HANDBOOK

ON THEORY OF

VOCAL MUSIC

CLASS VIII

2015-16

DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, SURAT

Music Music is an art that puts sounds together in a way that people like or find interesting. Most music includes people singing with their voices or playing musical instruments, such as the piano, guitar, or drums.

The word music comes from the Greek word μουσική (mousike), which means "(art) of the Muses". In Ancient Greece the Muses included the goddesses of music, poetry, art, and dance. Someone who makes music is called a musician.

Music is sound that has been organized by using rhythm, melody or harmony. If someone bangs saucepans while cooking, it makes noise. If a person bangs saucepans or pots in a rhythmic way, they are making a simple type of music.

There are four things which music has most of the time:

x Music often has pitch. This means high and low notes. Tunes are made of notes that go

up or down or stay on the same pitch.

x Music often has rhythm. Rhythm is the way the musical sounds and silences are put

together in a sequence. Every tune has a rhythm that can be tapped. Music usually has

a regular beat.

x Music often has dynamics. This means whether it is quiet or loud or somewhere in

between.

x Music often has timbre. This is a French word (pronounced the French way: "TAM-br").

The "timbre" of a sound is the way that a sound is interesting. The sort of sound might

be harsh, gentle, dry, warm, or something else. Timbre is what makes a clarinet sound

different from an oboe, and what makes one person's voice sound different from another

person.

Indian Classical Music

Indian classical music is the art music of the Indian subcontinent. The origins of

Indian classical music can be found in the Vedas, which are the oldest scriptures in

the Hindu tradition dating back to 1500 BC. The Samaveda was derived from

the Rigveda so that its hymns could be sung as Samagana. These hymns

were sung by Udgatar priests at sacrifices in which the Soma ritual drink, clarified

and mixed with milk and other ingredients, was offered in libation to various deities.

This chanting style evolved into jatis and eventually into ragas. Indian classical music

has also been significantly influenced by, or syncretised with, Indian folk

music. Bharat'sNatyashastra was the first treatise laying down fundamental

principles of dance, music, and drama.

Indian classical music is monophonic in nature and based on a single melody line,

which is played over a fixed drone. The performance is based melodically on

particular ragas and rhythmically on talas. Because of the focus on exploring the

raga, performances have traditionally been solo endeavours, but duets are gaining in

popularity.

Divisions of Indian Classical Music

x Hindustani Music

x Carnatic Music

Hindustani Music

Hindustani music is mainly found in North India. Khyal and Dhrupad are its two main

forms, but there are several other classical and semi-classical forms. There is a

significant amount of Persian influence in Hindustani music in terms of the

instruments, style of presentation, and ragas such as Hijaz Bhairav, Bhairavi, Bahar,

and Yaman. Also, as is the case with Carnatic music, Hindustani music has

assimilated various folk tunes.

Carnatic Music

Carnatic music, from South India, tends to be more rhythmically intensive and

structured than Hindustani music. Examples of this are the logical classification

of ragas into melakarthas, and the use of fixed compositions similar to Western

classical music. Carnatic raga elaborations are generally much faster in tempo and

shorter than their equivalents in Hindustani music. In addition, accompanists have a

much larger role in Carnatic concerts than in Hindustani concerts. Today's typical

concert structure was put in place by the vocalist Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar.

Instruments: Instruments typically used in Hindustani music include

the sitar, sarod, surbahar, veena, tanpura, bansuri, shehnai, sarangi, violin, santoor,

pakhavaj and tabla. Instruments typically used in Carnatic music

include venu, gottuvadyam, harmonium, veena, mridangam, kanjira, ghatam and

violin.

Status in the 21st Century

An emergent trend of the past few decades has been that of fusion music, where

genres such as khyal and western music are intermixed to appeal to a wider

audience. Pandit Ravi Shankar was one of the earliest to have collaborated with

western musicians.

A few of the organizations that promote classical music include Saptak, Sangeet

Sankalp, which was established in 1989 and SPIC MACAY, which was established

in 1977 and has more than 500 chapters in India and abroad. SPIC MACAY claims

to hold around 5000 events every year related to Indian classical music and dance.

Pandit Jasraj

Jasraj was initiated into vocal music by his father. He received training from his elder

brother, Maniram, and later from Maharaja Jaywant Singh Waghela and Ustad

Gulam Kadar Khan of Mewat Gharana. In addition, he trained under Swami

Vallabhdas of the Agra Gharana. In 1960, when Jasraj went to visit Bade Ghulam Ali

Pandit Jasraj (Hindi: पि डत  जसराज; born 28

January 1930) is an Indian classical

vocalist. He belongs to the Mewati

gharana of Hindustani classical music.

Jasraj was born in Hisar, Haryana in an

orthodox Brahmin family to Motiram, a classical singer. His family performed

the Mewati gharana style. Motiram died

when Jasraj was four, on the day he was to

be appointed as the state musician in the

court of Osman Ali Khan.

Khan in hospital, Khan asked him to become his disciple, but Jasraj declined saying

that he could not accept Khan's tutelage since he was already Maniram's disciple.

As a means of livelihood, Maniram took Jasraj as an accompanying tabla player.

However, at the time, like sarangi players, tabla players were considered minor

artists. At the age of 14, unhappy with his treatment as an accompanying artist,

Jasraj left and vowed not to cut his hair until he learned to sing. He finally cut his hair

after garnering his first AIR Radio performance, where he sang Raga Kaunsi

Kanada (a combination of Malkauns and Darbari Kanada).

