Classification of LifeChapter 17

Classification of Life

2

What am I???

What is my name???

Why Classify?

1.There are _______ known species of organisms

2.This is only __________ organisms that ever lived!!!!!

3.___________are still being found and identified

3

13 billion

5% of all

New organisms

New Species of 2008 - 2009

4

What is Classification?

4)___________is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities

5) Classification is also known as __________

6) __________are scientists that identify & name organisms

5

Classification

taxonomy

Taxonomists

Benefits of Classifying

7)________________names organisms

8) Classification Prevents _____ such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish •Uses _________________for all names

6

Sea”horse”??

I’m no horse

Accurately & uniformly

misnomers

same language (Latin)

And I’m no

fish!!

Why Latin10) It is a dead ___________, no one speaks it.

11) So, it doesn’t ___________!12) It was the __________ language of the day!

13) Everybody in the world can use it, no matter what ____________they speak.

7

language chang

escientificlanguage

Confusion in Using Different Languages for

Names

8

Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists because

it is a __________ name

9

Scientific

Common names for: Mountain lion, Cougar, Deer tiger

Red tiger, Catamount, Panther

10

Latin Name: Puma concolor (scientific

name)

Early Taxonomists

14) 2000 years ago,_________ wasthe first taxonomist15) Aristotle divided organisms into two groups:____________ 16)He ________them by their_________ :land, sea, or air dwellers

11

Aristotle

plants & animalssubdividedhabitat

Early Taxonomists17)_________, a

botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming

18) His names were very long. The descriptions tell everything about the plant 12

John Ray

Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778

19)18th century taxonomist

20) Classified organisms by their structure

21) Developed the naming system still used today

13

Carolus Linnaeus

22) Called the “Father of Taxonomy”

23) Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature

24) Two-word name (Genus & species)

14

Binomial nomenclature

25) Binomial nomenclature used Genus species26) Latin or Greek27) Italicized in print28) Capitalize genus, but NOT species29) Underline when writing

15

Turdus migratorius

American Robin

Binomial Nomenclature

16

Which TWO are more closely related?

Classification Groups

30)________ (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed

31) There is a ___________of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific

32) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

17

Taxon

hierarchy

Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups

DomainKingdom

Phylum (Division – used for plants)

Class Order Family

Genus Species

18

BROADEST TAXON

Most Specific

DumbKing

Phillip

Came

Over

For

Gooseberry

Soup!

19

20

Domains

33) Broadest, most inclusive taxon

34) Three domains35) Archaea and Eubacteria

are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)

Two types of BACTERIA36) The third domain, Eukarya

are more complex and have a nucleus and are membrane-bound organelles

21

Two Views of Life’s Organization – Domains and Kingdoms

Eubacteria

Domain ARCHAEA

37) Live in HARSH environments

38) Found in: most are anaerobic (add) but all are heterotrophic39) Sewage Treatment Plants40) Thermal or Volcanic Vents41) Hot Springs or Geysers that

are acid42) Very salty water (Dead

Sea; Great Salt Lake)23

24

ARCHAEAN

A Deep Sea Thermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles

Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park – Another “Hot” Site for Archaebacteria

Prospecting for Archaebacteria in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool

Although Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, it’s important to realize they’re found everywhere, not just in harsh conditions.

Domain EUBACTERIA

43) Some may cause DISEASE44) Found in ALL HABITATS

except harsh ones45) Important decomposers

for environment46) Commercially important

in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

28

29

Live in the intestines of animals

Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms47) Protista (protozoans,

algae…)48) Fungi (mushrooms,

yeasts …)49) Plantae (Multicellular

plants)50)Animalia (Multicellular

animals) 30

Kingdom Protista51) Most are unicellular52) Some are multicellular53) Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic54) Are Aquatic

31

Kingdom Fungi55)Multicellular, except yeast

56) Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)

57) Cell walls made of chitin

32

Kingdom Plantae58) Multicellular59) Autotrophic60) Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis61) Cell walls made of cellulose

33

34

Kingdom Animalia

62) Multicellular

63) Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)

64) Feed on plants or animals

34

5 Kingdom vs. 6 Kingdom65) 5 Kingdom: Monera,

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.

