ST. XAVIER’S SCHOOLS-CHANDIGARH, PANCHKULA, MOHALI, ZIRAKPUR

Class10 English Worksheet-8

THE COLD WITHIN

The cold within by James Patrick Kinney is a inspiring poem. It is simple, straight and

powerful. It appeals to our hearts. It conveys a good message in the form of a parable(a

story with a moral). The story it tells is simple but suggestive.

.Just by chance six human beings get trapped in extreme cold weather. They are all

sitting near a dying fire, their only hope of survival. Each of them has a stick of wood. If

any one of them gives up the stick ,It will keep the fire burning and all of them will

survive. But sadly and strangely, each one has a reason to hold back his stick.

The first man does not want to give his stick as it will save the black man’s life, whose

face he had noticed in the light of the fire. The second man holds back his stick as one of

the members in the group does not belong to his religion. The third is a very poor man ,in

tattered clothes. He holds back his stick thinking that it should not be used to warm the

rich man in the group. The fourth, a rich man, holds back his stick. He only thinks of how

to keep his wealth away from the undeserving lazy poor people. The fifth, the black man,

is full of hatred for the white people. He wanted to hurt the white somehow by holding

back his stick.

The last man of the group has his own reason to hold back his stick. As no one else is

ready to renounce his stick, so he too will not. He thinks that he will only give to those

who give first.

So all of them die not because of the cold outside but because of the cold within( lack of

feelings) their hearts.

STANZA 1

Six humans trapped by happenstance

In bleak and bitter cold.

Each one possessed a stick of wood

Or so the story’s told.

Explanation-

The poem opens on a dramatic note. It attracts our attention at once by the use of diction.

The poet says that ‘six humans’ get trapped by chance in bitter cold weather. He uses

‘human’ and ‘not people’ so as to refer to all human beings. The line'-Six humans trapped

by happenstance' is to be read carefully. Though the six persons were together in a

situation which seems to have been arranged, even though it was accidental. That is why,

the poet has used the word ‘happenstance’ , an event that is arranged. The six persons

were thus in a situation from which there was no escape. They were sitting near the fire

which was fast dying. Each of them had a stick of wood.This is how it is told in the

story. We later realize that the stick in each hand is the symbol of sin.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.What brought the ‘six humans together’?

Q2.What did each of them possess?

Q3.What could these persons have done?

STANZA 2

Their dying fire in need of logs,

But the first one held hers back,

For, of the faces round the fire,

She noticed one was black.

Explanation-

The fire which was dying needed to be fed with logs of wood. The first man was not

ready to renounce his stick of wood to keep the fire burning because he had noticed that

one of them was a black. He did not want to save the black. Thus, he acted out of his

racial prejudice.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.Who was the first man?

Q2.What had he noticed?

Q3.Why did he hold back his stick?

Q4.What kind of prejudice did he have in his mind?

STANZA 3

The next man looking ‘cross the way

Saw one not of his church,

And could not bring himself to give

The fire his stick of birch.

Explanation-

The next man noticed in the group , a person not belonging to his religion .He could not

persuade himself to give up his stick of wood to help a person of another religion. He

suffered from intolerance.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.Who were trapped on the day of bitter cold?

Q2.What was needed for their survival?

Q3.What did the second man notice? What did he do?

Q4.Why did he decide not to help a person of a different religion?

STANZA 4

The third one sat in tattered clothes

He gave his coat a hitch

Why should his log be put to use

To warm the idle rich?

Explanation-

The third man was a poor man.He was in tattered clothes. He was full of bitterness and

envy for the rich. ‘He gave his coat a hitch’, which is suggestive of his tightness. He

thought it would be unjust to give, what little he had ,to help others who had more than he

had. So he held his stick back.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.Who do you think was the third man?

Q2.Why did he decide not to ‘warm the idle rich’?

STANZA 5

The rich man just sat back and thought

Of the wealth he had in store,

And how to keep what he had earned

From the lazy ,shiftless poor.

Explanation-

The rich man continued to sit back, and think of the money he had, and how he could

save it from the lazy poor. He did not want to give anything to the undeserving poor.

Thus, he showed his greed and stinginess.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.Who were the other three men in the group referred to earlier?

Q2.What kept the rich man lost in his thoughts?

Q3.Why did he decide not to help the poor man?

STANZA 6

The black man’s face bespoke revenge

As the fire passed from his sight.

For all he saw in his stick of wood

Was a chance to spite the white.

Explanation-

The black man’s face showed how much revengeful he was. As the fire was dying,

he thought he had the chance to hurt the white people by keeping his stick with him.

He clearly suffered from the Vice of spite.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.What were the prejudices in the minds of the poor man and the rich man?

Q2.What did the black man’s face reveal?

Q3.How could he hurt the white man?

STANZA 7

The last man of this forlorn group

Did nought except for gain.

Giving only to those who gave

Was how he played the game.

Explanation:-

The last man in the group lacked generosity. As no one else had given his stick, he

would also keep his stick with him. In fact, he did nothing except for gain.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.What did each man fail to do?

Q2.What type of man, was the last person?

Q3.Why did he too, fail to part with his log of wood?

STANZA 8

Their logs held tight in death’s still hands

Was proof of human sin

They did not die from the cold without

They died from the cold within.

Explanation:-

As the fire died out, all the men died. They died not because of the cold outside but

because of the cold within. They died because they were too selfish to help others. Each

of them had a long stick in his hand, when they died, suggesting that no one had

renounced his sin for one reason or the other.

Read the extract and answer the questions:-

Q1.Who are ‘they’ referred to here? Where were they?

Q2.What was the obvious cause of their deaths?

Q3What do you mean by the ‘cold within’? How is it responsible for the death of the six

persons trapped in bitter cold?

Note: Dear students, kindly complete the extracts given in the workbook (if you

have not completed).This chapter has already been done with you in class 9.

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Answer key of English Worksheet-7

THE BANGLE SELLERS(POETRY)

STANZA 1

Ans 1)‘Shining loads’ refers to glass bangles that are carried by the bangle sellers to be

sold at the temple fair.

People who have come there with their wives and daughters are it's buyers.

Ans 2)Bangle sellers ,by selling the colourful bangles in the village and temple fairs not

only help in preserving the rich and vibrant cultural heritage of the society, but also play

a role in bringing happiness to the lives of maidens, brides and middle-aged women.

Ans 3)The bangles are referred to as rainbow-tinted circles of light because they are in a

variety of colours. They are referred to as circles of light, hereby describing the round

shape of the glass bangles which reflects light through them.

The figure of speech used here is Metaphor,as the colors of the bangles are compared to

the vibrant colors of a rainbow.

Ans 4)The bangles are called’ lustrous tokens of radiant lives’ because wearing bangles is

suggestive of happiness, peace and prosperity. Bangles are directly related to the well-

being of a family and the cultural traditions of a typical Indian society.

STANZA 2

Ans 1)Bangles which are silver and blue in colour like the mountain mist are suitable for

the maiden’s wrist. Bangles of pink and light red colour are compared to the flower buds

growing beside a woodland stream which are suitable for a maiden’s wrist.

Silver and blue colours are compared to the mountain mist because of resemblance of the

colour and also because they symbolize purity, freshness and beauty.

Ans 2)The buds seem to dream of growing into a flower. As the buds are dreaming to

bloom into a flower, similarly the maidens are dreaming of their marriage.

The literary device used here is Personification.

Ans 3)In this line the flushed (pink or light red coloured) bangles are compared to the

buds that peep (as if dreaming) from the calm and quiet bank of a river that flows through

the woods.

Ans 4)‘Limpid glory of new born leaves’ here refers to the beautiful and fresh green

coloured bangles which are transparent and glowing like clear dew drops on new born

leaves.

New born leaves are symbolic of the first stage of a woman’s life as a young girl.

STANZA 3

Ans 1)The golden yellow coloured bangles suitable for a bride are compared to the ‘fields

of sunlit corn’. They are compared to the corn fields because their golden yellow colour

is quite similar to the fields of corn which are lit up by sunlight in the morning.

Ans2 )The words ‘bridal laughter and bridal tear’ express both the bride’s joy of starting

a new life with her husband and the sorrow of leaving her parents behind. She is in a very

sentimental state of mind, wavering between laughter and tears.

They have been compared to the bangles that are tinkling, bright, delicate and clear in

colour.

Ans 3 )'Marriage fire' is used in the context of bright red bangles which are suitable for

brides. The bright red colour of the bangles is compared to the reddish coloured flame of

the sacred marriage fire.

Ans 4) The literary device used in the last two lines is a Simile.

As these tinkling, bright, delicate and clear bangles are compared to the bride’s mixed

emotions at the time of her marriage when she is in a very sentimental state of mind,

wavering between laughter and tears.

STANZA 4

Ans 1)The ‘purple and gold flecked grey’ bangles are suitable for the woman who has

‘journeyed through life’. These women are mature, they have experienced life and have

gradually reached middle age ,in the journey of life.

The middle age of their lives is symbolized by these bangles.

Ans 2)The phrase ‘fruitful pride’ signifies here that these middle aged women have taken

care of their household with great pride. They are happy and feel proud of taking care of

their children and their household.

Ans 3)They have fulfilled their duties perfectly because of which they get honour to sit at

their husband’s side while worshipping their Gods.

Ans 4)Yes, I do think so because the poet’s presentation of the Indian scene and ethos is

orthodox and in line with the outdated patriarchal ideology. In this poem, woman is

presented as tender, weak, helpless and dependent. Man as a father, husband and son

determines her life. By using ‘fair sons’ the poet has only upheld gender discrimination

in Indian families. The last line, too, shows woman’s insubordination by her husband

which is unacceptable in our times of feminist outlook. Note: Dear students,kindly complete the extracts given in the workbook (If you have not

completed)This chapter has already been done with you in class 9.

