classical indian literature

7/22/2019 Classical Indian Literature

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The Classical and Sanskrit Literatureof India, and its influences and

resemblance to Philippine culture


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What is the Classical Period of India?The Classical Period of India is the timespan that started in the emergence of theGupta Empire up until the 8thCentury.It has two main languages: the Sanskritand the Prakrit. It is characterized byIndita being the most prosperous country


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What is the Sanskrit and PrakritLiteratures?

The Sanskrit Literature of India is a literature of IndianLiterature wherein the main language used whereinlasting documents and records are written in isSANSKRIT. It starts from the writing of the Vedas (16thCentury) up until the end of the Classical SanskritPeriod. On the other hand, Prakrit literatures is literaturewherein dialects that have evolved through time are used.In this report well be focusing on Sanskrit Literature.


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What is the Sanskrit?Sanskrit is a part of the trio of classical literarylanguages. It is the ancient language of India andthe subcontinent itself. It is part of the IndoAryan sub branch of Indo Iranian branch of theIndoeuropean language family. It has 2 categoriesor periods, the Vedic Sanskrit and the ClassicalSanskrit


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What are the Vedic and ClassicalSanskrit?

Vedic the language of the Vedas, theprototype of the Classical Sanskrit

Classical the refined form of VedicSanskrit, used in poetry and drama


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VEDIC Sanskrit: VedasVedas are among the most celebrated possessions ofman kind. These are the literary records of the entireAryan Race. They are not only aimed at sacred rituals,but also at attaining higher levels of understandingabout survival, death, and life. There are four acceptedVedas which are:Rigveda, Atharva Veda, Yajur Veda and Sama Veda


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VEDIC Sanskrit: VedasRigveda the oldest known indo-aryan literary piece of mankind- contains hymns that represent Hindu Philosophies, especially atattaining Moksha- the basis of all other VedasSama Veda a collection of sacred hymns and texts that are intended to besung - imparts the application of RigvedaYajur Veda a step by step guide in performing ritual activitiesAtharva Veda Related to sociocultural aspects of society- dwells on an entirely different knowledge (witchcraft, demonology)


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CLASSICAL SANSKRITClassical Sanskrit Literature, on the other hand, is found to be in vogue when it comes to

writing poetry and dance dramas. This form of Sanskrit has contributed to the field ofliterary knowledge. Classical Sanskrit has 2 pioneers, the Ramayana and theMahabharata

Ramayana - The Way of Rama-Written by Valkimi-Tells the story of the hero Rama, prince of Ayodhya and incarnation of the god

Vishnu.Mahabharata - The Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty

-Written by Vyasal-A tale of dispute between two branches of the Bharata clans over the right to

rule the kingdom.


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Classical Sanskrit Drama


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CLASSICAL SANSKRITClassical Sanskrit drama evolved as early as 2 ndCentury BC

- themes are based on heroic tales of protagonists, or has the setting of royaltiesClassical Sanskrit poetry has varied genre

- can be recited and sung-can be considered the one that started Indian Classical Music- No tragedy in Indian drama ; impossible in the Hindu and Buddhist conception

of the universe of karma linking humans with nature and the cosmos through networksof volition, action and response

open-ended cycles of time-called kavya when in canon


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Classical Sanskrit : Drama ExamplesAbhijnanasakuntalam by Kalidasa a beautiful tale of love ad

romance and how one moment can make or break a relation.Malavikagnimitram by Kalidasa his first play about a kings

love for his maidRitusamhara by Kalidasa describes the seasons of IndiaVikramorvasiyam by Kalidasa tells the story about a kings love

with a damselNatya Shastra about details when dancing


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Classical Sanskrit :Poems ExamplesKumarasambhayam by Kalidasa poem about the courtship

of Shiva and ParvatiMaghadutam by Kalidasa a poem about cloudsRitusamhara by Kalidasa harmonious relation between

man and forces of natureRaghuvamsa by Kalidasatraces the roots of Prince Rama


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KALIDASAWe can see that Kalidasa is behind the most popular

Sanskrit dramas and poems. Kalidasa is regarded as thebest Sanskrit dramatist and poet. He resided inChandraguptas residence. According to legends he isblessed with good looks.


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Influences/Resemblance to our very ownculture

The most prominent influence of theClassical Period to the Philippine Cultureis the Filipino use of loan words to givespecifications to seemingly indescribableideas before. Examples are:Bathala (Diyos) - Bhattara Guru (highestof all Gods)Pana (arrow) - bana (length)kati (itchiness) - koti (ten millions)dalaga (unmarried girl) - darika (younggirl)dala (carry) - shara (bear a burden)sakali (perhaps) - sahakala (perhaps)

tala (star) - tara (star)masa (time) - masa (month)buti (kindness) - bhuti (adornment)Guro (Teacher)-Guru (Teacher)Mukha (face) - Mukha (face)Kapas (cotton)- Kapasa (cotton)Katha (fiction) - Kalpita Katha (fictionYaya (maid) - Vaha (nurse)


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The most prominent influence of theClassical Period to the Philippine Cultureis the Filipino use of loan words to givespecifications to seemingly inderscribableideas before. Examples are:Bathala (Diyos) - Bhattara Guru (highestof all Gods)Pana (arrow) - bana (length)kati (itchiness) - koti (ten millions)dalaga (unmarried girl) - darika (younggirl)dala (carry) - shara (bear a burden)sakali (perhaps) - sahakala (perhaps)

tala (star) - tara (star)masa (time) - masa (month)buti (kindness) - bhuti (adornment)Guro (Teacher)-Guru (Teacher)Mukha (face) - Mukha (face)Kapas (cotton)- Kapasa (cotton)Katha (fiction) - Kalpita Katha (fictionYaya (maid) - Vaha (nurse)


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Dances and social norms may not have been influenced by thisperiod but this periods literary pieces hold very evidentsimilarities to our very own folklore and mythology.Folklore seemed to be affected by Sanskrit Poems and Plays:Ifugao s Balituk who obtained water from a rock, is similar toMahabharata s Arjuna. Maranaon Darangan, is said to be Indian inPlot. Ramayana is similar to the Agusan Legend Manubo Ango.Claims of this folklore might have been influenced by Indians here.


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References

http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/sanskrit/plays/index.html

http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/sanskrit/vedas/index.html

http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/sanskrit/classical/index.html

http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/sanskrit/index.html

http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/sanskrit/poetry/index.html http://web.archive.org/web/20071102183718/http://www.geocities.c

om/CollegePark/Pool/1644/precolonial.html

http://www.iloveindia.com/literature/sanskrit/poets/kalidasa.html

http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/ling450ch/reports/Tagalog1.html

http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino

http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/language/g/021909Sanskrit.htm
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