use of waste N2 from the ASU

Table 4.2d

CO

2 ca

ptu

re -

(d

) O

xy-f

uel

Co

mb

ust

ion

40






Targets/ milestones

` 2014-2020: Learn from pilot-scale, demonstration, and FOAK commercial projects (UK and abroad)

` 2012 onwards: OxyCoal (UK) and Schwarze Pumpe (Germany) projects

` 2013-14: Callide (Australia) project

` 2018: White Rose project due on-line

` 2015-2020: Other international demonstrations eg FutureGen 2.0 (USA) and Chinese projects

` 2015-2020: Learn from experience of construction and commercial operation of the largest ASUs in the world (relevant to commercial-scale operation of oxy-fuel combustion) – RIL (India)

` White Rose Commercialisation Programme project FEED study proceeding

2020: Large-scale plants with availability and capture rates >85%, reduced CAPEX and OPEX

2025: Commercial USC oxy-fuel combustion at ~30 MPa and 600/620ºC





` Investigate characteristics (including combustion, corrosion, slagging, fouling etc) using alternative fuels (pet-coke, biomass, low-volatile coal)

` Large-scale demonstration of flue gas clean-up, CO2 processing and compression for transport

` Demonstration of load-following and transient processes

` Optimise gas analysis and measurement equipment for high-CO2 flue gas streams

` See oxy-fuel projects: Id 36-40, 104, 209, and 210-218

` Assessment of flexibility improvements for compatibility with forecast intermittent operation

` Advanced burner/combustion system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel coal/biomass plant

` Advanced furnace/boiler system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel plant - process integration with O2 separation

` Further develop advanced materials that can withstand high temperatures in boiler/furnace

` Further develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, absorbents, ion transport, etc)

` Further develop CLC depending on progress in previous stages

` Initial testing of one or more innovative cycles for gas-fired oxy-fuel combustion

` Further development and demonstration of promising outcomes from medium-term R&D


` Develop cost-effective means of mitigating air ingress to oxy-fuel combustion systems (recognising the success at Callide and Lacq)

` Identify/develop most cost-effective materials suitable for the flue gas environments


` Reduce the energy required for O2 production by cryogenic distillation

` Develop novel options for O2 separation (membranes, absorbents, ion transport, etc)

` Component testing and system design for ‘Next Generation’ oxy-fuel cycles

` Modelling to develop process integration options

` Refinement of design/costing for NOAK plant


` Determine optimal clean-up chain taking into account: CO2 purity, energy penalty; waste minimisation

` Optimisation of water recovery, treatment and usage

` Determine other possible use of waste N2 from the ASU

41






Targets/ milestones

` Learn from large pilot-scale CO2 capture demonstration plants from industrial sources and developments of industrial capture elsewhere and initiate UK activity

` Plant-level techno-economic evaluation – with aims to address the impact of CCS in relation to global market competitiveness

` Full-chain CCS achieved, possibly from a low-cost, pure CO2 source and access to an existing transport method and store

` Full-scale demonstration in place in the UK for energy intensive industries that are very sensitive to market competitiveness issue

` Financial incentives for industrial CO2 capture in place




Note: specific priorities to be developed following the completion of the DECC/BIS techno-economic study in spring 2014.

General:

` Identify suitable/effective capture processes for different industrial sites (ie sector/plant specific technology options)

` Investigate the impact of gas components and impurities in industrial CO2 sources on the operation of different capture processes

` Determine how close industrial sources are to storage sites and power sources, to identify potential transport networks (studies have been published for the Tees, Humber, Scotland, Mersey & Dee, Thames and SW)

` Investigate synergies between industrial and power sources of CO2, through integration of flows of heat and materials


See CO2 utilisation projects Id 79-87, and 109, 240-242, and following projects underway elsewhere:

Oil Refinery/H2 production:

` Operational: Port Arthur Air Products Demonstration of Steam methane reforming (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO2 for EOR; Shenhua Project (CO2 captured from Shell gasifier) ~100kt/y CO2 for EOR demonstration

` Under construction: Shell Quest Project (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO2 for EOR; Air Liquide Port Jerome Project (SMR) 100kt/y for food grade market; Japan CCS Co. Project (SMR) – 200kt/y for deep saline formation demonstration

Iron and Steel Production:

` Several direct-reduced iron (DRI) plants capturing CO2 for food grade market (eg AM Lazaro Plant)

` Emirate Steel Project – under construction – ~800kt/y CO2 for EOR

Oil Refinery development:

` oxy-FCC technology, O2-fired or H2-enriched fired heaters, boilers and furnaces, PCC option

Iron and Steel Production (new-build) developments:

` ULCOS BF, HIsarna, ULCORED, Course 50 – (CO2 capture from BF gases using proprietary amine)

` POSCO-RIST CO2 (capture from BF gases using warm ammonia process)

Cement Manufacture:

` ECRA/CLIMIT Project pilot demonstration of PCC from cement kiln flue gas.

` Development of oxy-fuel fired kiln

` Investigate the impact of mixing of CO2 from power and industrial sources on the pipeline specification

` Deployment of large CO2 pilots using CO2 as feedstock Systems integration

` High-temperature looping cycles

` Significant tonnage of CO2 utilisation

Oil Refining sector:

` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on refinery margin (specific to UK)

` Investigate catalyst performance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) under oxy-fuel conditions

` Evaluate performance of oxy-fuel combustion in fired heaters, boilers and furnaces

` Evaluate performance of H2-enriched combustion in fired heaters, boilers, and furnaces

Iron & Steel sector:

` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on EBITDA margin of integrated steel mill

` Perform actual scale components testing for development of the ultra-low CO2 steelmaking (ULCOS) blast furnace (BF)

` Perform long-term reliability test for HIsarna

` Support development of ULCORED test facilities (within ULCOS) to reduce natural gas consumption

Cement Sector:

` Perform large-scale testing of oxy-fuel fired kiln to validate pilot testing results

` Evaluate options to recover low-grade heat to reduce operating cost for post-combustion capture

Table 4.3

Ind

ust

rial

CC

S

42






Targets/ milestones


` Plant-level techno-economic evaluation – with aims to address the impact of CCS in relation to global market competitiveness

` Full-chain CCS achieved, possibly from a low-cost, pure CO2 source and access to an existing transport method and store

` Full-scale demonstration in place in the UK for energy intensive industries that are very sensitive to market competitiveness issue

` Financial incentives for industrial CO2 capture in place




Note: specific priorities to be developed following the completion of the DECC/BIS techno-economic study in spring 2014.

General:

` Identify suitable/effective capture processes for different industrial sites (ie sector/plant specific technology options)

` Investigate the impact of gas components and impurities in industrial CO2 sources on the operation of different capture processes

` Determine how close industrial sources are to storage sites and power sources, to identify potential transport networks (studies have been published for the Tees, Humber, Scotland, Mersey & Dee, Thames and SW)

` Investigate synergies between industrial and power sources of CO2, through integration of flows of heat and materials


See CO2 utilisation projects Id 79-87, and 109, 240-242, and following projects underway elsewhere:

Oil Refinery/H2 production:

` Operational: Port Arthur Air Products Demonstration of Steam methane reforming (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO2 for EOR; Shenhua Project (CO2 captured from Shell gasifier) ~100kt/y CO2 for EOR demonstration

` Under construction: Shell Quest Project (SMR) - 1.2Mt/y CO2 for EOR; Air Liquide Port Jerome Project (SMR) 100kt/y for food grade market; Japan CCS Co. Project (SMR) – 200kt/y for deep saline formation demonstration

Iron and Steel Production:

` Several direct-reduced iron (DRI) plants capturing CO2 for food grade market (eg AM Lazaro Plant)

` Emirate Steel Project – under construction – ~800kt/y CO2 for EOR

Oil Refinery development:

` oxy-FCC technology, O2-fired or H2-enriched fired heaters, boilers and furnaces, PCC option

Iron and Steel Production (new-build) developments:

` ULCOS BF, HIsarna, ULCORED, Course 50 – (CO2 capture from BF gases using proprietary amine)

` POSCO-RIST CO2 (capture from BF gases using warm ammonia process)

Cement Manufacture:

` ECRA/CLIMIT Project pilot demonstration of PCC from cement kiln flue gas.

` Development of oxy-fuel fired kiln

` Investigate the impact of mixing of CO2 from power and industrial sources on the pipeline specification

` Deployment of large CO2 pilots using CO2 as feedstock Systems integration

` High-temperature looping cycles

` Significant tonnage of CO2 utilisation

Oil Refining sector:

` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on refinery margin (specific to UK)

` Investigate catalyst performance of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) under oxy-fuel conditions

` Evaluate performance of oxy-fuel combustion in fired heaters, boilers and furnaces

` Evaluate performance of H2-enriched combustion in fired heaters, boilers, and furnaces

Iron & Steel sector:

` Evaluate techno-economic impact of CCS on EBITDA margin of integrated steel mill

` Perform actual scale components testing for development of the ultra-low CO2 steelmaking (ULCOS) blast furnace (BF)

` Perform long-term reliability test for HIsarna

` Support development of ULCORED test facilities (within ULCOS) to reduce natural gas consumption

Cement Sector:

` Perform large-scale testing of oxy-fuel fired kiln to validate pilot testing results

` Evaluate options to recover low-grade heat to reduce operating cost for post-combustion capture

43






Targets/ milestones

` 2013-2020: Identify national and regional transport hubs and begin to facilitate infrastructure roll-out

` 2015: Complete proposed FEED study for oversize pipeline from Yorkshire & Humber to North Sea

` 2015: Establish technical standards for CO2 transport (national and trans-boundary) including allowable impurity and moisture levels

` 2015: Start to build pipelines linking single CO2 sources with single storage locations, if possible with capacity for extension to other sources

` Earlier than 2015: Continual Improvement and sharing of the understanding and knowledge of CO2 transport leakage scenarios and the effects of impurities on CO2 pipeline transport (important for regulations and consultation re-routing, etc)

` Several Regional projects reported

` To be executed as part of White Rose Commercialisation Programme project FEED study

` DYNAMIS standard exists but a National Grid standard is under development. ISO Standard under development

` Mid/late 2018 is the predicted date for start of operation first UK Commercialisation Programme project(s)

` 2015-2017: Development of onshore transport network linked to several capture sites

2030: Extensive networks of pipelines linking hubs onshore and offshore with tributaries to smaller CO2 sources




Understand potential hazards and risks to inform decisions on pipeline safety as well as public and stakeholder responses to these:

` Further develop understanding of potential hazards and risks to inform decisions on pipeline routes onshore and offshore

` More practical and theoretical work on impact of offshore CO2 pipe breaks, leaks and dispersion

` ‘No fracture’ criteria for pipelines offshore

` Develop guidelines for performing/designing quantitative risk assessments

` Better understand crack formation, propagation mechanisms, crater formation and high pressure leaks

` Develop and validate models for dense flow in pipelines, depressurisation, leakage and dispersion of dense phase CO2 and impurities in a wide range of scenarios (offshore, onshore, within specific topographies – eg valleys – etc)

` Develop and validate whole-chain approach for techno-economic assessment of impact of CO2 stream impurities

` Develop robust and computationally efficient mathematical models to perform global sensitivity analysis on impact of CO2 impurities on outflow and dispersion following pipeline failure

` Develop models for simulating transient flow and phase stratification flow phenomena taking place during CO2 well injection

` Develop models for quantifying CO2 impurities accumulation in the pipeline during flow and shut-in conditions to avoid the risk of H2-embrittlement

` Investigate hydrate formation and determine dehydration required for safe transport

` Internal repair techniques for internally corroded pipes compatible with CO2 duty

` See Transport projects: Id 60-64, 225-228 and specific references below:

` Id228: COZOC compressor technology and CO2 behaviour

` Id225: COOLTRANS Fracture control

` Id226: PIPETRANS

` Id227: RISKMAN project completed by DNV and consortium

` Id225: COOLTRANS Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA)

` Id84: MATTRAN materials for pipelines

` Id62: Water solubility limits for CO2

` Id60: Multi-phase flow modelling

` Id63: Tractable equations of state for CO2

` Id225: COOLTRANS Thermodynamic characteristics of CO2

Develop technologies to reduce energy penalty and cost of CO2 compression:

` Develop technologies to reduce power and cost of compression and drying, including integration with power plant to utilise waste heat

` Develop advanced/specific associated technologies for drying, compression, pumping and metering for ‘Next Generation’ CO2 pipeline hubs

Develop performance database for CO2 transport networks to enable grid optimisation

Extended testing on pipeline test loops with realistic CCS CO2 mixtures to push frontiers for materials, components and operating strategies:

` Identify novel, lighter and cheaper pipeline materials and novel sealing and joining technologies

` Develop understanding of flow assurance including processes and behaviour during shuttling and transient operation in pipelines

` Further develop understanding of effects of gas-phase and dense-phase/ supercritical CO2 and impurities on compression and transport equipment, including valves, seals and o-rings

Table 4.4

CO

2 Tr

ansp

ort

44






Targets/ milestones

` 2013-2020: Identify national and regional transport hubs and begin to facilitate infrastructure roll-out

` 2015: Complete proposed FEED study for oversize pipeline from Yorkshire & Humber to North Sea

` 2015: Establish technical standards for CO2 transport (national and trans-boundary) including allowable impurity and moisture levels

` 2015: Start to build pipelines linking single CO2 sources with single storage locations, if possible with capacity for extension to other sources

` Earlier than 2015: Continual Improvement and sharing of the understanding and knowledge of CO2 transport leakage scenarios and the effects of impurities on CO2 pipeline transport (important for regulations and consultation re-routing, etc)

` Several Regional projects reported

` To be executed as part of White Rose Commercialisation Programme project FEED study

` DYNAMIS standard exists but a National Grid standard is under development. ISO Standard under development

` Mid/late 2018 is the predicted date for start of operation first UK Commercialisation Programme project(s)

` 2015-2017: Development of onshore transport network linked to several capture sites

2030: Extensive networks of pipelines linking hubs onshore and offshore with tributaries to smaller CO2 sources




Understand potential hazards and risks to inform decisions on pipeline safety as well as public and stakeholder responses to these:

` Further develop understanding of potential hazards and risks to inform decisions on pipeline routes onshore and offshore

` More practical and theoretical work on impact of offshore CO2 pipe breaks, leaks and dispersion

` ‘No fracture’ criteria for pipelines offshore

` Develop guidelines for performing/designing quantitative risk assessments

` Better understand crack formation, propagation mechanisms, crater formation and high pressure leaks

` Develop and validate models for dense flow in pipelines, depressurisation, leakage and dispersion of dense phase CO2 and impurities in a wide range of scenarios (offshore, onshore, within specific topographies – eg valleys – etc)

` Develop and validate whole-chain approach for techno-economic assessment of impact of CO2 stream impurities

` Develop robust and computationally efficient mathematical models to perform global sensitivity analysis on impact of CO2 impurities on outflow and dispersion following pipeline failure

` Develop models for simulating transient flow and phase stratification flow phenomena taking place during CO2 well injection

` Develop models for quantifying CO2 impurities accumulation in the pipeline during flow and shut-in conditions to avoid the risk of H2-embrittlement

` Investigate hydrate formation and determine dehydration required for safe transport

` Internal repair techniques for internally corroded pipes compatible with CO2 duty

` See Transport projects: Id 60-64, 225-228 and specific references below:

` Id228: COZOC compressor technology and CO2 behaviour

` Id225: COOLTRANS Fracture control

` Id226: PIPETRANS

` Id227: RISKMAN project completed by DNV and consortium

` Id225: COOLTRANS Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA)

` Id84: MATTRAN materials for pipelines

` Id62: Water solubility limits for CO2

` Id60: Multi-phase flow modelling

` Id63: Tractable equations of state for CO2

` Id225: COOLTRANS Thermodynamic characteristics of CO2

Develop technologies to reduce energy penalty and cost of CO2 compression:

` Develop technologies to reduce power and cost of compression and drying, including integration with power plant to utilise waste heat

` Develop advanced/specific associated technologies for drying, compression, pumping and metering for ‘Next Generation’ CO2 pipeline hubs

Develop performance database for CO2 transport networks to enable grid optimisation

Extended testing on pipeline test loops with realistic CCS CO2 mixtures to push frontiers for materials, components and operating strategies:

` Identify novel, lighter and cheaper pipeline materials and novel sealing and joining technologies

` Develop understanding of flow assurance including processes and behaviour during shuttling and transient operation in pipelines

` Further develop understanding of effects of gas-phase and dense-phase/ supercritical CO2 and impurities on compression and transport equipment, including valves, seals and o-rings

45






Targets/ milestones

` 2015: Guidelines available for allowable impurities in injected CO2 (systems issue links to storage/use)

` 2017-2020: Storage linked to Commercialisation Programme projects available/operational

` 2013-2020: Develop and improve tools for predicting spatial reservoir and cap rock characteristics

` 2015-2025: Validate remediation technologies

` 2020-2030: Revised best practice guidelines

` 2025+: Commercial deployment of storage sites

` Storage demos – focussed on deep saline formation storage sites

2025: Basin-scale management strategies developed and deployed

2035: Strategy and associated technologies developed to enable total pore space utilisation factor for key basins to be raised to 25%




Further increase understanding of practical UK storage capacity for selected sites:

` Complete comprehensive first-order risked estimates of UK CO2 Technical Storage Capacity, accounting for uncertainties in data and modelling techniques (UKSAP)

` Develop strategy for data acquisition to address key uncertainties (core, fluids, in-situ stress, etc) and compile strategic database of geological, geomechanical and geochemical data

` Support Commercialisation Programme projects to address any remaining learning opportunities in storage site assessment and to assess step-out capacity adjacent to initial storage sites

` Extend capabilities in acquisition and interpretation of geomechanical data from operating sites and application to modelling of pressure as a primary control on storage capacity

See Storage projects: Id 66-78, 95, 96, 110 ,111, 229-239

Largely complete – Id76 ETI UKSAP study now moved to The Crown Estate and available for use

Data acquisition in progress (eg National Grid drilling project and IODP proposal) on ad hoc basis

BGS storage database under construction

Id237: Bristol University Microseismic Project (BUMPS)

Id95: DiSECCS project


` Develop techniques to improve assessment of formation compartmentalisation

` Qualify storage capacity forecasts against data from actual CO2 injection once demonstration sites are operational


` Assess feasibility of storage in offshore coal

` Monitor ‘Next Generation’ storage and utilisation options (eg in-situ mineral trapping)

Improve understanding of dynamic behaviour of CO2 storage systems over a range of spatial and temporal scales (within and beyond the store):

` Enhance and validate modelling strategies for prediction of whole-system CO2 dynamic performance in subsurface from pore-scale to basin-scale for multi-scale processes. A key focus should be validation against field data from existing and new demonstration projects

` Develop and implement strategy to understand and characterise dynamic flows and connectivity of major deep saline formations relevant for CO2 storage. This should include migration pathways, dissolution rates and convective processes in real storage site systems

` Reservoir conditions special core analyses using CO2 to determine relative permeabilities and capillary threshold pressures for range of relevant lithologies

` Improve fluid properties database for dense- and multi-phase flow of CO2 with formation fluids and impurities

` Develop improved understanding of seal systems, including geochemical and geomechanical interactions. This topic includes coupled modelling and strategies for the scale-up of small-scale measurements (core/logs) to large-scale seal systems

IEAGHG Sleipner modelling benchmark study of plume migration

SCCS Captain study

UKSAP study

State-of-the-art facility installed at Imperial College. Main barrier is availability of core hence likely to be addressed at project level (eg National Grid drilling and coring programme)

Id238: Heriot-Watt Fluids JIP on effect of impurities on the fluid properties of CO2 mixtures

Id239: CRIUS project (geochemistry)

Shell Utah analogue study

Id96: CONTAIN project (effect of depletion on seal integrity)

Id237: Microseismic Project (BUMPS)



` Test injections at significant scale at multiple sites and revise best practice procedures

` Investigate strategies for pressure management including water production (and associated water handling and disposal)

` Investigate CO2 injection into laterally open deep saline formations

` Understand CO2 phase behaviour during injection into different permeability storage sites at varying reservoir pressures and temperatures

` Understand potential for reservoir management strategies to enhance rate and extent of dissolution and in-situ mineralisation


` Develop strategies to maximise storage capacity

` Improve tools for automated history matching of models with monitoring data as basis for long-term, post-closure site management

Table 4.5

CO

2 St

ora

ge

Storage Table 4.5 is continued on the next page...