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Class 10 Hindi Worksheet-8

Class 10 Punjabi Worksheet-8

ਕਥਾ-ਸੰਵੇਦਨਾ ਪਾਠ-7 ਰੱਬ ਤੇ ਰ ੱ ਤਾਂ

ਇਸ ਵਾਰ ਅਸੀਂ ਰਬੱ ਤ ੇਰ ਤੱਾਾਂ ਕਹਾਣੀ ਅਗੱ ੇਪੜ੍ਾਾਂਗ।ੇ

Worksheet ਵਵਚੱ ਵ ਤੱ ੇਪਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ਾ ਅਵਿਆਸ ਆਪਣੀ ਕਾਪੀ ਵਵਚੱ ਕਰ।ੋ

ਹੇਠਾਾਂ ਵ ਤੱੀ ਵਿਖਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਿਆਨ ਨਾਿ ਪੜ੍ ਕ ੇਨੀਚ ੇਵ ਤੱ ੇਪਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ੇਉੱਤਰ ਵਿਖ।ੋ

ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 3 -" ਰੱਬ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵੱਿ ਵਪੱਠ ਕਰਕੇ ਤ ਰ ਵਪਆ। ਹ ਣ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵਪੱਛੇ ਰਵਹ ਵਗਆ ਸੀ।"

(੧)- ਰੱਬ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਹਿਰਾਸ਼ ਿੋ ਕੇ ਹਕਥ ੇਹਿਆ ਅਤ ੇਉੱਥੇ ਉਸਿੇ ਕੀ ਦੇਹਿਆ?

(੨)-ਇਸ ਕਿਾਣੀ ਦਾ ਮ ੱ ਿ ਹਵਸ਼ਾ ਕੀ ਿੈ?

(੩)- ਲੇਹਿਕਾ ਿੇ ਇਸ ਕਿਾਣੀ ਰਾਿੀਂ ਸਾਿ ੂੰ ਕੀ ਸੂੰ ਦੇਸ਼ ਹਦੱਤਾ ਿੈ?

(4)- ਰੱਬ ੀ ਬੱਣਾਈ ਕ ਰਤ ਅਤੇ ਮਨ ੱਖ ੇ ਬਣਾਏ ਵਵਵਗਆਨਕ ਉਪਕਰਣ, ੋਹਾਾਂ ੇ ਤਾਿਮੇਿ ਨਾਿ ਮਨ ੱਖੀ ਜੀਵਨ ਸੋਹਣਾ ਤੇ ਸਰਿ

ਵਕਵੇਂ ਬਣਾਇਆ ਜਾ ਸਕ ਾ ਹੈ? ਆਪਣੇ ਵਵਚਾਰ ਵਿਖ।ੋ

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ਪ੍ਰਸ਼ਨ 4- "ਸਾਰੀ ਨੀਆ ਿਈ ਨਾ ਸਹੀ, ਪਰ ਅਵਜਹੇ ਇੱਕ ਵਵਅਕਤੀ ਿਈ...ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਆਉਂਵ ਆਾਂ ਰਵਹਣਗੀਆਾਂ। ਬਹਾਰ ਨੇ ਵਜਵੇਂ

ਹ ਕਮ ਕਵਹ ਕੇ ਵਸਰ ਵਨਵਾਾਂ ਵ ੱਤਾ"।

(੧)-ਇਿ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਹਕਸ ਿੇ, ਹਕਸ ਿ ੂੰ , ਕਦੋਂ ਤੇ ਹਕਉਂ ਕਿੇ?

(੨)-ਉਸ ਬੂੰਦੇ ਕੋਲ ਡਾਕੀਆ ਹਕਉਂ ਰ ਹਕਆ? ਉਿ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਕੀ ਮਦਦ ਕਰਿਾ ਚਾਿ ੂੰ ਦਾ ਸੀ ਤ ੇਉਿ ਿ ੱ ਸਾ ਿੋ ਕੇ ਹਕੱਥੇ ਚਲਾ ਹਿਆ?

(੩)- ਉਿ ਬੂੰਦਾ ਬਿਾਰ ਜਾਂ ਕ ਦਰਤ ਦਾ ਮਜਾ ਹਕਸ ਤਰਹਾਂ ਲੈ ਹਰਿਾ ਸੀ?

(੪)-ਉਸ ਬੂੰਦੇ ਿ ੂੰ ਵੇਿ ਕੇ ਰੱਬ ਿੇ ਕੀ ਫੈਸਲਾ ਕੀਤਾ ਿੈ ਤੇ ਬਿਾਰ ਦੀ ਰ ੱ ਤ ਿ ੂੰ ਕੀ ਿ ਕਮ ਹਦੱਤਾ?

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Answer key of Punjabi Worksheet-7

ਕਥਾ ਸੰਵੇਦਨਾ

ਪ੍ਾਠ-7 ਰੱਬ ਤੇ ਰ ੱ ਤਾਂ- ਦਲੀਪ੍ ਕੌਰ ਟਿਵਾਣਾ

ਉੱਤਰ- 1

(੧)-ਰਾਮ ਜੀ, ਸ਼ਬ ਰੱਬ ਿਈ ਵਰਵਤਆ ਵਗਆ ਹੈ। ਇਹ ਸ਼ਬ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਨੇ ਰੱਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਹੇ,ਜ ੋਂ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿੱਵਗਆ ਵਕ ਉਨ੍ਾਾਂ ੀ ਹ ਣ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ

ਉਹ ਅਵਹਮੀਅਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਰਹੀ । ਪਵਹਿਾਾਂ ਪਵਹਿ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨਾਿ ਸ਼ਰਾਰਤਾਾਂ ਕਰ ੀਆਾਂ, ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨ ੂੰ ਡਰਾਉਂ ੀਆਾਂ।ਹੌਿੀ-ਹੌਿੀ ਵਵਵਗਆਨਕ

ਤਰੱਕੀ ਨਾਿ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨੇ ਇਸ ਤੋ ਬਚਣ ੇਉਪਾਅ ਿਿ ਿਏ, ਇਸ ਿਈ ਰ ਤਾਾਂ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਰੱਬ ਕੋਿ ਪਹ ੂੰਵਚਆ ਅਤੇ ਕਵਹਣ ਿੱਵਗਆ ਕੀ

ਸਾਨ ੂੰ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਵਾਪਸ ਬ ਿਾ ਿਓ, ਹ ਣ ਉੱਥ ੇਸਾਡੀ ਕੋਈ ਜ਼ਰ ਰਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ।

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(੨)- ਿਰਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਰ ਤਾਾਂ ਵਾਪਸ ਆਉਣਾ ਚਾਹ ੂੰ ੀਆਾਂ ਸੀ। ਵਕਉਂਵਕ ਉਹਨਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿੱਗ ਾ ਸੀ ਵਕ ਹ ਣ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਮਨ ਖੱ ਨ ੂੰ ਉਨ੍ਾਾਂ ੀ ਕੋਈ ਜ਼ਰ ਰਤ

ਨਹੀਂ। ਪਵਹਿਾਾਂ ਪਵਹਿ ਰ ਤਾਾਂ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨਾਿ ਸ਼ਰਾਰਤਾਾਂ ਕਰ ੀਆਾਂ। ਕ ੇ ਹਵਾ ਬੂੰ ਹੋ ਜਾਾਂ ੀ, ਕ ੇ ਮੀਂਹ ਨਾ ਪੈਂ ਾ, ਉਸਨ ੂੰ ਅਵਜਹਾ

ਿੱਗ ਾ ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਵਕਸੇ ਪਾਪੀ ੇ ਕਾਰਨ ਅਵਜਹਾ ਹੋ ਵਰਹਾ ਹੈ, ਜ਼ਰ ਰ ਉਸ ੇ ਪਾਪਾਾਂ ੀ ਸਜ਼ਾ ਸਿ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਮਿ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ। ਮਨ ੱਖ ਪ ਜਾ ਪਾਠ ਅਤੇ ਹਵਨ

ਕਰਕੇ ਇਹਨਾਾਂ ੇ ਉਪਾਅ ਕਰ ਾ। ਪਰ ਹੌਿੀ-ਹੌਿੀ ਵਵਵਗਆਨਕ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਨਾਿ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਇਹਨਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਾਬ ਕਰਨ ਿੱਗ ਵਪਆ। ਸਰ ੀ ਅਤੇ ਮੀਂਹ

ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਿਈ ਉਸ ਨੇ ਵੱਡ ੇ-ਵੱਡੇ ਘਰ ਬਣਾ ਿਏ। ਗਰਮੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਿਈ ਪੱਖ ੇ,ਕ ਿਰ ਿਗਾ ਿੲੇੇ। ਹ ਣ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿੱਗਣ ਿੱਗਾ ਵਕ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ

ਉਹਨਾਾਂ ੀ ਕੋਈ ਅਵਹਮੀਅਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਰਹੀ, ਇਸ ਿਈ ਵਨਰਾਸ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਰੱਬ ਕੋਿ ਗਈਆਾਂ ਤੇ ਉਹਨਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਵਾਪਸ ਬ ਿਾਉਣ ੀ ਮੂੰਗ

