Slide 1

Clauses and Sentences Grammar II Slide 2 Brief Teaching Phrase: a group of words, generally begun with a preposition Clause: a group of words with a subject and verb Independent clause: will make a complete thought if removed from the sentence Dependent clause: will not make a complete thought if removed from the sentence (depends on the other clause for meaning. Slide 3 ID Clauses > S/V Darkness blanketed the countryside, and stars twinkled into sight. Here is the spot where I had my accident. Luke is leaving next Wednesday if he can take time off from work. Slide 4 Answers [Darkness blanketed the countryside], and [stars twinkled (into sight)]. [Here is the spot] [where I had my accident]. [Luke is leaving (next Wednesday)] [if he can take time off (from work)]. Slide 5 Connecting Clauses Independent Clauses: conjunctions are NOT part of the clause, FANBOYS ; Dependent Clauses: ARE part of the clause Subordinate conjunctions Dependent clause, independent clause After the game, we went to dinner. Independent clause dependent clause We went to dinner after the game. Relative pronouns Who, whom, which, what, that (may be subjects) Slide 6 Subordinate Conjunctions Althoughafter as as ifas long as as much as as soon as as thoughas if BecauseBefore Even ifeven though how Ifin order thatinasmuch Lest Now thatprovided that Sinceso that Tillthough Unlessuntil Whenwhenever Wherewhereverwhetherwhile Slide 7 ID Clauses > S/V Gardenias grew near the elm tree and roses grew beside the driveway. If you hold the door open too long, the alarm will sound. Lisa hung pictures of Harry Potter characters in her little sisters bedroom. The girl whom you like is her daughter. Slide 8 Explanations and Answers [Gardenias grew (near the elm tree)] and [roses grew (beside the driveway)]. [If you hold the door open too long], [the alarm will sound]. [Lisa hung pictures (of Harry Potter characters) (in her little sisters bedroom)]. The girl [whom you like] is her daughter. Slide 9 Fragments and Run-Ons Fragmentan incomplete sentence Subject or verb is missing: The girls to the store. Dependent clause > incomplete thought: Because it rained Run-On Sentence: An over-fused sentence that puts 2+ complete sentences together in one sentence without separating them properly. Slide 10 Independent Clauses Are connected with, FANBOYS For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Ind. Clause 1, FANBOYS Ind Clause 2 FANBOYS are NOT part of the clause He was very tired, so he went to bed. The game was nearly lost, but the team made a miracle comeback in the closing seconds. Slide 11 Subordinate (Dependent) Clauses Begin with subordinate conjunctions or relative pronouns These ARE part of the clause Because it rained, I used my umbrella. The pizza that you ate so quickly before I could say anything was over 3 weeks old! Cause / Effect: because, since, so that Comparison / Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while Place & Manner: how, however, where, wherever Possibility / Conditions: if, whether, unless Relation: that, which, who, whom Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until Slide 12 Fixing Run-Ons 1) Add a semicolon between the two ind clauses 2) Add comma, FANBOYS b/w two ind clauses 3) Make one clause dependent SAT Part 1 SAT Part 2 Maximum three clauses per sentence until college Maximum three uses of semi-colons this year Slide 13 ID Clauses > S/V Mom says that I cant go with you until I get my homework done. Whenever the road is slippery, drive more cautiously. Young hopefuls lined the waiting room, but nobody noticed them. The old tractor was still the most dependable of the lot. Slide 14 Explanations [Mom says] [that I cant go (with you)] [until I get my homework done]. [Whenever the road is slippery], [(you) drive more cautiously]. [Young hopefuls lined the waiting room], but [nobody noticed them]. [The old tractor was still the most dependable (of the lot)]. Slide 15 ID Clauses > S/V Whales shouldered the waves and dripped rivers. Gina will arrive today, but Carl will not be here until Saturday. It looks as if it might rain, but I will still not bring an umbrella. Although you may not like vegetables or milk, they are each very good for overall health. Over the hills and through the woods, its to grandmothers house that we go. Slide 16 Explanations [Whales shouldered