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BFSN Classification of occupancies and commodities A critical consideration in fire sprinkler system design Koen Van Herpe MSc Fire Safety Engineer VK_Engineering

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Page 1: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

Classification of occupancies and commodities

A critical consideration in fire sprinkler system design

Koen Van HerpeMSc Fire Safety Engineer

VK_Engineering

Page 2: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

Doeltreffendheid sprinklerinstallatie

2

Sprinkler system needs to

match warehouse

storage parameters

and commodity fire

hazard

Sprinkler system needs to

match warehouse

storage parameters

and commodity fire

hazard

Ontwerpparameters sprinklerinstallatie = F( )• Brandlast (commodity)• Functionaliteit (occupancies) gebouw &

stockage kenmerken (opslagvorm/hoogte)� Invloed op brandgedrag commodity

Waarom zo belangrijk ?

• Keuze van type sprinklersysteem• Keuze van type sprinkler• Densiteit en sproeivlak / startdruk• Minimale werkingsduur• Dimensionering:

� Leidingen� Capaciteit waterreservoir� Debiet en druk pompunits

� Gebouw constructie / hoogte � Layout rekken

Page 3: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Commodity ?

3

= Commodity

Page 4: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

Commodity ?

4

Page 5: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

Controle:

1. Specifieke productkenmerken

I. Heat of combustion :

∆� ���

��

I. Heat release rate :

� � ��

�∆�

��

���

��

=>��

II. Flame spread rate

2. Verpakking

I. Intern en externe verpakkingscomponenten

� Extern: bepalend tijdens eerste fase

brandontwikkeling

� Classificatie (hazard) hoger / lager ?

II. Type pallet

I. Hout / plastic (versterkte uitvoering)

� Classificatie (hazard) hoger ?

5

Bepalen van commodity fire hazard

Page 6: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

6

HRR / RHR : Rate of heat release !!!

Page 7: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

• Non-sprinklered • Sprinklered

7

HRR / RHR : Rate of heat release !!!

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Commodity classification : Overview

NFPA 13 Group material FM Global EN12845 /

CEA 4001

- - Noncombustible -

Class I Essentially non-combustible products in corrugated

cartons on combustible pallets.

Class 1 Categorie I

Class II Class I products in slatted wooden crates, solid

wooden boxes or multiple thickness paperboard

cartons with or without pallets.

Class 2 Categorie II

Class III Wood, paper, natural fiber cloth or Group C plastics

with or without pallets. May contain a limited

amount (5% by weight or volume or less) of Group A

or Group B plastics.

Class 3 Categorie III

Class IV Class I, II or III commodities in corrugated cartons

with appreciable amounts (5-15% by weight, or 5-

25% by volume) of Group A plastics.

Class 4 Categorie IV

Pla

stic

s

Cartoned Unexpanded Group A Plastics (CUP) Cartoned Unexpanded Plastic

(CUP)

-

Uncartoned Unexpanded Group A Plastics (UUP) Cartoned expanded plastics (CEP) -

Cartoned expanded Group A plastics (CEP) Uncartoned Unexpanded Plastics

(UUP)

-

Uncartoned Expanded Group A Plastics (UEP) Uncartoned Expanded Plastics (UEP) -

Material

factor

+

Storage

configuration

Page 9: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

Commodity classification : Overview

9

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Commodity classification : Overview

Cartoned UnexpandedPlastic

Cartoned, ExpandedPlastic

Exposed, ExpandedPlastic

Class II Class III Class IV

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BFSN

Commodity classification : Overview

11

NFPA 13 EN12845

Page 12: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

BFSN

Commodity classification by testing

Testen

Re

fere

nti

e

Realiteit

Theorie

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Commodity classification by testing

• Gestandaardiseerde testmethode

• Beoordeling van de mogelijkheid tot blussing met water

• Verbranden van goederen met gestandaardiseerdebluswaterhoeveelheden

• Bepalen van de Heat Release rate (HRR) bij diverse bluswaterhoeveelheden

• Resultaten worden vergeleken met “gekende commodities”