ਕਰਨ ਿੱਗੀਆਾਂ।

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(੩)-ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਿੇਵਜਆ, ਅਸਿ ਵਵੱਚ ਜ ੋਂ ਰੱਬ ੇ ਵ ਿ ਵਵੱਚ ਵਸਰਸ਼ਟੀ ੀ ਵਸਰਜਣਾ ਾ ਵਵਚਾਰ ਹਿਚਿ ਮਚਾ ਵਰਹਾ ਸੀ

ਉਸ ਸਮੇਂ ਕ ਰਤੀ ਨਜ਼ਾਰ ੇਰੱਬ ੀ ਇਕਾਗਰਤਾ ਿੂੰਗ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ। ਹਵਾ ੇਚੱਿਣ ੀ ਆਵਾਜ਼ ,ਪੂੰਛੀਆਾਂ ੇਚਹਕਣ ੀ ਆਵਾਜ਼ ਜਾਾਂ ਵਿਰ

ਬੱ ਿਾਾਂ ੇਗਰਜਣ ਕਰਕੇ ਰੱਬ ਵਖੱਝ ਵਗਆ , ਉਹਨਾਾਂ ਨੇ ਗ ੱਸੇ ਵਵੱਚ ਆ ਕੇ ਸਾਵਰਆਾਂ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਵਾਰ-ੋਵਾਰੀ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਪਵਹਰਾ ੇਣ ਾ

ਆ ੇਸ਼ ਵ ੱਤਾ।

(੪)-ਰੱਬ ੇਆ ੇਸ਼ ੀਆਾਂ ਬੂੰਨ੍ੀਆਾਂ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਇੱਕ-ਇੱਕ ਕਰਕੇ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਪਵਹਰਾ ਣੇ ਿੱਗੀਆਾਂ। ਮਾਣ ਮੱਤੀਆਾਂ ਰ ਤੱਾਾਂ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਮਨ ੱਖ

ਨਾਿ ਸ਼ਰਾਰਤਾਾਂ ਕਰ ੀਆਾਂ। ਵਕਸੇ ਰ ਤੱ ਇਹਨਾਾਂ ਮੀਂਹ ਪੈਂ ਾ, ਵਰਆਵਾਾਂ ਵਵੱਚ ਹੜ੍ ਆ ਜਾਾਂ ੇ, ਵਪੂੰਡ ੇ ਵਪੂੰਡ ਰ ੜ੍ ਜਾਾਂ ੇ, ਕ ੇਹਵਾ ਰ ਕ ਜਾਾਂ ੀ,

ਕ ੇ ਮੀਂਹ ਨਾ ਪੈਂ ਾ ਤਾਾਂ ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਸ ੱਕ ਸੜ ਜਾਾਂ ੀ।ਿੋਕ ਇਹਨਾਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ੇ ਉਪਰਾਿੇ ਕਰ ੇ ਰਵਹੂੰ ,ੇ ਪ ਜਾ ਪਾਠ ਹਵਨ ਕਰ ੇ। ਹੌਿੀ ਹੌਿੀ

ਵਵਵਗਆਨ ਨੇ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਕਰ ਿਈ। ਹ ਣ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਾ ਰੇਡੀਓ ਅਤੇ ਟੀ ਵੀ ਉਨ੍ਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਪਵਹਿਾਾਂ ਹੀ ਸ ਵਚਤ ਕਰ ਵ ੂੰ ਾ ਹੈ, ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨੇ ਇਨ੍ਾਾਂ ਰ ੱਤਾ ਤੋਂ

ਬਚਣ ਿਈ ਵੱਡ ੇਵੱਡ ੇਘਰ ਤੇ ਬੂੰਗਿੇ ਬਣਾ ਿਏ, ਗਰਮੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਿਈ ਪੱਖ ੇਤੇ ਕ ਿਰ ਆ ਗਏ। ਸ ੱਕੇ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਿਈ ਿੋਕਾਾਂ ਨੇ ਵਟਊਬਵੈੱਿ

ਿਾ ਿਏ, ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਾਾਂ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਤੋਂ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਰੱਬ ਕੋਿ ਵਸ਼ਕਾਇਤ ਿੈ ਕੇ ਪਹ ੂੰਵਚਆ।

----------------++++++++----------------

ਉੱਤਰ 2-(੧) ਰੱਬ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਵਚੜੀ ੇਰ ਪ ਵਵੱਚ ਆਇਆ, ਤਾਾਂ ਕੀ ਉਹ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ੀ ਵਸ਼ਕਾਇਤ ੀ ਪੜਤਾਿ ਕਰ ਸਕੇ। ਪਰਿ ੇ ਹ ਕਮ

ੀਆਾਂ ਬੂੰਨ੍ੀਆਾਂ ਰ ੱਤਾਾਂ ਵਾਰ-ੋਵਾਰੀ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਆ ਕੇ ਪਵਹਰਾ ਣੇ ਿੱਵਗਆ , ਉਹ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨਾਿ ਸ਼ਰਾਰਤਾਾਂ ਤੇ ਮਜ਼ਾਕ ਕਰ ੀਆਾਂ। ਜ ੋਂ

ਵਵਵਗਆਨਕ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਨਾਿ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨੇ ਇਨ੍ਾਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ੇਉਪਰਾਿੇ ਿਿ ਿਏ। ਤਾਾਂ ਇਹ ਵਨਰਾਸ ਹੋ ਕੇ,ਵਸ਼ਕਾਇਤ ਿੈ ਕੇ ,ਰੱਬ ਕੋਿ ਵਸ਼ਕਾਇਤ ਿੈ

ਕੇ ਪਹ ੂੰਵਚਆ ਵਕ ਹ ਣ ਇਹਨਾਾਂ ੀ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਿੋੜ ਨਹੀਂ।

-----------------------------------------------

(੨)-ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੇ ਆ ਕੇ ੇਵਖਆ, ਸ਼ਾਮ ਾ ਸਮਾਾਂ ਸੀ ਤੇ ਬਹਾਰ ੀ ਰ ੱਤ ਸੀ। ਰੱਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਿੱਗਾ ਵਕ ਇਹ ਿਰਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਹ ਤ ਸੋਹਣੀ ਥਾਾਂ ਹੈ।

•~ ਇਹਨੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਰੱਬ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵਵੱਚ ਪਹ ੂੰਵਚਆ, ਵਜੱਥ ੇਬਹ ਤ ਿੀੜ ਤੇ ਰਿੌਾ ਸੀ।ਹਰ ਕੋਈ ਵਜਵੇਂ ਗ ਆਵਚਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਸੀ, ਕੋਈ ਵਕਸੇ ਨ ੂੰ

ਜਾਣ ਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ, ਕੋਈ ਵਕਸੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਬ ਿਾਉਂ ਾ ਨਹੀ ਸੀ।ਸਿ ਆਪਣੇ ਗ ਟੱਾਾਂ ਤੇ ਬੂੰਨੀਆਾਂ ਘੜੀਆਾਂ ਵੱਿ ਬਾਰ -ਬਾਰ ੇਖ ੇਸੀ,ਰੱਬ ਨ ੂੰ ਸਮਝ ਨਾ

ਆਇਆ ਵਕਸ ਿਈ।

•~ਇਹਨੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ੇਵਖਆ ਵਕ ਇੱਕ ਬੂੰ ਾ ਵਪੂੰਜਰੇ ਵਵੱਚ ਬੂੰ ਰੂੰਗ-ਵਬਰੂੰਗੀਆਾਂ ਵਚੜੀਆਾਂ ਵੇਚ ਵਰਹਾ ਹੈ, ਰੱਬ ਘਬਰਾ ਕੇ ਇੱਕ ਮੂੰ ਰ ਵਵੱਚ ਜਾ

ਵਵੜਆ। ਮੂੰ ਰ ਵਵਚ ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ੇਵਖਆ ਵਕ ਇੱਕ ਗ਼ਰੀਬ ਮ ੂੰਡਾ ਿ ੱਿਾਾਂ ੇਹਾਰ -ੋ ੋ ਆਨੇ ੇਵੇਚ ਵਰਹਾ ਹੈ, ਇਨੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਇੱਕ ਵਤਿਕਿਾਰੀ ਿਾਿੇ

ਨੇ ਮ ੂੰਡੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਡੇਢ ਆਨੇ ੇਕੇ ਉਹ ੇਤੋਂ ਹਾਰ ਿੈ ਵਿਆ ਤੇ ਿੀਿ ੇਂ ੇ ਹੋਏ ਵਕਹਾ ਵਕ ਥੋੜੇ੍ ਸਮੇਂ ਵਵੱਚ ਇਹ ਮ ਰਝਾ ਜਾਣਾ ਹੈ। ਮ ੂੰਡਾ ਆਪਣੀ

ਗਰੀਬੀ ਅਤੇ ਬੇਵਸੀ ਵਵੱਚ ਹੋਰ ੇਣ ਨ ੂੰ ਮੂੰਨ ਵਗਆ। ਿਾਿਾ ਜੀ ਨੇ ਮੂੰ ਰ ਵਵੱਚ ਜਾ ਕੇ ੇਵੀ ੀ ਮ ਰਤੀ ਅੱਗੇ ਿ ਿੱਾਾਂ ਾ ਹਾਰ ਵਗਾਹ ਕੇ ਮਾਵਰਆ

ਤੇ ਕ ਝ ਿੈਣ- ੇਣ ੀਆਾਂ ਗੱਿਾਾਂ ਕੀਤੀਆਾਂ। ਰੱਬ ਇਹ ਸਿ ੇਖ ਕੇ ਬਹ ਤ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋਇਆ।