46






Targets/ milestones

` 2015: Guidelines available for allowable impurities in injected CO2 (systems issue links to storage/use)

` 2017-2020: Storage linked to Commercialisation Programme projects available/operational

` 2013-2020: Develop and improve tools for predicting spatial reservoir and cap rock characteristics

` 2015-2025: Validate remediation technologies

` 2020-2030: Revised best practice guidelines

` 2025+: Commercial deployment of storage sites

` Storage demos – focussed on deep saline formation storage sites

2025: Basin-scale management strategies developed and deployed

2035: Strategy and associated technologies developed to enable total pore space utilisation factor for key basins to be raised to 25%





` Complete comprehensive first-order risked estimates of UK CO2 Technical Storage Capacity, accounting for uncertainties in data and modelling techniques (UKSAP)

` Develop strategy for data acquisition to address key uncertainties (core, fluids, in-situ stress, etc) and compile strategic database of geological, geomechanical and geochemical data

` Support Commercialisation Programme projects to address any remaining learning opportunities in storage site assessment and to assess step-out capacity adjacent to initial storage sites

` Extend capabilities in acquisition and interpretation of geomechanical data from operating sites and application to modelling of pressure as a primary control on storage capacity

See Storage projects: Id 66-78, 95, 96, 110 ,111, 229-239

Largely complete – Id76 ETI UKSAP study now moved to The Crown Estate and available for use

Data acquisition in progress (eg National Grid drilling project and IODP proposal) on ad hoc basis

BGS storage database under construction

Id237: Bristol University Microseismic Project (BUMPS)



` Develop techniques to improve assessment of formation compartmentalisation

` Qualify storage capacity forecasts against data from actual CO2 injection once demonstration sites are operational


` Assess feasibility of storage in offshore coal

` Monitor ‘Next Generation’ storage and utilisation options (eg in-situ mineral trapping)


` Enhance and validate modelling strategies for prediction of whole-system CO2 dynamic performance in subsurface from pore-scale to basin-scale for multi-scale processes. A key focus should be validation against field data from existing and new demonstration projects

` Develop and implement strategy to understand and characterise dynamic flows and connectivity of major deep saline formations relevant for CO2 storage. This should include migration pathways, dissolution rates and convective processes in real storage site systems

` Reservoir conditions special core analyses using CO2 to determine relative permeabilities and capillary threshold pressures for range of relevant lithologies

` Improve fluid properties database for dense- and multi-phase flow of CO2 with formation fluids and impurities

` Develop improved understanding of seal systems, including geochemical and geomechanical interactions. This topic includes coupled modelling and strategies for the scale-up of small-scale measurements (core/logs) to large-scale seal systems

IEAGHG Sleipner modelling benchmark study of plume migration

SCCS Captain study

UKSAP study

State-of-the-art facility installed at Imperial College. Main barrier is availability of core hence likely to be addressed at project level (eg National Grid drilling and coring programme)

Id238: Heriot-Watt Fluids JIP on effect of impurities on the fluid properties of CO2 mixtures

Id239: CRIUS project (geochemistry)

Shell Utah analogue study

Id96: CONTAIN project (effect of depletion on seal integrity)

Id237: Microseismic Project (BUMPS)



` Test injections at significant scale at multiple sites and revise best practice procedures

` Investigate strategies for pressure management including water production (and associated water handling and disposal)

` Investigate CO2 injection into laterally open deep saline formations

` Understand CO2 phase behaviour during injection into different permeability storage sites at varying reservoir pressures and temperatures

` Understand potential for reservoir management strategies to enhance rate and extent of dissolution and in-situ mineralisation


` Develop strategies to maximise storage capacity

` Improve tools for automated history matching of models with monitoring data as basis for long-term, post-closure site management

47



R&D needs(continued)

R&D needs to meet short-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years)

Recent and current RD&D

R&D needs to meet medium-term objectives (applicable in 7-15 years)


Develop well operations protocols for frequently varying rates of CO2 injection:

` Develop database of CO2 injection well performance data and use to develop guidelines to optimise well design

` Develop well operations protocols to enable safe injection and useful performance data during intermittent supply of CO2 consistent with capture plant commissioning

Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) to meet the requirements of the CCS regulatory regime:

` Improve and demonstrate lower-cost technologies suitable for monitoring CO2 storage in the offshore subsea environment. This includes technologies suitable for the management of injection and plume migration, identifying (rare) see page events and regulatory reporting

ETI review of needs for offshore environment

Sleipner Best Practice Manual


Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) to meet requirements of CCS regulatory regime:

` Improve existing measuring, monitoring & verification (MMV) techniques (eg seismic, etc) to enhance the ability to predict the fate of CO2 (and impurities) in the subsurface (including faults, leakage pathways and materials of construction) and its effect on its surroundings (eg brine displacement) and test under a variety of geological settings

` Develop and validate subsurface remote sensing of geomechanical stability during injection, including impact of faulting on storage integrity


` Develop guidelines on best practice for monitoring based upon long-term performance of real storage systems

Develop the operational procedures (and improve materials where necessary) to significantly improve the long-term integrity of existing/new wellbores in contact with CO2. Further develop best practice guidelines for well construction, completion, remediation, and risk assessment to feed into safety regulations:

` Extend database of performance of well barrier systems, where relevant sampling cement/liner systems that have been exposed to CO2

` Investigate down-hole interactions between CO2 and well materials, new and legacy, including wellbore, casing, chokes, etc.

EPA CO2 storage regulations


` Develop and demonstrate cost-effective engineering solutions to secure long-term well bore integrity (including well design, construction, completion, monitoring and intervention)

` Develop validated predictive models of well barrier systems (cement/liner, etc) degradation

Improve understanding and communication of risk around storage:

` Update understanding of best practice for risk and environmental impact assessments for CO2 storage in the subsea environment

` Evaluate dynamics of social acceptance of CO2 storage including strategies for communication of risk

Expected to be addressed via Commercialisation projects and those which follow (Phase2)


` Quantification of uncertainty envelope associated with model predictions

` Develop and demonstrate remediation technologies

Operational safety and integrity:

` CO2 detection capabilities on offshore ‘injection’ installations (eg detector performance and reliability)

` Understanding the impact of CO2 with hydrocarbons on the installation’s ‘fire and explosion risk profile’

` Investigate flow assurance issues (eg hydrate formation at point of injection, salinity effects on hydrate formation, etc)

Table 4.5

Continued from previous page

CO

2 St

ora

ge

48



R&D needs(continued)

R&D needs to meet short-term objectives (applicable in 0-10 years)

Recent and current RD&D

R&D needs to meet medium-term objectives (applicable in 7-15 years)


Develop well operations protocols for frequently varying rates of CO2 injection:

` Develop database of CO2 injection well performance data and use to develop guidelines to optimise well design

` Develop well operations protocols to enable safe injection and useful performance data during intermittent supply of CO2 consistent with capture plant commissioning

Develop and demonstrate improved CO2 monitoring technologies (including tracers) to meet the requirements of the CCS regulatory regime:

` Improve and demonstrate lower-cost technologies suitable for monitoring CO2 storage in the offshore subsea environment. This includes technologies suitable for the management of injection and plume migration, identifying (rare) see page events and regulatory reporting

ETI review of needs for offshore environment

Sleipner Best Practice Manual



` Improve existing measuring, monitoring & verification (MMV) techniques (eg seismic, etc) to enhance the ability to predict the fate of CO2 (and impurities) in the subsurface (including faults, leakage pathways and materials of construction) and its effect on its surroundings (eg brine displacement) and test under a variety of geological settings

` Develop and validate subsurface remote sensing of geomechanical stability during injection, including impact of faulting on storage integrity


` Develop guidelines on best practice for monitoring based upon long-term performance of real storage systems


` Extend database of performance of well barrier systems, where relevant sampling cement/liner systems that have been exposed to CO2

` Investigate down-hole interactions between CO2 and well materials, new and legacy, including wellbore, casing, chokes, etc.

EPA CO2 storage regulations


` Develop and demonstrate cost-effective engineering solutions to secure long-term well bore integrity (including well design, construction, completion, monitoring and intervention)

` Develop validated predictive models of well barrier systems (cement/liner, etc) degradation


` Update understanding of best practice for risk and environmental impact assessments for CO2 storage in the subsea environment

` Evaluate dynamics of social acceptance of CO2 storage including strategies for communication of risk

Expected to be addressed via Commercialisation projects and those which follow (Phase2)


` Quantification of uncertainty envelope associated with model predictions

` Develop and demonstrate remediation technologies

Operational safety and integrity:

` CO2 detection capabilities on offshore ‘injection’ installations (eg detector performance and reliability)

` Understanding the impact of CO2 with hydrocarbons on the installation’s ‘fire and explosion risk profile’

` Investigate flow assurance issues (eg hydrate formation at point of injection, salinity effects on hydrate formation, etc)

49

50 A technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies

A student at the 2013 IEAGHG CCS Summer School

at Nottingham benefits from a mentor’s knowledge

(courtesy of Lori Gauvreau, Schlumberger Carbon Services)


Other Related Recommendations



5 Other Related Recommendations

Knowledge exchange

The APGTF recognises the importance of knowledge exchange in order to accelerate the roll-out of CCS, reduce costs and increase confidence. Knowledge exchange is necessary and should be encouraged at several different levels:

` Between projects at the same stage, e.g. at the FEED stage or at the implementation stage, as occurs in the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network;

` Between these projects and projects at earlier stages in the project development process;

` Between pilot-scale projects;

` Between projects at different TRLs on related specialist topics (e.g. DECC, TSB, ETI and EPSRC supported projects in the same sectors of the ‘dartboard’ diagram (Figure 3.3 and Appendix 1); and

` On specific specialist topics where there are issues that need to be addressed, peer-reviewed and shared.

To aid the above, the project listing presented in Appendix 1 should be extended into a more comprehensive online database with a portal to key results and hyperlinks to published reports. The APGTF will work with potential funders and collaborators to initiate this.

Following the examples of successful knowledge sharing which have been achieved in the first DECC Competition and in the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network (partly because the specific contract terms required knowledge sharing), public sector funders of RD&D should be more explicit in their requirements. The greater the proportion of public funding for a project, the more sharing should be required.

Skills development, capacity building and supply chain development

Specific actions will be needed to promote skills development, capacity building and supply chain development to match the needs of CCS programmes in the UK and abroad. These actions have to match the needs of the industry, which are primarily determined by the availability and timeline of funding for projects (including the UK Commercialisation Programme projects and subsequent ‘Phase 2’). The approach needs to be cautious and finely tuned, recognising that some of the resources previously built up have been dispersed and that there is a continuing shortage of resource for closely-related oil and gas projects.

It is recommended that the APGTF, in conjunction with the CCSA, organise regular surveys to identify skills needs, capacity shortages and specific supply chain opportunities.

International collaboration

The UK should continue to participate in international CCS bodies and initiatives such as the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), the Global CCS Institute, the IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme (IEAGHG) and the European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP).

Government support should be extended to projects that, although executed abroad, support the objectives of the UK’s CCS Roadmap and the development of the UK CCS industry.

Public outreach/education

The APGTF should focus its own activity on providing information and advice to Government, Parliament, opinion formers, industry, interested groups and engineering institutes. It will continue to work alongside other organisations undertaking public outreach and education activities, such as the CSLF, the Global CCS Institute and UKCCSRC.

MEP Chris Davies visits the UKCCSRC PACT Shared Facilities, September 2013 (courtesy of UKCCSRC PACT)

52



Conclusions



A novel algae bioreactor to

utilise captured CO2 to make fuel

feedstock (courtesy of

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Ltd)

53

Conclusions

The review of the current CCS situation in the UK and internationally in Chapter 1 concludes that the importance of CCS is now more widely recognised, although still not globally accepted, and that there has been significant progress on some major projects (notably in Canada, the USA and Australia). However, the pace of CCS implementation in the UK is perceived to have slowed compared to expectations when the previous version of this strategy was published in 2011.

Government policy has moved forward to recognise the importance of clustering of sources and stores, and the role of CCS in industry as well as in electricity generation. The major step forward for the UK Commercialisation Programme with the initiation of the FEED study for the White Rose project (with initiation of the FEED study for the Peterhead project anticipated in early 2014) is very welcome. The Government, within its EMR framework, has recognised the need for ongoing incentives for CCS alongside those for other types of low-carbon electricity generation – a world-first for CCS. The update of DECC’s CCS Roadmap has given a new emphasis to the desire of the Government for CCS to develop into a strong industry, and DECC would like to see further phases of projects developing. This forward-looking approach is very important as there has been a lack of certainty in industry concerning the expected trajectory of CCS implementation in the UK beyond the planned Commercialisation Programme projects and, not being able to estimate when it may achieve a pay-back on investments made, planning and justifying investment in RD&D is difficult. This remains a major challenge to achieving the Government’s objectives.

Chapter 2 demonstrates that while the objectives of the 2014 strategy remain very similar to those of the 2011 strategy, the delivery milestones for demonstration and commercialisation of CCS are delayed by about three years compared to what had been expected.

A comprehensive listing and review of current and recent RD&D in the UK, presented in Chapter 3 and Appendix 1, shows clearly that the Government and its agencies, in partnership with academe and industry, have reacted very positively to the RD&D challenges set out in previous APGTF strategies. A considerable amount of R&D has been completed or is underway at TRLs 1 to 6, albeit with some gaps evident in the ‘CO2 storage’ area, where some challenges require very large projects offshore using quantities of CO2 that are not readily available. There has been important investment in R&D facilities both in industry and in universities. Similarly there has been significant investment in skills development at doctoral level through several initiatives in universities; many people with embedded CCS skills are now working in the broader industry.

Priorities for RD&D, developed in consultation with members of the APGTF, the CCSA and the UKCCSRC, are tabulated in Chapter 4. Recommendations are set out against five themes: CCS whole systems and cross-cutting issues; CO2 capture; industrial CCS; CO2 transport; and CO2 storage. In the 2014 strategy, these recommendations are cross-referenced to recent and current projects which are judged relevant to the planning of further RD&D. These cross-references should also be valuable to peer

reviewers/evaluators of project proposals. Most of the APGTF’s priority RD&D projects fall into the ‘Medium Priority’ category and should commence as soon as possible. ‘Highest Priority’ has been afforded specifically to topics which could bring benefit to the Commercialisation Programme or other early full-scale CCS projects, could benefit from links to these projects, or could influence the policy on roll-out of CCS (e.g. to high-emitting industries). ‘Lower Priority’ topics are those that should be planned to start in a year or two to allow other relevant work to be completed first. The priorities set out in Table 4 will be used by the APGTF, the UKCCSRC and others to initiate further action on identifying the most useful projects for cost reduction and the required budgets for RD&D.

6



Other recommendations related to i) knowledge exchange, ii) skills development, capacity building and supply chain development, iii) international collaboration and iv) public education/outreach are set out in Chapter 5. There are several important conclusions that will require ongoing engagement by the APGTF with the Government, its agencies and stakeholders:

` To maximise learning from publicly supported RD&D, the Commercialisation Programme projects and full-scale projects elsewhere, knowledge exchange/sharing should be encouraged (and funded) at several different levels, namely:

– between projects at the same stage, e.g. at the FEED study stage or at the implementation stage, as occurs in the EU CCS Demonstration Project Network;

– between these projects and others at earlier stages in project development process;

– between pilot-scale projects;

– between projects at different TRLs on related specialist topics (e.g. DECC, TSB, ETI and EPSRC supported projects in the same sectors of the ‘dartboard’ diagram (Figure 3.3 and Appendix 1); and

– on specific specialist topics where there are issues that need to be addressed, peer-reviewed and shared.

` The project listing presented in Appendix 1 should be extended into a comprehensive online database with a portal to key results and hyperlinks to published reports.

` Given the challenges of achieving implementation on a relatively short timescale compared with much public-funded RD&D, public-sector funders of CCS RD&D should be more explicit in their requirements for knowledge sharing.

` The APGTF, in conjunction with the CCSA, should regularly assess skills needs, capacity shortages and specific supply chain opportunities in CCS. Until a consistent CCS build trajectory is established, it may be necessary to broaden the scope of skills training so that CCS skills are embedded in people who will only work on CCS intermittently.

` The UK should continue to participate in international CCS bodies and initiatives such as the CSLF, the Global CCS Institute, IEAGHG and ZEP.

` Consideration should be given to further extending Government support to RD&D projects that, although executed abroad, support the development of UK industry through advancing the objectives set out in the UK CCS Roadmap.

` The APGTF should continue to work alongside other organisations (such as the CSLF, the Global CCS Institute and UKCCSRC) undertaking public outreach and education activities, focusing its own activity on providing information and advice to Government, Parliament, opinion formers, industry, interested groups and engineering institutes.

