clean air act 42 u.s.c. § 7401 et seq. (1970). july 2002environmental law2 the common air...

Clean Air ActClean Air Act

42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. 42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq. (1970)(1970)

July 2002 Environmental Law 2

The Common Air Pollutants The Common Air Pollutants (Criteria Air Pollutants)(Criteria Air Pollutants)

• Ozone Ozone • VOCs VOCs • Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide • Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide • Particulate Matter Particulate Matter • Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide • Lead Lead


Ozone and VOCsOzone and VOCs

• Over the past 20 years national Over the past 20 years national ambient ozone levels decreased: ambient ozone levels decreased: – 21 percent based on 1-hour data21 percent based on 1-hour data– 10 percent based on 8-hour data. 10 percent based on 8-hour data. – Between 1981 and 2000, emissions Between 1981 and 2000, emissions

of VOCs have decreased 32 percent. of VOCs have decreased 32 percent. During that same time period, During that same time period, emissions of NOx increased 4 emissions of NOx increased 4 percent. percent.


Nitrogen DioxideNitrogen Dioxide

• Between 1981 and 2001 Between 1981 and 2001 – monitored levels of NOmonitored levels of NO22 decreased 14 decreased 14

percentpercent– All areas of the country that once All areas of the country that once

violated the national air quality violated the national air quality standard for NOstandard for NO22 now meet that now meet that standardstandard

– While levels around urban monitors While levels around urban monitors dropped, national emissions of dropped, national emissions of nitrogen oxides increased by 4 percentnitrogen oxides increased by 4 percent•Causes primarily due to nitrogen oxides Causes primarily due to nitrogen oxides

emissions from diesel vehiclesemissions from diesel vehicles


Carbon MonoxideCarbon Monoxide• Between 1981 and 2000:Between 1981 and 2000:

– Ambient average CO concentration dropped 61 % Ambient average CO concentration dropped 61 % – CO emissions levels decreased 18 %CO emissions levels decreased 18 %

• Between 1991 and 2000:Between 1991 and 2000:– Ambient CO concentrations decreased 41 percentAmbient CO concentrations decreased 41 percent– Estimated number of exceedances of the national Estimated number of exceedances of the national

standard decreased 95 percent standard decreased 95 percent – while CO emissions fell 5 percent. while CO emissions fell 5 percent.

• This improvement occurred despite a 24 This improvement occurred despite a 24 percent increase in vehicle miles traveled in percent increase in vehicle miles traveled in the United States during this 10-year period.the United States during this 10-year period.


ParticulatesParticulates

• Between 1991 and 2000, average Between 1991 and 2000, average PM10 concentrations decreased PM10 concentrations decreased 19 percent, while direct PM10 19 percent, while direct PM10 emissions decreased 6 percent. emissions decreased 6 percent.


Sulfur DioxideSulfur Dioxide

• Between 1981 and 2000: Between 1981 and 2000: – Average SOAverage SO22 ambient concentrations ambient concentrations

decreased 50 percent decreased 50 percent

– Emissions of SOEmissions of SO22 dropped 31 percent dropped 31 percent

• Between 1991–2000 :Between 1991–2000 :– Ambient SOAmbient SO22 decreased 37 percent decreased 37 percent

– Emissions of SO2 dropped 24 percentEmissions of SO2 dropped 24 percent


Air Pollution in Selected Air Pollution in Selected World Cities 1995World Cities 1995

TSPTSP SOSO22 NONO22

NAAQSNAAQS 5050 8080 100100

CityCity

Rio de Rio de JaneiroJaneiro

139139 129129 NANA

Mexico CityMexico City 279279 7474 130130

BeijingBeijing 377377 9090 122122

CalcuttaCalcutta 375375 4949 3434

BangkokBangkok 223223 1111 2323

BucharestBucharest 8282 1010 7171


1996 Toxic Air Pollutants (4.6M Tons)

On Road, 20%

Non Road, 30%Major, 25%

Area/Other, 25%


•Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and ControlTitle I - Air Pollution Prevention and Control

•Part A - Air Quality and Emission LimitationsPart A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations

•Part B - Ozone Protection (replaced by Title VI)Part B - Ozone Protection (replaced by Title VI)

•Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air QualityPart C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality

•Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment AreasPart D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas

Title I - Air Pollution Title I - Air Pollution Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control


•Part A - Motor Vehicle Emission and Part A - Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel StandardsFuel Standards

•Part B - Aircraft Emission StandardsPart B - Aircraft Emission Standards

•Part C - Clean Fuel VehiclesPart C - Clean Fuel Vehicles

Title II - Emission Standards Title II - Emission Standards for Moving Sourcesfor Moving Sources