•~ਇਹਨੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਇਕ ਔਰਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਾਾਂਿਾਾਂ ਵਵੱਚ ਬਹ ਤ ਸੋਹਣਾ ਿ ੱਿ ਿਾਈ ਜਾਾਂ ੇ ਵੇਖਆ। ਰੱਬ ਖ ਸ਼ ਹੋ ਵਗਆ। ਪਰ ਉਸ ਔਰਤ ਨ ੂੰ ਨਾਿ

ਚੱਿ ੀ ਇੱਕ ਔਰਤ ਨੇ ਵਸਰ ਢੱਕਣ ਿਈ ਵਕਹਾ, ਉਹਨੇ ਵੀ ਆਵਗਆਕਾਰ ਿੀ- ਨ ੂੰਹ ਵਾਾਂਗ ਵਸਰ ਢੱਕ ਵਿਆ। ਰੱਬ ਉਸ ਿ ੱਿ ਬਾਰੇ ਸੋਚਣ ਿੱਗਾ

ਵਜਸ ਾ ਸਾਹ ਉਸ ਪੱਿੇ ਹੇਠ ਘ ਟੱ ਵਗਆ ਸੀ।

ਇਹਨੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਮੀਂਹ ਪਣੈ ਿੱਗਾ ,ਿੋਕ ਬਰਸਾਤੀਆਾਂ ਤੇ ਛਤਰੀਆਾਂ ਖੋਿਣ ਿੱਗੇ। ਮੀਂਹ ਤੋਂ ਬਚਣ ਿਈ ਇਿਰ-ਉਿਰ ਥਾਾਂ ਿੱਿਣ ਿੱਗੇ। ਵਚੜੀ ਬਵਣਆ

ਰੱਬ ਇਕ ਖੂੰਿੇ ਉਤੇ ਬੈਠਣ ਹੀ ਿਵਗਆ ਤੇ ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਕਰੂੰਟ ਾ ਝਟਕਾ ਿੱਗਾ।ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਿਕਰ ਹੋਇਆ ਵਕ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵਵੱਚ ਪੂੰਛੀਆਾਂ ੇਆਿ੍ਣੇ

ਪਾਉਣ ਿਈ ਰੱਖਤ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ, ਉਹ ਵਕੱਥੇ ਸੌਂ ੇਹੋਣਗੇ। ਰੱਬ ਇਹ ਵੀ ੇਖ ਕੇ ਹੈਰਾਨ ਸੀ ਵਕ ਵਕਸੇ ਨੇ ਮੀਂਹ ੀਆਾਂ ਕਣੀਆਾਂ ਾ ਅਨੂੰ ਨਹੀਂ

ਵਿਤਾ। ੳੇ ਹ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵੱਿ ਵਪੱਠ ਕਰਕੇ ਤ ਰ ਵਪਆ।

(੩)- ਰੱਬ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ੇ ਿੋਕਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਵੇਖ ਕੇ ਬਹ ਤ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋਇਆ।ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ੇ ਿੋਕ ਆਪਣੇ ਆਪ ਵਵੱਚ ਮਸਤ ਗ ਆਚੇ ਹੋਏ ਸਨ, ਕੋਈ ਵਕਸੇ ਨਾਿ

ਗੱਿਬਾਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਕਰ ਾ , ਕੋਈ ਵਕਸੇ ਨ ੂੰ ਜਾਣ ਾ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ। ੳੇ ਹ ਬਾਰ - ਬਾਰ ਆਪਣੇ ਗ ੱਟਾਾਂ ਤੇ ਬੂੰਨੀਆਾਂ ਘੜੀਆਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ੇਖ ੇ ਜਾ ਰਹੇ ਸੀ।

ਮਨ ੱਖ ਪੂੰਛੀਆਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਕੈ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਰੱਖ ਾ ਹੈ, ਵਕਸੇ ਗਰੀਬ ੀ ਿਾਚਾਰੀ ਤੇ ਬੇਬਸੀ ਾ ਿਾਇ ਾ ਚ ਕ ਾ ਹੈ, ਰੱਬ ਨਾਿ ਿੈਣ ੇਣ ੀਆਾਂ ਗੱਿਾਾਂ

ਕਰ ਾ ਹੈ, ਉਸ ੇ ਵ ਿ ਵਵੱਚ ਰੱਬ ਿਈ ਸੱਚੀ ਸ਼ਰਿਾ, ਵਪਆਰ ਤੇ ਿਗਤੀ ਨਹੀਂ। ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਿਈ ਪਸ਼ ਆਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਪੂੰਛੀਆ ੇ

ਰਵਹਣ ੀ ਜਗ੍ਾ ਤੱਕ ਨਹੀਂ ਛੱਡੀ। ਇਸ ਿਈ ਸ਼ਵਹਰਾਾਂ ਵਵੱਚ ਪੂੰਛੀ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਰਹੇ। ਮਨ ੱਖ ਰੱਬ ੇਬਣਾਈ ਕ ਰਤ ਾ ਆਨੂੰ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਾਣ ਾ।

ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵਵੱਚ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਾ ਇਹ ਵਤੀਰਾ ੇਖ ਕੇ ਰੱਬ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਤੇ ਸ਼ਰਵਮੂੰ ਾ ਸੀ।

(੪)- ਜ ੋਂ ਰੱਬ ਮੂੰ ਰ ਤੋਂ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਬਾਹਰ ਵਨਕਵਿਆ, ਬਾਹਰ ਵਨਕਿ ਕੇ ਰੱਬ ਨੇ ਵੇਖਆ ਹੋਿੀ- ਹੋਿੀ ਮੀਂਹ ਪੈਣਾ ਸ਼ ਰ ਹੋ ਵਗਆ ਸੀ, ਉਹ

ਵਬਜਿੀ ੇਖੂੰਬੇ ਤੇ ਬੈਠਣ ਹੀ ਿੱਗਾ ਸੀ, ਉਸ ਨ ੂੰ ਵਬਜਿੀ ੇਕਰੂੰਟ ਾ ਝਟਕਾ ਿੱਗਾ, ਰੱਬ ਇਹ ੇਖ ਕੇ ਬਹ ਤ ਵਨਰਾਸ਼ ਹੋਇਆ ਵਕ ਸ਼ਵਹਰ

ਵਵੱਚ ਮਨ ੱਖ ਨੇ ਆਪਣੀ ਤਰੱਕੀ ਿਈ ਪੂੰਛੀਆਾਂ ੇਆਿ੍ਣੇ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੇ ਬੈਠਣ ੀ ਜਗ੍ਾ ਹੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਛੱਡੀ, ਸ਼ਵਹਰ ਵਵੱਚ ਨਾ ਤਾਾਂ ਰਖ਼ਤ ਹਨ ਤੇ

ਨਾ ਹੀ ਪੂੰਛੀ ਬਚੇ ਹਨ।ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਾਾਂ ਰੱਬ ਪੂੰਛੀਆਾਂ ਬਾਰ ੇਸੋਚ ਕੇ ਬਹ ਤ ਖੀ ਹੋਇਆ।

ਨੋਟ:--ਜਮਾਤ ਸਵੀਂ ੇਪੂੰਜਾਬੀ ੇਵਵਵ ਆਰਥੀ ਇਹਨਾਾਂ ਅਵਿਆਸ ੇਪਰਸ਼ਨਾਾਂ ੇਉੱਤਰਾਾਂ ਨ ੂੰ ਅਵਿਆਸ ਪ ਸਤਕਾਾਂ ਜਾਾਂ ਕਾਪੀ ਵਵਚੱ ਚੂੰਗੀ ਤਰਾ੍ਾਂ

ਵਿਖ ੋਅਤ ੇਯਾ ਕਰ।ੋ ਇਹ ਸਵੀਂ ਜਮਾਤ ਵਵਚੱ ਇਮਵਤਹਾਨਾਾਂ ਵਵਚੱ ਆਉਣਗ।ੇ

Class 10 History Civics Worksheet-7

THE SUBORDINATE COURTS

MEANING

The court of the district judge and other lower courts in ranking to it are called

subordinate courts . All other courts except Supreme Court and High Courts are known as

Subordinate Courts .

The District Courts of India are the district courts of the State governments

in India for every district or for one or more districts together taking into account the

number of cases, population distribution in the district. They administer justice in India at

district level. These courts are under administrative control of the High Court of the State

to which the district concerned belongs.

DISTINCTION BETWEEN COURT OF DISTRICT JUDGE & SESSIONS COURT

FOR THE ABOVE STATED TOPIC REFER TO PAGE NUMBERS 86 TO 88 &

TOPICS : THE CIVIL COURTS , THE CRIMINAL COURTS , IN THE CLASS 10

TEXTBOOK .

LOK ADALAT

Lok Adalat means “ People’s Court ” . Lok Adalats encourage the settlement of

disputes through compromise or settlements between the parties .

ADVANTAGES OF LOK ADALATS

1. Lok Adalats work in the spirit of compromise .

2. Lok Adalats deliver speedy & inexpensive justice .

3. Awards passed by the Lok Adalats are final and binding on the parties .

4. Lok Adalats can pass awards regarding those disputes also which are at pre –

litigation stage .

5. Lok Adalats shall reduce the workload of subordinate courts .

Answer the following questions :

Q.1 What is meant by subordinate courts ?

Q.2 Explain any 3 differences between court of district judge & sessions judge .

Q.3 What is meant by Lok Adalats ?

Q.4 Highlight the advantages of Lok Adalat .