Considering these recommendations (laid out more fully in Chapters 4 and 5) against the broad sentiment within industry at the end of 2013 (summarised in the second paragraph above), the major challenge to the APGTF, the Government and its agencies is how to motivate industrial co-investment in R&D and maintenance of the embryonic CCS teams in organisations which are not involved in the Commercialisation Programme projects. It is vital that momentum is maintained across the industry so that the best value is obtained from the public investment to date in CCS.

The APGTF will now develop, with other parties as appropriate, pragmatic ‘Action Plans’ to follow-up on these conclusions and move CCS forward to realise its clear potential in the UK and beyond.

Peter Dumesny (of Otway Site

operators, Oceaneering)

explaining the technical design

of the Buttress Well, the

source of CO2

production at Otway

(courtesy of Mike Edwards,

UKCCSRC)



References

1. Cleaner Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century – Maintaining a Leading Role: a technology strategy for fossil fuel carbon abatement technologies. APGTF, August 2011

2. Technology roadmap – carbon capture and storage. IEA, June 2013

3. De-risking CCS – Now? … or Never? David Clarke, ETI (presentation to 13th Annual APGTF Workshop, London, February 2013)

4. CCS Cost Reduction Task Force Final Report. The Crown Estate, CCSA, DECC, May 2013

5. CCS in the UK: Government response to the CCS Cost Reduction Task Force. DECC, October 2013

6. Next Steps on Electricity Market Reform – securing the benefits of low-carbon investment. The Committee on Climate Change, May 2013

7. A Strategy for CCS in the UK and Beyond. CCSA, September 2011

8. Electricity Capacity Assessment Report 2013. Ofgem, June 2013

9. Carbon Capture and Storage Skills Study. IPA, September 2010

10. Future Value of Coal Carbon Abatement Technologies to UK Industry. AEA Technology, 2010 (URN 09/738)

11. Assessing the Domestic Supply Chain Barriers to the Commercial Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage within the Power Sector. AEA Technology, September 2012

12. CCS Roadmap – Supporting deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage in the UK. DECC, April 2012

13. Carbon Capture and Storage: Mobilising private sector finance for CCS in the UK. ETI and the Ecofin Research Foundation, November 2012

14. The Future of Heating: Meeting the Challenge. DECC, March 2013

15. Electricity Market Reform Delivery Plan. DECC, December 2013

16. The Global Status of CCS: 2013. Global CCS Institute, October 2013

17. Clean Fossil Power Generation in the 21st Century: a technology strategy for carbon capture and storage. APGTF, April 2009

18. Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015: 10. Secure, clean and efficient energy. European Commission, December 2013

19. Building towards a commercial reality – accelerating CCS in the UK. David Clarke, ETI (presentation to 12th Annual APGTF Workshop, London, March 2012)

20. UKCS Maximising Recovery Review: Interim Report. Sir Ian Wood, November 2013

21. The Future of Carbon Capture and Storage in Europe. European Commission (communication), March 2013

22. How we operate – types of projects. ETI website (http://www.eti.co.uk/about/how_we_operate/types_of_projects/)

23. Situation Report 2012. The European Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project Network, September 2013

7



Glossary

APGTF The Advanced Power Generation Technology Forum

ASU(s) air separation unit(s)

Bar non-SI unit of pressure (1 bar = 0.1MPa)

BIS The Department of Business, Innovation & Skills (UK)

BF blast furnace

BF2RA The Biomass and Fossil Fuels Research Alliance

BGS The British Geological Survey (a NERC Institute, UK)

bn billion

CaO calcium oxide (‘quicklime’)

CAPEX capital expenditure

CAT(s) carbon abatement technology(ies)

CCC The Committee on Climate Change (UK)

CCGT combined cycle gas turbine

CCS carbon capture and storage (more correctly, CO2 capture and storage)

CCSA The Carbon Capture and Storage Association

CDT(s) EPSRC Centre(s) for Doctoral Training

CFB circulating fluidised bed

CfD(s) Feed-in Tariff Contract(s) for Difference (under EMR)

CFD computational fluid dynamics

CFEDI The Clean Fossil Energy Development Institute, Guangdong, PRC

CHP combined heat and power

CLC carbonate looping cycle

CLR chemical looping reforming

CMC-NCE Carbon Management Canada

CNS central North Sea

CO2 carbon dioxide

CO2-EOR EOR using CO2 as the working fluid

CoalImp The Association of UK Coal Importers

COALPRO The Confederation of UK Coal Producers

CPI The Centre for Process Innovation (UK)

CRF The Coal Research Forum (UK)

CRTF The CCS Cost Reduction Task Force (UK)

CSLF The Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum

DECC The Department of Energy and Climate Change (UK)

DOE The US Department of Energy

DRI direct-reduced iron

EBITDA earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation

EC The European Commission

ECBMR enhanced coalbed methane recovery

EERP The European Energy Recovery Package (EC)

EFET The EPSRC EngD Centre in Efficient Fossil Energy Technologies (UK)

EGR enhanced gas recovery also exhaust gas recirculation

EG&S KTN The TSB’s Energy Generation & Supply Knowledge Transfer Network (UK)

EMR Electricity Market Reform (UK)

EngD Engineering Doctorate degree

8



EOR enhanced oil recovery

EoS equations of state

EPA The Environmental Protection Agency (USA)

EPS Emissions Performance Standard (under EMR)

EPSRC The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK)

ESRC The Economic and Social Research Council (UK)

ETI The Energy Technologies Institute (UK)

ETP The IEA’s Energy Technology Perspectives

ETS The EU Emission Trading Scheme

EU The European Union

FCC fluidised catalytic cracking

FEED front-end engineering design

FENCO-NET The Fossil Energy Coalition Network (Europe)

FGR flue gas recirculation (synonymous with EGR)

FOAK first-of-a-kind

FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GCCSI The Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (based in Australia)

gCO2 grammes of CO2

GDLRC The Guangdong Low-carbon Technology & Industry Research Centre (PRC)

GDP gross domestic product

GHG(s) greenhouse gas(es)

Gt gigatonnes (109 tonnes)

GT gas turbine

GtCO2 Gt of CO2

GW gigaWatts (109 Watts)

GWe electrical gigaWatts

HCI hydrogen chloride

HCs hydrocarbons

HF hydrogen flouride

HIsarna HIsmelt steelmaking process

HSE The Health & Safety Executive (UK)

HS&E health, safety, and environment

HSL The Health & Safety Laboratory (UK)

H&S health and safety

H2 hydrogen

H2O water

H2S hydrogen sulphide

Id identification number for R&D projects in Appendix 1

IDC EPSRC Industrial Doctorate Centre (UK)

IEA The International Energy Agency

IED The EC Industrial Emissions Directive

IGCC integrated (coal) gasification combined cycle

IODP The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (Europe)

IPA The Industrial & Power Association (Scotland)

ISO The International Organisation for Standardisation



JIP joint industry project

JV joint venture

km kilometre (103 metres)

kW kiloWatts (103 Watts)

kWh kiloWatt (103Watt) hours

LCA life-cycle assessment

LCICG The Low Carbon Innovation Coordination Group (UK)

LCOE levelised cost of electricity generation

LCV lower calorific value

LHV lower heating value

MEC The Midlands Energy Consortium (the universities of Nottingham, Loughborough and Birmingham, UK)

MGSC The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium (USA)

MMV monitoring, measurement and verification

mn million

MOFs metal organic framework(s)

MoU memorandum of understanding

MPa megaPascals (106 Pascals)

Mt million tonnes

MtCO2 Mt of CO2

M&R monitoring and reporting (eg under ETS)

MW megaWatts (106 Watts)

MWe electrical megaWatts

MWth thermal megaWatts

N2 nitrogen

NASA The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)

NER300 an EC scheme putting aside 300 million EU Emission Allowances from the ETS to fund CCS and renewable energy demonstration projects

NERC The Natural Environment Research Council (UK)

NGCC natural gas combined-cycle (synonymous with CCGT)

NOx oxides of nitrogen, ie nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (but excludes nitrous oxide (N2O))

NOAK nth-of-a-kind

NOC The National Oceanography Centre (a NERC Institute, UK)

NPL The National Physical Laboratory (UK)

NPV net present value

O2 oxygen

OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OEM original equipment manufacturer

OPEX operating expenditure

PF pulverised fuel

PACT The UKCCSRC Pilot-scale Advanced Capture Technology shared facilities (UK)

PC pulverised coal

PCC post-combustion (CO2) capture

PF-USC pulverised fuel – ultrasupercritical

PhD(s) Doctor of Philosophy (Doctorate) degree(s)

PML Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK)

ppm parts per million



PFBC pressurised fluidised bed combustion

R&D research and development

RD&D research, development and demonstration

RFCS The Research Fund for Coal & Steel (EC)

SAMS The Scottish Association of Marine Science

SCCS Scottish Carbon Capture & Storage

SFC Scottish Funding Council

SME(s) small-to-medium size enterprise(s) (<250 employees)

SMR steam methane reforming

SNS southern North Sea

SO2 sulphur dioxide

SO3 sulphur trioxide

SSE Scottish and Southern Energy plc

syngas synthesis gas

t tonne

tbn to be notified (in Appendix 1)

TRL(s) technology readiness level(s) (originally formulated by NASA)

TSB The Technology Strategy Board

TWh terraWatt (1012 Watt) hours

UCG underground coal gasification

UCL University College London (UK)

UK The United Kingdom

UKCCSC The UK CCS Community Network

UKCCSRC The EPSRC UK CCS Research Centre

UKCS The UK Continental Shelf

UKERC The UK Energy Research Centre

UKSAP The UK Storage Appraisal Project (ETI)

UKTI UK Trade & Investment

ULCOS The Ultra-low CO2 Steelmaking Consortium

ULCORED ULCOS initiative to reduce natural gas consumption

USA The United States of America

USC ultra-supercritical steam conditions

WAG water-alternating-gas injection practices for EOR

WGS or WSG The water-gas shift reaction

ZEP The European Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plant

2DS IEA’s 2∞C scenario

3D three-dimensional

y year

£ Pound (Sterling)

€ Euro

$ US dollars

ºC degrees Centigrade

ºF degrees Farenheit

% percentage

%point(s) percentage point(s)

+/- plus or minus

> greater than



Appendix 1

Recent and Current Projects

Technology Area Id Programme (project) title

Objective, rationale for intervention Partners Start

DateEnd Date

Funders (HMG, ETI & Int’l)

Total project investment £M

Assumed total public spend

TRL Focus (Technology Readiness Level)

Full Chain 1 Computational modelling and optimisation of carbon capture research

Tackling current barriers of reactor scale-up in carbon capture of gas power plants using advanced CFD

Cranfield Oct 12 Sept 16 EPSRC 0.58 0.580 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 2Computational Chemistry of Hybrid Frameworks

To allow the evaluation of new hybrid frameworks in a number of key fields, such as CO2 adsorption and storage

UCL Sept 07 Jan 12 EPSRC 0.50 0.1 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 3Carbon Capture and Storage: Realising the Potential

Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects) Uni Sussex + Apr 10 Mar 12NERC/EPSRC/ESRC (UKERC via NERC)

0.41 0.220 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 4

Multi-scale whole systems modelling and analysis for CO2 capture, transport and storage

Methodologies to design and analyse future CCS systems- generating insights into the most important interactions involved in system design and operation- quantifying (economics, environmental impact, safety & operability) the performance of UK CCS systems

Consortium Jun 10 May 13 EPSRC 1.42 1.000 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 5CCS System Modelling Toolkit

Provide tool to assist in design and assessment of future CCS systems (whole chain, power generation to storage)

PSE, E4tech, EDF, E.ON, Petrofac,

Rolls-RoyceSept 11 Apr 14 ETI

3.6 (ETI total)

3.600 N/AComponent

Development & Applied Research

Full Chain 200 CCS flexibility New study requested by DECC IEA GHG

Full Chain 201Electricity despatch modelling

Ss: Scottish Government study on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system initiated mid 2013

Scottish Government

FULL

CH

AIN






DateEnd Date





Full Chain 1 Computational modelling and optimisation of carbon capture research

Tackling current barriers of reactor scale-up in carbon capture of gas power plants using advanced CFD

Cranfield Oct 12 Sept 16 EPSRC 0.58 0.580 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 2Computational Chemistry of Hybrid Frameworks

To allow the evaluation of new hybrid frameworks in a number of key fields, such as CO2 adsorption and storage

UCL Sept 07 Jan 12 EPSRC 0.50 0.1 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 3Carbon Capture and Storage: Realising the Potential

Techno-economic studies of CCS (3 projects) Uni Sussex + Apr 10 Mar 12NERC/EPSRC/ESRC (UKERC via NERC)

0.41 0.220 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 4

Multi-scale whole systems modelling and analysis for CO2 capture, transport and storage

Methodologies to design and analyse future CCS systems- generating insights into the most important interactions involved in system design and operation- quantifying (economics, environmental impact, safety & operability) the performance of UK CCS systems

Consortium Jun 10 May 13 EPSRC 1.42 1.000 2Fundamental Research &

Understanding

Full Chain 5CCS System Modelling Toolkit

Provide tool to assist in design and assessment of future CCS systems (whole chain, power generation to storage)

PSE, E4tech, EDF, E.ON, Petrofac,

Rolls-RoyceSept 11 Apr 14 ETI

3.6 (ETI total)

3.600 N/AComponent

Development & Applied Research

Full Chain 200 CCS flexibility New study requested by DECC IEA GHG

Full Chain 201Electricity despatch modelling

Ss: Scottish Government study on electricity despatch modelling of Scottish electricity system initiated mid 2013

Scottish Government






DateEnd Date





Pre-combustion 6

Novel Catalytic Membrane Micro-reactors for CO2 Capture via Pre-combustion Decarbonisation Route

Advance membrane micro reactor for precombustion Imperial Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.458 0.430 2

Fundamental Research & Understanding

Pre-combustion 7Joint UK/China hydrogen production network

Advanced chemical cycles which allow clean hydrogen to be produced without a large energy penalty for capturing the CO2

Consortium Oct 09 Sep 12 EPSRC 1 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Pre-combustion 8

The Next Generation of Activated Carbon Adsorbents for the Pre-Combustion Capture of CO2

Develop activated carbon adsorbents and system models to improve the efficiency, flexibility and operability of IGCC processes

Consortium Nov 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.694 0.694 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Pre-combustion 9

e-WaGS: Efficient Water Gas Shift Technology for Low-Carbon Electric Power Generation from Fossil Fuels

Development of Water Gas Shift technology for IGCC in which carbon monoxide produced by gasification is reacted with steam to produce hydrogen and CO2

BP, Johnson Matthey Feb 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC 2 (total); 1 (public) 0.600 3 - 4


Component Development & Applied

Research

Pre-combustion 10Next Generation Capture Technology for Coal (CCGT)

Advanced technology to reduce cost of CO2 capture in pre-combustion: Stage 1: FEED study for the demonstration with University of Edinburgh and Imperial College, lasting 16 months and costing £3m. Stage2: construction of pilot plant, demonstration and results analysis (£20.5M)

Costain July 11 Jun 05 ETI23.5

(ETI Total) 3.500 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Pre-combustion 11Carbon capture pilot using an Endex Reactor

Development of calcium looping technology. This 3MWe demonstrator is the basis for scale up to 50MWt units for (i) industrial applications (ii) in multiple units to decarbonise the fuel gas of NGCC or IGCC power stations.

Millennium Generation; Calix (Europe) Limited; HEL East Limited; Imperial College

Sep 12 Apr 14 DECC5.8

(public)5.800 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Pre-combustion 98

Calix Endex Reactor carbon capture technology feasibility study

Calix Ltd is developing a new technology for carbon capture from syngas, applicable to power generation (CCGT or IGCC), steel and cement industries. It is a new approach based on calcium looping, applied to pre-combustion capture, to shift and decarbonise syngas rapidly at high temperature and pressure

Calix Europe Ltd May 12 Dec 12 TSB 0.99 0.068 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Pre-combustion 99Novel Low energy pre-combustion

The goal was to create a detailed computer process simulation and then to perform a basic process engineering feasibility study of the novel Timmins technology, and to benchmark its estimated performance and costs, in pre-capture CCS mode (90% CO2 capture target) on an integrated Shell coal gasifier IGCC power plant at c.30 bar pressure

Timmins CCS Ltd May 12 Oct 12 TSB 0.075 0.053 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

CA

PT

UR

E T

EC

HN

OLO

GIE

S IN

CLU

DIN

G C

OM

PO

NE

NT

S,

SY

ST

EM

S O

R D

EM

ON

ST

RA

TO

RS






DateEnd Date





Pre-combustion 6

Novel Catalytic Membrane Micro-reactors for CO2 Capture via Pre-combustion Decarbonisation Route

Advance membrane micro reactor for precombustion Imperial Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.458 0.430 2


Pre-combustion 7Joint UK/China hydrogen production network

Advanced chemical cycles which allow clean hydrogen to be produced without a large energy penalty for capturing the CO2

Consortium Oct 09 Sep 12 EPSRC 1 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Pre-combustion 8

The Next Generation of Activated Carbon Adsorbents for the Pre-Combustion Capture of CO2

Develop activated carbon adsorbents and system models to improve the efficiency, flexibility and operability of IGCC processes

Consortium Nov 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.694 0.694 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Pre-combustion 9

e-WaGS: Efficient Water Gas Shift Technology for Low-Carbon Electric Power Generation from Fossil Fuels

Development of Water Gas Shift technology for IGCC in which carbon monoxide produced by gasification is reacted with steam to produce hydrogen and CO2

BP, Johnson Matthey Feb 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC 2 (total); 1 (public) 0.600 3 - 4


Component Development & Applied

Research

Pre-combustion 10Next Generation Capture Technology for Coal (CCGT)

Advanced technology to reduce cost of CO2 capture in pre-combustion: Stage 1: FEED study for the demonstration with University of Edinburgh and Imperial College, lasting 16 months and costing £3m. Stage2: construction of pilot plant, demonstration and results analysis (£20.5M)

Costain July 11 Jun 05 ETI23.5

(ETI Total) 3.500 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Pre-combustion 11Carbon capture pilot using an Endex Reactor

Development of calcium looping technology. This 3MWe demonstrator is the basis for scale up to 50MWt units for (i) industrial applications (ii) in multiple units to decarbonise the fuel gas of NGCC or IGCC power stations.

