classical conditioning + intro to operant conditioning learning unit mrs. craig
TRANSCRIPT
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Classical Conditioning
+ Intro to Operant Conditioning
Learning UnitMrs. Craig
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Conditioning= LearningMeans the same as Learning
How do we know learning has taken place????
Learning is a permanent change in behavior
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Ivan Pavlov- Russian scientist 1900’s First to discover classical conditioning Experimented with dog’s digestive system Famous experiment Discovered a neutral stimulus (bell,
footsteps) could be taught to dog to create salivation
Normally food creates salivation. First discovery on how learning occurs
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Classical Conditioning Most primitive learning Starts with something that is born in the
organism—UCS UCS= unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus UCR= unconditioned (unlearned) response NS= neutral stimulus (no connection to UCS)
the NS becomes the CS over time CS= conditioned (learned) stimulus CR= conditioned (learned) response
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Pavlov’s Formula for CC UCS to UCR (food to salivation)
NS + UCS to UCR (bell+food to salivation) or
“learning by association”
CS to CR!!! (bell to salivation)
Learning has occurred!!!
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John B Watson Baby Albert Experiment Uses classical conditioning to teach fear Discrimination- fear of a specific stimulus
Generalization- fear of a general rather than a specific stimulus
Experiment with Baby Albert considered unethical today.
WHY??
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Review of Classical Conditioning Starts with an unlearned relationship
(UCS to UCR) NS paired with UCS over time Learning takes place when the CR is
triggered by the CS (the original NS). Humans have very few inborn
unlearned relationships sooo……very few classical conditioning learning opportunities.!!!
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OPERANT CONDITIONINGAnother form of learningCalled S-R-R theoryS= StimulusR= ResponseR(2nd one)= ReinforcementClassical Conditioning does NOT
use reinforcement at all!!!!!
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REINFORCEMENT ALWAYS increases a behavior
happening again!!! Positive Reinforcement= praise/feels
good
Negative reinforcement= avoid something to increase a behavior“proactive”
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Punishment decreases a behavior
Happens after aBehavior occurs“reactive”
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Primary & Secondary Reinforcement Primary are necessary ex. Food
Secondary – can be turned into primary Ex. Money or grades
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Punishment – 2 types Undesirable event following the behavior
A desirable event ends following the behavior
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4 schedules of reinforcement Reinforcement that occurs after the next
correct response are based on time and behavior
Fixed and Variable Interval Fixed and Variable Ratio Interval means time Ratio means behavior
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Fixed Interval Reinforcement after a specific amount of
time
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Variable Interval
Requires a period of time before a reinforcement is given
but the time is variable- you never know how quickly
or how long it takes before receiving a reinforcement
Example- pop quiz or a nibble/bite during fishing
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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement based on predetermined
number of behaviors ( you know how many behavior you need to perform to receive your reward!)
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Variable Ratio Must perform undetermined number of
behavior before getting reward.( could be one or many more!) very strong motivator
could be addictive!