Answer Key of History Civics Worksheet-6

Q.1 What is the composition of a High Court ?

Ans.1 Every High Court has a Chief Justice and other judges , who are

appointed by the President from time to time . The number of judges in a High

Court is not fixed and varies from state to state .

Q.2 Mention 2 types of cases regarding which the High Court exercises Original

Jurisdiction .

Ans.2 ORIGINAL JURISDICTION extends to those cases which High Court has

authority to hear and decide in the first instance . The High Court in its original

jurisdiction entertains suits in the following cases :

1. Cases regarding wills , divorce , marriage , Admiralty , Company Law and

Contempt of Court .

2. Constitutional cases

Q.3 What is the scope or purpose of :

(a) Writ of Quo Warranto : This writ is directed against a person who has

wrongfully usurped an office . The office must be a ‘public office’ .

(b) Writ of prohibition : A writ of prohibition is issued to prevent a lower court

from exercising powers with which it is not legally vested .

Q.4 In what way do the High courts have a wider scope in enforcement of writs as

compared to the Supreme Court ?

Ans.4 The writ jurisdiction of the High Court is wider than the Supreme Court as

the High Court can issue writs for enforcement of all legal rights whether

fundamental rights or other .

Q.5 What is meant by ‘Judicial Review’ of the High Court ?

Ans.5 If a High Court finds that a particular law or order of the executive goes

beyond the provisions of the Constitution , it can declare them null and void .

Q.6 What do we mean when we say that the High Court is a Court of

Record ?

Ans.6 The High Court is a Court of Record . The Court of Record has 2 features :

1. Its judgements are preserved as record and can be produced in any court

as precedents .

2. If a person commits a contempt of High Court , the court has the

authority to punish him .

Q.7 Name the 2 types of cases in which an appeal shall lie to the High Court .

Ans.7 Appellate jurisdiction of the High Court is both civil and criminal . In

civil cases the High Court hear the appeals against the decisions of District

judges. In criminal cases appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals :

1. Against the judgement of a sessions judge or an additional sessions judge

2. Against the judgements of assistant sessions judge , the chief metropolitan

magistrate or other judicial magistrates

Class 10 Geography Worksheet-7

WATER RESOURCES (Cont.)

IRRIGATION: -

Irrigation is the process of supplying water to crop by artificial means such as canals,

wells, tanks and other sources like rivers, ponds or underground water.

NEED FOR IRRIGATION: -

1. Seasonal rainfall

2. Uncertain rainfall or is unpredictable and unreliable.

3. Uneven distribution of rainfall i.e. Rainfall is not uniform, it varies from heavy to

scanty in different parts of India.

4. Erratic Rainfall, there is always a furry of flood on famine.

5. Cultivation of certain crops for eg: - sugarcane requires adequate and regular supply

of water.

6. Hot climate and high temperature

7. Green revolution: With the use of fertilizers efficient irrigation is required.

IRRIGATION POTENTIAL IN INDIA

1. Perennial Rivers

2. Low- level Land

3. Reservoir of Ground water

4. Sites for Constructing dams

TYPES OF IRRIGRATION:-

1. CANAL IRRIGATION:-

Canal irrigation is an important means of irrigation and is more common in Northern

Plains because the

Rivers are perennial.

Water is stored in reservoirs by building dams across rivers.

The water can be then distributed to the fields by a network of canals.

Canals are main source of irrigation. They are big water channels taken from rivers to

supply water away from rivers. They are of two types: - Inundation and Perennial.

i. Inundation Canals: -

These canals are taken out from rivers without building dams or barrages at

their head, to regulate the flow of water. The excess water during floods flows

into them. During the drier periods, they are not useful. They are useful for

controlling floods.

Advantages of inundation canal: -

1. Easy and cheap to build.

2. Useful in controlling floods.

Disadvantages of Inundation canal: -

1. Uncertainty of water supply

2. Useful only during floods.

3. Lowland areas can only be irrigated.

ii Perennial Canals: -

These canals have water in them throughout the year and they draw out water from

perennial rivers. The river water is collected near a dam etc. and the canal draw water

throughout the year. They irrigate about 40% area out of the total irrigated area.

Advantages of Perennial canals: -

1. They serve throughout the year

2. They supply water even during non-rainy or hot season.

Important disadvantage: -

1. Problems of salt effervescence due to over flooding of fields which makes the soil

unsuitable for farming.

2. Problem of water logging into the adjoining areas, turning them swampy.

3. They are expensive to construct.

Main states are: Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.

Conditions necessary for digging canals: -

Low level relief with deep fertile soil.

Perennial sources of water i.e. snow fed rivers.

MERITS OF CANAL IRRIGATION

1. Most of the canals provide perennial irrigation and supply water as and when needed.

2. Although initial cost is much higher, canal irrigation is quite cheap in the long run.

DEMERITS OF CANAL IRRIGATION: -

1. Canals are generally not deep and since they are open they may dry up.

2. The water soaks into the ground and leads to the problem of waterlogging.

3. The marshy areas near the canals acts as a breeding grounds for mosquitoes.

4. Excessive flow of water brings the salt to the surface making soil infertile.

Canal irrigation is more suitable in Northern India as compared to Southern India.

1. Rivers in North India are perennial whereas the rivers of South India are seasonal.

2. The Northern plain is a flat area with soft soil, hence easy to dig while in South India

the region being rocky, it is difficult to dig.

3. The demand of irrigation is greater in Northern India because it has a large

agricultural region.

TANK IRRIGATION:-

Tank irrigation is useful in the areas which are dependent on rainfall for their water

supply. Tanks are constructed in the areas of natural depression to collect rainwater by

building earthen embankments or masonry walls to collect water. Water collected in the

tanks is used for irrigating field during dry periods it covers 12 % of total irrigated area in

the country.

Conditions necessary for building tanks in Peninsular India

1. Uneven terrain with many natural depressions where tanks can be build.

2. Hard and non-porous rocks underlying

3. Absence of perennial rivers.

4. Help in raising the underground water level.

Advantages of Tanks: -

1. Rainwater can be stored and used in dry periods.

2. It is cheaper

3. It can be used for domestic purposes.

4. It can be easily built in the region where it is not possible to build canals.

5. It raises the underground water level.

6. It stores water which otherwise would run waste.

Disadvantages of tanks: -

1. Tanks are shallow, large amount of water is wasted through evaporation.

2. It occupies large area of land which could be used for farming.

3. They are not perennial and dry up in summer.

4. Due to stagnation of water, siltation takes place and water is mineral free.

AREAS:

1. Southern States are: - Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Orissa

3. Northern States are: - W. Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan

Class 10 Physics Worksheet-8

ANSWER THESE:

A crow bar of length 1.5m has its fulcrum at a distance 0.1m away from a load.

What is the mechanical advantage obtained by the crow bar?

State the relation between mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a

simple machine. Why is efficiency less than one for practical machines.

The two single pulley systems, shown here, are to used to lift a load of 100 N.

Find the effort needed in each case.

An effort P, moving through a distance d1 is used to lift a load W through a

distance d2. Write expressions for the velocity ratio and the efficiency of this set

up.

To which class of lever do a pair of scissors and pliers belong? Which of these has

mechanical advantage less than unity and why?

The lengths and heights of two inclined planes are 2l, h and l, 2h respectively.

What is the ratio of the M.A. of these two inclined planes?

What are the prominent losses in energy in case of actual machines?

Which class lever does this machine belong? What will be the mechanical

advantage, if scissors is 20 cm long and pivot is 8 cm away from the edge of the

blade. How can we increase the mechanical advantage of this system?

Which class lever does this machine belong? Can the M.A. of this machine be

more than one? Why?

Which class of lever does this system belong to? How much effort a man should

apply to lift a 15kg load if M.A is 0.75?

Which class of lever does this system belongs to ?

Class 10 Chemistry Worksheet-8

pH

It is negative logarithm of hydrogen ion conc. or hydronium ion conc.

pH = -log (H+)

or

= -log (H3O)+

pH helps in knowing about the acidic or basic nature of substance. If pH value is below

the 7 then substance is said to acidic. If pH value is above 7 then substance is said to be

basic in nature and if pH of substance is equal to 7 then it is neuteral

Q. Classify the following as Weak or Strong acid, Neutral, Weak or Strong base.

a) pH- 5 Weak acid

b) pH=2 Strong acid

c) pH=8 Weak base

d) pH=7 Neutral

c) pH-13 Strong base

Indicator

It is an organic substance which changes its colour on coming in contact with acid or a

base.

Common Indicator

Universal Indicator

1) Eg: Methyl orange, litmus,

phenolphthalein

1) Eg: pH paper

2) They show column change on coming

in contact with acid or a base and tell us

about the nature of solution

2) They show a colour change at a

specific value and tell us nature

and strength of acid or Base

Litmus

1) In acidic medium colour changes from purple to red

2) ln basic medium color changes from people to blue

Phenolphthalein

1) Acidic medium remain colourless

2)In Basic medium colour changes from colourless to pink

Uses of pH

1) In dairy products:

pH of milk is tested before packing the milk in the large dairy farm.

2) In the field of medicine:

pH of blood and urine is tested before the diagnosis disease.

3) In the field of agriculture:

pH of soil is tested before sowing a particular crop. Eg: if the crop grows best in

basic medium then soil is made basic by adding slaked lime so that growth of crop is

maximum.

Preparation of salts

1) Copper sulphate (CuSO4) by neutralisation

CuO + H₂SO4 (dil.) CuSO4 + H2O

Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O

2)MgSO4, ZnSO4, MgCl2, ZnCl2, FeSO4, FeCl2, Al2(SO4)3 by displacement.