Millennium Generation; Calix (Europe) Limited; HEL East Limited; Imperial College

Sep 12 Apr 14 DECC5.8

(public)5.800 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Pre-combustion 98

Calix Endex Reactor carbon capture technology feasibility study

Calix Ltd is developing a new technology for carbon capture from syngas, applicable to power generation (CCGT or IGCC), steel and cement industries. It is a new approach based on calcium looping, applied to pre-combustion capture, to shift and decarbonise syngas rapidly at high temperature and pressure

Calix Europe Ltd May 12 Dec 12 TSB 0.99 0.068 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Pre-combustion 99Novel Low energy pre-combustion

The goal was to create a detailed computer process simulation and then to perform a basic process engineering feasibility study of the novel Timmins technology, and to benchmark its estimated performance and costs, in pre-capture CCS mode (90% CO2 capture target) on an integrated Shell coal gasifier IGCC power plant at c.30 bar pressure

Timmins CCS Ltd May 12 Oct 12 TSB 0.075 0.053 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding






DateEnd Date





Post-combustion 12 Carbon Capture from power plant and atmosphere

CO2 separation by adsorption onto nanoporous materials, materials by “filtration” of CO2 from power plant flue gases by newly created semi-permeable membranes, and by membrane separation of oxygen from air, to enable oxy-fuel combustion and efficient CO2 separation (2 projects)

Heriot Watt + Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 13Ceramic membranes for energy applications and CO2 capture

High temperature ceramic membranes for energy applications and CO2 capture

2 Projects, Newcastle + Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2


Post-combustion 14Fundamentals of Optimised Capture Using Solids (FOCUS)

Solid adsorption of CO2 and UK-China collaboration Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 15

Innovative Adsorbent Materials and Processes for Integrated Carbon Capture and Multi-pollutant Control for Fossil Fuel Power Generation

Simultaneous removal of SOx, NOx, HCl, HF, and toxic metals, particularly mercury – China Collaboration

Nottingham Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 16Innovative Gas Separations for Carbon Capture

Methodologies for the rapid synthesis and screening of novel materials and solvents for carbon capture from power stations. Focus on absorption, adsorption and membrane processes combining molecular modelling and advanced process modelling

Consortium Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 17

Multi-scale evaluation of advanced technologies for capturing the CO2: chemical looping applied to solid fuels.

A systematic, multiscale approach, which considers the detailed behaviour of the solid oxygen carriers, through to the systems level integration into a power station and energy grid

Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 18

Step Change Adsorbents and Processes for CO2 Capture.

Accelerate the pace of development of adsorbent technology as a viable alternative to chemical absorption in post-combustion capture...The ultimate goal of the project is to demonstrate the adsorbent materials in real power plant environments

Consortium Nov 09 Oct 13EPSRC /

E.ON0.158 0.800 2


Post-combustion 19

Adsoprtion materials and processes for carbon capture from gas-fired power plants (AMPGas)

Capture technology for retrofit to existing CCGT plants. Addressing both materials and process development for carbon capture.

Consortium / Edinburgh Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 2


Post-combustion 20

Effective adsorbents for establishing solids looping as a next generation CCGT technology

To overcome the performance barriers for implementing adsorbent systems in the solid looping technology specifically for CCGT power plants

Consortium Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

64

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Post-combustion 12 Carbon Capture from power plant and atmosphere

CO2 separation by adsorption onto nanoporous materials, materials by “filtration” of CO2 from power plant flue gases by newly created semi-permeable membranes, and by membrane separation of oxygen from air, to enable oxy-fuel combustion and efficient CO2 separation (2 projects)

Heriot Watt + Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 13Ceramic membranes for energy applications and CO2 capture

High temperature ceramic membranes for energy applications and CO2 capture

2 Projects, Newcastle + Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2


Post-combustion 14Fundamentals of Optimised Capture Using Solids (FOCUS)

Solid adsorption of CO2 and UK-China collaboration Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 15

Innovative Adsorbent Materials and Processes for Integrated Carbon Capture and Multi-pollutant Control for Fossil Fuel Power Generation

Simultaneous removal of SOx, NOx, HCl, HF, and toxic metals, particularly mercury – China Collaboration

Nottingham Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 16Innovative Gas Separations for Carbon Capture

Methodologies for the rapid synthesis and screening of novel materials and solvents for carbon capture from power stations. Focus on absorption, adsorption and membrane processes combining molecular modelling and advanced process modelling

Consortium Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 17

Multi-scale evaluation of advanced technologies for capturing the CO2: chemical looping applied to solid fuels.

A systematic, multiscale approach, which considers the detailed behaviour of the solid oxygen carriers, through to the systems level integration into a power station and energy grid

Consortium Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 18

Step Change Adsorbents and Processes for CO2 Capture.

Accelerate the pace of development of adsorbent technology as a viable alternative to chemical absorption in post-combustion capture...The ultimate goal of the project is to demonstrate the adsorbent materials in real power plant environments

Consortium Nov 09 Oct 13EPSRC / E.ON

0.158 0.800 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 19

Adsoprtion materials and processes for carbon capture from gas-fired power plants (AMPGas)

Capture technology for retrofit to existing CCGT plants. Addressing both materials and process development for carbon capture.

Consortium / Edinburgh Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 2


Post-combustion 20

Effective adsorbents for establishing solids looping as a next generation CCGT technology

To overcome the performance barriers for implementing adsorbent systems in the solid looping technology specifically for CCGT power plants

Consortium Nov 08 Nov 13 EPSRC 4.45 2.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

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DateEnd Date





Post-combustion 21Advanced GasCCS (GasFACTS)

Underpinning research for development and deployment on natural gas power plants, particularly for gas turbine modifications and advanced post combustion capture technologies for gas power plants

Consortium Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 22Carbon capture in the refining process

To develop a vacuum swing adsoption process to capture CO2 from a H2 plants in the refining process Edinburgh Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2


Post-combustion 23

New approach to extend durability of sorbent powders for multicycle high temperature CO2 capture in hydrogen

Materials engineering proposal addressing the major problem facing utilisation of powder sorbents such as CaO for high temperature applications

Leeds Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 24

Feasibility of a wetting layer absoprtion carbon capture process based on chemical solvents

To investigate a novel process based on the wetting layer absorption concept in which a porous material is used to support liquid-like regions of absorbing solvent, which in turn absorb carbon dioxide

Strathclyde /Edinburgh Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2


Post-combustion 25

Chemical looping for low-cost oxygen production and other applications

Chemical looping (combustion, CLC) using fluidised beds at industrial scale within the UK - experimental work and theoretical analysis for first large-scale demonstration of CLC within the UK.

Imperial College London, Cranfield

University & University of Cambridge

Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 26

Mixed matrix membranes preparation for post-combustion capture

Membrane processes as an alternative to post-combustion capture technologies due to the reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. This project aims - support development of new mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion applications. Fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications.

University of Edinburgh Nov 09 Oct 13

EPSRC / E.ON

0.158 0.800 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 27

Project Coral –Integrated CHP, carbon water exchange Pilot Demonstration

Demonstrate 2nd generation carbon capture technology on an industrial chemicals site: Carbon Water Exchange (CWX), an innovative, electro-chemical based sequestration technology that remediates principally CO2, SOx & NOx from fossil fuel combustion emissions.

Future Environmental

Technologies Group, Solutia UK; Hoare Lea & Partners; DB Core Ltd; Malvern

Executives

Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Post-combustion 28Ferrybridge CC Pilot 100+

Largest Pilot plant demonstration in UK,5MWe, 100t CO2 capture/day. System integration, solvent evaluation, skills & training

SSE, Doosan, Vattenfall Jan 11 Dec 13 TSB/DECC

21 (total); 6.75 (public)

5.000 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Post-combustion 29Next Generation capture for gas fired (CCGT) power stations

Advanced technology to reduce cost and capture penalty for retrofit and new-build gas-fired power stations. Stage 1: design study (August 2012 – January 2014) £0.8M; Stage 2: c5MWe pilot (2014 – 2017) £10M)

tbn Jul 12 Dec 15 ETI 21.6 (ETI total) 11.600 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

66

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Post-combustion 21Advanced GasCCS (GasFACTS)

Underpinning research for development and deployment on natural gas power plants, particularly for gas turbine modifications and advanced post combustion capture technologies for gas power plants

Consortium Apr 09 Apr 14 EPSRC 1.1 0.700 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 22Carbon capture in the refining process

To develop a vacuum swing adsoption process to capture CO2 from a H2 plants in the refining process Edinburgh Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.568 0.500 2


Post-combustion 23

New approach to extend durability of sorbent powders for multicycle high temperature CO2 capture in hydrogen

Materials engineering proposal addressing the major problem facing utilisation of powder sorbents such as CaO for high temperature applications

Leeds Oct 09 Sep 13 EPSRC 0.952 0.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 24

Feasibility of a wetting layer absoprtion carbon capture process based on chemical solvents

To investigate a novel process based on the wetting layer absorption concept in which a porous material is used to support liquid-like regions of absorbing solvent, which in turn absorb carbon dioxide

Strathclyde /Edinburgh Oct 09 Mar 13 EPSRC 1.89 1.000 2


Post-combustion 25

Chemical looping for low-cost oxygen production and other applications

Chemical looping (combustion, CLC) using fluidised beds at industrial scale within the UK - experimental work and theoretical analysis for first large-scale demonstration of CLC within the UK.

Imperial College London, Cranfield

University & University of Cambridge

Jan 11 Dec 13 EPSRC 0.578 0.510 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 26

Mixed matrix membranes preparation for post-combustion capture

Membrane processes as an alternative to post-combustion capture technologies due to the reduced maintenance of the process, the absence of dangerous solvents and their smaller footprint. This project aims - support development of new mixed matrix membranes for post-combustion applications. Fundamental knowledge is crucial in order to design the reliable materials needed for real-world-applications.

University of Edinburgh Nov 09 Oct 13

EPSRC / E.ON

0.158 0.800 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 27

Project Coral –Integrated CHP, carbon water exchange Pilot Demonstration

Demonstrate 2nd generation carbon capture technology on an industrial chemicals site: Carbon Water Exchange (CWX), an innovative, electro-chemical based sequestration technology that remediates principally CO2, SOx & NOx from fossil fuel combustion emissions.

Future Environmental

Technologies Group, Solutia UK; Hoare Lea & Partners; DB Core Ltd; Malvern

Executives

Sep 12 Aug 15 EPSRC 1.1 1.100 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Post-combustion 28Ferrybridge CC Pilot 100+

Largest Pilot plant demonstration in UK,5MWe, 100t CO2 capture/day. System integration, solvent evaluation, skills & training

SSE, Doosan, Vattenfall Jan 11 Dec 13 TSB/DECC


5.000 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

Post-combustion 29Next Generation capture for gas fired (CCGT) power stations

Advanced technology to reduce cost and capture penalty for retrofit and new-build gas-fired power stations. Stage 1: design study (August 2012 – January 2014) £0.8M; Stage 2: c5MWe pilot (2014 – 2017) £10M)

tbn Jul 12 Dec 15 ETI 21.6 (ETI total) 11.600 5-6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

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Post-combustion 30

Industrial CO2 as a precursor to sustainable biomass: reducing energy consumption and CO2 footprint

Develop an innovative, algae based solution for the significant reduction of large scale industrial CO2 emissions.

CPI, Sembcorp, Cemex, Steetley Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC

2.6 (total); 1.2 (public)

0.775 3Component Development

& Applied Research

Post-combustion 31RECAP - Reduced Elevation CO2 Absorber Programme

Develop innovative absorber configurations to lower the cost of CCS electricity generation from fossil fuel (or biomass) combustion

Costain, University of Edinburgh

Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC0.157

(public)0.157 5

Component Development & Applied Research

Post-combustion 32 New Solvents for CO2 Capture

Testing of novel amine-free solvents. C-Capture Jan 13 Feb 15 DECC0.789

(public) + private0.789 5


Post-combustion 33

Process Design and Optimization of New Solvents for CO2 Capture

Process standardization, intensification and industrial scale up for novel solvents that will reduce solvent regeneration energy footprint.

Carbon Clean Solutions;

Imperial College; UK CCS Research

Centre PACT facilities

Oct 12 Apr 14 DECC3.621

(public)3.621 5


Post-combustion 34Techno-economic assessment of Biomass with CCS

Identify opportunities and issues around use of biomass with CCS (co-firing and 100% biomass) to achieve net negative CO2 emissions

CMCL Innovations,

Doosan, Drax, EDF, E4tech,

Imperial College, University of Cambridge, University of

Leeds

Apr 11 July 12 ETI0.7

(ETI total)0.700 4-6


Post-combustion 100Detailed design study of the C-FAST pilot plant

(a) complete a “detailed feasibility design study” of the C-FAST pilot plant, (b) investigate long-term value of potential plant revenue streams, (c) demonstrate how different production scales can benefit the UK/EU, and (d) establish a “UK-based” supply chain of manufacturing and services for export of the plant design to environments with low-cost arid landscapes. In all aspects the project goals were all achieved.

Computational Modelling Cambridge

Limited, Cambridge University

Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.075 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 101

Minerals for Sustainable Cost and energy efficient chemical looping combustion Technology

Funded through FENCO NET Call - project investigating the performance of new mineral sources as solid oxygen carriers in coal based systems

Cambridge Early 14 EPSRC 0.169 0.169 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 102

CO2 Post-Combustion Capture Using Amine Impregnated Synthetic Zeolites

Funded through FENCO NET Call - project looking at new innovative CO2 capture technologies using synthetic zeolites

Nottingham Early 14 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 103

Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Using MOFs: Materials and Process Development

Funded through FENCO NET Call - Project looking at new CO2 capture processes based on Metal Organic Framework materials

Edinburgh Early 14 EPSRC 0.198 0.192 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

68

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Post-combustion 30

Industrial CO2 as a precursor to sustainable biomass: reducing energy consumption and CO2 footprint

Develop an innovative, algae based solution for the significant reduction of large scale industrial CO2 emissions.

CPI, Sembcorp, Cemex, Steetley Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC



& Applied Research

Post-combustion 31RECAP - Reduced Elevation CO2 Absorber Programme

Develop innovative absorber configurations to lower the cost of CCS electricity generation from fossil fuel (or biomass) combustion

Costain, University of Edinburgh


(public)0.157 5


Post-combustion 32 New Solvents for CO2 Capture

Testing of novel amine-free solvents. C-Capture Jan 13 Feb 15 DECC0.789

(public) + private0.789 5


Post-combustion 33

Process Design and Optimization of New Solvents for CO2 Capture

Process standardization, intensification and industrial scale up for novel solvents that will reduce solvent regeneration energy footprint.

Carbon Clean Solutions;

Imperial College; UK CCS Research

Centre PACT facilities

Oct 12 Apr 14 DECC3.621

(public)3.621 5


Post-combustion 34Techno-economic assessment of Biomass with CCS

Identify opportunities and issues around use of biomass with CCS (co-firing and 100% biomass) to achieve net negative CO2 emissions

CMCL Innovations,

Doosan, Drax, EDF, E4tech,

Imperial College, University of Cambridge, University of

Leeds

Apr 11 July 12 ETI0.7

(ETI total)0.700 4-6


Post-combustion 100Detailed design study of the C-FAST pilot plant

(a) complete a “detailed feasibility design study” of the C-FAST pilot plant, (b) investigate long-term value of potential plant revenue streams, (c) demonstrate how different production scales can benefit the UK/EU, and (d) establish a “UK-based” supply chain of manufacturing and services for export of the plant design to environments with low-cost arid landscapes. In all aspects the project goals were all achieved.

Computational Modelling Cambridge

Limited, Cambridge University

Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.075 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 101

Minerals for Sustainable Cost and energy efficient chemical looping combustion Technology

Funded through FENCO NET Call - project investigating the performance of new mineral sources as solid oxygen carriers in coal based systems

Cambridge Early 14 EPSRC 0.169 0.169 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 102

CO2 Post-Combustion Capture Using Amine Impregnated Synthetic Zeolites

Funded through FENCO NET Call - project looking at new innovative CO2 capture technologies using synthetic zeolites

Nottingham Early 14 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 103

Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Using MOFs: Materials and Process Development

Funded through FENCO NET Call - Project looking at new CO2 capture processes based on Metal Organic Framework materials

Edinburgh Early 14 EPSRC 0.198 0.192 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

69






DateEnd Date





Post-combustion 202 OCTAVIUS

To prepare for the first CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstrators on a thermal power plant scale, implementing first-generation CO2 capture processes using amine-type solvents. Three CO2 capture pilot units – the Cato pilot unit in Maasvlakte (Netherlands), the Enel pilot unit in Brindisi (Italy) and the EnBW pilot unit in Heilbronn (Germany) – will be used to test the operability and flexibility of these first-generation processes.

21 consortium participants Mar 12 Feb 17

European Union

13,492,943 Euro 7,928,238 Euro 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 203 NGCT2 CCGT To demonstrate a novel carbon capture technology suitable for CCGT

Doosan Babcock, Inventys, MAST,

HowdenAug 12 Jan 14 ETI 2.34 1.63 2


Post-combustion 204 ECO-COPPS Investgation of critical operating parameters for post combustion scrubbing.

Doosan Babcock, RWE Npower, BOC Limited, University of

Leeds

Jan 08 July 11 TSB 0.81 0.42 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 205 CESAR PTo investigate novel technologies for CO2 separation and recovery from flue gas

Consortium (4 research

organisation/universities and 18 companies)

Apr 08 Aug 11European

Union6.70 4.00 2


Post-combustion 206 ASPECTInvestigate of surface protection technologies to ensure material integrity for carbon capture technologies

Doosan Babcock, Cranfield

University, E.On, Monitor

Coatings, NPL, RWE Npower, Sulzer Metco

Sep 08 Aug 11 TSB 2.53 1.29 4Component Development

& Applied Research

Post-combustion 207 CASTORDevelopment of technologies required at post-combustion, transport and storage stages of CO2 capture

Consortium of 29 project partners Feb 04 Jan 08

European Union

15,840387 euro 8,499,920 euro 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 208 NEXTGEN Power To demonstrate integrity of steam pipework when used with carbon capture technologies

Doosan Babcock, KEMA, Alstom, E.On, Cranfield

University, Goodwin, Monitor

Coatings, Saarchmiede,

Aubert & Duvall, VTT, Slovakian

Welding Institute, TU Darmstadt

May 10 Apr 14DTI

(now DERR)10.30 6.00 3


Post combustion and Oxy-fuel

209

Impact of High Concentrations of SO2 and SO3 in Carbon Capture Applications and its Mitigation

The efficiency of sorbents in reducing SO3 will be assessed for the first time at pilot-scale, previous studies having only concentrated on SO2, at conditions pertinent to oxy-fuel firing and post-combustion capture, (air firing conditions).

Leeds Jan 09 Jan 11 EPSRC 0.174 0.174 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

70

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DateEnd Date





Post-combustion 202 OCTAVIUS

To prepare for the first CO2 capture and storage (CCS) demonstrators on a thermal power plant scale, implementing first-generation CO2 capture processes using amine-type solvents. Three CO2 capture pilot units – the Cato pilot unit in Maasvlakte (Netherlands), the Enel pilot unit in Brindisi (Italy) and the EnBW pilot unit in Heilbronn (Germany) – will be used to test the operability and flexibility of these first-generation processes.