•Title III - GeneralTitle III - General

•Title IV - Acid Deposition ControlTitle IV - Acid Deposition Control

•Title V - PermitsTitle V - Permits

•Title VI - Stratospheric Ozone ProtectionTitle VI - Stratospheric Ozone Protection

Title ITitle I

Selected Sections of Part Selected Sections of Part A —A —

Air Pollution Prevention Air Pollution Prevention and Controland Control


§107. Air Quality Control §107. Air Quality Control RegionsRegions

• State has authority to set air State has authority to set air quality control regions for primary quality control regions for primary and secondary air quality controland secondary air quality control

• Contains a mechanism for Contains a mechanism for reclassifying an air quality control reclassifying an air quality control region as long as certain region as long as certain conditions are metconditions are met

• Includes ozone, carbon monoxide Includes ozone, carbon monoxide and particulates, leadand particulates, lead


§108. Air quality criteria §108. Air quality criteria and control techniquesand control techniques

• Specific Air Quality CriteriaSpecific Air Quality Criteria• Control Devices for Mobile Control Devices for Mobile

SourcesSources• Identifies Programs for Source Identifies Programs for Source

ReductionReduction• RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse RACT/BACT/LAER Clearinghouse


§ 109. National ambient air § 109. National ambient air quality standardsquality standards

• a national primary ambient air a national primary ambient air quality standard and a national quality standard and a national secondary ambient air quality secondary ambient air quality standard for each air pollutant for standard for each air pollutant for which air quality criteria which air quality criteria

• a thorough review of the § 108 a thorough review of the § 108 criteria every five years and the criteria every five years and the national ambient air quality national ambient air quality standards promulgated under this standards promulgated under this section and revise the criteria section and revise the criteria based on the reviewbased on the review


§109 (cont.)§109 (cont.)

• Independent scientific review Independent scientific review committee composed of seven committee composed of seven members including at least one members including at least one member of the National Academy member of the National Academy of Sciences, one physician, and of Sciences, one physician, and one person representing State one person representing State air pollution control agenciesair pollution control agencies


§ 110. Implementation § 110. Implementation plansplans

• Each state shall develop a plan Each state shall develop a plan which provides for which provides for implementation, maintenance, implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of such primary and enforcement of such primary (and secondary) standard in (and secondary) standard in each air quality control region each air quality control region (or portion thereof) within such (or portion thereof) within such State State


Title I Title I

• § 111. Standards of performance § 111. Standards of performance for new stationary sourcesfor new stationary sources– BACT for standard pollutantsBACT for standard pollutants– Categories of Stationary SourcesCategories of Stationary Sources– Standards of Performance for new Standards of Performance for new

SourcesSources– Enforcement AuthorityEnforcement Authority– Guides for State PlansGuides for State Plans


§ 112. National emission § 112. National emission standards for hazardous air standards for hazardous air

pollutantspollutants

• Any Stationary Source ≥ 10 tons/yr Any Stationary Source ≥ 10 tons/yr any hazardous air pollutant or ≥any hazardous air pollutant or ≥25 tons/yr of any combination of 25 tons/yr of any combination of hazardous air pollutants hazardous air pollutants

• List of Hazardous Air Pollutants and List of Hazardous Air Pollutants and mechanism to add to the listmechanism to add to the list

• LAERLAER• Special Sections on Coke Ovens, Boat Special Sections on Coke Ovens, Boat

Manufacture, POTWsManufacture, POTWs


§ 112. National emission § 112. National emission standards for hazardous air standards for hazardous air

pollutantspollutants• System to assure compliance with new System to assure compliance with new

construction construction • Compliance schedule with existing Compliance schedule with existing

sourcessources• Special Section on coke oven emissionsSpecial Section on coke oven emissions• Monitoring system to collect data on Monitoring system to collect data on

ambient conditionsambient conditions• National Strategy to reduce emissionsNational Strategy to reduce emissions• State program authorityState program authority


PORKPORK• (p) Mickey Leland Urban Air Toxics Research (p) Mickey Leland Urban Air Toxics Research

Center.- (1) Establishment.- The Administrator Center.- (1) Establishment.- The Administrator shall oversee the establishment of a National shall oversee the establishment of a National Urban Air Toxics Research Center, to be located Urban Air Toxics Research Center, to be located at a university, a hospital, or other facility at a university, a hospital, or other facility capable of undertaking and maintaining similar capable of undertaking and maintaining similar research capabilities in the areas of research capabilities in the areas of epidemiology, oncology, toxicology, pulmonary epidemiology, oncology, toxicology, pulmonary medicine, pathology, and biostatistics. The medicine, pathology, and biostatistics. The center shall be known as the Mickey Leland center shall be known as the Mickey Leland National Urban Air Toxics Research Center. The National Urban Air Toxics Research Center. The geographic site of the National Urban Air Toxics geographic site of the National Urban Air Toxics Research Center should be further directed to,Research Center should be further directed to,

Harris CountyHarris County TexasTexas,, in order to take full in order to take full advantage of the well developed scientific advantage of the well developed scientific community presence on-site at the Texas Medical community presence on-site at the Texas Medical Center as well as the extensive data previously Center as well as the extensive data previously compiled for the comprehensive monitoring compiled for the comprehensive monitoring system currently in place. system currently in place.