Mg + H₂SO4 MgSO4 + H2

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

Class 10 Biology Worksheet-8

Types of glands

Exocrine glands-

These are glands with ducts Release their secretions through these ducts, like

salivary gland and sweat gland.

Present near site of action.

Secretions are normally enzymes.

Endocrine glands-

These are glands without ducts Release their secretions directly into blood

vessels, like thyroid and adrenal.

Present far away form site of action

Secretions are hormones

Endocrine glands release hormones in the blood stream, that travels

throughout the body and reach the target cell.

Properties of Hormones-

chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands.

they are released directly into the blood stream.

they act at a site away from where they are secreted.

they act on specific target tissue or organ.

they modify and regulate the activity of target tissue/organ.

they are secreted in small quantities.

deficiency of hormone can lead to disorders.

Type of Endocrine Glands

ADRENAL GLANDS

Adrenal glands are triangle-

shaped glands located on top

of the kidneys. Each adrenal

gland is approximately 3

inches wide, and a half inch

high.

Each gland is divided into an

outer cortex and an inner

medulla.

The cortex and medulla of the

adrenal gland secrete

different hormones.

Hormones of adrenal cortex:

1. Glucocorticoids

•Cortisol- metabolism of carbohydrates, fats &protein •Construction of blood

vessels during excessive bleeding

2. Mineralocorticoids

•Metabolism of Na & K & water balance. •Aldosterone reduces removal of Na but

increases K elimination •Retention of Na in blood increases absorption of water &

increases blood vol.

3. Sex steroids

•Proper functioning of sex organs & development of sex character. •Androgens and

estrogens.

Hyposecretion of cortisol & aldosterone

•Causes Addison’s disease

•Bronze like pigmentation of skin

•Muscular weakness, low BP, low blood sugar, odema, nausea, insomnia, diarrhea etc.

Hypersecretion

Causes cushing syndrome

Symptoms are obesity, high blood sugar level, weakness, high blood secretion.

Adrenal Virilism

It is the appearance of certain male characters in females, such as beard and

moustaches and vice versa.

Hormones of the adrenal medulla

1 Adrenaline—Prepares the body to meet any emergency situation like fight

or flight.

2 Extra energy and strength is provided in this situation.

3 Increases heart rate and more glucose is supplied into the blood.

Class 10 Commercial Studies Worksheet-7

TOPIC: E-COMMERCE(CONT.)

In the previous worksheet we have learnt about benefits of E-commerce over Traditional

commerce. Now in this worksheet we will learn few terms which are used in e-

commerce.

E-TAILING:

E- tailing means selling goods in retail on the Internet. It represents Business-to-

Consumer (B2C) side of e-commerce. Amazon.com, Flipkart.com, Snapdeal.com are

e- tailing firms. A trend in e-tailing is the price comparison site on which buyers can

quickly compare prices of different e-tailors.

E-ADVERTISING

E-advertising or electronic advertising means sending advertising messages to consumers

over the internet. It is also known as online advertising, Internet advertising or Web

advertising. It involves an advertiser who provides advertisements to be displayed on the

website and a publisher who integrates different advertisements on his website.

E-advertising provides a hyperlink that redirects to the company’s website.

The terms which are used in E-advertising are as follows:

Cookie: It is a file on some computer that records specific information from their

search history to help promote relevant ad rotation.

Web Banner: It is used to attract potential customers by promoting the company’s

website through an ad server. It rolls across the screen or in flashes.

Pop ups: It is a type of ad that pops ups in a small box on users screen.

E-MARKETING

E-marketing or Electronic Marketing is the process of marketing a product/service on the

Internet, via e-mail and wireless media. Business firms use a range of technologies to

connect with their customers. E-marketing is also known as Internet Marketing, Digital

Marketing and online Marketing.

E-SECURITY

Electronic security means network security, browser security and computer security. It

involves setting up measures and rules against attacks over the Internet. There is a high

risk of fraud (e.g. Hacking, Phishing etc) in exchanging information on the Internet.

Several methods are used to protect the transfer of data. These are as follows:

Encryption

Digital signatures

Backups

Access controls

ERP(ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING)

ERP means a computer software or system used to manage all the resources of an

organisation. The system can manage and track everything. ERP is the cross -functional

that provides support to all the processes within an organisation. The business processes

of different departments are managed through centralized application. It provides

information for making all major decisions. An ERP system can have the following

modules.

Purchase module

Sales and Marketing module

Inventory module

Human Resource module

Finance and Accounting module

Customer Relationship management module

Engineering and Production module

Supply chain Management

Human Resource Module (HR):

Human Resource module helps to HR team for efficient management of human

resources. HR module helps to manage employee information, track employee records

like performance reviews, designations, job descriptions, skills, time & attendance

tracking. One of the important submodules in the HR module is Payroll System which

helps to manage salaries, payment reports etc. It can also include Travel Expenses &

Reimbursement tracking. Employee Training tracking can also be managed by ERP.

Inventory Module:

Inventory module can be used to track the stock of items. Items can be identified by

unique serial number. Using that unique numbers inventory system can keep track of item

and trace its current location in the organization.

e.g. you have purchased 100 hard disks, so using inventory system you can track how

many hard disks are installed, where they are installed, how many hard disks are

remaining etc.

Inventory module includes functionalities like inventory control, master units, stock

utilization reporting etc.

There may be an integration of the inventory module with the purchase module of ERP.

Sales Module :

Typical sales process includes processes like Sales queries & inquiry analysis &

handling, quotation drafting, accepting sales orders, drafting sales invoices with proper

taxation, dispatch/Shipment of material or service, tracking pending sales order. All these

sales transactions are managed by the sales module of ERP. CRM module can take the

help of the Sales module for future opportunity creation & lead generation.

Purchase Module:

As the name indicates, purchase modules take care of all the processes that are part of the

procurement of items or raw materials that are required for the organization. Purchase

module consists of functionalities like supplier/vendor listing, supplier & item linking,

sending quotation request to vendors, receiving & recording quotations, analysis of

quotations, preparing purchase orders, tracking the purchase items, preparing

GRNs(Good Receipt Notes) & updating stocks & various reports. Purchase module is

integrated with Inventory module & Engineering/production module for updating of

stocks.

Finance & Accounting module:

Whole inflow & outflow of money/capital is managed by the finance module. This

module keeps track of all account-related transactions like expenditures, Balance sheet,

account ledgers, budgeting, bank statements, payment receipts, tax management etc.

Financial reporting is an easy task for this module of ERP. Any Financial data that is

required for running the business is available on one click in Finance module.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM) module:

CRM department is helping to boost the sales performance through better customer

service & establishing a healthy relationship with customers. All the stored details of the

customer are available in the CRM module.

CRM module helps to manage & track detailed information of the customer like

communication history, calls, meetings, details of purchases made by the customer,

contract duration etc. CRM module can be integrated with the Sales module to enhance

sales opportunities.

Engineering / Production module:

Production module is a great help for the manufacturing industry for delivering the

product.

This module consists of functionalities like production planning, machine scheduling,

raw material usage,(Bill of material)preparation, track daily production progress

production forecasting & actual production reporting.

Supply Chain Management (SCM):

SCM module manages the flow of product items from manufacturer to consumer &

consumer to manufacturer.

Common roles involved are a manufacturer, Super Stockiest, Stockiest, distributors,

retailers etc. SCM involves demand & supply management, sales returns & replacing

process, shipping & transportation tracking etc.

Today many SMBs face challenges in their process automation. ERP is a great help for

such organizations. ERP can efficiently streamline the business operations of the

organization. Above introduction of modules can help you to choose & customize the

ERP modules depending on your organization’s requirements.

Q1. What is E-tailing?

Q2. What is meant by E-Advertising?

Q3. What is E-security?

Q4.Define E-marketing.

Q5. What is ERP? Discuss any five modules of ERP.

Answer key of Commercial Studies Worksheet-6 Q1. Define e-commerce.

Q2. Define e-business.

Q3. Differentiate between e-commerce and traditional commerce.

Q4. Give any four benefits of e-commerce over traditional commerce.

Ans:1 E-commerce (Electronic Commerce) means commercial transactions conducted

over a network using computers and telecommunications. According to the International

Fiscal Association, "E-commerce means commercial transactions in which an order is

placed electronically and goods or services are delivered in tangible or electronic form."

Ans:2 E-business or Online business means business transactions that take place online

with the help of the internet. The term e-business came into existence in the year 1996. E-

business is an abbreviation for electronic business. So the buyer and the seller don’t meet

personally.

Ans:3

BASIS OF DISTINCTION TRADITIONAL BUSINESS E-BUSINESS

1. Formation Difficult Simple

2. Setting up cost High-fixed assets required Low-fixed assets not

required.

3. Operating Cost High due to fixed charges Low as little fixed

charges

4. Locational needs Nearness to source of raw

material or markets

None

5. Physical presence Necessary Not necessary

6. Response time Long Instant

7. Personal touch High Low

8. Transaction risk Low due to face to face contact High

9. Type of staff Semi-skilled High skilled

required

10. Government support Low High

Ans:4 1. Convenience:

On the Internet, transactions can be made 24 hours, 7 days a week and 365 days a year.

One can access anything from anywhere at any time. Such flexibility provides great

convenience to sellers, buyers and employees.

2. Paperless Society:

E-business reduces independence on Paperwork and the attendant red tape. Tax- payers

can file returns electronically. Government can grant licenses and approvals without

much paperwork.