• Beoordeling / rangschikken van het risico

� !!! Geen ontwerpcriteria voor sprinklerinstallatie

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Test configuratie

� Opstelling : 4 pallets commodities : 2 x 2 hoog configuratie� Afstand top goederen – nozzles = 300 mm

� Nozzle matrix : 6 nozzles /rij x 4 rijen -> 4,86 m² sproeioppervlak per nozzle

� Sproeidichtheid -> vb: 49l/min / 4,86 m² = 10 l/min.m² = 10 mm/min

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Test configuratie

� Onsteking van goederen:� 2 gestandaardiseerde onstekingsbronnen

� Kubus : 60 mm x 60 mm x 75 mm

� Glasvezel isolatieplaat

� Gedrenkt in 120 ml heptaan -> verpakt in polyethyleen plastic zak

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Page 16: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Test procedure

� Activatie nozzles (start blussing):

� Pas nadat brand een convectieve heat release ratevan 2 MW bereikt heeft

� FM : pas nadat activeringstijd van sprinkler (141°C –RTI 500) is bereikt

� Bovenste laag goederen betrokken bij brand

� Goederen worden getest met 3 # water densiteiten

(gekozen uit onderstaande tabel)

� Uitzondering voor bepaalde type goederen :

� “Free burn” test + 2 testen met bluswater

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Classificatie principe

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Level of Hazard bepaald door 4 parameters:

� V1= Maximaal gemiddelde gedurende één minuut van de totale

warmteafgiftesnelheid.

� V2 = Maximaal gemiddelde gedurende één minuut van de convectie

warmteafgiftesnelheid.

� V3 = Effectieve convectiewarmte afgiftesnelheid, gedefinieerd als de

gemiddelde convectieve warmte afgiftesnelheid gemeten over de vijf

minuten van de meest intense brand.

� V4 = Convectieve energie; de totale convectieve energie gemeten over de tien

minuten van de meest ernstige verbranding.

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Classificatie principe

Classificatie tabellen:

– De parameters V1,V2,V3,V4 worden voor de verschillende bluswaterdensiteitenzowel in tabellen als grafisch weergegeven.

– Elke waarde correleert met een “rang” gaande van 0,25 tot 4,5.

� Free burn test

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Classificatie principe

Classificatie tabellen:

� Sproeidichtheid (densiteit) = 2,5 mm/min of 2,5 l/min.m²

� Sproeidichtheid (densiteit) = 5 mm/min of 5 l/min.m²

� Sproeidichtheid (densiteit) = 7,5 mm/min of 7,5 l/min.m²

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Classificatie principe

Classificatie grafieken:

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Commodity classification fire test analysis

Per densiteit wordt er van de rank value een rekenkundig gemiddelde berekend “Mean unit rank”. De “Mean total rank” is het rekenkundig gemiddelde van all “mean unit ranks”. Op basis van de “mean total rank” wordt een product onderveeld in de 4 categoriën

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Bijkomende criteria : •Als er een “mean unit rank” waarde is die 1,00 rank waardegroter is dan de “mean total rank” dan dienen de goederenvolgens de waarde van de “mean unit rank” ingedeeld worden.•Indien één of meerdere individuele rank waarden groter zijndan 4,5 dan dienen de goederen behandeld te worden als“special hazard”.