1990 Amendment to 1990 Amendment to §112§112

• A list of 100 substances that when A list of 100 substances that when accidentally released are known to cause accidentally released are known to cause or may reasonably be anticipated to or may reasonably be anticipated to cause death, injury, or serious adverse cause death, injury, or serious adverse effects to human health or the effects to human health or the environmentenvironment

• The initial list shall include chlorine, The initial list shall include chlorine, anhydrous ammonia, methyl chloride, anhydrous ammonia, methyl chloride, ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, methyl ethylene oxide, vinyl chloride, methyl isocyanate, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, isocyanate, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, toluene diisocyanate, hydrogen sulfide, toluene diisocyanate, phosgene, bromine, anhydrous hydrogen phosgene, bromine, anhydrous hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous chloride, hydrogen fluoride, anhydrous sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide. sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide.


1990 Amendment to §112 1990 Amendment to §112 (Cont.)(Cont.)

• Establishes the National Chemical Establishes the National Chemical Safety BoardSafety Board– To review chemical accidents and To review chemical accidents and

releasesreleases– Establish procedures for reporting Establish procedures for reporting

releases to the National Chemical Safety releases to the National Chemical Safety BoardBoard

– Owners/Operators develop risk Owners/Operators develop risk management plans to detect and management plans to detect and prepare response plans to accidental prepare response plans to accidental releasesreleases


§ 114. Inspections, § 114. Inspections, monitoring, and entrymonitoring, and entry

• Requires owners/operators to:Requires owners/operators to:– Establish and maintain records Establish and maintain records – ReportReport– MonitorMonitor– SampleSample– Records of control equipment Records of control equipment

performanceperformance– Submit compliance certificationSubmit compliance certification– Allows government access to site and Allows government access to site and

recordsrecords


§ 118. Federal § 118. Federal ComplianceCompliance

• Requires all federal, state and local Requires all federal, state and local governments to meet the same governments to meet the same requirements as private entitiesrequirements as private entities

• Exemption on §111 not allowed, Exemption on §111 not allowed, §112 only under specific conditions §112 only under specific conditions that are specifiedthat are specified

• Government vehicles must meet Government vehicles must meet inspection and maintenance inspection and maintenance requirements requirements

Title ITitle I

Part C - Prevention of Part C - Prevention of Significant Deterioration Significant Deterioration

of Air Quality (PSD)of Air Quality (PSD)


Part C – Subpart 1 Clean Part C – Subpart 1 Clean AirAir

• §160. purpose/introduction§160. purpose/introduction• §161. requires PSD plan§161. requires PSD plan• §163. defines national parks covered §163. defines national parks covered

by by PSD plan, sets PSD plan, sets ceilings for specific ceilings for specific pollutants pollutants

• §164. Allows states to redesignate §164. Allows states to redesignate parks parks into Class I with into Class I with conditionsconditions

• §165. Permits and restrictions on §165. Permits and restrictions on construction construction


Part C – Subpart 2 Visibility Part C – Subpart 2 Visibility ProtectionProtection

• § 169a. Visibility protection for federal § 169a. Visibility protection for federal class I areasclass I areas– Studies, selection of sites, control Studies, selection of sites, control

measures, regulatory authority mainly measures, regulatory authority mainly directed toward:directed toward:• Power plants (determining best available Power plants (determining best available

retrofit technology)retrofit technology)• Other stationary sources such as: coal cleaning Other stationary sources such as: coal cleaning

plants (thermal dryers), kraft pulp mills, plants (thermal dryers), kraft pulp mills, Portland Cement plants, primary zinc smelters, Portland Cement plants, primary zinc smelters, iron and steel mill plants, primary aluminum iron and steel mill plants, primary aluminum ore reduction plants, primary copper smelters, ore reduction plants, primary copper smelters, municipal incinerators, etc. municipal incinerators, etc.