3. Speed:

Much of the buying and selling involves exchange of information. On the Internet,

information can be exchanged at the click of a mouse. E-business substantially reduces

the cycle time of a transaction.

4. Lower Investment:

It is much easier to start an e-business than a traditional business. Capital required is

much less. A small firm can obtain the same benefits of Internet technology which are

available to big business. In e-business, networked firms are more efficient than

networthed firms.

CLASS 10 MATHS WORKSHEET 8

Chapter 4 : Linear Inequations

Inequations ( or inequalities) :

Inequations are the expressions which contain an inequality sign such as

greater than > , less than < , greater than equal to ≥ or less than equal to ≤ .

Properties of inequations

1) If we add the same number or expression to each side of an inequation , it

does not change the inequality.

eg. 7 > 3

Adding 2 to both sides, we get

9>5 (sign of inequality remains same)

2) If we subtract the same number or expression from each side of an

inequation, it does not change the inequality.

eg. 8 < 10

Subtracting 3 from both sides, we get

5 < 7 (sign of inequality remains same)

3) If we multiply or divide each side of an inequation with a positive number,

it does not change the inequality.

eg. 10 < 15

Multiplying both sides by 2, we get

20 < 30 (sign of inequality remains

same)

eg. 10 < 15

Dividing both sides by 5, we get

2 < 3 (sign of inequality remains

same)

4) If we multiply or divide each side of an inequation with a negative number,

it reverses the inequality.

eg. 9 > 6

Multiplying both sides by -1, we get

-9 < - 6 (sign of inequality gets

reversed)

eg. 9 > 6

Dividing both sides by -3,we get

-3 < -2 ( sign of inequality gets

reversed)

Linear Inequations in one variable : Linear inequations in one variable are the

inequations which involve a single variable with the highest power 1.

eg. (i) 4x – 3 < 8 + 3x (ii) 3

7 x ≥ 2 + x etc.

Method of Solving a Linear Inequation in One Variable

(i) Simplify both sides by removing group symbols (or brackets) and collecting

like terms.

(ii) Remove fractions by multiplying both sides by an appropriate factor i.e.

L.C.M. of denominators.

(iii) Collect all variable terms on one side and all constants on the other side of the

inequality sign.

(iv) Make the coefficient of the variable 1.

(v)Choose the solution set from the replacement set.(Definitions of the replacement

set and the solution set are given below)

(vi) Represent the solution set on the number line, if asked to do so.

Note: First four steps of solving a linear inequation are same as the steps of solving

a linear equation that you have learnt in earlier classes (except for reversing the

sign of inequality while multiplying or dividing by a negative number). Last two

steps will be explained with the help of illustrative examples.

Replacement set : The set from which the values of the variable (involved in the

inequality) are chosen, is called the replacement set.

* The replacement set is always given to us.

Solution set : The set of all those values of the variable from the replacement set

which satisfy the given inequation is called the solution set of the inequation.

* Solution set is always e subset of the replacement set.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1 : Solve the inequation 5(x -2) < 10, where x ∈N. Represent the solution

on the number line.

Solution : We have

5(x – 2) < 10

⇒ 5x – 10 < 10 (opening the bracket)

⇒ 5x < 10 + 10 (transposing the constants to one side)

⇒ 5x < 20

⇒ x< 20

5 ( Dividing both sides by 5)

⇒ x< 4

Now, we have to write the solution set. For that, we have to choose the elements

from the given replacement set. Given that x∈N i.e. the set of natural numbers is

the replacement set, so the elements of the solution set will be the natural numbers

less than 4.

∴ Solution set = { 1, 2, 3}

Now, we have to represent the solution on the number line. Firstly, we draw a

number line keeping two very important points in mind.

(i) There should be arrows on both sides of the number line.

(ii) Atleast one extra element other than the elements of the solution set should be

written on each side of the number line.

So the required number line may be represented as :

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

*The solution set is shown by thick dots on the number line when x belongs to the

set of natural numbers N, whole numbers W and the integers I or Z.

Example 2 : Solve the inequation 3x−5

6 >

1

2 , x ∈{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and represent

its solution on the number line.

Solution : We have 3x−5

6 >

1

2

⇒ 2(3x – 5) > 6 ( Cross multiplying, always starting from numerator on left side)

⇒ 6x – 10 > 6

⇒ 6x > 6 + 10

⇒ 6x > 16

⇒ x > 16

6 ⇒ x >

8

3 ⇒ x >2

2

3

Given replacement set = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

∴ Solution set = {3, 4, 5, 6}

. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Example 3 : Solve the given inequality. Write the solution set and represent it on

the number line: -5 < 2x – 1 < x + 4, x ∈ I

Solution : Given that -5 < 2x – 1 < x + 4

Here, we can see that there are three expressions connected with two signs of

inequality. We will first split them into two inequalities as shown below and solve

them separately.

-5 < 2x – 1 < x + 4

-5 < 2x – 1 2x – 1 < x + 4

⇒ -2x < -1 + 5 ⇒ 2x –x < 4 + 1

⇒ -2x < 4 ⇒ x< 5

⇒ x > 4

−2 ( sign of inequality reverses on

dividing with a negative number )

⇒ x > -2

Combining the two results, we conclude that x is greater than -2 but less than 5

i.e. -2< x < 5

Given that x belongs to the integers. So, the solution set will contain the integers

which are greater than -2 but less than 5.

∴ Solution set = { -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }

The graph of the solution set is given below:

-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Example 4 : Solve the given inequation and represent the solution on number line.

- 1

3 ≤

x

2 - 1

1

3 <

1

6 , x ∈ R

Solution : Splitting the given expression into two inequalities, we get

- 1

3 ≤

x

2 - 1

1

3

x

2 - 1

1

3 <

1

6

⇒ - 1

3 ≤

x

2 -

4

3 ⇒

x

2 -

4

3 <

1

6

⇒ - 1

3 +

4

3 ≤

x

2 ⇒

x

2 <

1

6 +

4

3

⇒ −1+4

3 ≤

x

2 ⇒

x

2 <

1+8

6

⇒ 3

3 ≤

x

2 ⇒

x

2 <

9

6

⇒ 1 ≤ x

2 ⇒

x

2 <

3

2

⇒ 2 ≤ x (cross multiplying) ⇒ 2x < 6 ⇒ x< 6

2 ⇒ x< 3

Combining the two results, we get 2≤ x < 3. It means x is greater than or equal to 2

but less than 3.

Here, x ∈ R i.e. the set of real numbers which includes all the rational and

irrational numbers. So, between 2 and 3 there lies infinite real numbers. Therefore,

we cannot write the solution set in roster or tabular form. Hence, in case of real

numbers, we always write the solution set in set builder form.

∴ Solution set = {x: x ∈ R, 2≤ x < 3}

It can be represented on the number line as shown below.

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

As 2 is included, therefore at 2 we will draw a filled circle and as 3 is not included,

therefore at 3 we will draw a hollow circle. Then we will darken the portion of the

line that comes between the two circles. That darkened part of the line covers all

the real numbers lying between 2 and 3.

Example 5 : Solve the inequation 5x−8

3 ≥

4x−7

2 , x ∈ R.

Solution: 5x−8

3 ≥

4x−7

2

⇒ 2( 5x – 8) ≥ 3(4x – 7 ) ( Cross multiplying )

⇒ 10x – 16 ≥ 12x – 21

⇒ 10x – 12x ≥ - 21 + 16( Transposing the terms )

⇒ - 2x ≥ - 5 ( *Remember that the negative signs on both sides of an

. inequality cannot be cancelled)

. ⇒ x ≤ −5

−2 (Sign of inequality reverses on dividing with a negative no,)

. ⇒ x ≤ 5

2 ⇒ x ≤ 2.5

Solution set = { x : x ∈ R, x ≤ 2.5 }

** Here the solution goes upto infinity as shown in the number line given below.

-1 0 1 2 2.5 3 4 5 6

ASSIGNMENT

Solve each of the inequations given below. Write the solution set and represent it

on the number line.

1) 7x – 4(3-x) ≥ 3(2x -5), x ∈ { -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 }

2) 4 – 3x ≥ 3x – 14, x ∈ N

3) 2x + 7

2 >

5x

3 + 3, x∈ I

4) 2x + 3 ≤ 3x + 1, x ∈ R

5) 2 + 4x < 2x – 5 < 3x , x ∈ I

6) -2 5

6 <

1

2 -

2x

3 ≤ 2 , x ∈ W

7) 4x – 19 < 3x

5 - 2 ≤

−2

5 + x, x∈ R

8) 1≥ 15 – 7x > 2x – 27, x ∈ W

9) 2y – 3 < y + 1 ≤ 4y + 7, y ∈ R

10) 3𝑥

5 + 2 < x + 4 ≤

𝑥

2 + 5 , x ∈ R

ANSWER KEY OF MATHS WORKSHEET-7

1) Rs. 9270

2) Rs, 800

3) Rs. 7500, 12% p.a.

4) 3 years

Class 10 Economics Worksheet-7

What is Division of Labour

Division of labour can be defined as the breaking down of a production process

into specific tasks and roles to be performed by cooperating individuals.

Division of labour is the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, with

each task performed by a separate person or group of persons. Scottish economist,

Adam Smith, saw this splitting of tasks as a key to economic progress by

providing a cheaper and more efficient means of producing goods.

Division Of Labour Leads To Specialisation.

Specialisation is the separation of tasks within a system.

Specialisation is the concentration of the productive efforts of an individual, a firm,

or a country in a given aspect of economic activity on a particular line of

production n which it has the greatest comparative advantage.