21 consortium participants Mar 12 Feb 17

European Union

13,492,943 Euro 7,928,238 Euro 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 203 NGCT2 CCGT To demonstrate a novel carbon capture technology suitable for CCGT

Doosan Babcock, Inventys, MAST,

HowdenAug 12 Jan 14 ETI 2.34 1.63 2


Post-combustion 204 ECO-COPPS Investgation of critical operating parameters for post combustion scrubbing.

Doosan Babcock, RWE Npower, BOC Limited, University of

Leeds

Jan 08 July 11 TSB 0.81 0.42 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 205 CESAR PTo investigate novel technologies for CO2 separation and recovery from flue gas

Consortium (4 research

organisation/universities and 18 companies)

Apr 08 Aug 11European

Union6.70 4.00 2


Post-combustion 206 ASPECTInvestigate of surface protection technologies to ensure material integrity for carbon capture technologies

Doosan Babcock, Cranfield

University, E.On, Monitor

Coatings, NPL, RWE Npower, Sulzer Metco

Sep 08 Aug 11 TSB 2.53 1.29 4Component Development

& Applied Research

Post-combustion 207 CASTORDevelopment of technologies required at post-combustion, transport and storage stages of CO2 capture

Consortium of 29 project partners Feb 04 Jan 08

European Union

15,840387 euro 8,499,920 euro 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Post-combustion 208 NEXTGEN Power To demonstrate integrity of steam pipework when used with carbon capture technologies

Doosan Babcock, KEMA, Alstom, E.On, Cranfield

University, Goodwin, Monitor

Coatings, Saarchmiede,

Aubert & Duvall, VTT, Slovakian

Welding Institute, TU Darmstadt

May 10 Apr 14DTI

(now DERR)10.30 6.00 3


Post combustion and Oxy-fuel

209

Impact of High Concentrations of SO2 and SO3 in Carbon Capture Applications and its Mitigation

The efficiency of sorbents in reducing SO3 will be assessed for the first time at pilot-scale, previous studies having only concentrated on SO2, at conditions pertinent to oxy-fuel firing and post-combustion capture, (air firing conditions).

Leeds Jan 09 Jan 11 EPSRC 0.174 0.174 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

71






DateEnd Date





Oxy-fuel 36 Oxyfuel combustion Academic programme to develop a better understanding Consortium Jul 09 Jun 13 EPSRC/E.ON 108 0.800 2


Oxy-fuel 37

Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion on PACT facility with real flue gas and vent gas recycling

investigating impacts of real flue gas and vent gas recycling on the combustion performance, emissions, ignition and flame stability of oxy-coal combustion by means of 250kW PACT facility testing and comprehensively validated CFD modelling, and to assess various flue gas recycling scenarios and the benefits of vent gas recycling by process simulation.

University of Nottingham & University of

Leeds

Jan 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.254 0.203 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 38

Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recirculation processes in gas turbine combustion for improved carbon capture performance


Cardiff University

12 months

UKCCSRC 0.99 0.792 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 39

In-depth Studies of OxyCoal Combustion Processes through Numerical Modelling and 3D Flame Imaging

Understanding of the impact of oxycoal on flame characteristics, critical reaction kinetics, and devolatisation and char reaction in the combustion processes - China collaboration

3 ProjectsTo mid 2013

EPSRC 1 0.800 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 104 Bio-CAP

To accelerate progress towards achieving operational excellence for flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable Bio-CCS thermal power plants by developing and assessing fundamental knowledge, pilot plant tests and techno economic and life cycle studies.

University of Leeds Sep 13 Sep 15 UKCCSRC 0.3 0.750 2


Oxy-fuel 40OxyPROP – Oxyfuel Penalty Reduction Option Project

Address key penalties for oxy-fuel combustion of coal and biomass in boiler plant through novel application of innovative CO2 separation and compression technology.

Costain; University of Edinburgh;

University of Leeds


(public)0.192 5


Oxy-fuel 210 OXYMOD Develop mathematical models for oxy-fuel combustion

Vattenfall, IVD Stuttgart, National Technical

University of Athens, Chalmers

University, Doosan Babcock

Jul 05 Oct 08European

Union2,156,685 Euro 1,294,011 euro 2


Oxy-fuel 211 OxyCoal UK (Phase I)Investigation of effects of oxy-fuel conditions and parameters on combustion mechanisms, slagging, fouling and corrosion

Doosan Babcock, Vattenfall, Dong Energy, EDF, SSE,

Air Products, Drax Power, E.On, Scottish

Power, Imperial College London,

University of Nottingham

Jan 07 Jul 09 TSB 2.79 1.35 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

72

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Oxy-fuel 36 Oxyfuel combustion Academic programme to develop a better understanding Consortium Jul 09 Jun 13 EPSRC/E.ON 108 0.800 2


Oxy-fuel 37

Experimental investigation and CFD modelling of oxy-coal combustion on PACT facility with real flue gas and vent gas recycling


University of Nottingham & University of

Leeds

Jan 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.254 0.203 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 38

Oxyfuel and exhaust gas recirculation processes in gas turbine combustion for improved carbon capture performance


Cardiff University

12 months


& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 39

In-depth Studies of OxyCoal Combustion Processes through Numerical Modelling and 3D Flame Imaging

Understanding of the impact of oxycoal on flame characteristics, critical reaction kinetics, and devolatisation and char reaction in the combustion processes - China collaboration

3 ProjectsTo mid 2013

EPSRC 1 0.800 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 104 Bio-CAP

To accelerate progress towards achieving operational excellence for flexible, efficient and environmentally sustainable Bio-CCS thermal power plants by developing and assessing fundamental knowledge, pilot plant tests and techno economic and life cycle studies.

University of Leeds Sep 13 Sep 15 UKCCSRC 0.3 0.750 2


Oxy-fuel 40OxyPROP – Oxyfuel Penalty Reduction Option Project

Address key penalties for oxy-fuel combustion of coal and biomass in boiler plant through novel application of innovative CO2 separation and compression technology.

Costain; University of Edinburgh;

University of Leeds


(public)0.192 5


Oxy-fuel 210 OXYMOD Develop mathematical models for oxy-fuel combustion

Vattenfall, IVD Stuttgart, National Technical

University of Athens, Chalmers

University, Doosan Babcock

Jul 05 Oct 08European

Union2,156,685 Euro 1,294,011 euro 2


Oxy-fuel 211 OxyCoal UK (Phase I)Investigation of effects of oxy-fuel conditions and parameters on combustion mechanisms, slagging, fouling and corrosion

Doosan Babcock, Vattenfall, Dong Energy, EDF, SSE,

Air Products, Drax Power, E.On, Scottish

Power, Imperial College London,


Jan 07 Jul 09 TSB 2.79 1.35 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

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Assumed total public

spend


Oxy-fuel 212 FLOX COAL Proof of concept of flameless combustion of coal and development of FLOX burner

University of Stuttgart, EDF, Doosan Babcock,

WS Warmeprozesstechnik, National University of

Athens, RWTH, Germany, IEN Poland, ELOPOLE Poland and INSA Rouen, France

Jun 056 May 08European

Union2,996,203 euro 1,797,722 euro 2


Oxy-fuel 213 FLOX COAL 2 Development of scale up methodology for FLOX burner demonstration

RWTH, IPE Poland, WS Warmeprozesstechnik,

Doosan Babcock, ENBW KWG, Insaro, PGEGIEK

Poland

Jul 11 Dec 12European

Union2,690,872 euro 1,614,524 euro 3


Oxy-fuel 214 OxyCoal 2 Demonstration of an Oxyfuel combustion system (40MWth)

SSE, E.On, Drax Power, Scottish

Power, EdF, Dong energy, Air Products,

Imperial College London, Doosan

Babcock, University of Nottingham

Dec 07 Dec 11DTI

(now DECC) HYFCCAT

7.36 2.21 Component Development & Applied Research / Pilot-

scale Demonstration

Oxy-fuel 215 OXY-TRANS Investigation of control and operability of utility-scale Oxyfuel power plant

Doosan Babcock, Air Products, RWE

Npower, Imperial College London

Jul 08 Jun 10 TSB 0.50 0.20 4Component Development

& Applied Research

Oxy-fuel 216 OXYSOX Investigate SOx (SO2/SO3) levels under Oxy-fuel firing

E.On, University of Leeds, Doosan Babcock, IEA

Environmental Products

Mar 09 Feb 11 TSB 1.21 0.60 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 217 Optimised OxyCoal Combustion

Combustion and emissions performance optimisaton of oxy-fuel firing

Doosan Babcock, Air Products Oct 08 Dec 10 TSB 0.39 0.20 3


Oxy-fuel 218 RELCOMApplied research, development and demonstration to support full-scale oxy-fuel power plant early demonstration

University of Glamorgan, Doosan, Abo Akademi, E.On, Technical University

of Munich, EDF, University of Leeds, Instytut Energetyki

Poland, University of Stuttgart, Enel,

CUIDEN Spain, Onlus Italy

Dec 11 Nov 15European

Union9,736,057 Euro 6,349,100 Euro 2,3,4

Fundamental Research & Understanding,

Component development and applied research

Oxy-fuel 972013 EPSRC Call: Challenges in carbon capture for CCS

Collaborative research projects to undertake fundamental research to tackle challenges in carbon capture. Priority areas to complement the current CCS research portfolio:

• Technology Integration, Intensification, Scale-up and Optimisation

• Development of Capture Materials

Projects will be required to work as part of the UKCCSRC; projects may be for up to 4 years. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/calls/2013/Pages/researchchallengesincarboncapture.aspx

EPSRC

Register interest: 29 November 2013

Call closes: 16:00 on 30 January 2014

EPSRCup to £4M available

4.00 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

74

CA

PT

UR

E T

EC

HN

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S IN

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OM

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NT

S,

SY

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EM

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DateEnd Date




spend


Oxy-fuel 212 FLOX COAL Proof of concept of flameless combustion of coal and development of FLOX burner

University of Stuttgart, EDF, Doosan Babcock,

WS Warmeprozesstechnik, National University of

Athens, RWTH, Germany, IEN Poland, ELOPOLE Poland and INSA Rouen, France

Jun 056 May 08European

Union2,996,203 euro 1,797,722 euro 2


Oxy-fuel 213 FLOX COAL 2 Development of scale up methodology for FLOX burner demonstration

RWTH, IPE Poland, WS Warmeprozesstechnik,

Doosan Babcock, ENBW KWG, Insaro, PGEGIEK

Poland

Jul 11 Dec 12European

Union2,690,872 euro 1,614,524 euro 3


Oxy-fuel 214 OxyCoal 2 Demonstration of an Oxyfuel combustion system (40MWth)

SSE, E.On, Drax Power, Scottish

Power, EdF, Dong energy, Air Products,

Imperial College London, Doosan

Babcock, University of Nottingham

Dec 07 Dec 11DTI

(now DECC) HYFCCAT

7.36 2.21 Component Development & Applied Research / Pilot-

scale Demonstration

Oxy-fuel 215 OXY-TRANS Investigation of control and operability of utility-scale Oxyfuel power plant

Doosan Babcock, Air Products, RWE

Npower, Imperial College London

Jul 08 Jun 10 TSB 0.50 0.20 4Component Development

& Applied Research

Oxy-fuel 216 OXYSOX Investigate SOx (SO2/SO3) levels under Oxy-fuel firing

E.On, University of Leeds, Doosan Babcock, IEA

Environmental Products

Mar 09 Feb 11 TSB 1.21 0.60 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

Oxy-fuel 217 Optimised OxyCoal Combustion

Combustion and emissions performance optimisaton of oxy-fuel firing

Doosan Babcock, Air Products Oct 08 Dec 10 TSB 0.39 0.20 3


Oxy-fuel 218 RELCOMApplied research, development and demonstration to support full-scale oxy-fuel power plant early demonstration

University of Glamorgan, Doosan, Abo Akademi, E.On, Technical University

of Munich, EDF, University of Leeds, Instytut Energetyki

Poland, University of Stuttgart, Enel,

CUIDEN Spain, Onlus Italy

Dec 11 Nov 15European

Union9,736,057 Euro 6,349,100 Euro 2,3,4

Fundamental Research & Understanding,

Component development and applied research

Oxy-fuel 972013 EPSRC Call: Challenges in carbon capture for CCS

Collaborative research projects to undertake fundamental research to tackle challenges in carbon capture. Priority areas to complement the current CCS research portfolio:

• Technology Integration, Intensification, Scale-up and Optimisation

• Development of Capture Materials

Projects will be required to work as part of the UKCCSRC; projects may be for up to 4 years. http://www.epsrc.ac.uk/funding/calls/2013/Pages/researchchallengesincarboncapture.aspx

EPSRC

Register interest: 29 November 2013 Call closes: 16:00 on

30 January 2014

EPSRCup to £4M available

4.00 1-3Fundamental Research

& Understanding

75






DateEnd Date




spend


Component development

(including efficiency improvements eg gas,

steam turbine, boiler) and co-firing

35Flexible and Efficient Power Plant: Flex-E-Plant

Key issues of Plant Efficiency, Plant Flexibility, Fuel Flexibility and Sustainability and how impact upon plant operation and design, combustion processes and structural integrity of conventional and advanced materials utilised in conventional power plants. Outcomes: understanding of economic viability; Novel & improved monitoring; new models for optimising operating conditions.

Consortium led by Loughborough with Cardiff,

Cranfield, Imperial, Nottingham, Warwick.

Industrial Partners: Alstom; EDF; Emerson Process Mgmt; R-MC Power Recovery Ltd;

SSE; TWI; Doosan; Goodwins Steel Castings; Rolls Royce;

Siemans plc; E.on; Eggborough Power Ltd; NPL;

RWE npower; TSB

Mar 13 Sep 17 EPSRC 2 1.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

41SUPERGEN 2- Conventional power plant lifetime extension

Development of novel tools and technologies to extend the life of existing conventional steam and combined cycle power plants

Development of novel tools and technologies to extend

the life of existing conventional steam and

combined cycle power plants

Jul 08 Dec 12 EPSRC 4.2 1.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

42 SUPERGEN - Bioenergy hub

Whole systems approach to bioenergy, including increasing understanding of biomass combustion and bio-CCS

Whole systems approach to bioenergy, including

increasing understanding of biomass combustion

and bio-CCS

Aug 12 Jul 17 EPSRC 3.55 3.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

43Advanced surface protection for CCS plant

Coating development to improve steam plant reliability

Coating development to improve steam plant

reliability Jun 13 May 16 TSB



& Applied Research

44

Carbon Abatement Using Surface Engineering Technologies (CASET)

Coating development to improve gas turbine component reliability in co-firing, oxy-fuel firing

Coating development to improve gas turbine

component reliability in co-firing, oxy-fuel firing

Apr 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC1.7 (total);

0.85 (public)0.540 3


45Corrosion Lifing Methods and Testing (CLIMATE)

Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments. Develop and verify life prediction methods for corrosion assisted fatigue that will allow plant to be operated safely under more arduous conditions.

Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments.

Develop and verify life prediction methods for

corrosion assisted fatigue that will allow plant to be

operated safely under more arduous conditions.

May 10 Apr 13 TSB/DECC1.7 (total);

0.85 (public)0.582 4


46

IMPACT - Innovative Materials, Design and Monitoring of Power Plant to Accommodate Carbon Capture

To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power plant, through development and application of high T materials

To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power

plant, through development and

application of high T materials

Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC1.8 (total); 0.9 (public


& Applied Research

47

Verified Approaches to Life Management and Improved Design of High Temperature Steels for Advanced Steam Plants – VALID

Improved reliability of future coal-fired power plant, through improved weld integrity of high T materials

Improved reliability of future coal-fired power

plant, through improved weld integrity of high T

materials

Jan 12 Dec 14 TSB/DECC1.1 (total);

0.46 (public)0.460 1-3


76

CO

NV

ER

SIO

N A

ND

GE

NE

RA

TIO

N






DateEnd Date




spend





35Flexible and Efficient Power Plant: Flex-E-Plant

Key issues of Plant Efficiency, Plant Flexibility, Fuel Flexibility and Sustainability and how impact upon plant operation and design, combustion processes and structural integrity of conventional and advanced materials utilised in conventional power plants. Outcomes: understanding of economic viability; Novel & improved monitoring; new models for optimising operating conditions.

Consortium led by Loughborough with Cardiff,

Cranfield, Imperial, Nottingham, Warwick.

Industrial Partners: Alstom; EDF; Emerson Process Mgmt; R-MC Power Recovery Ltd;

SSE; TWI; Doosan; Goodwins Steel Castings; Rolls Royce;

Siemans plc; E.on; Eggborough Power Ltd; NPL;

RWE npower; TSB

Mar 13 Sep 17 EPSRC 2 1.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

41SUPERGEN 2- Conventional power plant lifetime extension

Development of novel tools and technologies to extend the life of existing conventional steam and combined cycle power plants

Development of novel tools and technologies to extend

the life of existing conventional steam and

combined cycle power plants

Jul 08 Dec 12 EPSRC 4.2 1.500 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

42 SUPERGEN - Bioenergy hub

Whole systems approach to bioenergy, including increasing understanding of biomass combustion and bio-CCS

Whole systems approach to bioenergy, including

increasing understanding of biomass combustion

and bio-CCS

Aug 12 Jul 17 EPSRC 3.55 3.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

43Advanced surface protection for CCS plant

Coating development to improve steam plant reliability

Coating development to improve steam plant

reliability Jun 13 May 16 TSB



& Applied Research

44

Carbon Abatement Using Surface Engineering Technologies (CASET)

Coating development to improve gas turbine component reliability in co-firing, oxy-fuel firing

Coating development to improve gas turbine

component reliability in co-firing, oxy-fuel firing

Apr 10 Jan 13 TSB/DECC1.7 (total);

0.85 (public)0.540 3


45Corrosion Lifing Methods and Testing (CLIMATE)

Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments. Develop and verify life prediction methods for corrosion assisted fatigue that will allow plant to be operated safely under more arduous conditions.

Gas turbine operation in aggressive environments.

Develop and verify life prediction methods for

corrosion assisted fatigue that will allow plant to be

operated safely under more arduous conditions.