Onderstaande tabel: Indeling van goederen in ca.I-IV op basis van mean total rank waarde

Mean total rank Classification of

commodity

Less than 1,0 Category I

Equal to or greater than 1,0 but less than 2,0 Category II

Equal to or greater than 2,0 but less than 3,0 Category III

Equal to or greater than 3,0 but less than 4,0 Category IV

Equal to or greater than 4,0 Special hazard

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Commodity classification : cases

� Plastic bekers + verpakt in kartonnen dozen met tussenschot

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Page 23: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Commodity classification : cases

� Plastic bekers + verpakt in kartonnen dozen met tussenschot

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Mean total rank Classification of

commodity

Less than 1,0 Category I

Equal to or greater than 1,0 but less than 2,0 Category II

Equal to or greater than 2,0 but less than 3,0 Category III

Equal to or greater than 3,0 but less than 4,0 Category IV

Equal to or greater than 4,0 Special hazard

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Commodity classification : class III commodity

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Commodity classification : Exposed expanded plastic

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Belang goede classificatie

� Gevaar bij verkeerde classificatie

� perfect werkende installatie die brandhaard niet kan controleren en of blussen => uitslaande brand

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BFSN

Commodity classification : !!!

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Resultaat:

Commodity class houten pallet+plastic pallet = Commodity class houten pallet+II

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Commodity classification : Electric Shaver kits

Classificatie van deze producten ?

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Page 29: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Commodity classification : Electric Shaver kits

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Page 30: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Commodity classification : Electric Shaver kits

30

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

He

at

Re

lea

se (

kw

)

Time (sec)

Test results : Electric Shaver Kits

Convective HRR - Group A

Convective HRR - Shavers

Convective HRR - Alcohol Refills

Terminate

Results

• Fire hazard Electric shaver kits < dan cartoned, une xpanded Group A plastic

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Commodity classification : Electric Shaver kits

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Warehouse storage parameters

1. Wijze van opslag2. De stapelhoogte van de goederen

� Beïnvloeden brandgedrag

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Warehouse storage parameters

1. Opslag methode :

� ST1: Stapelbare opslag (vrijstaand of in blokken)

� ST2: Stapelbare post- of boxpallets (één enkele rij)

� ST3: Stapelbare post- of boxpallets (meervoudige rijen)

� ST4: Pallet stellingen

� ST5: Stellingen met geheel of gedeeltelijk gesloten legborden

� (breedte < 1m)

� ST 6: Stellingen met geheel of gedeeltelijk gesloten legborden

� (breedte >1m & < 6m)

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Warehouse storage parameters

Opslag methode : ST1 – stapelbare opslag (vrijstaand of in blokken)

• Oppervlaktebrand

• “Diepzittende” branden moeilijk te bereiken door sprinklers

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Page 35: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Warehouse storage parameters

Opslag methode : ST2 – : Stapelbare post- of boxpallets

(één enkele rij)

• Brandhaard moeilijk te bereiken door bluswater

• Minimale afstand tussen rijen = 2,5 m -> brandoverslag te voorkomen

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Page 36: Classification of occupancies and commodities - bfsn.be · Occupancyclassification(EN12845 & CEA 4001) 41 TYPE OF OCCUPANCY Non industrial ... HHP 1,2,3,4 *Storage may be High Hazard

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Warehouse storage parameters

Opslag methode : ST3 – : Stapelbare post- of boxpallets

(meerdere rijen)

• Brandhaard moeilijk te bereiken door bluswater

• Schoorsteeneffect : “entrainment” van lucht

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Warehouse storage parameters

Opslag methode : ST4 – : Pallet stellingen• Brandhaard beter te bereiken door reksprinklers

-> reductie van densiteit daknet

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Warehouse storage parameters

Opslag methode : ST5 – : Stellingen met geheel of gedeeltelijkgesloten legborden (breedte < 1m)

• Brandhaard zeer moeilijk te bereiken

-> principe berust op controle van brandhaard

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Warehouse storage parameters

Opslag methode : ST6 – : Stellingen met geheel of gedeeltelijkgesloten legborden (breedte > 1m & < 6m)

• Tussensprinklers onder niveau zijn noodzakelijk

-> controle van brandhaar is anders niet mogelijk

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Warehouse storage parameters

De stapelhoogte

De opslaghoogte is een van de meest invloedrijke factoren in het

ontwerp van de sprinklerinstallatie,ongeacht de wijze van opslag.