Part C – Subpart 2 Visibility Part C – Subpart 2 Visibility ProtectionProtection

• §169b. Visibility§169b. Visibility– Evaluate sources of visibility Evaluate sources of visibility

impairment and Regions of impairment and Regions of impairment and provide clear visibility impairment and provide clear visibility in Class I regionsin Class I regions

– Establish Visibility Transport Establish Visibility Transport Regions/Commissions, which will:Regions/Commissions, which will:•Study sourcesStudy sources•Make recommendations for control in Make recommendations for control in

transport region for clean air corridors and transport region for clean air corridors and restriction of new constructionrestriction of new construction

Title I Title I

Part D - Plan Part D - Plan Requirements for Requirements for

Nonattainment Areas Nonattainment Areas

Subpart I General AreasSubpart I General Areas


§172. NONATTAINMENT §172. NONATTAINMENT PLAN PROVISIONS IN PLAN PROVISIONS IN

GENERAL GENERAL • Areas designated under §107(d)Areas designated under §107(d)

– Primary have 10 years to reach Primary have 10 years to reach attainment using techniques “as attainment using techniques “as expeditiously as practicable”expeditiously as practicable”

– Secondary must meet the standards Secondary must meet the standards “as expeditiously as practicable”“as expeditiously as practicable”

• Must use RACT—Reasonably Must use RACT—Reasonably Available Control TechnologyAvailable Control Technology


Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

If the ozone in an area exceeds If the ozone in an area exceeds the control level due to natural the control level due to natural conditions, not conditions conditions, not conditions induced by man, must the area induced by man, must the area still meet the standard?still meet the standard?


§173. Permits§173. Permits

• If a stationary source operates in If a stationary source operates in a nonattainment area, it may be a nonattainment area, it may be required to reach LAER—Lowest required to reach LAER—Lowest Available Emission RateAvailable Emission Rate


§174. Planning §174. Planning ProceduresProcedures

• Specifies that the state must Specifies that the state must work with adjacent states if work with adjacent states if areas overlapareas overlap

• Provides a list of those who must Provides a list of those who must be involved in the process be involved in the process

• Sets dates by when the plan Sets dates by when the plan should be finalshould be final

• Specifies approval processSpecifies approval process


§175(a) Maintenance§175(a) Maintenance

• If an area achieves attainment, If an area achieves attainment, the state must develop a plan to the state must develop a plan to maintain that status for ten maintain that status for ten yearsyears

• The plan must be reviewed every The plan must be reviewed every eight yearseight years

• Requirements for correctionsRequirements for corrections


§176(a) Interstate §176(a) Interstate Transport CommissionsTransport Commissions

• When pollutants transport from When pollutants transport from one state to another, allows one state to another, allows Interstate Transport Interstate Transport Commissions by the EPA Commissions by the EPA AdministratorAdministrator


§177. New Motor §177. New Motor VehiclesVehicles

• In Nonattainment Areas allows In Nonattainment Areas allows stricter standards for motor stricter standards for motor vehicles than the national vehicles than the national standardstandard

• The California Standard is The California Standard is applied in Nonattainment areas.applied in Nonattainment areas.


§179. Sanctions§179. Sanctions

• Can prevent state from receiving Can prevent state from receiving federal funding for highway federal funding for highway construction and other construction and other transportation projects such as transportation projects such as mass transit.mass transit.

Title ITitle I

Part D - Plan Part D - Plan Requirements for Requirements for

Nonattainment Areas Nonattainment Areas SUBPART 2 - Additional SUBPART 2 - Additional

Provisions for Ozone Provisions for Ozone Nonattainment AreasNonattainment Areas


§181. Attainment Dates for §181. Attainment Dates for Ozone LevelsOzone Levels

Area ClassArea Class Design Design Value (ppm)Value (ppm)

Primary Primary Standard Standard

MarginalMarginal 0.121 ≤ 0.121 ≤ 0.138 0.138 3 years3 years

ModerateModerate 0.138 ≤ 0.138 ≤ 0.1600.160 6 years6 years

SeriousSerious 0.160 ≤ 0.160 ≤ 0.1800.180 9 years9 years

SevereSevere 0.180 ≤ 0.180 ≤ 0.2800.280 15 years15 years

ExtremeExtreme >0.280>0.280 20 years20 years


§183. Federal Ozone §183. Federal Ozone MeasuresMeasures

• Control Technique Guidelines Control Technique Guidelines (CTGS) for VOC sources within 3 (CTGS) for VOC sources within 3 yearsyears

• Compliance with CTGS 36 months Compliance with CTGS 36 months after issueafter issue

• Alternative Control TechniquesAlternative Control Techniques• Guidance for cost-effectivenessGuidance for cost-effectiveness• Defines BACT—Best Available Defines BACT—Best Available

Control TechnologyControl Technology


BACTBACT

• The term "best available controls" means The term "best available controls" means the degree of emissions reduction that the degree of emissions reduction that the Administrator determines, on the the Administrator determines, on the basis of technological and economic basis of technological and economic feasibility, health, environmental, and feasibility, health, environmental, and energy impacts, is achievable through the energy impacts, is achievable through the application of the most effective application of the most effective equipment, measures, processes, equipment, measures, processes, methods, systems or techniques, methods, systems or techniques, including chemical reformulation, product including chemical reformulation, product or feedstock substitution, repackaging, or feedstock substitution, repackaging, and directions for use, consumption, and directions for use, consumption, storage, or disposal. storage, or disposal.


