Classical Mediterranean

Societies - Greece and RomeA.P. World History

Basic Overview

GreeceGreece• Indo-European people• Balkan Peninsula and Aegean Sea• Commerce/Manufacturing through empire

• Agriculture basis

• Indo-European people• Balkan Peninsula and Aegean Sea• Commerce/Manufacturing through empire

• Agriculture basis

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization• 2800- 1450 BCE Crete• Sailed to southern Greece, Egypt for trade

• Ruled by king• Evidence of archives, art, opulent buildings

• Destroyed by tidal way or invasion• Historians unsure

• 2800- 1450 BCE Crete• Sailed to southern Greece, Egypt for trade

• Ruled by king• Evidence of archives, art, opulent buildings

• Destroyed by tidal way or invasion• Historians unsure

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MycenaeMycenae• 1600-1100 BCE 1st Greek state• Alliance of powerful monarchies living within stone walls

• Warrior culture; established commercial network

• King to remember- Agamemnon• Knowledge comes from Homer’s poetry• Collapse b/c fight each other, earthquake

• 1600-1100 BCE 1st Greek state• Alliance of powerful monarchies living within stone walls

• Warrior culture; established commercial network

• King to remember- Agamemnon• Knowledge comes from Homer’s poetry• Collapse b/c fight each other, earthquake

Layout of Mycenae Layout of Mycenae

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Greek ‘dark ages’Greek ‘dark ages’• 1100 – 750 BCE: few records• Immigrated to Ionia (western Turkey)

• Iron replace bronze, adopt Phonecian alphabet

• Epic poem- long poem of hero’s deeds• Iliad: Trojan War; Paris kidnapped Helen (wife of king of Sparta), follow hero Achilles

• Odyssey- Odysseus’ 10 year return home

• 1100 – 750 BCE: few records• Immigrated to Ionia (western Turkey)

• Iron replace bronze, adopt Phonecian alphabet

• Epic poem- long poem of hero’s deeds• Iliad: Trojan War; Paris kidnapped Helen (wife of king of Sparta), follow hero Achilles

• Odyssey- Odysseus’ 10 year return home

Political StructurePolitical Structure• Formed City-states, polis• 1st Democracy• Most formed on hilltop, with marketplace, surrounded by agriculture• Athens• Sparta

• Formed City-states, polis• 1st Democracy• Most formed on hilltop, with marketplace, surrounded by agriculture• Athens• Sparta

Social StructureSocial Structure• Only free, land owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state

• 3 groups• Citizens with political rights (adult males)

• Citizens without political rights (women, child)

• Non-citizens (slaves, aliens)

• Only free, land owning, native-born men could be citizens entitled to the full protection of the law in a city-state

• 3 groups• Citizens with political rights (adult males)

• Citizens without political rights (women, child)

• Non-citizens (slaves, aliens)

Tyranny comes to city states

Tyranny comes to city states

• Wealthy classes seize power, aristocrats fight back

• Peasants support tyrants who promised reform, control

• Hired soldiers, built new walls, contradicted Greek political ideas

• By 600s BCE city states turn to democracies and oligarchies

• Wealthy classes seize power, aristocrats fight back

• Peasants support tyrants who promised reform, control

• Hired soldiers, built new walls, contradicted Greek political ideas

• By 600s BCE city states turn to democracies and oligarchies

SpartaSparta• 800-600 BCE: need more

land, turn to conquest• Conquered people became

serfs• Women live at home, men

in barracks• more freedom, job to raise healthy warrior sons

• Oligarchy- king and council vote, no discussion

• Frowned on travelers, new ideas, art

• Main focus: military training and conquest

• 800-600 BCE: need more land, turn to conquest

• Conquered people became serfs

• Women live at home, men in barracks• more freedom, job to raise healthy warrior sons