Reden :

� De totale vrijkomende warmte neemt toe met de hoogte

� HRR (warmte-afgiftesnelheid ) neemt toe met de hoogte

� Schoorsteen effect (rook) neemt toe met de hoogte

� Afscherming van de goederen t.o.v. waterafgifte sprinkler

neemt toe met de hoogte

� Bescherming door water “run-down” kan verminderen

met de hoogte

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Occupancy classification (EN12845 & CEA 4001)

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TYPE OF OCCUPANCY

Non industrial (where the amount and combustibility of the contents is low)

Commercial and industrial

Processing and handlingmainly ordinary combustiblematerials unlikely todevelop intensely burning fires in the initial stages

Classification -Ordinary HazardGroup I,II,III,IV (OH1,OH2,OH3,OH4)

For example,some areas of:• Hospitals• Hotels• Libraries• Museums• Nursing homes• Prisons• etc

Goods storage - with abnormalfire loads likely to produce exceptionally intense fireswith a high rate of heatrelease

Process hazards - extrahazardous, likely todevelop rapidly and intensely burning fires

• Attics• basements• boiler rooms• kitchens• laundries• storage spaces*• workrooms

Category of goodstype and height of storage

Classification -Ordinary Hazard Group III, IV

Classification -High Hazardhigh piledstorage

Storage methodsST1 to ST6

Classification -High Hazardprocess hazard

Classification – Light Hazard (LH)

HHP 1,2,3,4

*Storage may be High Hazard due to storage height/block size

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Ontwerpcriteria LH, OH, HHP:

� densiteit (sproeidichtheid ) + maximaal sproeivlak

� maximale stapelhoogte

42

Hazard class -> design criteria (EN12845 & CEA 4001)

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Ontwerpcriteria HHS:

� densiteit (sproeidichtheid )

� maximaal sproeivlak

– Opslagmethode (ST1-ST6)

– Opgeslagen goederen (Categorie I,II,II,IV)

– (Gewenste) Opslaghoogte

Vb.:

� Legbordstelling -> ST5

� Categorie 3 goederen

� Opslaghoogte 1,8 m

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Hazard class -> design criteria (EN12845 & CEA 4001)

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� Max.sproeivlak / sprinkler – max.sprinklerprojectering

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Hazard class -> design criteria (EN12845 & CEA 4001)

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Future Density/Area for each FH

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Fire Hazard Old designation Density mm/min Area wet (m²) Area dry (m²)

FH1 LH/OH1 5 72 90

FH2 OH2/OH3 5 216 270

FH3 OH4/HHP1 7,5 260 325

FH4 HHP2/HHP3 12,5 260 325

Manufacturing occupancies and their associated Fire Hazard Class continued.

Occupancy Description Special Consideration Fire Hazard

Mechanical Engineering

Or Assembling Plant

-Sheet metal product factories-Metal working-Electric and Electronics equipment factories- White Appliances factories - Circuit board manufacturing- Car workshops- Fire-lighter manufacture

� Water-based emulsion for grinding, drilling, cuttin g, stamping processes

FH2

� injection molding (plastics) for PP/PE/PS or simila r plastics� Use of plastic logistic aids (baskets, trays, boxes , pallet,

etc..)� Soldering process� Paint application shops with water-based paint � Electrostatic paint application� Process where combustible liquids or cutting oils a re used

FH3

� Printing works (metal foil)� Paint application shops with solvent� Plating processes� Processes involving corrosive materials requiring p lastic

piping� Processes using flammable liquids.� Fire-lighter filling process.

FH4

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Waarom review / update Classificatie?

Product en verpakking wijzigen continue.

Wijzigingen gedreven door:

� Beschikbaarheid van grondstoffen

� Prijzen van de grondstoffen

� Ontwerp product

� Verpakkingstechnologie

Opslag faciliteiten veranderen steeds

� Eigenaar

� Opgeslagen goederen

� Opslagconfiguraties

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Questions ?

47

Koen Van HerpeMSc Fire Safety Engineer

+32(0)473 935 235