the waves and dripped rivers]. [Gina will arrive today], but [Carl will not be here (until Saturday)]. [It looks] [as if it might rain], but [I will still not bring an umbrella]. [Although you may not like vegetables or milk], [they are each very good (for overall health)]. [(Over the hills) and (through the woods), its (to grandmothers house)] [that we go]. Slide 17 Simple Sentences sentence with one independent clause May have compound subjects or verbs I kicked the ball. I went (to the store) (by the bridge) (near the river) (on Wednesday) (in the afternoon). The man (from Alexandria) lifted a box, carried it (to his room), and quickly slept (in his bed)! Slide 18 Compound Sentences Contain two or more independent clauses connected by Conjunction: [I called], and [he answered the phone]. FANBOYS Correlative Conjunctions either/or Either [you do your homework] or [you dont]. neither/nor not only/but also Semicolon : [Mrs. Smith teaches history, global issues, and Model UN]; [Mr. Bob teaches art and drama]. Slide 19 Complex Sentences Contain one independent clause AND one or more dependent clauses Introduced by subordinate conjunctions or relative pronouns THESE WORDS ARE PART OF THE CLAUSE! Relative pronouns except for whom may be subjects! [If you want to go to Harvard], [you will need strong grades and SAT scores]. The girl [whom you called] is my neighbor. Slide 20 ID Clauses > S/V Stop the car when you come to a red light. Lower automobile speeds result in better fuel mileage, but only up to a point. Pewter and silver tarnish easily and need polishing often. After much internal debate, Sean, through a discussion with his father, decided to run a marathon. This figure was carved by Daniel Chester French, and it is deeply impressive. Slide 21 Explanations CX: [(you) Stop the car] [when you come (to a red light)]. S: [Lower automobile speeds result (in better fuel mileage), but only (to a point)]. S: [Pewter and silver tarnish easily and need polishing often]. S: [(After much internal debate), Sean, (through a discussion) (with his father), decided to run a marathon]. CD: [This figure was carved (by Daniel Chester French)], and [it is deeply impressive]. Slide 22 ID Clauses > S/V The number of objects that have landed on earth is unknown. In any world at any time, I neither could nor would ever love anything of that type of cruelty or, for that matter, silliness as well. Slide 23 Explanations CX: The number (of objects) [that have landed (on Earth)] is unknown. S: [(In any world) (at any time), I neither could nor would ever love anything (of that type) (of either cruelty or silliness)]. Slide 24 ID Clauses > S/V If I had talent with a hammer, I would surely be a carpenter or a construction worker because its a fun tool and, when I work with one, I never feel as if I am actually working. In the middle of the second page is a very small paragraph about the contradictions in Puritan life. Slide 25 Explanations CX: [If I had talent (with a hammer)], [I would surely be a carpenter or a construction worker] [because its a fun tool] and, [when I work (with one)], [I never feel] [as if I am actually working]. S: [(In the middle) (of the second page) is a very small paragraph (about the contradictions) (in Puritan life)]. Slide 26 ID Clauses > S/V These are all sayings that are meant as compliments. Some albino elephants are a pale yellowish-gray with pink spots. Slide 27 Explanations CX: [These are all sayings] [that are meant as compliments]. S: [Some albino elephants are a pale yellowish-gray (with pink spots).] Slide 28 ID Clauses > S/V During last night's game, the bases were loaded, and Bob hit a grand slam. Older television sets had tubes; the newest models, which take less space, are digital televisions. Slide 29 Explanations [(During last night's game), each of the bases) was loaded], and [Bob hit a grand slam (out of the park) (to the delight) (of the tens) (of thousands) (of fans)!] [Older television sets had tubes]; [the newest models, [which take less space], are digital televisions]. Slide 30 ID Clauses > S/V Because of rain, the baseball game was postponed. Joe and his brother went fishing last weekend and caught lots of fish. Slide 31 Explanations S: Because (of rain), the baseball game was postponed. S: Joe and his brother went fishing last weekend and caught lots (of fish).