classical conditioning chapter 6 psychology. learning learning: some kind of change in behavior or...
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Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
Chapter 6 PsychologyChapter 6 Psychology
LearningLearning
Learning: some kind of change in behavior or knowledge that is long-lasting due to an increase in one’s experience
Experience is key to the learning process. Humans learn best through association -
our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Called Associative Learning
Learning: some kind of change in behavior or knowledge that is long-lasting due to an increase in one’s experience
Experience is key to the learning process. Humans learn best through association -
our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence Called Associative Learning
BehaviorismBehaviorism John B. Watson (1913)
Founder of the Behaviorist view of psychology
Urged colleagues to discard reference to inner thoughts and feelings and focus on observable behavior
“The theoretical goal [of Behaviorism] is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.”
John B. Watson (1913) Founder of the Behaviorist view of
psychology Urged colleagues to discard
reference to inner thoughts and feelings and focus on observable behavior
“The theoretical goal [of Behaviorism] is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods.”
Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Sometimes called Pavlovian Conditioning after its first pioneer - Ivan Pavlov
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.
Sometimes called Pavlovian Conditioning after its first pioneer - Ivan Pavlov
Who was Ivan Pavlov?Who was Ivan Pavlov?
Nobel Prize-winning work on digestion
Studied the role of saliva in the digestive process of dogs
Stumbled onto “psychic reflexes”
Nobel Prize-winning work on digestion
Studied the role of saliva in the digestive process of dogs
Stumbled onto “psychic reflexes”
Discoveries were purely accidental
Psychologists for years have modified and replicated Pavlov’s findings
Discoveries were purely accidental
Psychologists for years have modified and replicated Pavlov’s findings
Pavlov’s Accidental Findings
Pavlov’s Accidental Findings
Subjects: dogs; restrained in harnesses in an experimental chamber
Saliva collected through a surgically implanted tube in the salivary gland
Pavlov would present meat powder to the dog and collect the resulting saliva
Noticed that dogs accustomed to the procedure would salivate before the meat powder was presented
Subjects: dogs; restrained in harnesses in an experimental chamber
Saliva collected through a surgically implanted tube in the salivary gland
Pavlov would present meat powder to the dog and collect the resulting saliva
Noticed that dogs accustomed to the procedure would salivate before the meat powder was presented
Experimental ChamberExperimental Chamber
Further StudiesFurther Studies
To investigate further, Pavlov paired the presentation of meat powder with various stimuli that would stand out (tone, bell)
After the tone and meat powder were presented together a number of times, then the tone was presented alone
Even with the tone alone, the dogs responded by salivating
To investigate further, Pavlov paired the presentation of meat powder with various stimuli that would stand out (tone, bell)
After the tone and meat powder were presented together a number of times, then the tone was presented alone
Even with the tone alone, the dogs responded by salivating
TerminologyTerminology
Neutral Stimulus: stimulus that elicits no response prior to conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR): in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the UCS
Neutral Stimulus: stimulus that elicits no response prior to conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR): in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the UCS
TerminologyTerminology
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR): in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an UCS, comes to trigger a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR): in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life!
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life!
Conditioned Fears - Phobias are a good example of this. Many irrational fears can be traced back to experiences
Conditioned Fears - Phobias are a good example of this. Many irrational fears can be traced back to experiences
Other Emotional Responses - advertisers use their products with UCSs that elicit pleasant emotions (attractive persons, enjoyable surroundings)
Other Emotional Responses - advertisers use their products with UCSs that elicit pleasant emotions (attractive persons, enjoyable surroundings)
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life!
Classical Conditioning in Daily Life!
Physiological Responses - Immune system functioning; when an infectious agent invades your body, your immune system triggers the release of antibodies to fight the invasion
Physiological Responses - Immune system functioning; when an infectious agent invades your body, your immune system triggers the release of antibodies to fight the invasion
Immunosuppression - a decrease in the production of antibodies Many studies have
been done using this concept with animals
Immunosuppression - a decrease in the production of antibodies Many studies have
been done using this concept with animals
Other Important Terms!Other Important Terms! Acquisition: the initial stange of learning
something Extinction: the gradual weakening and
disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
Generalization: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimuli
Acquisition: the initial stange of learning something
Extinction: the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus
Generalization: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimuli
More Important Terms!More Important Terms!
Discrimination: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
High Order Conditioning: a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Discrimination: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
High Order Conditioning: a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Little AlbertLittle Albert
Experiment conducted by John B. Watson Studied “Little Albert” an 11-month old boy Initially the child was unafraid of a little
white rat (live) Then Watson paired the presentation of the
rat with a loud, startling sound (striking gong with hammer)
Little Albert showed fear to loud noise
Experiment conducted by John B. Watson Studied “Little Albert” an 11-month old boy Initially the child was unafraid of a little
white rat (live) Then Watson paired the presentation of the
rat with a loud, startling sound (striking gong with hammer)
Little Albert showed fear to loud noise
Little AlbertLittle Albert
After several pairings, the rat was established as a CS - eliciting a fear response
Watson then exposed the boy to other similar stimuli - white and furry (rabbit, dog, fur coat, and a Santa Clause mask)
Little Albert’s fear response was generalized to the variety of stimuli
After several pairings, the rat was established as a CS - eliciting a fear response
Watson then exposed the boy to other similar stimuli - white and furry (rabbit, dog, fur coat, and a Santa Clause mask)
Little Albert’s fear response was generalized to the variety of stimuli