May 10 Apr 13 TSB/DECC1.7 (total);

0.85 (public)0.582 4


46

IMPACT - Innovative Materials, Design and Monitoring of Power Plant to Accommodate Carbon Capture

To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power plant, through development and application of high T materials

To improve the efficiency of future coal-fired power

plant, through development and

application of high T materials

Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC1.8 (total); 0.9 (public


& Applied Research

47

Verified Approaches to Life Management and Improved Design of High Temperature Steels for Advanced Steam Plants – VALID

Improved reliability of future coal-fired power plant, through improved weld integrity of high T materials

Improved reliability of future coal-fired power

plant, through improved weld integrity of high T

materials

Jan 12 Dec 14 TSB/DECC1.1 (total);

0.46 (public)0.460 1-3


77






DateEnd Date




spend





48

Fast Response Temperature Sensors for Gas Turbine Efficiency (FRETSGATE)

Advanced sensors and control systems for flexible fueled GTs,including IGCC

Oxensis, Rolls-Royce, Siemens Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC



& Applied Research

49 High Hydrogen To assess the issues of burning high levels of hydrogen in gas turbines and engines

Health & Safety Laboratories, Imperial College Jul 11 Jun 14 ETI

2.2 (ETI total)

2.200 5-6Component Development & Applied Research / Pilot-

scale Demonstration

50Materials for NetPower oxy-combustion process

Development of high performance materials to enable higher pressure turbine operation and in turn higher pressure temperature and pressure supercritical CO2 power generation cycle to capture emissions at low cost

Net Power Plc; Toshiba; Shaw Power Group Ltd; Goodwin Steel Castings

Sep 12 Mar 15 DECC4.98

(public)4.980 5-6

Component Development & Applied Research / Pilot-

scale Demonstration

105 Technical evaluation of using torrified biomass

Technical evaluation of using torrified biomass from the “Rotawave” process to economically reduce carbon output from coal-fired power generation

Energy Environment Ltd Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.068 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

219 NEXTGEN Power To demonstrate new alloys and coatings in boiler, turbine and interconnecting pipework

Doosan Babcock, KEMA, Alstom, E.On, Cranfield University , Goodwin,

Monitor Coatings, Saarchmiede, Aubert & Duvall, VTT, Slovakian welding Institute, TU

Darmstadt

May 10 Apr 14European

Union10.30 6.00 3


220 DTI-407

Evaluation of technical and economic feasibility of retrofitting UK coal power station fleet with advanced supercritical boiler and CO2 capture technology

Doosan Babcock and partners Dec 04 Jan 07

DTI (now DECC)

4Component Development

& Applied Research

221 DTI-366Demonstration of the potential application of advanced supercritical pulverised fuel boilers with CO2 capture for the Canadian market

Doosan Babcock and partners May 05 Jul 06

DTI (now DECC)


& Applied Research

222 CO2 Capture Ready Plant

Investigate the technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness of capture-ready retrofit options for pulverised fuel power plants

Air Products, Doosan Babcock, E.On UK, RWE Npower, BP, University of Nottingham and Imperial

College London

Mar 06 Aug 06 TSB 4Component Development

& Applied Research

78

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N A

ND

GE

NE

RA

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DateEnd Date




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48

Fast Response Temperature Sensors for Gas Turbine Efficiency (FRETSGATE)

Advanced sensors and control systems for flexible fueled GTs,including IGCC

Oxensis, Rolls-Royce, Siemens Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC



& Applied Research

49 High Hydrogen To assess the issues of burning high levels of hydrogen in gas turbines and engines

Health & Safety Laboratories, Imperial College Jul 11 Jun 14 ETI

2.2 (ETI total)

2.200 5-6Component Development & Applied Research / Pilot-

scale Demonstration

50Materials for NetPower oxy-combustion process

Development of high performance materials to enable higher pressure turbine operation and in turn higher pressure temperature and pressure supercritical CO2 power generation cycle to capture emissions at low cost

Net Power Plc; Toshiba; Shaw Power Group Ltd; Goodwin Steel Castings

Sep 12 Mar 15 DECC4.98

(public)4.980 5-6


scale Demonstration

105 Technical evaluation of using torrified biomass

Technical evaluation of using torrified biomass from the “Rotawave” process to economically reduce carbon output from coal-fired power generation

Energy Environment Ltd Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.107 0.068 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

219 NEXTGEN Power To demonstrate new alloys and coatings in boiler, turbine and interconnecting pipework

Doosan Babcock, KEMA, Alstom, E.On, Cranfield University , Goodwin,

Monitor Coatings, Saarchmiede, Aubert & Duvall, VTT, Slovakian welding Institute, TU

Darmstadt

May 10 Apr 14European

Union10.30 6.00 3


220 DTI-407

Evaluation of technical and economic feasibility of retrofitting UK coal power station fleet with advanced supercritical boiler and CO2 capture technology

Doosan Babcock and partners Dec 04 Jan 07

DTI (now DECC)


& Applied Research

221 DTI-366Demonstration of the potential application of advanced supercritical pulverised fuel boilers with CO2 capture for the Canadian market

Doosan Babcock and partners May 05 Jul 06

DTI (now DECC)


& Applied Research

222 CO2 Capture Ready Plant

Investigate the technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness of capture-ready retrofit options for pulverised fuel power plants

Air Products, Doosan Babcock, E.On UK, RWE Npower, BP, University of Nottingham and Imperial

College London

Mar 06 Aug 06 TSB 4Component Development

& Applied Research

79






DateEnd Date




spend


MMV AND M&R including remote or in situ, for deep water and along

transport network

51

Quantifying the risk of leakage of CO2 from subsurface storage sites

The aims of this PhD research are to develop workflows and methodologies of using 3D seismic data to track potential leakage routes of CO2 through likely sealing lithologies. The main thrust of this research will be to quantify the leakage flux of methane via contrasting leakage routes to yield a relative risk-based ranking of bypass systems and other leakage mechanisms for a range of potential storage sites”

Cardiff Oct 10 Sep 14 NERC 0.066 0.050 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

52

QICS2 Scoping Project: Exploring the viability and scientific opportunities of a follow-on marine impact project

A key element of risk assessment for the geological storage of CO2 offshore is the monitoring of transport of leaks from the subsurface via shallow sediments in the marine environment, including its effect on the ecosystem. In 2012, the NERC-funded QICS project constructed the first marine in situ controlled sub-seabed release facility for CO2 in the world in Ardmucknish Bay, Oban when 4.2 tonnes of CO2 was injected. There is significant international interest in this unique facility and the project provides an opportunity for the UK to consolidate its leadership in environmental monitoring and impact studies for CCS. This scoping project will explore with the local community, stakeholders and the broader scientific community the viability and potential scientific goals for a follow on project, with the capability of delivering useful knowledge at the start of the UK CCS commercialisation program.

University of Edinburgh,

PML & SAMS

6 months


& Understanding

53

3D mapping of large-scale subsurface flow pathways using nanoseismic monitoring

The project will three-dimensionally image hydraulically conductive features in the reservoir, caprock and overburden of an active CO2 injection site: the Aquistore site, Canada. Our research will provide important information on potential migration pathways within the storage complex to inform future monitoring strategies at the Aquistore site and at future storage sites. We will monitor micro-seismic events prior to, and during, CO2 injection using a three-component nanoseismic surface monitoring array which will complement data collected by the existing geophone network at the site. This analysis can be used to provide deep focussed monitoring information on permeability enhancement near the injection point. As injection continues it will also enable imaging of any flowing features within the caprock.

University of Strathclyde & University of Edinburgh

24 months


& Understanding

54Nanoscale Gravity Sensors for Monitoring CO2 Storage

Development of an innovative gravity imaging system based upon a e high sensitivity accelerometer capable of making quantitative measurements of CO2 volume which can be deployed down reservoir borehole

BP, Cambridge University Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC



& Applied Research

55

Carbon Storage: assessment and validation of emissions (C-SAVE)

Develop a suite of advanced CO2 sensing technologies that combine to provide validated monitoring of each stage of the CCS process

Signal Group, NPL, BP Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC0.7 (total);

0.35 (public)0.226 3


56 Project AMADEUS CO2 Monitoring for downhole applications and field trial

Guardian Global Technologies, Strathclyde

Uni, National GridSep 13 Aug 16 TSB



& Applied Research

80

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DateEnd Date




spend



transport network

51

Quantifying the risk of leakage of CO2 from subsurface storage sites

The aims of this PhD research are to develop workflows and methodologies of using 3D seismic data to track potential leakage routes of CO2 through likely sealing lithologies. The main thrust of this research will be to quantify the leakage flux of methane via contrasting leakage routes to yield a relative risk-based ranking of bypass systems and other leakage mechanisms for a range of potential storage sites”

Cardiff Oct 10 Sep 14 NERC 0.066 0.050 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

52

QICS2 Scoping Project: Exploring the viability and scientific opportunities of a follow-on marine impact project

A key element of risk assessment for the geological storage of CO2 offshore is the monitoring of transport of leaks from the subsurface via shallow sediments in the marine environment, including its effect on the ecosystem. In 2012, the NERC-funded QICS project constructed the first marine in situ controlled sub-seabed release facility for CO2 in the world in Ardmucknish Bay, Oban when 4.2 tonnes of CO2 was injected. There is significant international interest in this unique facility and the project provides an opportunity for the UK to consolidate its leadership in environmental monitoring and impact studies for CCS. This scoping project will explore with the local community, stakeholders and the broader scientific community the viability and potential scientific goals for a follow on project, with the capability of delivering useful knowledge at the start of the UK CCS commercialisation program.

University of Edinburgh,

PML & SAMS

6 months


& Understanding

53

3D mapping of large-scale subsurface flow pathways using nanoseismic monitoring

The project will three-dimensionally image hydraulically conductive features in the reservoir, caprock and overburden of an active CO2 injection site: the Aquistore site, Canada. Our research will provide important information on potential migration pathways within the storage complex to inform future monitoring strategies at the Aquistore site and at future storage sites. We will monitor micro-seismic events prior to, and during, CO2 injection using a three-component nanoseismic surface monitoring array which will complement data collected by the existing geophone network at the site. This analysis can be used to provide deep focussed monitoring information on permeability enhancement near the injection point. As injection continues it will also enable imaging of any flowing features within the caprock.

University of Strathclyde & University of Edinburgh

24 months


& Understanding

54Nanoscale Gravity Sensors for Monitoring CO2 Storage

Development of an innovative gravity imaging system based upon a e high sensitivity accelerometer capable of making quantitative measurements of CO2 volume which can be deployed down reservoir borehole

BP, Cambridge University Mar 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC



& Applied Research

55

Carbon Storage: assessment and validation of emissions (C-SAVE)

Develop a suite of advanced CO2 sensing technologies that combine to provide validated monitoring of each stage of the CCS process

Signal Group, NPL, BP Apr 10 Feb 13 TSB/DECC0.7 (total);

0.35 (public)0.226 3


56 Project AMADEUS CO2 Monitoring for downhole applications and field trial

Guardian Global Technologies, Strathclyde

Uni, National GridSep 13 Aug 16 TSB



& Applied Research

81






DateEnd Date




spend



transport network

57 Marine and shallow monitoring MMV system

Develop techniques and overall system for monitoring for CO2 in marine and shallow-subsurface environment

tbn - project in commissioning 2014 Jul 15 ETI 5 (ETI total) 5.000 5-6


scale Demonstration

58

Project COMET – (Coriolis Metering Technology in CO2 Transportation for CCS)

Assess suitability of available metering technologies for use in CO2 transportation by pipeline

Interconnector; Heriot-Watt University Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC

0.085 (public)


& Applied Research

59 Carbon Storage Monitoring Using Muon Tomography

Development and testing of novel technique (cosmic ray muon tomography) to monitor CO2 movement. Applications for geological storage of CO2

Premier Oil Plc; Durham University; University of Sheffield; University of

Bath; Newcastle University; National Grid

Carbon Limited; Cleveland Potash Limited; Rutherford

Appleton Laboratory; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

(Caltech)

Dec 12 Apr 15 DECC0.647

(public)0.647 5


65

Fingerprinting captured CO2 using natural tracers: Determining CO2 fate and proving ownership

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project looking at monitoring CO2 using natural tracers

University of Edinburgh Jun 13 June 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.157 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

106 Gas quality assurance in an industrial CCS cluster

Rapid on line analysis of CO2 contaminant Progressive Energy Jul 12 Jun 13 TSB 0.107 0.058 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

107Microseismic tools for post-injection monitoring of underground CO2 storage

Development of microseismic tools for post-injection monitoring of containment efficiency of underground carbon storage

Applied Seismology Consultants Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.132 0.075 2


108

Low Cost Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation to Underpin Emissions Trading from Co-Firing Biomass / Fossil Fuel Plants

The aim of the project was to look at the possibility of producing a sensitive, low cost quadrupole mass spectrometer to measure the carbon isotope ratio on co-firing biomass/fossil fuel plants.

European Spectrometry Systems Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.117 0.058 2


223 NEL facilities (see Chapter 3) and projects TUV/NEL

224

FTIR using asynchronous femtosecond opos: a new paradigm for high-resolution free space mid-infrared spectroscopy

This proposal for an EPSRC-NPL Postdoctoral Research Partnership addresses the call theme identified as, Photonic Technologies for Optical Remote Sensing in Carbon Capture and Storage and Other Climate Change Applications, and will be conducted in partnership with Dr Tom Gardiner, head of NPL’s Environmental Measurement Group.

Heriot Watt Feb 10 Jan 13 EPSRC 0.348 0.348 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

109

Novel techniques for seabed monitoring of CO2 leakage and monitoring campaigns based on reservoir, cap rock and overburden migration models

Funded through FENCO NET Call - project looking at offshore post injection and long-term monitoring of CO2 storage sites

Scottish Association for Marine Science Nov 13 Nov 16 EPSRC 0.17 0.085 1-3


82

CO

2 M

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ITO

RIN

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DateEnd Date




spend



transport network

57 Marine and shallow monitoring MMV system

Develop techniques and overall system for monitoring for CO2 in marine and shallow-subsurface environment

tbn - project in commissioning 2014 Jul 15 ETI 5 (ETI total) 5.000 5-6


scale Demonstration

58

Project COMET – (Coriolis Metering Technology in CO2 Transportation for CCS)

Assess suitability of available metering technologies for use in CO2 transportation by pipeline

Interconnector; Heriot-Watt University Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC

0.085 (public)


& Applied Research

59 Carbon Storage Monitoring Using Muon Tomography

Development and testing of novel technique (cosmic ray muon tomography) to monitor CO2 movement. Applications for geological storage of CO2

Premier Oil Plc; Durham University; University of Sheffield; University of

Bath; Newcastle University; National Grid

Carbon Limited; Cleveland Potash Limited; Rutherford

Appleton Laboratory; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

(Caltech)

Dec 12 Apr 15 DECC0.647

(public)0.647 5


65


Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project looking at monitoring CO2 using natural tracers

University of Edinburgh Jun 13 June 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.157 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

106 Gas quality assurance in an industrial CCS cluster

Rapid on line analysis of CO2 contaminant Progressive Energy Jul 12 Jun 13 TSB 0.107 0.058 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

107Microseismic tools for post-injection monitoring of underground CO2 storage

Development of microseismic tools for post-injection monitoring of containment efficiency of underground carbon storage

Applied Seismology Consultants Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.132 0.075 2


108

Low Cost Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation to Underpin Emissions Trading from Co-Firing Biomass / Fossil Fuel Plants

The aim of the project was to look at the possibility of producing a sensitive, low cost quadrupole mass spectrometer to measure the carbon isotope ratio on co-firing biomass/fossil fuel plants.

European Spectrometry Systems Jun 12 May 13 TSB 0.117 0.058 2


223 NEL facilities (see Chapter 3) and projects TUV/NEL

224

FTIR using asynchronous femtosecond opos: a new paradigm for high-resolution free space mid-infrared spectroscopy

This proposal for an EPSRC-NPL Postdoctoral Research Partnership addresses the call theme identified as, Photonic Technologies for Optical Remote Sensing in Carbon Capture and Storage and Other Climate Change Applications, and will be conducted in partnership with Dr Tom Gardiner, head of NPL’s Environmental Measurement Group.

Heriot Watt Feb 10 Jan 13 EPSRC 0.348 0.348 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

109

Novel techniques for seabed monitoring of CO2 leakage and monitoring campaigns based on reservoir, cap rock and overburden migration models

Funded through FENCO NET Call - project looking at offshore post injection and long-term monitoring of CO2 storage sites

Scottish Association for Marine Science Nov 13 Nov 16 EPSRC 0.17 0.085 1-3


83




Technology Area Id Programme

(project) titleObjective, rationale

for intervention Partners Start Date

End Date




spend


Onshore and offshore transport;

including optimisation of network, pipe

issues

60

Multiphase flow modelling for hazard assessment of dense phase CO2 pipelines containing impurities

Accurate prediction the transient outflow following the accidental failure of dense-phase CO2 pipelines transporting various stream impurities. - public acceptability of CO2 pipelines

University College London

14 months

NERC 0.066 0.050 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

61 Flexible CCS Network Development

First design and operating guidelines for the flexible operation of CCS pipeline networks. The research will explore how CCS pipeline networks can react effectively to short, medium and long-term variations in the availability and flow of CO2 from capture plants, as well as responding to the constraints imposed on the system by the ability (or otherwise) of CO2 storage facilities to accept variable flow.

Newcastle University & University of Edinburgh

15 months


& Understanding

62

Determination of water solubility limits in CO2 mixtures to deliver water specification levels for CO2 transportation

This project will determine the dew point of water, or “water solubility”, in impure CO2 mixtures (e.g. containing N2 and H2). At present, key data for defining water levels have not been determined. The data are important because liquid water is highly acidic in the presence of excess CO2; this acidity can be increased by trace amounts of SO2 and H2S and acidity will greatly accelerate corrosion. This research will provide the first accurate data for CO2 transportation systems, which can be used to develop accurate equations of state and define more robust pipeline specifications. These in turn can be applied to inform cost benefit analyses on the additional costs on the pipeline material and construction balanced against the cost of purification and the needs of safety. The research will provide critical physical property data to enable the safe and cost effective transportation of CO2


12 months


& Understanding

63

Tractable equations of state for CO2 mixtures in CCS: algorithms for automated generation and optimisation, tailored to end-users

Modelling the phase behaviour of impure carbon dioxide, under the conditions typically found in carbon capture from power stations, and in high-pressure (liquid phase) and low-pressure (gas phase) pipelines. This project will use cutting-edge computer algorithms to automatically reparameterise EoS for CCS modelling.


12 months


& Understanding

64

Materials for Next Generation CO2 Transport Systems (MATTRAN)

Materials for Next Generation CO2 Pipeline Transport Systems (MATTRAN) will take that lead and provide the tools and information necessary for pipeline engineers to select appropriate materials and operating conditions to control corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and fracture propagation in pipelines and associated equipment carrying supercritical CO2 from the capture processes

Newcastle Oct 09 Jan 13EPSRC/ E.ON


& Understanding

225 COOLTRANS

Detailed R&D programme (for dense phase CO2 transportation - 3 year research programme to address knowledge gaps relating to the safe design and operation of onshore, buried, pipelines for transporting anthropogenic, high pressure, dense phase CO2 involving: reviewing the work carried out in the 1970s and 1980s on natural gas and rich gas,pipelines to extract learning points and relevant data, extending the learning and data for dense phase anthropogenic CO2 using advanced analysis and validation tests, and the application of research results.