• Oligarchy- king and council vote, no discussion

• Frowned on travelers, new ideas, art

• Main focus: military training and conquest

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AthensAthens

• Originally: Ruled by oligarchy of aristocrats with land

• Economic and political troubles• After several reforms, leaders council of 500 propose laws; all citizens authority to pass laws after debate

• Age of Pericles (461-429 BCE): democracy, culture, power thrive

• Turned to direct democracy

• Originally: Ruled by oligarchy of aristocrats with land

• Economic and political troubles• After several reforms, leaders council of 500 propose laws; all citizens authority to pass laws after debate

• Age of Pericles (461-429 BCE): democracy, culture, power thrive

• Turned to direct democracy

PericlesPericlesPericles introduced several reforms.1.Strengthen Greek democracy by paying people in public offices.- This way everyone could afford to work for the gov’t. and not just the rich.

2. Increased Size of Navy- Protect trade vessels- 200 ships

Spent large amounts of money- Parthenon (Dedicated to Athena)

Pericles introduced several reforms.1.Strengthen Greek democracy by paying people in public offices.- This way everyone could afford to work for the gov’t. and not just the rich.

2. Increased Size of Navy- Protect trade vessels- 200 ships

Spent large amounts of money- Parthenon (Dedicated to Athena)

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InfluenceInfluence• Philosophy

• Aristotle- science, politics; observation, investigation; best government: constitutional government

• Plato- nature of reality, truth, beauty; ideal ruler philosopher-king

• Socrates- questions• Stoicism- what’s the point of life? To achieve happiness; moderation

• Art• Architecture: Acropolis• Drama: plays (Sophocles - Oedipus Rex, Antigone)

• Religion• Greek Mythology

• Philosophy• Aristotle- science, politics; observation, investigation; best government: constitutional government

• Plato- nature of reality, truth, beauty; ideal ruler philosopher-king

• Socrates- questions• Stoicism- what’s the point of life? To achieve happiness; moderation

• Art• Architecture: Acropolis• Drama: plays (Sophocles - Oedipus Rex, Antigone)

• Religion• Greek Mythology

Greek Architecture Greek Architecture

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Greek Architecture Greek Architecture

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The Parthenon

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Athens vs. Sparta

• 431BCE: Peloponnesian War- war between Athens & Sparta(w) • Athens try to stay behind protected walls, held for 20yrs

• Alexander the Great• Crushed rebellions after father’s (Philip II of Macedon) reign

• Spread Greek language and culture to Africa and Asia

• Blended culture called Hellenistic, or greek-like• Hellenism

Athens vs. Sparta

• 431BCE: Peloponnesian War- war between Athens & Sparta(w) • Athens try to stay behind protected walls, held for 20yrs

• Alexander the Great• Crushed rebellions after father’s (Philip II of Macedon) reign

• Spread Greek language and culture to Africa and Asia

• Blended culture called Hellenistic, or greek-like• Hellenism

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Ancient Rome

GeographyGeography• centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea; allowed for sea trade

• the Alps mountains provided defense to the north

• centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea; allowed for sea trade

• the Alps mountains provided defense to the north

Early Roman HistoryEarly Roman History• Earliest settlers were the Greeks, Latins and Etruscans (Northern Italy)

• Etruscans dominate Italian peninsula from 635-509 BCE• Traded with Greeks and Phoenicians• Monarchy that becomes corrupt over time

• 509 BCE: kick out last Etruscan king•Romans establish a republic • “Res Publica” - the Affairs of the Public

• Earliest settlers were the Greeks, Latins and Etruscans (Northern Italy)

• Etruscans dominate Italian peninsula from 635-509 BCE• Traded with Greeks and Phoenicians• Monarchy that becomes corrupt over time

• 509 BCE: kick out last Etruscan king•Romans establish a republic • “Res Publica” - the Affairs of the Public

Roman SocietyRoman Society• Twelve Tables- code of law

• First written law form in Rome that acknowledged the status of the Plebeians

• Two groups form:• Patricians: rich, powerful landowners• Plebeians: own little or no land; treated like 2nd class citizens - Many will try to change this!

