taks-AHN-uh-meetaks-AHN-uh-mee

Sorting out the Sorting out the whatchamacallitswhatchamacallits

Definition of TermsDefinition of Terms

Taxonomy:Taxonomy: the science of the science of identifying, classifying, and identifying, classifying, and naming living things.naming living things.

Classification:Classification: the arrangement the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities.based on their similarities.

Why Classify?Why Classify?

1.1. Humans have an innate need to seek Humans have an innate need to seek order in their surroundings.order in their surroundings.

2.2. Order helps us understand how the Order helps us understand how the world works.world works.

3.3. We can communicate better when We can communicate better when everyone knows what we are talking everyone knows what we are talking about.about.

History of ClassificationHistory of Classification

AristotleAristotle (384-322 B.C.) had a simple (384-322 B.C.) had a simple method: method: Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals

• Animals lived on land, in water, or in airAnimals lived on land, in water, or in air• Plants had three different types of stemsPlants had three different types of stems

This worked until explorers found many This worked until explorers found many new organisms that didn’t fit his system.new organisms that didn’t fit his system.

Common names often varied from region Common names often varied from region to region or were inaccurate (ex: Jellyfish)to region or were inaccurate (ex: Jellyfish)

History of ClassificationHistory of Classification

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) (1707-1778) developed a system with developed a system with hierarchical categories.hierarchical categories.

Based on shared physical Based on shared physical characteristics.characteristics.

Uses seven levels of organizationUses seven levels of organization• The largest is The largest is KingdomKingdom and the most and the most

specific is specific is SpeciesSpecies..

Classification HierarchyClassification Hierarchy

KingdomKingdom Phylum (Division….for plants)Phylum (Division….for plants) ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily Genus Genus SpeciesSpecies

Classification HierarchyClassification Hierarchy

KK PP CC OO FF G G SS

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature Binomial nomenclatureBinomial nomenclature: :

bi bi =two =two nom nom =name=name AlwaysAlways in Latin. Why? in Latin. Why?

• Latin is a universal language.Latin is a universal language.

Species nameSpecies name (scientific name) (scientific name) Always in this form:Always in this form:GenusGenus species identifierspecies identifier

• Species identifier is often descriptive, Species identifier is often descriptive, geographical, or named after someonegeographical, or named after someone

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Additional levels of classification Additional levels of classification beyond Genus and Species include:beyond Genus and Species include: VarietiesVarieties: PLANTS with slightly : PLANTS with slightly

different qualitiesdifferent qualities SubspeciesSubspecies: ANIMALS in different : ANIMALS in different

geographical regionsgeographical regions

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Prunus persicaPrunus persica • Variety: NectarineVariety: Nectarine

Prunus persica Prunus persica • Variety: PeachVariety: Peach

Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature

Terrapene carolinaTerrapene carolina Common Eastern Common Eastern

Box TurtleBox Turtle

Terrapene carolina Terrapene carolina triunguitriungui Has three toes Has three toes

instead of four on instead of four on back feet.back feet.

Modern TaxonomyModern Taxonomy

Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of an organism A Phylogeny tree diagram shows the

relationship of organisms. Uses the same evidence used by evolutionary

biologists:• Fossil Record• Comparing structures• Embryo development• DNA

The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System Kingdom

Archaebacteria “archae” is Greek for

ancient Unicelluler with unique

biochemical properties Unique gene sequences Live in extreme

environments like hotsprings, sea vents

The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System

Kingdom Eubacteria “eu” means true Mostly aerobic, but

some are anaerobic Affect the lives of

humans in many ways Rapid reproduction

allows evolutionary response to surroundings

The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Protista

Mostly single-celled eukaryotic organisms

Contains organisms that “don’t fit” into other kingdoms

Share aspects of plant and animal kingdom- feed on other organisms but may also use photosynthesis (ex: Euglena)

The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System Kingdom Fungi

All fungi absorb nutrients from their surroundings, nature’s recyclers

Molecularly speaking they are closer to animals then to plants (Chitin)

Often work in symbiosis with plants to provide nutrients or protection from disease

The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System

Kingdom Plantae Nearly all are

autotrophic eukaryotes (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis

Most live on land

The Six Kingdom System The Six Kingdom System

Kingdom Animalia Heterotrophic

multicellular eukaryotes

Have a sexual cycle based on meiosis

Symmetrical body organization

Most have some mobility

The Three Domain System The Three Domain System

1.1. Based on molecular Based on molecular work with work with Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNA

2.2. All organisms tested All organisms tested fall into one of three fall into one of three distinct Domainsdistinct Domains

3.3. Introduced in 1990 Introduced in 1990 by Carl Woese by Carl Woese (discovered (discovered Archeabacteria)Archeabacteria)

The Three Domain System The Three Domain System

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea The same members as Kingdom ArchaebacteriaThe same members as Kingdom Archaebacteria

Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria The same members as Kingdom EubacteriaThe same members as Kingdom Eubacteria

Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya Consists of Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Consists of Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and

AnimaliaAnimalia