§183. Cont.§183. Cont.

• Tank Vessel StandardsTank Vessel Standards• Study to determine whether a Study to determine whether a

design value used by EPA is an design value used by EPA is an appropriate predictor of Ozone appropriate predictor of Ozone air quality.air quality.


§184. Control of Interstate §184. Control of Interstate Ozone PollutionOzone Pollution

• A single transport region for ozone A single transport region for ozone (within the meaning of section (within the meaning of section 176A(a)), comprised of the States of 176A(a)), comprised of the States of Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and the Consolidated Metropolitan and the Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area that includes the Statistical Area that includes the District of Columbia, is hereby District of Columbia, is hereby established by operation of law. established by operation of law.


§184. Control of Interstate §184. Control of Interstate Ozone Pollution (Cont.)Ozone Pollution (Cont.)

• Allows additional control Allows additional control measures to be requiredmeasures to be required


Part D - Plan Requirements Part D - Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas for Nonattainment Areas

• SUBPART 3 - Additional Provisions SUBPART 3 - Additional Provisions for carbon monoxide nonattainment for carbon monoxide nonattainment areas areas

• SUBPART 4 - Additional Provisions SUBPART 4 - Additional Provisions for particulate matter for particulate matter nonattainment areasnonattainment areas

• SUBPART 5 - Additional provisions SUBPART 5 - Additional provisions for designated nonattainment for for designated nonattainment for sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or sulfur oxides, nitrogen dioxide, or lead lead

TITLE II - EMISSION TITLE II - EMISSION STANDARDS FOR MOVING STANDARDS FOR MOVING

SOURCESSOURCES

National Emission National Emission Standards Act Standards Act


Part A - Motor Vehicle Part A - Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Emission and Fuel

Standards Standards • §202. Establishment of standards§202. Establishment of standards

– standards applicable to the emission of any standards applicable to the emission of any air pollutant from any class or classes of air pollutant from any class or classes of new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle new motor vehicles or new motor vehicle engines, which in his judgment cause, or engines, which in his judgment cause, or contribute to, air pollution which may contribute to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare public health or welfare

– Automobiles after 1983Automobiles after 1983– Heavy duty trucks and motorcycles after Heavy duty trucks and motorcycles after

19901990– Schedule for onboard vapor recoverySchedule for onboard vapor recovery


Part A - Motor Vehicle Part A - Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Emission and Fuel

StandardsStandards• §206(a) Compliance §206(a) Compliance

Demonstration of: Demonstration of: – New motors New motors – New motors in operating cars with New motors in operating cars with

emission control systememission control system– Allows EPA to issue a certificate of Allows EPA to issue a certificate of

conformity for new cars and importsconformity for new cars and imports– Can require testing by manufacturerCan require testing by manufacturer


§ 207. Compliance by § 207. Compliance by vehicles and engines in vehicles and engines in

actual useactual use• Sets emission standards for new: Sets emission standards for new:

– Cars Cars – Light trucks (< 6,000 gw tons)Light trucks (< 6,000 gw tons)– Trucks (> 6,000 gw tons)Trucks (> 6,000 gw tons)

• Sets compliance dates for eachSets compliance dates for each


§ 211. Regulation of fuels.§ 211. Regulation of fuels.

• Must furnish information on fuel or fuel Must furnish information on fuel or fuel additives (including, but not limited to, additives (including, but not limited to, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic effects effects

• Allows state to regulate fuel mixtures to Allows state to regulate fuel mixtures to obtain standards in §110obtain standards in §110

• No diesel fuel with sulfur in excess of 0.05 No diesel fuel with sulfur in excess of 0.05 percent (by weight) or which fails to meet percent (by weight) or which fails to meet acetone index minimumacetone index minimum

• Prohibits sale of gasoline with a Reid Prohibits sale of gasoline with a Reid Vapor Pressure in excess of 9.0 pounds Vapor Pressure in excess of 9.0 pounds per square inch (psi) in high ozone seasonper square inch (psi) in high ozone season—ethanol enhanced fuels allowed 10.0 psi —ethanol enhanced fuels allowed 10.0 psi provided conditions metprovided conditions met


§ 211. Regulation of fuels § 211. Regulation of fuels (cont.)(cont.)