• Twelve Tables- code of law• First written law form in Rome that acknowledged the status of the Plebeians

• Two groups form:• Patricians: rich, powerful landowners• Plebeians: own little or no land; treated like 2nd class citizens - Many will try to change this!

GovernmentGovernment• Romans allowed all citizens the right to vote; allowed conquered peoples citizenship

• Roman Assembly: place of government; three-house body

• Romans allowed all citizens the right to vote; allowed conquered peoples citizenship

• Roman Assembly: place of government; three-house body

Roman AssemblyRoman Assembly• Senate: only patricians allowed (served for life); controlled taxes & spending; could veto any bill passed by assembly

• Assembly of Centuries: only soldiers allowed; could vote on laws but had no veto power; chose consuls (2) who carried out the laws

• Assembly of Tribes: made up of plebeians; could only make laws for plebeians; had no veto power; chose tribunes (10) to look after the rights of the plebeians

• Senate: only patricians allowed (served for life); controlled taxes & spending; could veto any bill passed by assembly

• Assembly of Centuries: only soldiers allowed; could vote on laws but had no veto power; chose consuls (2) who carried out the laws

• Assembly of Tribes: made up of plebeians; could only make laws for plebeians; had no veto power; chose tribunes (10) to look after the rights of the plebeians

Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage

Punic Wars: Rome vs. Carthage

1st Punic War (264 BCE)• rivalry developed because Carthage prevented Roman trade in W. Mediterranean

• Carthage surrendered after 20 years of fighting

• Rome took Sicily & cash from Carthage

1st Punic War (264 BCE)• rivalry developed because Carthage prevented Roman trade in W. Mediterranean

• Carthage surrendered after 20 years of fighting

• Rome took Sicily & cash from Carthage

Second Punic War (218 BCE)

Second Punic War (218 BCE)

• Hannibal (Carthage) led 50,000 men & 60 elephants over the Alps mountains in surprise attack against Rome

• Scipio Africanus (Rome) attack Carthage; Hannibal returned to defend the city

• Hannibal (Carthage) led 50,000 men & 60 elephants over the Alps mountains in surprise attack against Rome

• Scipio Africanus (Rome) attack Carthage; Hannibal returned to defend the city

Second Punic War (218 BCE)

Second Punic War (218 BCE)

• Battle of Zama: Rome defeated Carthage• Rome received Spain & gold; later, Rome took Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor

• Battle of Zama: Rome defeated Carthage• Rome received Spain & gold; later, Rome took Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor

Third Punic WarThird Punic War

• Romans sent army to destroy Carthage because they wanted the land for farming

• Romans sent army to destroy Carthage because they wanted the land for farming

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Problems of Roman Expansion

Problems of Roman Expansion

• Population increase

• Senate gained power during Punic War, plebeians lost power

• No manufacturing• People lost morals

• Population increase

• Senate gained power during Punic War, plebeians lost power

• No manufacturing• People lost morals

Attempts at reformAttempts at reform• Tiberius Gracchus:

• proposed limiting land ownership & dividing up land of some large landowners

• Gaius Gracchus: • proposed 1st welfare system for the poor

• Both stabbed to death by Roman Senators

• Tiberius Gracchus: • proposed limiting land ownership & dividing up land of some large landowners

• Gaius Gracchus: • proposed 1st welfare system for the poor

• Both stabbed to death by Roman Senators

Roman Civil WarRoman Civil War

Marius vs. Sulla• Marius: Roman general• Sulla: Roman general supported by Senate

• Sulla won; became dictator for 3 years then retired

Marius vs. Sulla• Marius: Roman general• Sulla: Roman general supported by Senate

• Sulla won; became dictator for 3 years then retired

First TriumvirateFirst Triumvirate

• Caesar, Pompey, Crassus• Caesar went to fight in Gaul (France); sent back his Commentaries detailing only his victories (“Venni, Vetti, Vicci”)

