Classification System with Harry Potter Crayfish Catfish Silverfish Taxonomy: classifying organisms & giving them a universally accepted name Lets classify some goblins! Classifying both living and nonliving things, so that we better understand the world around us Carolus Linnaeus Botanist & Father of taxonomy gave them all Latin names Came up with the system in the 1700s that is still used today Organisms are classified by their: * physical structure (how they look) * evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) * genetic similarities (DNA) * biochemistry similarities Binomial nomenclature: each species is assigned a two-part scientific name Two-part: Genus & Species Genius!! Scientific name is always written in italics First letter in the first word is CAPITALIZED Second is lowercased Ursus arctos Ursus maritimus Hierarchical classification: Broad specific Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Binomial name Hogwarts Houses: Slytherin, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, Gryffindor Year: 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd, etc. Student: Harry, Ron, Hermione Phylogentic trees show branching patterns of taxonomy classifications using evolutionary history. (Phylocode) Branch points diverging evolution Sister taxa share recent common ancestor Basal taxa do not share a very recent ancestor Polytomy points on the tree that are unclear Does not show: Rates of evolution Age of species Taxa next to one another did not evolve from one another Clades groups of ancestral species and all its descendents Monophyletic vs. Paraphyletic vs. Polyphyletic single tribe beside the tribe different ancestors all descendents only some descendents Shared ancestral characteristics Ex. All vertebrates including mammals have a backbone Shared derived characteristic Ex. Not all vertebrates have fur like mammals Compare to outgroup A. The classification has changed since Linnaeuss time with new evolutionary findings B. At 1 st living organisms were classified as either plant or animal, today there are more precise classifications producing 6 main Kingdoms based on cell structure, # of cells, how they get their food & movement 1. Eubacteria 2.Archaebacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia A. Domain is larger than a Kingdom & separates the kingdoms into major groups 1. Eukarya - protists, fungi, plants & animals 2. Bacteria eubacteria 3. Archaea - archaebacteria Prokaryotic single celled organisms that are heterotrophs (can not make own food) some can be autotrophs (make own food) Found everywhere Prokaryotic single celled organisms that are heterotrophs while some can be autotrophs Found only in extreme conditions hot springs, salt brines, ocean vents Eukaryotic single celled organism that either be autotrophic or heterotrophic There are Plant-like, Animal-like & Fungi-like Eukaryotic usually multicellular heterotrophs with cell walls that consume decaying matter Few are unicellular bread molds Eukaryotic multicellular autotroph (photosynthesis) organisms with cell walls Eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs with no cell walls