• Reformulated gasolineReformulated gasoline– Shall not exceed the NOShall not exceed the NOx x emission levels emission levels

of standard gasolineof standard gasoline

– OO22 levels of ≥ 2.0% by weight levels of ≥ 2.0% by weight

– Benzene content ≤ 1.0% by volumeBenzene content ≤ 1.0% by volume– No heavy metals including lead and No heavy metals including lead and

magnesiummagnesium– Aromatic concentration ≤ 25% volumeAromatic concentration ≤ 25% volume

– During high ODuring high O33, VOC emissions ≤ , VOC emissions ≤ baselinebaseline


BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL BASELINE GASOLINE FUEL PROPERTIES PROPERTIES

API Gravity . . . . . . . . . API Gravity . . . . . . . . . 57.4 57.4 Sulfur, ppm . . . . . . . . Sulfur, ppm . . . . . . . . 339 339 Benzene, % . . . . . . . . . . Benzene, % . . . . . . . . . . .1.53 .1.53 RVP, RVP, psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 psi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.7 Octane, R+M/2 . . . . . . Octane, R+M/2 . . . . . . 87.3 87.3 IBP, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IBP, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 91

10% F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 128 50%, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50%, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 218 90%, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90%, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 330 End Point, End Point, F . . . . . . . . .415 F . . . . . . . . .415 Aromatics, Aromatics, % . . . . . . . . . 32.0 % . . . . . . . . . 32.0 Olefins, % . . . . . . . . . . . Olefins, % . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 . 9.2 Saturates, % . . . . . . . . . Saturates, % . . . . . . . . . . 58.8. 58.8


§219. Urban Bus §219. Urban Bus StandardsStandards

• Limits particulate emission from Limits particulate emission from buses manufactured after a buses manufactured after a certain datecertain date

• Requirement for retrofit of Requirement for retrofit of cleaner emission technology in cleaner emission technology in certain areascertain areas


Title II Part B - Aircraft Title II Part B - Aircraft Emission Standards Emission Standards

• In place since 1970 and requires In place since 1970 and requires compliance with air quality compliance with air quality standardsstandards


Title II Part C - Clean Fuel Title II Part C - Clean Fuel Vehicles Vehicles

• § 241. Definitions. Clean alternative fuel—§ 241. Definitions. Clean alternative fuel—any fuel (including methanol, ethanol, or any fuel (including methanol, ethanol, or other alcohols (including any mixture other alcohols (including any mixture thereof containing 85 percent or more by thereof containing 85 percent or more by volume of such alcohol with gasoline or volume of such alcohol with gasoline or other fuels), reformulated gasoline, diesel, other fuels), reformulated gasoline, diesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen) or power source (including hydrogen) or power source (including electricity) used in a clean-fuel vehicle electricity) used in a clean-fuel vehicle that complies with the standards and that complies with the standards and requirements applicable to such vehicle requirements applicable to such vehicle under this title when using such fuel or under this title when using such fuel or power source power source


Title II Part C - Clean Fuel Title II Part C - Clean Fuel Vehicles §245. Standards Vehicles §245. Standards

• Covered Fleet vehicles ≥ 10 Covered Fleet vehicles ≥ 10 vehicles owned/operated by a vehicles owned/operated by a single personsingle person

• Sets standards for fueling and Sets standards for fueling and emissions from covered fleet emissions from covered fleet vehicles ≥ 8,500 ≤ 26,000 LBS vehicles ≥ 8,500 ≤ 26,000 LBS

• Requires compliance with covered Requires compliance with covered fleet standards if the vehicles are fleet standards if the vehicles are operated in a non-attainment areaoperated in a non-attainment area


TITLE III - GENERAL TITLE III - GENERAL

• § 301. Gives Administrator authority § 301. Gives Administrator authority to write regulations and general to write regulations and general directionsdirections

• §303. Give Administrator emergency §303. Give Administrator emergency powers to assure protection of health powers to assure protection of health or environmentor environment

• § 304. Allows citizen suits under § 304. Allows citizen suits under certain conditionscertain conditions

• §306. Federal procurement §306. Federal procurement prohibitionsprohibitions


TITLE III - GENERALTITLE III - GENERAL

• § 316. Withhold sewage § 316. Withhold sewage treatment grants if project does treatment grants if project does not comply with § 111 and/or 112 not comply with § 111 and/or 112

TITLE IV - ACID TITLE IV - ACID DEPOSITION CONTROL DEPOSITION CONTROL


§ 403. SULFUR DIOXIDE ALLOWANCE § 403. SULFUR DIOXIDE ALLOWANCE PROGRAM FOR EXISTING AND NEW PROGRAM FOR EXISTING AND NEW