66) 6 Kingdom: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Used today.

67) Reason to divide Monera: Bacteria had different structures in their ribosomes and their cell walls.

35

Five-Kingdom System

Madder: Biology 8th Ed.

Six Kingdom System

38

Taxons

•Most ______ (genus) contain a number of similar species

•The genus ______ is an exception (only contains modern humans)

•Classification is based on __________ relationships

39

genera

Homo

evolutionary

40

How Living Things Are Classified• Modern taxonomists use the following classification system

Phylum

FamilyFamily

GenusGenus

SpeciesSpecies

ClassOrderOrder

Kingdom Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia RodentiaCarnivora

CaviidaeProcyonidae

Cavia

Cavia porcellusProcyon lotor

Procyon Same species means they can breed!!!

Scientific Names are in LATIN!!!

Basis for Modern Taxonomy

71) ___________ (same structure, different function don’t have common ancestors)

72) Similar _____________ patterns.73) Molecular Similarity in

DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins

42

Homologous

Embryo development

43

74) _____________ Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.

Homologous

Phylogenetic Classification: Models80) Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a speciesOrganisms are classifiedWithin the same group!!!

81) Cladistics: Type of phylogeny that assumes that groups of organism evolve from a common ancestor, keeping unique inherited characteristics. This can be demonstrated by a cladogram.

75) CladogramDiagram showing how organisms are

related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales

45

Dichotomous Keying76)Used to

______organisms77) Characteristics given

in ________78) Read both

characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

46

identify

pairs

Example of Dichotomous Key

1a Tentacles present – Go to 21b Tentacles absent – Go to 32a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2b More than 8 tentacles – 33a Tentacles hang down – go to 43b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5

47

Classifying Organisms

79) Bacteria – the Most Abundant Cells Classification based on _________

There are more bacteria in your mouth than there have been people living since the dawn of humans.

shape

What Good Are Bacteria?

A lot of bacteria are the primary 82) recyclers of materials in the environment.83) What

What Good Are Bacteria?

Bacteria are also essential for many processes we depend on – sewage treatment, cheese production, antibiotic production, and biotechnological processes like gene cloning and protein production.

Study the data table below. Which statement has correctly identified the typical characteristics of a prokaryotic

cell (two students).

52

Organism Characteristics

Statement Characteristics

1 Archaebacteria have membrane-bound DNA

2 Archaebacteria have cell membranes that contain lipids not found in any other organism

3 Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

4 Archaebacteria lack DNA and store their genetic information on proteins

2 & 3

To which group does an organism with the following characteristics belong?

53

• prokaryotic• unicellular• unique ribosomal RNA • commonly found in harsh environments

• commonly found in anaerobic environmentsA. ProtistaB. FungiC.

Eubacteria

D. Archaebacteria

D.

Which kingdom includes organisms with specialized cells that perform individual functions?

A. PlantaeB. MoneraC. EubacteriaD. Archaebacteria

54

A.

A scientist is given several bacterial samples. Which characteristic can be used to classify the bacteria as either Eubacteria or Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom classification system?A. The presence of DNAB. How the bacteria moveC. How the bacteria ingest foodD. The structure of ribosomal RNA

55

D.

Which statement correctly describes the main difference between the five-kingdom and the six-kingdom system for classification?A. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Protista and Fungi in the six-kingdom systemB. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom systemC. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom systemD. Fungi and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Eubacteria in the six-kingdom system. 56

B.

Student A Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Protista and fungi in the six-kingdom system

Student B Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom system.

Student C Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom system

Student D Fung and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form Eubacteria in the six kingdom system.