Advantages of Division of Labour and Specialisation

The following are the advantages of division of labor and specialization

1. Development of greater skill: Division of labor helps and enable

individuals to have greater skills through repetition of the same process.

2. Large scale production: Division of labour brings about large scale of

production..

3. Production of standard goods: Division of labour helps workers to produce

standard goods which possess the same specifications like size, color, weight

etc.

4. Less fatigue: Since there are so many people involved in the production

process, a worker concentrates on only a portion of the production and

works.

5. Creation of employment opportunities: It helps in the employment of

people who are experts to handle the various stages of production in a firm.

6. Development of technology: Through the use of technology of machinery,

different types of technology are developed to further facilitate production.

7. Economy in the use of tools: Division of labor and specialisation makes

possible the full and efficient use of tools and machines since they are

handled by specialist.

8. Cooperation among workers- division of labour develops a sense of

cooperation among workers to perform better .

9. Advantages to the society - Whole society can be benifitted as disabled

persons can also find a work according to his suitability . Thus , division of

labour creates more and more employment opportunities to work as per to

their capability and make them earn accordingly.

Disadvantages of Division of Labour and Specialisation

1. Problem of mobility of labour: A worker stays long on a particular kind of

job that makes it difficult for him to move to other kind of jobs.

2. Problems from increased interdependence: Division of labor has made

workers to depend on one another before production process can be

achieved, therefore the absence of a worker will make the day’s work

impossible.

3. Decline in craftsmanship: As a result of the use of machines in the

production process, people no longer make use of their skills for anything;

they depend totally on the use of a machine which brings about a decline in

craftsmanship.

4. Monotony or repetition: Doing a particular kind of job everyday make the

worker to be bored and make the job uninteresting ,which may lead to loss

of interest on the job.

Self-Evaluation-

1. Define division of labour .Explain three benefits of division of labour .

2. State any four disadvantages of division of labour .

3. Distinguish between product-based and process-based division of labour .

Answer key of Economics worksheet-6

1. It is the amount of labour that is available in the country . It is usually measured

in units of man day ( 1 day = 8 hours of work ) per year.

2. The factors affecting supply of labor are - size of population, age composition,

diet and wage rate ( explain them in detail ).

Class X Physical Education Worksheet 6

Cricket

Fundamental Skills and Techniques

A. Batting Skills

(i) On Drive: This stroke is played against a ball that is slightly

over pitched and is coming on the leg stump or slightly

outside the leg stump.

(ii) Off Drive: An off drive is played against a slightly over

pitched ball or a half volley ball pitching on or a little

outside the off stump.

(iii) Square Cut: It is a back footed stroke played against

a ball that is a little short of length and is pitched on or

outside the off stump.

(iv) Leg Glance: This is a subtle scoring shot dealing with balls pitched on the line of

the batsman’s legs or slightly to the leg side.

B. Fielding

(i) Close Catching: Close catching comes to a fielder from

close range unexpectedly and gives very little time to react

to the situation. Therefore; a fielder in such positions must

be quick and agile to catch the ball immediately.

(ii) Catching in the Outfield: It generally comes to a fielder

in positions such as Mid-off, Mid-on, Long off, Long on

or Third Man etc.. For taking such catches in the outfield,

a fielder should judge the flight of the ball by keeping an

eye on the ball and take position under it.

(iii) Long Barrier: The long barrier is used to ensure the ball

is stopped. It is used when fielding far away from the batsman.

For long barrier, move to the line of the ball, getting into a low or balanced

position, get sideways to the ball and kneel, creating a barrier with no gap between

your knee and heel. Then keeping your hands on the ball, collect the ball with

fingers pointing down.

C. Bowling

(i) Outswing: A swinger is a fast ball that takes a swing in

the air. It may be outswing or inswing. An out swinger is

a ball that is bowled towards the leg or middle stump, but

moves in the air towards the off stump, or away from it.

(ii) Inswing: A ball that is bowled towards the off stump of a

batsman, but moves in the air during delivery towards the

leg side before pitching is called inswing.

(iii) Yorker: A Yorker is a ball pitched on or near the batsman’s

crease. This is one of the most dangerous balls in the game

if pitched on the line of stumps.

(iv) Full Toss: A full toss is a ball which does not bounce on the pitch before reaching

the batsman. Full toss is generally easy to hit, and batsman relish the thought of

being bowled one.

D. Wicket Keeping

(i) Footwork: Be ready to move your body across quickly to

catch the ball. Get your head straight in the line of the ball,

by scuffing your feet quickly sideways but staying facing

the bowler.

(ii) Diving: Diving often compensates for poor footwork so

make sure you are moving your feet well if you find you

dive a lot. However, diving becomes necessary for the

wicket keeper when the ball is hopelessly out of his

standing range.

(iii) Catching the ball: When the ball reaches, catch it with

relaxed but strong hands. Have a steady head with your

eyes on the ball all the way into the gloves. Your hands should be in line with

your body and ideally you should take the ball below your chest.

Umpires

Two umpires are appointed, one on each end (bowlers end and strikers end) , to

control the game.

Duties of the Umpires

(i) The umpire should ensure that the game is conducted and the equipment used

is strictly in accordance with rules and regulations of cricket.

(ii) They should make sure that the wickets are properly

pitched, whether the ground is fit for the play and

there is appropriate light for play.

(iii) Umpires shall make frequent and regular inspections

of the condition of the ball.

(iv) All disputes are determined by the umpires.

(v) The umpire’s decision is final and he may change

his decision.

Duties of Third Umpire

The third umpire is also known as an off-field umpire who usually gives his decision

when the on-field umpires are unsure. The third umpire sits off the field, with a

television replay monitor. The field umpire can use his discretion to refer a close

decision to the third umpire to refer dismissal of a batsman, catches or boundaries via

a wireless set or a signal light system.

Duties of Scorers

Outside the field, the match details including runs and dismissals are recorded by two

official scorers, one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand

signals of an umpire.

Innings

The innings is the term used for the collective performance of the batting side. All

eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat an “innings” and can end before

they all dismissed.

Depending on the type of the match being played, each team has one or two innings.

Then “innings” is also sometimes used to describe an individual batsman’s

contribution.

Overs

The bowler bowls the ball in sets of six deliveries and each set of six balls is called an

over. This name came about because the umpire calls “Over!” when six balls have

been bowled.

Combinational of a Team

A team consists of eleven players. Depending on his or her primary skills, a player

may be classified as a specialist batsman or bowler. A well-balanced team usually has

five or six specialist batsmen and four or five bowlers. Teams nearly always include a

specialist wicketkeeper because of the importance of this fielding position. Each team

is headed by a Captain who is responsible for making tactical decisions such as

determining the batting order, the placement of fielders and rotation of bowlers. A

player who excels in both batting and bowling is known as all-rounder.

Substitutes

Now, the number of named substitutes has been increased to 6. Earlier they used to be

4.

Types of Matches

(i) Test Matches: These are played between two teams which are usually in a

group of matches called “series”. These matches last up to five days. Test

matches are played in a white uniform dress up.

(ii) One Day Match: It is known as ODI matches. These matches are played with

a bowling limit of 50 overs and are finished up within one day. The teams

wear unique multicolored uniforms.

(iii) Twenty-20 or T-20 Match: It is a new variant of a limited overs match, This

kind of matches are totally similar to ODI matches as compared for rules and

activities but the only difference is the number of overs bowled which are

reduced from 50 overs to 20 overs in a match.

Extras

Additional runs can be gained by batting team as extras due to errors made by the

fielding side. This is achieved in four ways:

(i) No Ball: A penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he breaks

the rules of bowling either by:

(a) Using an inappropriate arm action.

(b) Overstepping the popping crease.

(c) Having a foot outside the return crease

(d) If the bowling team’s fielding setting fails to comply with the restrictions.

(ii) Wide: A penalty of one extra that is conceded by the bowler if he bowls so

that the ball is out of the batsman’s reach.

(iii) Bye: Extra(s) awarded if the batsman misses the ball and it goes past the

wicketkeeper to give the batsman time to run in conventional way.

(iv) Leg Bye: Extra(s) awarded if the ball hits the batsman’s body, but not his bat

and it goes away from the fielders to give the batsman time to run in the

conventional way.

………………………………………………………………………………………

Class 10 Computer Application Worksheet-6

(BASED ON ITERATIVE CONSTRUCTS OF JAVA - LOOPS)

The While loop

The while loop is an entry controlled loop that repeats a statement or a block of

statements until its test-condition remains

Syntax

while (condition)

{

body- of-the-loop ;

}

During execution of while loop, first of all, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the

body of the loop is executed, and the value of the condition is then re-evaluated. The

body of the loop is re-executed until the condition remains true.

As soon as the condition becomes false, the control comes out of the loop and executes

the statement following the loop.

A loop control variable is generally used to control the number of iterations of the while

loop, In that sense, the while loop has the following syntax:

initialization ;

while (condition)

{

Body-of-the-loop;

update;

}

The loop variable is initialized before loop begins. The loop control variable is updated

inside the body of the loop in such a way that the condition becomes false. This cause the

loop to terminate.

Variations in while loop

1. Control variable data type, it can be any type char, double or float.

2. Control variable independence, test condition can any Boolean expression and

need not be limited to use the control variables only.

3. Infinite while loop

4. Empty loop

ASSIGNMENT USING WHILE LOOP

Q1. Write a program to calculate sum of first 100 odd integers.

Q2. Write a program to generate Fibonacci series between 1 to 200 using while loop.

0,1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21………

Q3. Write a program to find factorial of a number.