National Grid ( as part of the EERP

funded Don Valley project supported by a large

group of contractors and universities

Jan 11 Dec 13 EERP 8.00 3.5Component Development

& Applied Research

226 PIPETRANS Understand hazards and risks of CO2 pielinesZZ: PIPETRANS National Grid Complete

227 RISKMAN Detailed methodology for quantitative risk assessment DNV Complete

228CO2 Optimised Compression (‘COZOC’)

Research into a complicated combination of compressor technology and CO2 behaviour.

University of Nottingham Mar 09 Feb 11 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 2


84

CO

2 T

RA

NS

PO

RT




Technology Area Id Programme

(project) titleObjective, rationale

for intervention Partners Start Date

End Date




spend


Onshore and offshore transport;

including optimisation of network, pipe

issues

60

Multiphase flow modelling for hazard assessment of dense phase CO2 pipelines containing impurities

Accurate prediction the transient outflow following the accidental failure of dense-phase CO2 pipelines transporting various stream impurities. - public acceptability of CO2 pipelines

University College London

14 months

NERC 0.066 0.050 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

61 Flexible CCS Network Development

First design and operating guidelines for the flexible operation of CCS pipeline networks. The research will explore how CCS pipeline networks can react effectively to short, medium and long-term variations in the availability and flow of CO2 from capture plants, as well as responding to the constraints imposed on the system by the ability (or otherwise) of CO2 storage facilities to accept variable flow.

Newcastle University & University of Edinburgh

15 months


& Understanding

62

Determination of water solubility limits in CO2 mixtures to deliver water specification levels for CO2 transportation

This project will determine the dew point of water, or “water solubility”, in impure CO2 mixtures (e.g. containing N2 and H2). At present, key data for defining water levels have not been determined. The data are important because liquid water is highly acidic in the presence of excess CO2; this acidity can be increased by trace amounts of SO2 and H2S and acidity will greatly accelerate corrosion. This research will provide the first accurate data for CO2 transportation systems, which can be used to develop accurate equations of state and define more robust pipeline specifications. These in turn can be applied to inform cost benefit analyses on the additional costs on the pipeline material and construction balanced against the cost of purification and the needs of safety. The research will provide critical physical property data to enable the safe and cost effective transportation of CO2


12 months


& Understanding

63

Tractable equations of state for CO2 mixtures in CCS: algorithms for automated generation and optimisation, tailored to end-users

Modelling the phase behaviour of impure carbon dioxide, under the conditions typically found in carbon capture from power stations, and in high-pressure (liquid phase) and low-pressure (gas phase) pipelines. This project will use cutting-edge computer algorithms to automatically reparameterise EoS for CCS modelling.


12 months


& Understanding

64

Materials for Next Generation CO2 Transport Systems (MATTRAN)

Materials for Next Generation CO2 Pipeline Transport Systems (MATTRAN) will take that lead and provide the tools and information necessary for pipeline engineers to select appropriate materials and operating conditions to control corrosion, stress corrosion cracking and fracture propagation in pipelines and associated equipment carrying supercritical CO2 from the capture processes

Newcastle Oct 09 Jan 13EPSRC/ E.ON


& Understanding

225 COOLTRANS

Detailed R&D programme (for dense phase CO2 transportation - 3 year research programme to address knowledge gaps relating to the safe design and operation of onshore, buried, pipelines for transporting anthropogenic, high pressure, dense phase CO2 involving: reviewing the work carried out in the 1970s and 1980s on natural gas and rich gas,pipelines to extract learning points and relevant data, extending the learning and data for dense phase anthropogenic CO2 using advanced analysis and validation tests, and the application of research results.

National Grid ( as part of the EERP

funded Don Valley project supported by a large

group of contractors and universities

Jan 11 Dec 13 EERP 8.00 3.5Component Development

& Applied Research

226 PIPETRANS Understand hazards and risks of CO2 pielinesZZ: PIPETRANS National Grid Complete

227 RISKMAN Detailed methodology for quantitative risk assessment DNV Complete

228CO2 Optimised Compression (‘COZOC’)

Research into a complicated combination of compressor technology and CO2 behaviour.

University of Nottingham Mar 09 Feb 11 EPSRC 0.192 0.192 2


85






DateEnd Date




spend


66

CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene hydrogeological systems of the North Sea: preparation of an IODP scientific drilling bid

Developing our understanding of the geometry and properties of the overburden above the potential reservoirs (including their seals), and by developing an understanding of the likely hydraulic connectivity in the reservoirs, surrounding strata and overburden and hence the likely flow paths for CO2 and formation brine within and between them. These reservoirs promise to be of great significance if CCS

BGS and University of Edinburgh

24 months


& Understanding

111 Fault seal controls on aquifer CO2 storage capacity

The project will investigate the roles and properties of faults in their capacity to retain CO2.

BGS and University of Edinburgh Aug 13 Jan 15 UKCCSRC 0.232 0.232 1-3


67

Predicting the fate of CO2 in geological reservoirs for modelling geological carbon storage

Determining the nature and kinetics of fluid-rock interactions between CO2-rich brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in laboratory experiments,

Cambridge + 3 projects 2008 2013 NERC 2.96 1.500 2


68

Quantifying and Monitoring Potential Ecosystem Impacts of Geological Carbon Storage (QICS)

Determining the nature and kinetics of fluid-rock interactions between CO2-rich brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in laboratory experiments, in order to formulate and test models of the behaviour and fate of CO2 injected in geological strata. - Create a database and methodology that enables the results of this study to be used in risk assessments and performance modelling of geological carbon storage sites.

PML lead +7 projects 2010 2013 NERC 1.32 1.000 2


69

Dispersive Mixing in Multicomponent Multiphase Flow: Numerical and Physical Effects

Derive physically correct dispersion models for multicomponent multiphase flow and to implement them in a three-dimensional streamline-based reservoir simulator. When this project is completed, the simulator will be used to design efficient CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery projects with a higher-degree of certainty that stored CO2 will remain in oil reservoirs for geologic time

Oct 08 Sep 11 NERC 0.33 0.100 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

70

Geological characterisation of deep saline aquifers for CO2 storage on the UK Continental Shelf using borehole and 3D seismic data

Use of borehole data and seismic reflection surveys to provide improved geological characterisations of 3 deep saline aquifers systems, located in the Inner Moray Firth, Southern North Sea and East Irish Sea basins

Durham Oct 09 Sep 13 NERC 0.065 0.030 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

71

Fundamental study of migration of supercritical carbon dioxide in porous media under conditions of saline aquifers

Development of computational solvers to predict CO2-brine multiphase flows in porous media China collaboration

Jan 11 Dec 13 NERC 0.485 0.400 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

72 The Propagation of Wetting Fronts Through Porous Media

Novel modelling techniques for the movement of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs Nov 09 Oct 12 NERC 0.215 0.100 2


73

An integrated geophysical, geodetic, geomechanical and geochemical study of CO2 storage in subsurface reservoirs

By detecting microseismic emissions, it is possible to determine how the subsurface is responding to CO2 injection.

Bristol Sep 11 Aug 14 NERC 0.249 0.249 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

74Investigating the role of natural tracers in subsurface CO2 storage and monitoring

Novel modelling techniques for the movement of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs Jul 09 Jun 12 NERC 0.284 0.100 2


86

CO

2 S

TO

RA

GE






DateEnd Date




spend


66

CO2 storage in Palaeogene and Neogene hydrogeological systems of the North Sea: preparation of an IODP scientific drilling bid

Developing our understanding of the geometry and properties of the overburden above the potential reservoirs (including their seals), and by developing an understanding of the likely hydraulic connectivity in the reservoirs, surrounding strata and overburden and hence the likely flow paths for CO2 and formation brine within and between them. These reservoirs promise to be of great significance if CCS

BGS and University of Edinburgh

24 months


& Understanding





67

Predicting the fate of CO2 in geological reservoirs for modelling geological carbon storage

Determining the nature and kinetics of fluid-rock interactions between CO2-rich brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in laboratory experiments,

Cambridge + 3 projects 2008 2013 NERC 2.96 1.500 2


68

Quantifying and Monitoring Potential Ecosystem Impacts of Geological Carbon Storage (QICS)

Determining the nature and kinetics of fluid-rock interactions between CO2-rich brines and rocks, in field settings as well as in laboratory experiments, in order to formulate and test models of the behaviour and fate of CO2 injected in geological strata. - Create a database and methodology that enables the results of this study to be used in risk assessments and performance modelling of geological carbon storage sites.

PML lead +7 projects 2010 2013 NERC 1.32 1.000 2


69

Dispersive Mixing in Multicomponent Multiphase Flow: Numerical and Physical Effects

Derive physically correct dispersion models for multicomponent multiphase flow and to implement them in a three-dimensional streamline-based reservoir simulator. When this project is completed, the simulator will be used to design efficient CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery projects with a higher-degree of certainty that stored CO2 will remain in oil reservoirs for geologic time

Oct 08 Sep 11 NERC 0.33 0.100 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

70

Geological characterisation of deep saline aquifers for CO2 storage on the UK Continental Shelf using borehole and 3D seismic data

Use of borehole data and seismic reflection surveys to provide improved geological characterisations of 3 deep saline aquifers systems, located in the Inner Moray Firth, Southern North Sea and East Irish Sea basins

Durham Oct 09 Sep 13 NERC 0.065 0.030 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

71

Fundamental study of migration of supercritical carbon dioxide in porous media under conditions of saline aquifers

Development of computational solvers to predict CO2-brine multiphase flows in porous media China collaboration

Jan 11 Dec 13 NERC 0.485 0.400 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

72 The Propagation of Wetting Fronts Through Porous Media

Novel modelling techniques for the movement of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs Nov 09 Oct 12 NERC 0.215 0.100 2


73

An integrated geophysical, geodetic, geomechanical and geochemical study of CO2 storage in subsurface reservoirs

By detecting microseismic emissions, it is possible to determine how the subsurface is responding to CO2 injection.

Bristol Sep 11 Aug 14 NERC 0.249 0.249 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

74Investigating the role of natural tracers in subsurface CO2 storage and monitoring

Novel modelling techniques for the movement of CO2 and HCs through reservoirs Jul 09 Jun 12 NERC 0.284 0.100 2


87






DateEnd Date




spend


75

CO2 injection and storage - Short and long-term behaviour at different spatial scales

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project optimising the injection of CO2 into reservoirs and saline aquifers

Imperial (+Progressive Energy Limited) Jun 13 Sep 16 EPSRC 1.212 0.606 2


95DiSECCS: Diagnostic Seismic toolbox for the Efficient Control of CO2 Storage

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project will identify storage reservoir types suitable for large-scale CO2 storage, develop monitoring tools for safe storage as well some work to explore public attitudes to CO2 storage.

BGS-NERC (+ BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd; DECC; Statoil Petroleum

ASA)

Apr 13 Mar 16 EPSRC 0.894 0.596 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

96

The impact of hydrocarbon depletion on the Treatment of caprocks within performance assessment for CO2 Injection schemes - CONTAIN

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project assessing the impacts of CO2 injection on reservoirs and caprock and

BGS-NERC (+ Shell Global Solutions

International BV)May 13 Apr 17 EPSRC 0.925 0.370 2


76 UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP)

Realistic, defensible and fully auditable assessment of potential CO2 storage capacity in the UK

Senergy Alternative Energy, BGS, Durham

University, Element Energy, Geopresure Technology,

Geospatial Research, Heriot Watt University, Imperial College, RPS Energy, University of

Edinburgh

Oct 09 Oct 11 ETI4

(ETI total)1.000 4


77Long term performance of geological seals to carbon storage

Assessment of risks of leakage from geological storage due to long-term exposure of caprocks and faults to CO2 and CO2-rich fluids. Project will sample caprocks to natural carbon dioxide reservoirs in Utah, USA

Shell Global Solutions; University of Cambridge; Manchester University; Natural Environment

Research Council through British Geological Survey

Oct 12 Apr 15 DECC 0.735 0.735 5Component Development

& Applied Research

78 Aquifer Appraisal Project

UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site for the storage of CO2, at a site 70km off Flamborough Head in Yorkshire (saline formation; a layer of porous sandstone rock over 1km below the seabed). The operation, using standard oil and gas drilling activities, will involve drilling up to two wells in the seabed to gather data to confirm: CO2 can be safely and permanently stored at the site and; the scale and economics of the store.

National Grid Oct 12 Dec 13 ETI2

(ETI total)2.000 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

110

Development of Unified Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Predict Reactive Transport in Subsurface Porous Media

These projects will undertake a systematic program of research integrating pore-to-core scale measurements and modelling of reactive transport processes into a unified experimental and theoretical framework

Imperial College London and University of

CambridgeJan 14 Jan 17 EPSRC 0.77 0.250 1-3


229CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM)

The CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM) project focused on developing and understanding the best-value methods by which saline aquifers beneath the sea adjacent to the UK could be evaluated, with the intent to develop a low risk CCS “entry path” for potential new entrants including power utilities, engineering service companies and government.

Consortium Aug 08 Jan 11 TSB 1.73 1.73 3Component Development

& Applied Research

230

Classification of Digital Rocks by Machine Learning to Discover Micro-to-Macro Relationships and Quantify Their Uncertainty

To discover predictive relationships between micro-scale arrangements of voids/solids and macro-scale properties, along with quantification of their uncertainty

Heriot-Watt Apr 10 Aug 11 NERC 0.106 0.106 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

88

CO

2 S

TO

RA

GE






DateEnd Date




spend


75

CO2 injection and storage - Short and long-term behaviour at different spatial scales

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project optimising the injection of CO2 into reservoirs and saline aquifers

Imperial (+Progressive Energy Limited) Jun 13 Sep 16 EPSRC 1.212 0.606 2


95DiSECCS: Diagnostic Seismic toolbox for the Efficient Control of CO2 Storage

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project will identify storage reservoir types suitable for large-scale CO2 storage, develop monitoring tools for safe storage as well some work to explore public attitudes to CO2 storage.

BGS-NERC (+ BP Exploration Operating Company Ltd; DECC; Statoil Petroleum

ASA)

Apr 13 Mar 16 EPSRC 0.894 0.596 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

96

The impact of hydrocarbon depletion on the Treatment of caprocks within performance assessment for CO2 Injection schemes - CONTAIN

Funded through EPSRC 2012 Call Challenges in Geological Storage for CCS - project assessing the impacts of CO2 injection on reservoirs and caprock and

BGS-NERC (+ Shell Global Solutions

International BV)May 13 Apr 17 EPSRC 0.925 0.370 2


76 UK Storage Appraisal Project (UKSAP)

Realistic, defensible and fully auditable assessment of potential CO2 storage capacity in the UK

Senergy Alternative Energy, BGS, Durham

University, Element Energy, Geopresure Technology,

Geospatial Research, Heriot Watt University, Imperial College, RPS Energy, University of

Edinburgh

Oct 09 Oct 11 ETI4

(ETI total)1.000 4


77Long term performance of geological seals to carbon storage

Assessment of risks of leakage from geological storage due to long-term exposure of caprocks and faults to CO2 and CO2-rich fluids. Project will sample caprocks to natural carbon dioxide reservoirs in Utah, USA

Shell Global Solutions; University of Cambridge; Manchester University; Natural Environment

Research Council through British Geological Survey

Oct 12 Apr 15 DECC 0.735 0.735 5Component Development

& Applied Research

78 Aquifer Appraisal Project

UK’s first drilling assessment of a saline formation site for the storage of CO2, at a site 70km off Flamborough Head in Yorkshire (saline formation; a layer of porous sandstone rock over 1km below the seabed). The operation, using standard oil and gas drilling activities, will involve drilling up to two wells in the seabed to gather data to confirm: CO2 can be safely and permanently stored at the site and; the scale and economics of the store.

National Grid Oct 12 Dec 13 ETI2

(ETI total)2.000 6 Pilot-scale Demonstration

110

Development of Unified Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Predict Reactive Transport in Subsurface Porous Media

These projects will undertake a systematic program of research integrating pore-to-core scale measurements and modelling of reactive transport processes into a unified experimental and theoretical framework

Imperial College London and University of

CambridgeJan 14 Jan 17 EPSRC 0.77 0.250 1-3


229CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM)

The CO2 Aquifer Storage Site Evaluation and Monitoring (CASSEM) project focused on developing and understanding the best-value methods by which saline aquifers beneath the sea adjacent to the UK could be evaluated, with the intent to develop a low risk CCS “entry path” for potential new entrants including power utilities, engineering service companies and government.

Consortium Aug 08 Jan 11 TSB 1.73 1.73 3Component Development

& Applied Research

230




& Understanding

89






DateEnd Date




spend


231




& Understanding

232Active reservoir management for improved hydrocarbon recovery

To develop a commercial version of a new statistical reservoir analysis technique discovered during a NERC grant as an aid to understanding and engineering such reservoirs.

Edinburgh Jan 11 Jan 13 NERC 0.117 0.117 3Component Development

& Applied Research

233Still or sparkling: Microseismic monitoring of CO2 injection at In Salah

This project presents an excellent opportunity to study the utility of using microseismic monitoring to image geomechanical deformation induced by CO2 injection.

Bristol Mar 11 Mar 14 NERC 0.281 0.281 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

234



Edinburgh Jun 13 Jun 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.236 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding





236

Reducing uncertainty in predicting the risk of geological storage of CO2 - Improved geomechanical models and calibration using seismic data

Fellowship to: (i) assess the safety of geological storage sites in the early stages of development to reduce uncertainty and risk, and (ii) use integrated model predictions to provide a forecasting and mitigating tool to describe the behaviour of geological storage sites due to the injection and storage of CO2.

Leeds Oct 13 Sep18 EPSRC 1.01 1.01 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

237 BUMPSBristol University microseismicity projects: including analysis of microseismic data from Weyburn and In Salah.

Bristol Fundamental Research

& Understanding

238

Impact of Common Impurities on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport and Storage

Effect of impurities on the fluid properties of CO2 mixtures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of hydrate formation in a CO2-rich stream and to study the phase behavior of CO2 in the presence of common impurities.

