Clean Cities / 1

COALITION NAME

Ethanol Overview Presenter

TitleE-mail

Date

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Agenda

Ethanol Basics

Vehicles

Infrastructure

Getting Started

Additional Resources

Images: NREL Image Gallery #05028 and #19957

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Basics: What Is Ethanol?

• Blended at low levels into more than 95% of gasoline sold in the United States

• Increasingly available as E85 for use in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs)

Image: NREL Image Gallery #21776

C2H5OH

Plant Materials (Biomass)

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Basics: Benefits and Considerations

Image: NREL Image Gallery #18090

Benefits

• Domestically produced• Net positive energy

production• Increased vehicle power

and performance• Job creation in rural areas• Lower life cycle

greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant emissions

• Affordable vehicle options widely available

Considerations

• Lower fuel economy• Blends above E10 require

modification of some infrastructure materials

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Basics: Blends

Category Blend Applications

E10

Low-level blend

10% Ethanol90% Gasoline

• Most common blend in the United States

• Can be used in any gasoline vehicle

E15

Low-level blend

10.5%-15% Ethanol85%-89.5% Gasoline

• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved for Model Year (MY) 2001 and newer vehicles

Mid-level or blender-pump blends

Variable (E20, E30 most common)

• Used in FFVs

E85 51%-83% Ethanol

• Qualifies as an alternative fuel under Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct)

• Used in FFVs

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Basics: Production

Ethanol from Starch and Sugar• Corn ethanol most common in

United States

• Ethanol from sugar beets and sugarcane most common in Brazil

Ethanol

Dry Milling Wet Milling

Image: NREL Image Gallery #10578

Corn

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Basics: Production

Image: NREL Image Gallery #16159

Cellulosic Ethanol• Uses woody, structural parts of

plants, crop residues, small trees, grasses

• Research under way to improve cost and efficiency

Ethanol

Biochemical Process

Thermochemical Process

Cellulosic

Material

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Basics: Production Capability

Source: Renewable Fuels Association. Ethanol Industry Statistics

Source: EIA Monthly Energy Review, Table 10.3 and 10.4 and the EPA Renewable Fuels Standard EMTS Informational Data

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Basics: Distribution

Source: Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC)

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Vehicles: Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFVs)

FFVs

• Qualify as alternative fuel vehicles under EPAct

• Operate on gasoline, E85, and lower-level blends

• Comparable acceleration, payload, and speed to gasoline vehicles

Images: NREL Image Gallery #1809 and #17156

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Vehicles: How Do They Work?

FFV

Image: AFDC

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Vehicles: Where to Find Available Models

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Case Study #1: City of Hoover Fleet

Just the Numbers

•FFVs in 2003: 9•FFVs in 2013: 212•Gallons of E85 used: More than 1.5 million

“In 2006, our use of alternative fuels earned a visit from the president of the United States. Over the years, more than 100 representatives of local governments, fleets, and other organizations have come to Hoover to see how a progressive Southern city successfully uses alternative fuels.”

—Mayor Gary Ivey, City of Hoover, Alabama

• Significantly increased FFVs• Installed a 12,500-gallon E85 tank

in 2004• Improved local air quality,

decreased GHG emissions, and increased energy security

Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, City of Hoover Fleet Boasts 200-Plus Flex Fuel Vehicles, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1423

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Infrastructure: E85 Station Availability

The number of E85 stations continues to

grow over time.

Source: AFDC Station Locator, July 2014 (includes public and private stations)

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Infrastructure: Types

Existing E85

Stations

•Ask about fleet discounts•Communicate potential E85 demand

Converting Existing

Equipment to E85

•Use newer equipment that is clean and in good condition•Use a contractor that knows state and local rules

Installing New E85

Equipment

•Research local regulations•Hire a professional with E85 experience•Contact the state energy office, industry associations, and Clean Cities

Image: NREL Image Gallery #17138

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Infrastructure: Requirements

Dispensers

Hanging Hardware

Storage Tanks

Blender Pump

Images: NREL Image Gallery #13531, #12493, #04088, #17139

Helpful Resource:

Clean Cities’ Handbook for Handling, Storing, and

Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline

Blends provides comprehensive guidance

for maintaining E85 infrastructure.