UNITSUNITS • (a) 1. Allocation of emissions for (a) 1. Allocation of emissions for

existing sources and after 2001, existing sources and after 2001, cannot allow total emissions ≥ 8.90 cannot allow total emissions ≥ 8.90 million tons SOmillion tons SO22 from utilities from utilities

• (b) allows allocation transfers(b) allows allocation transfers• (d) a system of tracking allocation (d) a system of tracking allocation

transferstransfers• (e) new utility units may not emit (e) new utility units may not emit

more than the units owned by the more than the units owned by the operatoroperator


§ 403 Phase I SO§ 403 Phase I SO22 RequirementsRequirements

• Lists each plant and its Lists each plant and its allocationsallocations

• Gives parameters for setting Gives parameters for setting allocationsallocations

• Applicable until 2000Applicable until 2000


§405. PHASE II SO§405. PHASE II SO22 REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS

• Applicable after January 1, 2000Applicable after January 1, 2000• Gives detailed instructions for Gives detailed instructions for

setting bonus points of SOsetting bonus points of SO22 emissions from existing sourcesemissions from existing sources

• This system good until 2009This system good until 2009


§407. NO§407. NOxx EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM REDUCTION PROGRAM

• Establishes NOEstablishes NOxx emission standards for emission standards for utility boilersutility boilers– for tangentially fired boilers, 0.45 lb/mmBtu; for tangentially fired boilers, 0.45 lb/mmBtu; – for dry bottom wall-fired boilers (other than for dry bottom wall-fired boilers (other than

units applying cell burner technology), 0.50 units applying cell burner technology), 0.50 lb/mmBtu lb/mmBtu

• By 1997 EPA establishes standards for:By 1997 EPA establishes standards for:– wet bottom wall-fired boilerswet bottom wall-fired boilers– cyclonescyclones– units applying cell burner technologyunits applying cell burner technology– all other types of utility boilers all other types of utility boilers


§407. NO§407. NOxx EMISSION EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM REDUCTION PROGRAM

(cont.)(cont.)• Revise NORevise NOxx standards no later standards no later

than 1993 under §111than 1993 under §111• Additional requirementsAdditional requirements


§412. MONITORING, REPORTING, §412. MONITORING, REPORTING, AND RECORDKEEPING AND RECORDKEEPING

REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS • Requires owners to install and Requires owners to install and

operate CEMS on each affected unit operate CEMS on each affected unit at the source to quality assure the at the source to quality assure the data for: data for: – sulfur dioxidesulfur dioxide– nitrogen oxides nitrogen oxides – opacity opacity – volumetric flowvolumetric flow

• EPA will set up record-keeping EPA will set up record-keeping protocolsprotocols

TITLE V - PERMITS TITLE V - PERMITS

TITLE VI - TITLE VI - STRATOSPHERIC OZONE STRATOSPHERIC OZONE

PROTECTIONPROTECTION


§602. LISTING OF CLASS I §602. LISTING OF CLASS I AND CLASS II SUBSTANCES AND CLASS II SUBSTANCES

— Class I— Class I• Group I Group I

– chlorofluorocarbon-11 chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) (CFC-11)

– chlorofluorocarbon-12 chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12) (CFC-12)

– chlorofluorocarbon-chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113) 113 (CFC-113)



• Group II Group II – halon-1211 halon-1211 – halon-1301 halon-1301 – halon-2402 halon-2402

• Group IIIGroup III– chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13) chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13) – chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111) chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111) – chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112)chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112)– chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-

211) 211) – chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212)chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212)– chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213)chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213)– chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214)chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214)– chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215)chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215)– chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216)chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216)– chlorofluorocarbon-217 (CFC-217)chlorofluorocarbon-217 (CFC-217)

• Group IV Group IV – carbon tetrachloride carbon tetrachloride

• Group V Group V – methyl chloroform methyl chloroform


§602. LISTING OF CLASS I §602. LISTING OF CLASS I AND CLASS II SUBSTANCES — AND CLASS II SUBSTANCES —

Class IIClass II• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21)hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21)• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124)hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124)• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131)hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131)• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132 (HCFC-132)hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132 (HCFC-132)• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133 (HCFC-133) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133 (HCFC-133) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141 (HCFC-141)hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141 (HCFC-141)• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142 (HCFC-142) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142 (HCFC-142) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221 (HCFC-221) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221 (HCFC-221) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222 (HCFC-222) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222 (HCFC-222) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-223 (HCFC-223) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-223 (HCFC-223) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224 (HCFC-224) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224 (HCFC-224) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225 (HCFC-225) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225 (HCFC-225)

• hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226 (HCFC-226) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226 (HCFC-226) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231 (HCFC-231) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231 (HCFC-231) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232 (HCFC-232) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232 (HCFC-232) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233 (HCFC-233) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233 (HCFC-233) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234 (HCFC-234) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234 (HCFC-234) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235 (HCFC-235) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235 (HCFC-235) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241 (HCFC-241) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241 (HCFC-241) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242 (HCFC-242) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242 (HCFC-242) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243 (HCFC-243) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243 (HCFC-243) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244 (HCFC-244) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244 (HCFC-244) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251 (HCFC-251) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251 (HCFC-251) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252 (HCFC-252) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252 (HCFC-252) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253 (HCFC-253) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253 (HCFC-253) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261 (HCFC-261) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261 (HCFC-261) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262 (HCFC-262) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262 (HCFC-262) • hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271 (HCFC-271) hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271 (HCFC-271)


§ 603. MONITORING AND § 603. MONITORING AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS REPORTING REQUIREMENTS • Directs EPA to set up monitoring and reporting Directs EPA to set up monitoring and reporting

requirements for Class I and Class II materialsrequirements for Class I and Class II materials• Covers manufacture and import of these Covers manufacture and import of these

materialsmaterials• Requires NOAA to report on tropospheric Requires NOAA to report on tropospheric

concentration of chlorine and bromine and on concentration of chlorine and bromine and on the level of stratospheric ozone depletion the level of stratospheric ozone depletion every three years with update projections of:every three years with update projections of:– peak chlorine loadingpeak chlorine loading– rate at which the atmospheric abundance of chlorine rate at which the atmospheric abundance of chlorine

is projected to decrease after the year 2000is projected to decrease after the year 2000– date by which the atmospheric abundance of date by which the atmospheric abundance of

chlorine is projected to return to a level of two parts chlorine is projected to return to a level of two parts per billion. per billion.


§604. PHASE-OUT OF PRODUCTION AND §604. PHASE-OUT OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF CLASS I CONSUMPTION OF CLASS I

SUBSTANCESSUBSTANCES • Sets production phase out table for Sets production phase out table for

Class I substances from 1991-2001Class I substances from 1991-2001• Allows limited production to Allows limited production to

developing countries that are developing countries that are signatory to the Montreal Protocol signatory to the Montreal Protocol until 2001 and with methyl until 2001 and with methyl chloroform until 2012chloroform until 2012

• Allows limited production for Allows limited production for National Defense and for specific fire National Defense and for specific fire suppression suppression


§605. Phase out of Class II §605. Phase out of Class II SubstancesSubstances

• Restriction of Use of Class II Substances.- Restriction of Use of Class II Substances.- Effective January 1, 2015, it shall be Effective January 1, 2015, it shall be unlawful for any person to introduce into unlawful for any person to introduce into interstate commerce or use any class II interstate commerce or use any class II substance unless such substance- (1) has substance unless such substance- (1) has been used, recovered, and recycled; (2) been used, recovered, and recycled; (2) is used and entirely consumed (except is used and entirely consumed (except for trace quantities) in the production of for trace quantities) in the production of other chemicals; or (3) is used as a other chemicals; or (3) is used as a refrigerant in appliances manufactured refrigerant in appliances manufactured prior to January 1, 2020 prior to January 1, 2020


§606. Accelerated §606. Accelerated ScheduleSchedule

• Administrator may accelerate Administrator may accelerate the phase out schedule if he the phase out schedule if he thinks it is necessary to protect thinks it is necessary to protect health and the environmenthealth and the environment


§608. NATIONAL RECYCLING AND §608. NATIONAL RECYCLING AND

EMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAMEMISSION REDUCTION PROGRAM • Authorizes EPA to establish requirements for Authorizes EPA to establish requirements for

recycling these materialsrecycling these materials– The regulations under this subsection shall include The regulations under this subsection shall include

requirements that- requirements that- • (A) reduce the use and emission of such substances to (A) reduce the use and emission of such substances to

the lowest achievable level, and the lowest achievable level, and • (B) maximize the recapture and recycling of such (B) maximize the recapture and recycling of such

substances. substances. – Effective July 1, 1992, it shall be unlawful for any Effective July 1, 1992, it shall be unlawful for any

person, in the course of maintaining, servicing, person, in the course of maintaining, servicing, repairing, or disposing of an appliance or industrial repairing, or disposing of an appliance or industrial process refrigeration, to knowingly vent or otherwise process refrigeration, to knowingly vent or otherwise knowingly release or dispose of any class I or class II knowingly release or dispose of any class I or class II substance used as a refrigerant in such appliance (or substance used as a refrigerant in such appliance (or industrial process refrigeration) in a manner which industrial process refrigeration) in a manner which permits such substance to enter the environment permits such substance to enter the environment

clean air act 42 u.s.c. § 7401 et seq. (1970). july 2002environmental law2 the common air...

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