Heriot-Watt Jan 11 JIPFundamental Research

& Understanding

239 CRIUS

Predicting the fate of CO2 in geological reservoirs for modelling geological carbon storage. CRIUS research project is studying fluids and gasses from natural CO2 reservoirs and from sites where CO2 is being actively injected underground, to determine the rates of the mineral-fluid reactions in natural settings. We will duplicate the reactions in laboratory experiments where it will be possible to study the processes under controlled conditions, study individual reactions from the complex set of coupled reactions which take place in the natural rocks and examine the effects of varying potential rate-controlling parameters.

Cambridge, Manchester, Leeds and BGS Jan 08 NERC


90

CO

2 S

TO

RA

GE






DateEnd Date




spend


231




& Understanding

232Active reservoir management for improved hydrocarbon recovery

To develop a commercial version of a new statistical reservoir analysis technique discovered during a NERC grant as an aid to understanding and engineering such reservoirs.

Edinburgh Jan 11 Jan 13 NERC 0.117 0.117 3Component Development

& Applied Research

233Still or sparkling: Microseismic monitoring of CO2 injection at In Salah

This project presents an excellent opportunity to study the utility of using microseismic monitoring to image geomechanical deformation induced by CO2 injection.

Bristol Mar 11 Mar 14 NERC 0.281 0.281 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

234



Edinburgh Jun 13 Jun 15 EPSRC 0.236 0.236 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding





236

Reducing uncertainty in predicting the risk of geological storage of CO2 - Improved geomechanical models and calibration using seismic data

Fellowship to: (i) assess the safety of geological storage sites in the early stages of development to reduce uncertainty and risk, and (ii) use integrated model predictions to provide a forecasting and mitigating tool to describe the behaviour of geological storage sites due to the injection and storage of CO2.

Leeds Oct 13 Sep18 EPSRC 1.01 1.01 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

237 BUMPSBristol University microseismicity projects: including analysis of microseismic data from Weyburn and In Salah.

Bristol Fundamental Research

& Understanding

238

Impact of Common Impurities on Carbon Dioxide Capture, Transport and Storage

Effect of impurities on the fluid properties of CO2 mixtures. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of hydrate formation in a CO2-rich stream and to study the phase behavior of CO2 in the presence of common impurities.

Heriot-Watt Jan 11 JIPFundamental Research

& Understanding

239 CRIUS

Predicting the fate of CO2 in geological reservoirs for modelling geological carbon storage. CRIUS research project is studying fluids and gasses from natural CO2 reservoirs and from sites where CO2 is being actively injected underground, to determine the rates of the mineral-fluid reactions in natural settings. We will duplicate the reactions in laboratory experiments where it will be possible to study the processes under controlled conditions, study individual reactions from the complex set of coupled reactions which take place in the natural rocks and examine the effects of varying potential rate-controlling parameters.

Cambridge, Manchester, Leeds and BGS Jan 08 NERC


91






DateEnd Date




spend


79Bio-inspired sulfide nanocatalysts for CO2 conversion

Design and development of a new class of sulphide catalysts, tailored specifically to the reduction and conversion of CO2 into chemical feedstock molecules (two separate grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2)

Consortium, incl UCL May 10 Oct 16 EPSRC

1.14 (Phase 1) + 1.09 (Phase 2)

1.545 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

80 Nano-structured catalysts for CO2 reduction to fuels

Phase 1: Development of new, highly active metal/metal oxide nano-structured catalysts to enable use of carbon dioxide as the fuel and feedstock material. Phase 2: Extension of the fuels produced in phase 1 and an investigation into the copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with epoxides. (two separate grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2)

Consortium, incl. Imperial College May 10 Apr 16 EPSRC

1.7 (Phase 1) + 1.49 (Phase 2)


& Understanding

81

Nano-integration of metal-organic frameworks and catalysis for the uptake and utlisation of CO2

One step CO2 capture and utilisation by linking catalysts directly with a novel CO2 absorber

Consortium May 10 Apr 13 EPSRC 1.19 0.800 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

82

A Coordinated, Comprehensive approach to Carbon Capture and Utilisation

This project is looking at ways in which a portion of the methane can be used to convert the CO2 into fuel

Consortium Sep 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 4.6 4.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

83 Mineralisation ProjectTo assess the techno-economic feasibility of Mineralisation to abate at least 2% of UK CO2 emissions

Caterpillar, BGS, University of Nottingham May 10 Aug 12 ETI

1.3 (ETI total)


& Applied Research

84 Production of polymers using CO2

Characterisation of the polymers produced using CO2 from a power station. The polymers produced, could replace polymers derived from petroleum feedstocks.

Econic Technologies Ltd, Imperial College London Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC

0.103 (public)


& Applied Research

85Novel fibre technology to generate soil fertiliser using CO2

Validate benefits of novel process to produce fertliser from plant derived material combined with CO2. Use of marine transport will be assessed for economic distribution of agricultural product produced

CCm Research Jan 13 Aug 13 DECC0.079

(public)0.079 4


86

Methanation: CO2 as a feedstock for synthetic natural gas and energy storage

Engineering feasibility study to establish technological/financial/operational issues of using hydrogen from renewable energy sources to turn CO2 (from industrial sources) into synthetic methane; its role as a demand side management technology and potential as scalable energy storage.

ITM Power Trading Ltd; Scotia Gas Networks (SGN); Logan

Energy Ltd (LEL); Kiwa GASTEC at CRE (KGC)

Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC0.1

(public)0.100 4


87

Mineralisation: using novel algae and high-efficiency bioreactor technology to create high value chemicals from captured CO2

Feasibility project to determine novel and cost effective method to convert captured CO2 into commodity product via a mineralisation process using a new genetically engineered microalgae and a patented microbubble technology within a bioreactor-based process

Carbon Sequestation; Perlemax Ltd; Viridor

Waste Management Ltd; University of Sheffield

Dec 12 Nov 13 DECC0.079

(public)0.079 4


109Mineralisation of CO2 from waste incineration

Mineralisation of CO2 from waste incineration energy generation by use of ammonia and other hydroxides

Carbon Sequestration Ltd, Viridor Waste

Management LtdApr 12 Jan 13 TSB 0.09 0.065 2


92

CO

2 U

TIL

ISA

TIO

N






DateEnd Date




spend


79Bio-inspired sulfide nanocatalysts for CO2 conversion

Design and development of a new class of sulphide catalysts, tailored specifically to the reduction and conversion of CO2 into chemical feedstock molecules (two separate grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2)

Consortium, incl UCL May 10 Oct 16 EPSRC

1.14 (Phase 1) + 1.09 (Phase 2)


& Understanding

80 Nano-structured catalysts for CO2 reduction to fuels

Phase 1: Development of new, highly active metal/metal oxide nano-structured catalysts to enable use of carbon dioxide as the fuel and feedstock material. Phase 2: Extension of the fuels produced in phase 1 and an investigation into the copolymerisation of carbon dioxide with epoxides. (two separate grants for Phase 1 and Phase 2)

Consortium, incl. Imperial College May 10 Apr 16 EPSRC

1.7 (Phase 1) + 1.49 (Phase 2)


& Understanding

81

Nano-integration of metal-organic frameworks and catalysis for the uptake and utlisation of CO2

One step CO2 capture and utilisation by linking catalysts directly with a novel CO2 absorber

Consortium May 10 Apr 13 EPSRC 1.19 0.800 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

82

A Coordinated, Comprehensive approach to Carbon Capture and Utilisation

This project is looking at ways in which a portion of the methane can be used to convert the CO2 into fuel

Consortium Sep 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 4.6 4.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

83 Mineralisation ProjectTo assess the techno-economic feasibility of Mineralisation to abate at least 2% of UK CO2 emissions

Caterpillar, BGS, University of Nottingham May 10 Aug 12 ETI

1.3 (ETI total)


& Applied Research

84 Production of polymers using CO2

Characterisation of the polymers produced using CO2 from a power station. The polymers produced, could replace polymers derived from petroleum feedstocks.

Econic Technologies Ltd, Imperial College London Jan 13 Dec 13 DECC

0.103 (public)


& Applied Research

85Novel fibre technology to generate soil fertiliser using CO2

Validate benefits of novel process to produce fertliser from plant derived material combined with CO2. Use of marine transport will be assessed for economic distribution of agricultural product produced

CCm Research Jan 13 Aug 13 DECC0.079

(public)0.079 4


86

Methanation: CO2 as a feedstock for synthetic natural gas and energy storage

Engineering feasibility study to establish technological/financial/operational issues of using hydrogen from renewable energy sources to turn CO2 (from industrial sources) into synthetic methane; its role as a demand side management technology and potential as scalable energy storage.

ITM Power Trading Ltd; Scotia Gas Networks (SGN); Logan

Energy Ltd (LEL); Kiwa GASTEC at CRE (KGC)

Dec 12 Dec 13 DECC0.1

(public)0.100 4


87

Mineralisation: using novel algae and high-efficiency bioreactor technology to create high value chemicals from captured CO2

Feasibility project to determine novel and cost effective method to convert captured CO2 into commodity product via a mineralisation process using a new genetically engineered microalgae and a patented microbubble technology within a bioreactor-based process

Carbon Sequestation; Perlemax Ltd; Viridor

Waste Management Ltd; University of Sheffield

Dec 12 Nov 13 DECC0.079

(public)0.079 4


109Mineralisation of CO2 from waste incineration

Mineralisation of CO2 from waste incineration energy generation by use of ammonia and other hydroxides

Carbon Sequestration Ltd, Viridor Waste

Management LtdApr 12 Jan 13 TSB 0.09 0.065 2


93






DateEnd Date




spend


240 Aerogel photocatalytic diodes for carbon dioxide reduction

Methane and methanol generation using nanoparticulate metals, on the CO2 side of the photocatalyst monolith, known to favour their production in the electrochemical reduction of CO2.

Strathclyde Apr 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.168 0.168 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

241Catalytic Production of Cyclic Carbonates from waste carbon dioxide

To take this waste carbon dioxide and divert it away from atmospheric release to be used in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates which are themselves commercially important chemicals with a prospective market of up to 30 million tonnes per annum.

Newcastle Oct 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.149 0.149 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

242

International collaboration in chemistry enhancing direct photoelectrochemical conversion of CO2

Conversion of CO2 by physio-chemical means to useful fuels and chemical feedstocks St. Andrews Nov 09 Dec 12 EPSRC 0.433 0.433 2


94

CO

2 U

TIL

ISA

TIO

N






DateEnd Date




spend


240 Aerogel photocatalytic diodes for carbon dioxide reduction

Methane and methanol generation using nanoparticulate metals, on the CO2 side of the photocatalyst monolith, known to favour their production in the electrochemical reduction of CO2.

Strathclyde Apr 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.168 0.168 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

241Catalytic Production of Cyclic Carbonates from waste carbon dioxide

To take this waste carbon dioxide and divert it away from atmospheric release to be used in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates which are themselves commercially important chemicals with a prospective market of up to 30 million tonnes per annum.

Newcastle Oct 08 Sep 09 EPSRC 0.149 0.149 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

242

International collaboration in chemistry enhancing direct photoelectrochemical conversion of CO2

Conversion of CO2 by physio-chemical means to useful fuels and chemical feedstocks St. Andrews Nov 09 Dec 12 EPSRC 0.433 0.433 2


95






DateEnd Date




spend


Other relevant programmes not covered above.

Eg skills, training, Centres of Excellence

88 Centre for Innovation in CCS Skills Development Nottingham Oct 07 Sep 12 EPSRC 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

89 CO2Chem networkNetwork to act as a focus for research in carbon dioxide capture and utilisation with a remit to revolutionise the chemical industry

Sheffield Jun 12 Jun 17 EPSRC 0.446 0.300 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

90Efficient Power from Fossil Energy and Carbon Capture Technologies (EPFECCT)

Eng Doc Centre Nottingham Oct 09 Mar 18 EPSRC 6 2.820 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

91 NERC Centres CCS research related to environment BGS,NOC,PML Annual NERC 1 4.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

92 UK CCS Research Centre Establishment of the UKCCSRC. Building capacity in the UK research sector Consortium Apr 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 10 8.000 2


93 UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC) – PACT facilities

Establishment of the Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT) Research Facilities at the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield, Cranfield and Edinburgh

ConsortiumLaunched April 2012

DECC 3 3.000 2-4

Fundamental Research & Understanding/


94UK Carbon Capture and Storage Community Network (UKCCSC)

The UKCCSC network will be the main mechanism to enable inter-communication between Research Council-funded projects on CCS. It will also contribute to maximising the efficiency of UK intellectual leverage, including within the international community Collaborations

Edinburgh (2 projects) EPSRC 1.02 0.816 2


243Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive: CCSI

Interactive and functional CCS display for outreach/education use Edinburgh Feb 09 May 11 EPSRC 0.2 0.093 2 Education/Outreach

244DTC ENERGY: Technologies for a low-carbon future

Doctoral Training Centre Leeds Oct 09 Apr 18 EPSRC 6.52 6.52 2 Capacity

245

Bilateral Netherlands: The politics of low-carbon innovation: towards a theory of niche protection

This project will analyse the politics of providing ‘protective space’ for innovative sustainable developments, including: CCS, solar and wind

Sussex Oct 10 Sep 13 ESRC 0.303 0.303 2 Public perception

246The Network for the Centres of Doctoral Training (CDTs) in Energy

Networking for energy CDTs/DTCs Nottingham Nov 11 Oct 14 EPSRC 0.175 0.175 2 Capacity

96

MIS

CE

LLA

NE

OU

S






DateEnd Date




spend


Other relevant programmes not covered above.

Eg skills, training, Centres of Excellence

88 Centre for Innovation in CCS Skills Development Nottingham Oct 07 Sep 12 EPSRC 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

89 CO2Chem networkNetwork to act as a focus for research in carbon dioxide capture and utilisation with a remit to revolutionise the chemical industry

Sheffield Jun 12 Jun 17 EPSRC 0.446 0.300 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

90Efficient Power from Fossil Energy and Carbon Capture Technologies (EPFECCT)

Eng Doc Centre Nottingham Oct 09 Mar 18 EPSRC 6 2.820 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

91 NERC Centres CCS research related to environment BGS,NOC,PML Annual NERC 1 4.000 2Fundamental Research

& Understanding

92 UK CCS Research Centre Establishment of the UKCCSRC. Building capacity in the UK research sector Consortium Apr 12 Mar 17 EPSRC 10 8.000 2


93 UK CCS Research Centre (UKCCSRC) – PACT facilities

Establishment of the Pilot-Scale Advanced Capture Technology (PACT) Research Facilities at the Universities of Leeds, Sheffield, Cranfield and Edinburgh

ConsortiumLaunched April 2012

DECC 3 3.000 2-4

Fundamental Research & Understanding/


94UK Carbon Capture and Storage Community Network (UKCCSC)

The UKCCSC network will be the main mechanism to enable inter-communication between Research Council-funded projects on CCS. It will also contribute to maximising the efficiency of UK intellectual leverage, including within the international community Collaborations

Edinburgh (2 projects) EPSRC 1.02 0.816 2


243Carbon Capture and Storage Interactive: CCSI

Interactive and functional CCS display for outreach/education use Edinburgh Feb 09 May 11 EPSRC 0.2 0.093 2 Education/Outreach

244DTC ENERGY: Technologies for a low-carbon future

Doctoral Training Centre Leeds Oct 09 Apr 18 EPSRC 6.52 6.52 2 Capacity

245

Bilateral Netherlands: The politics of low-carbon innovation: towards a theory of niche protection

This project will analyse the politics of providing ‘protective space’ for innovative sustainable developments, including: CCS, solar and wind

Sussex Oct 10 Sep 13 ESRC 0.303 0.303 2 Public perception

246The Network for the Centres of Doctoral Training (CDTs) in Energy

Networking for energy CDTs/DTCs Nottingham Nov 11 Oct 14 EPSRC 0.175 0.175 2 Capacity

97



Appendix 2 EU CCS Demonstration Project Network – Proposed topics for further investigation by the R&D community

(Note: This is an extract from the European Carbon Capture and Storage Demonstration Project Net-work Situation Report 2012)

IntroductionThe purpose of this section is to provide the research and development (R&D) community with a perspective on the major issues identified by the projects within the European CCS Demonstration Project Network. It collates the identified topics that the projects feel that further work is required, captured in the 2012 knowledge sharing events and six monthly survey of the projects. www.ccsnetwork.eu/European CCS Demonstration Project Network/Network Situation Report 2012.

While producing such a report to the R&D community is a new action by the Network, and may not be at the appropriate level, efforts will be made to reach out to specific areas of the community as appropriate. For further information, please contact the Network Secretariat.

It is hoped that the following items will be of interest. For more detail regarding the activities of the projects, particularly regarding their own research, see the thematic reports produced every six months by the Network. These can be found on the website www.ccsnetwork.eu.

Suggested topical areas

General comments

The primary technological issue facing projects is the integration of the different technologies within the various steps of the value chain. While individual technologies to be used (though often involving scale-up) are not reliant on the outcome of research - further investigation into the flexible operation of all components would be of use.

While combining co-firing biomass with CCS can create negative emissions – the only technology to do so at scale, and will become an increasingly important topic – there is a view that co-firing biomass is actually competing with CCS at the moment as a separate ‘industry’. This will need to be addressed as the two need to work together, and the need to review the incentives for biomass firing with CCS is explicitly referred to under the CCS Directive. Investigations into the net negative emissions balances, sustainability and methods for inclusion under the ETS all warrant further attention.

A specific topic that the R&D community could urgently contribute to is investigation of the role of residual components in controlling phase behaviour of CO2 in the transport and storage systems.

Capture

One of the largest areas of cost and concern is the capture element of the project.

While a very wide topic, energy efficiency improvements will help drastically with the costs. This applies to all elements of the systems being investigated by the projects (liquid solvents, solid sorbents, membranes, WSG catalysts, compressors etc.)

Materials selection is another area that would merit further clear investigation and elaboration.

Process optimisation is a subject that would benefit from further attention, particularly when potentially coupled with the need for operational flexibility. (For example WSG integration, ASU optimisation, reduced steam requirements).



Transport

The transport of CO2 by pipeline is primarily a topic that is facing regulatory issues, rather than technical problems (for example the lack of appropriate regulations in Spain), there are a number of aspects to be looked at. (See question regarding CO2 purity above). During 2013 this topic will be discussed for the first time by the Network, and it is expected that more tangible needs will be defined.

Parameter assurance is a topic that has been raised by the projects for further investigation.

Storage

Storage continues to be one of the areas that would benefit from R&D work.

A number of areas could be investigated, but one area that would benefit from elaboration is the adaptation, application and reliability of CO2 monitoring systems.



Development of a wellbore gravity sensor

for monitoring CO2 storage

(courtesy of BP Alternative Energy

International Limited)

C-Capture: developing a

new, low-energy penalty

solvent for post-combustion CO2 capture

(courtesy of C-Capture Ltd)



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