Jasraj has many students, including Rattan Mohan Sharma, Sanjeev

Abhyankar,Girish wazalwar, Ankita joshi, Ramesh Narayan, Suman Ghosh, Tripti

Mukherjee, Pritam Bhattacharjee, Kala Ramnath and Sadhana Sargam.

In memory of his father, Jasraj organises a musical festival every year called

the Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroh inHyderabad, India

In 1962, Jasraj married Madhura, the daughter of film director V. Shantaram, who he

had first met in 1955 during the filming of Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baje. After their

marriage the couple lived in Kolkata for some time. They have a son, Shaarangdev

Pandit, and a daughter, Durga Jasraj, a television anchor and presenter. Madhura

has directed documentaries and children's plays, and directed and produced

ballets, Geeta-Govinda, Kaan Kahaani and Surdas, and the TV series, Faster Phene. Madhura made a film, Sangeet Martand Pandit Jasraj in 2009 and directed

her first Marathi film, Aai Tuzha Aashirwad, in 2010, in which her husband and Lata

Mangeshkar sang in Marathi.

Music composers Jatin-Lalit are Jasraj's nephews, and Sulakshana Pandit is his

niece.

Harmonium

A harmonium is a keyboard instrument similar to an organ. It blows air through the

air vessels reeds, producing musical notes. The harmonium sounds like

an accordion.

There are two sorts of harmonium. In a foot-pumped harmonium, the player pumps a

foot pedal which operates a bellows that sends the air to the reeds.

A hand-pumped harmonium has a hand bellows that blows the air. It is used in music

of India, Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan and is also used in othe asian contruies. In

a foot pumped harmonium both hands are free to use the key board. In a hand

pumped harmoum only one hand can be used. Very skilled players pump enough air

with one hand, remove it and play with both hands wherever necessary. It is used as

an accompanying instruments in classical Hindustani music, Sufi music, bhajan

singing, musical renditions of the classics and a variety of genres. nomadic singers

string it and wear it around their shoulders and go from village to village taking part in

village fairs and festivals.

The reed organ is a rather young instrument. It was first made in France

by Alexandre Debain in 1840, who patented his Harmonium in Paris on August 9,

1840. In this instrument he used a pressure winding system, with free reeds. Since

that time his invention is used by many others.

Raga Yaman

Yaman (also known as Emaan in West Asia and 'Kalyani' in Carnatic classical music) is

a heptatonic (Sampurna) Hindustani Classical ragaof Kalyan Thaat.

Yaman emerged from the parent musical style of Kalyan, itself a style of

classical Carnatic musical tradition called thaat. Considered to be one of the most

fundamental ragas in the Hindustani Classical tradition, it is thus often on of the first ragas

taught to students. In the context of traditional standards of performance, Yaman ragas are

considered suitable to play at any time of the day, but they are traditionally performed in the

evening.

Thaat Kalyan

Related ragas Yaman Kalyan

Aaroha Sa Re Ga Ma(Kori Ma/trivra Ma) Pa Dha Ni Sa

Avroha Sa Ni Dha Pa Ma((Kori Ma/trivra Ma i.e. Ma#)) Ga Re Sa

Pakad Ni-Re-Ga-/Re-Ma(Kori Ma/trivra Ma i.e. Ma#)-Pa-/Ma(Kori

Ma/trivra Ma i.e. Ma#-Pa-Dha/Dha-Ni-Sa'(upper octave)

Vaadi Ga

Samvaadi Ni

Prahar (Time) Night (Pratham Prahar)

Raga Yaman:-

Asthai: Sa Ga -- Re Ga -- Ga Ga Ma# Ga Pa Pa Re -- Sa --

Ka Ro --- Cha Ma -- Aa Ya Ra -- Dha ha Ma -- Re --

Ga Re Ma# Ga Pa Ma# Dha Pa Ni Dha Pa Ma# Re -- Sa --

Vi -- Na --- Pa -- Ni -- Sa Ra Swa Ti Ma --- Ta --

Antara: Pa -- Pa Ma# dha Ni Pa Pa SA -- SA Dha Ni Re SA --

Vi -- Dha --- Bu Dhi Au R Aa -- Li Ka Ba La De --

Ni Re SA Ni Dha Ni Pa --- Ma# Ga Pa Pa Re Re Sa --

Na Vi --- Na Ka Lp Na --- Na Va La Ya Swa Ra De --

History of Music Therapy

Music therapy in the United States of America began in the late 18th century.

However, using music as a healing medium dates back to ancient times. This is

evident in biblical scriptures and historical writings of ancient civilizations such as

Egypt, China, India, Greece and Rome. Today, the power of music remains the

same but music is used much differently than it was in ancient times.

The profession of music therapy in the United States began to develop during W.W.I

and W.W. II, when music was used in Veterans Administration Hospitals as an

intervention to address traumatic war injuries. Veterans actively and passively

engaged in music activities that focused on relieving pain perception. Numerous

doctors and nurses witnessed the effect music had on veterans' psychological,

physiological, cognitive, and emotional state. Since then, colleges and universities

developed programs to train musicians how to use music for therapeutic purposes.

In 1950 a professional organization was formed by a collaboration of music

therapists that worked with veterans, mentally retarded, hearing/visually impaired,

and psychiatric populations This was the birth of the National Association for Music

Therapy (NAMT). In 1998, NAMT joined forces with another music therapy

organization to become what is now known as the American Music Therapy

Association (AMTA).