57

Study the table below. Which student correctly compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Student Eukaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryote

1 Simple Complex Yes No No Yes

2 Simple Complex Yes Yes No No

3 Complex Simple Yes Yes Yes Yes

4 Complex Simple Yes No Yes no

Internal Structure

Nucleus Present

Membrane-Bound

Organelles

D.A. Student 1B. Student 2C. Student 3D. Student 4

Virus – Non Living

58

Viewing VirusesViruses are

smaller than the smallest cell

Viruses couldn’t be seen until the electron microscope was invented in the 20th century

59

Size of Viruses

60

Viral Structure

61

Characteristics

Non living structuresNoncellularContain a protein coat called

the capsidHave a nucleic acid core

containing DNA or RNACapable of reproducing only

when inside a HOST cell62

Characteristics

Some viruses are enclosed in an protective envelopeSome viruses may

have spikes to help attach to the host cellMost viruses

infect only SPECIFIC host cells 63

CAPSID

ENVELOPE

DNA

SPIKES

Characteristics

Outside of host cells, viruses are inactive

They Lack ribosomes and enzymes needed for metabolism

Use the raw materials and enzymes of the host cell to be able to reproduce

64

EBOLA VIRUS

HIV VIRUS

Characteristics

Some viruses cause disease for example:

Smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, warts, AIDS, Ebola

Some viruses may cause some cancers like leukemia

65

MEASLES

Viral Shapes

Viruses come in a variety of shapes

Some may be helical shape like the Ebola virus

Some may be polyhedral shapes like the influenza virus

Others have more complex shapes like bacteriophages

66

Helical Viruses

67

Complex Viruses

68

Polyhedral Viruses

69

Herpes Virus

70

SIMPLEX I and II

Adenovirus

71

COMMON COLD

Influenza Virus

72

Chickenpox Virus

73

Bacteriophages

74

Phages

Viruses that attack bacteria are called bacteriophage or just phage

T-phages are a specific class of bacteriophages with icosahedral heads, double-stranded DNA, and tails

75

Diagram of T-4 Bacteriophage

Head with 20 triangular surfaces

Capsid contains DNA

Head & tail fibers made of protein

76

Retroviruses

77

Characteristics of Retroviruses

Contain RNA, not DNAContain enzyme called

Reverse TranscriptaseWhen a retrovirus infects a

cell, it injects its RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme into the cytoplasm of that cell

78

Retroviruses

HIV, the AIDS virus, is a retrovirus

Feline Leukemia Virus is also a retrovirus

79

Viroids & Prions

80

ViroidsSmall, circular

RNA molecules without a protein coat

Infect plants

81

PrionsPrions are

“infectious proteins” They are normal

body proteins that get converted into an alternate configuration by contact with other prion proteins

They have no DNA or RNA

The main protein involved in human and mammalian prion diseases is called “PrP”

82

Prion Diseases

Prions form insoluble deposits in the brain

Causes neurons to rapidly degeneration.

Mad cow disease: degeneration of brain and spinal cord.

83

Viral Replication

84

Viral Attack

Viruses are very specific as to which species they attackHOST specificHumans rarely share viral

diseases with other animalsEukaryotic viruses usually

have protective envelopes made from the host cell membrane 85

5 Steps of Lytic Cycle

1. Attachment to the cell2. Penetration (injection) of

viral DNA or RNA3. Replication (Biosynthesis) of

new viral proteins and nucleic acids4. Assembly (Maturation) of

the new viruses 5. Release of the new viruses

into the environment (cell lyses)

86

Bacteriophage Replication

Bacteriophage inject their nucleic acid

They lyse (break open) the bacterial cell when replication is finished

87

Treatment for Viral Disease

88

Vaccines

An attenuated virus is a weakened, less vigorous virus“Attenuate" refers to procedures

that weaken an agent of disease (heating)A vaccine against a viral disease

can be made from an attenuated, less virulent strain of the virusAttenuated virus is capable of

stimulating an immune response and creating immunity, but not causing illness 89

Other Viral Treatments

Interferon are naturally occurring proteins made by cells to fight viruses

Genetic altering of viruses (attenuated viruses)

Antiviral drugs (AZT)

Protease inhibitors – prevent capsid formation 90