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Case Study #2: Pennsylvania’s Ethanol Corridor Project

Just the Numbers

•Fuel dispensed in the first four years: 1 million gallons•Infrastructure: 19 publicly available stations

“What a fantastic day for Pennsylvania. A few years ago, this fuel was only known in the Midwest. In the interest of our national security we need every available domestically produced fuel to help lessen our dependence on foreign petroleum.

—Seth Obetz, AMERIgreen

• In 2006, set a goal to create an E85 corridor between State College and Philadelphia

• Engaged both large multi-station retail fuel companies, such as AMERIgreen, Shipley Energy, and Sheetz, and small businesses like Dileo’s Auto Service

Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, Pennsylvania’s Ethanol Corridor Project Surpasses 1 Million Gallons, www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1068 #00089, #03755

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Case Study #3: City of Chicago

Just the Numbers

•FFVs in fleet: More than 1,860•E85 Stations: 11•Petroleum Displacement: 1.2 million gallons of gasoline per year

“It’s easy to get the vehicles. The tough part is the infrastructure. After that, the key is to keep an eye on the price and make sure it continues to be economically practical.”

—Samantha Bingham, Chicago Dept. of Transportation

• Increased the number of E85 fueling stations from 6 to 11

• Received funding through American Recovery and Reinvestment Act and city-provided matching funds

• Implemented a “lockout” policy for fueling FFVs

Image and More Information: AFDC Case Study Search, City of Chicago Program Encourages Petroleum Displacement, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/case/1844

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Other Considerations: Return on Investment Tools

afdc.energy.gov/tools

Gasoline E85

Petroleum Use 154.970908336657 33.8719653603786

GHG Emissions 89.5408614302029 66.41040010418

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?• Based on my fleet inventory and replacement

schedule, what is the vehicle replacement potential?

• What vehicle, equipment, and station development vendors exist?

• Are there fueling stations in my area? Are they public or private? Can I visit?

• What support can my local Clean Cities coalition provide?

• How many vehicles will be fueled each day?• How much fuel will each vehicle need?• When and how often will vehicles need to be

fueled?• What federal, state, and local incentives are

available?

Getting Started: Questions to Ask

Image: NREL Image Gallery #19957

Helpful Resource:

The AFDC Laws and Incentives Search provides information about

available state and federal incentives for FFVs and infrastructure.

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Presenter OrganizationWebsite

Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC)afdc.energy.gov

Renewable Fuels Association (RFA)ethanolrfa.org

More Information

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• Clean Cities Handbook for Handling, Storing, and Dispensing E85 and Other Ethanol-Gasoline Blends (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/uploads/publication/ethanol_handbook.pdf)

• AFDC Alternative Fueling Station Locator (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/locator/stations/)• AFDC Federal and State Laws and Incentives search (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws

) • AFDC Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Search (

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/search) • AFDC Vehicle Cost Calculator (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/calc/) • AFDC Petroleum Reduction Planning Tool (http://www.afdc.energy.gov/prep/)• FuelEconomy.gov Hybrids, Diesels, and Alternative Fuel Vehicles (http://

www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/alternatives.shtml) • Argonne National Laboratory’s (ANL’s) AFLEET Tool (https://greet.es.anl.gov/afleet)• EPA Alternative Fuel Conversion (

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm)• Congressional Budget Office (CBO) The Impact of Ethanol Use on Food Prices and

Greenhouse-Gas Emissions (http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/100xx/doc10057/04-08-Ethanol.pdf )

• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Water Usage for Current and Future Ethanol Production (http://www.swhydro.arizona.edu/archive/V6_N5/feature4.pdf)

References and Resources