• Senate told Caesar not to cross Rubicon River with his army

• Caesar, Pompey, Crassus• Caesar went to fight in Gaul (France); sent back his Commentaries detailing only his victories (“Venni, Vetti, Vicci”)

• Senate told Caesar not to cross Rubicon River with his army

Second Roman Civil WarSecond Roman Civil War

Caesar vs. Pompey & the Senate

• Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece, then Egypt

• Rome took control of Egypt (Cleopatra), Middle East

• 45 BCE: Senate voted Caesar dictator for life

Caesar vs. Pompey & the Senate

• Caesar defeated Pompey in Greece, then Egypt

• Rome took control of Egypt (Cleopatra), Middle East

• 45 BCE: Senate voted Caesar dictator for life

Caesar Institutes Reform

Caesar Institutes Reform

• Allowed plebeians in senate; Caesar retained veto power

• Land redistribution: gave land of patricians to plebeians

• Provided jobs for unemployed

• Allowed plebeians in senate; Caesar retained veto power

• Land redistribution: gave land of patricians to plebeians

• Provided jobs for unemployed

Ides of MarchIdes of March

March 15, 44 BCE• Caesar assassinated in Forum by Brutus & Cassius for wanting to become king

March 15, 44 BCE• Caesar assassinated in Forum by Brutus & Cassius for wanting to become king

Second TriumvirateSecond Triumvirate

• Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus• Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus

Octavian - great - nephew of Julius Caesar; Also known as Caesar Augustus

Third Roman Civil WarThird Roman Civil War

Octavian vs. Marc Antony• Octavian defeated Marc Antony at Battle of Actium, won war

Octavian vs. Marc Antony• Octavian defeated Marc Antony at Battle of Actium, won war

Roman EmpireRoman Empire• Roman Rule: empire had population between 70-100 million• Pax Romana (Roman Peace): 27 BCE - 180 CE

• Established by Augustus in response to problems faced by the growing empire• Tried to restore the glory of the former republic• Most power was in hands of Emperor, very little power given to the Senate• Golden Age of Rome - focused on trade, increasing the standard of living and achievements in the arts

• Extensive road system built - 53,000 square miles of road(Via Appia)

• Roman Rule: empire had population between 70-100 million• Pax Romana (Roman Peace): 27 BCE - 180 CE

• Established by Augustus in response to problems faced by the growing empire• Tried to restore the glory of the former republic• Most power was in hands of Emperor, very little power given to the Senate• Golden Age of Rome - focused on trade, increasing the standard of living and achievements in the arts

• Extensive road system built - 53,000 square miles of road(Via Appia)

Roman EmpireRoman Empire• Economy: based on trade of goods from as far as E. Africa, S.E. Asia & China

• public amusements: gov’t offered free bread & free entertainment (chariot races, gladiators)

• Economy: based on trade of goods from as far as E. Africa, S.E. Asia & China

• public amusements: gov’t offered free bread & free entertainment (chariot races, gladiators)

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

Architecture: built Circus Maximus, Colosseum, Pantheon (temple for all the gods), Appian Way (road connected Rome & southern Italy), aqueducts

Architecture: built Circus Maximus, Colosseum, Pantheon (temple for all the gods), Appian Way (road connected Rome & southern Italy), aqueducts

Decline & FallDecline & Fall

• Political instability• Economic decline• Barbarian invasions

• Visigoths: captured & sacked Rome• Huns: plundered cities of northern Italy

• End of Roman Empire• 455 CE: Vandals raided, sacked Rome• 476: Roman Empire fell

• Political instability• Economic decline• Barbarian invasions

• Visigoths: captured & sacked Rome• Huns: plundered cities of northern Italy

• End of Roman Empire• 455 CE: Vandals raided, sacked Rome• 476: Roman Empire fell