clarifiers - metallurgist & mineral processing engineer · clarifier short circuiting. ......
TRANSCRIPT
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CLARIFIERS
Prepared By
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit
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Provide Quiescent Area
Separation of Solids
FloatableSettleable
Clarifiers
Sedimentation Basins
Settling Tanks
CLARIFIERS
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Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
1. Characteristics of the Solids
2. Characteristics of the Water
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
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Stoke’s Law
2(p - po)g
9n(d/2)2VF =
VF = Fall Velocity
(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and water
n = viscosity of water
g = gravitational acceleration constant
d = diameter of the particle
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Stoke’s Law
VF = Fall Velocity
(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and water
n = viscosity of water
g = gravitational acceleration constant
d = diameter of the particle
Forget the Formula
Remember the Removal
Efficiency Depends on Several
Factors
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Particle Size versus Settling Time
Particle Size
mmOrder of Size Time to Settle
1.0 Coarse Sand 3 Seconds
0.1 Fine Sand 38 Seconds
0.01 Silt 33 Minutes
0.001 Bacteria 55 Hours
0.0001 Colloidal 230 Days
0.00001 Colloidal 6.3 Years
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Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
1. Characteristics of the Solids
2. Characteristics of the Water
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
![Page 8: CLARIFIERS - Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer · Clarifier Short Circuiting. ... Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove Floating Scum Drive Unit ... Circular](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022021423/5acae0aa7f8b9acb7c8e86e1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stoke’s Law
VF = Fall Velocity
(p - po) = Density difference between
particle and water
n = viscosity of water
g = gravitational acceleration constant
d = diameter of the particle
Forget the Formula
Remember the Removal
Efficiency Depends on Several
Factors
![Page 9: CLARIFIERS - Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer · Clarifier Short Circuiting. ... Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove Floating Scum Drive Unit ... Circular](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022021423/5acae0aa7f8b9acb7c8e86e1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Warm Water
Less Dense
Less Viscous
Solids Settle More Readily in Warm Water
Than in Cold Water
Cold Water
More Dense
More Viscous
Warm Water - Greater Efficiency of Clarification
Settling Rate
Cool Water- Less Efficiency of Clarification
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Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
1. Characteristics of the Solids
2. Characteristics of the Water
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
![Page 11: CLARIFIERS - Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer · Clarifier Short Circuiting. ... Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove Floating Scum Drive Unit ... Circular](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022021423/5acae0aa7f8b9acb7c8e86e1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
Surface Area
Depth
Hydraulic Loading
Solids Loading
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Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
Surface Area
Depth
Hydraulic Loading
Solids Loading
Design
Operation
Maintenance
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Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
Flow Characteristics in the Clarifier
Flow Must be Dispersed Evenly Throughout
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Higher Flow (Horizontal Velocity) in One Part of Tank
(Detention Time vs. Fall Velocity)
Density Currents
Currents Within the Tank Carry Solids Through the Tank.
Not the Same as Excessive Hydraulic Load
Clarifier Short Circuiting
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Missing or poor influent baffling
Causes
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Missing or poor influent baffling
Causes
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Missing or poor influent baffling
Causes
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Uneven effluent weirs
Plant growth or thrash in effluent weirs
Causes
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Temperature stratification between
influent & clarifier water temperatures.
Causes
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Monitoring for Short Circuiting
Visual Observation
Flow Over Weir
Solids Over Weir
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
Monitoring for Short Circuiting
Dye Testing
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Higher Flow (Horizontal Velocity) in One Part of Tank
Density Currents
Clarifier Short Circuiting
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
• Missing or poor influent baffling
• Uneven effluent weirs
• Plant growth or thrash in effluent weirs
• Temperature stratification between
influent & clarifier water temperatures.
Causes
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Clarifiers
Efficiency of Solids Removal Related To:
1. Characteristics of the Solids
2. Characteristics of the Water
3. Characteristics of the Clarifier
![Page 25: CLARIFIERS - Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer · Clarifier Short Circuiting. ... Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove Floating Scum Drive Unit ... Circular](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022021423/5acae0aa7f8b9acb7c8e86e1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Clarifiers
Types of Clarifiers
Inclined Plate(Lamella)
Rectangular
Circular
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Inclined Plate(Lamella)
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Overflow Box
Clarifier
Influent
Sludge Discharge
Clarifier
Effluent
Sludge
Hopper
Flocculation Tank
Flash
Mix Tank
Coagulant
Feed
Feed BoxDischarge FlumesDistribution Orifice
Inclined Plates
Types of Clarifiers – Inclined Plate (Lamella)
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Types of Clarifiers – Inclined Plate (Lamella)
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Increased settling efficiency due to increased surface area
Smaller Area Needed for Installation
Types of Clarifiers – Inclined Plate (Lamella)
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Increased settling efficiency due to increased surface area
Smaller Area Needed for Installation
Types of Clarifiers – Inclined Plate (Lamella)
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Seldom Used With Organic Wastes
Biological Growths Reduce Efficiency
Mostly Industrial Applications
Types of Clarifiers – Inclined Plate (Lamella)
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Rectangular
Clarifiers
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Effluent
Launder
Effluent
Weir
Scum
TroughFlights
Drive
Unit
Drive
Chain
Drive
GearIdler
Sprockets
Sludge
Withdrawal
Pipe
Sludge
Trough
Inlet
BaffleInlet
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
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Inlet
BaffleInlet
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
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Influent baffling
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
FloatableSettleable
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Effluent
Launder
Effluent
Weir
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Effluent
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
FloatableSettleable
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Rails
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Solids Removal Mechanism
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Drive
Chain
Drive
Unit
Drive
GearIdler
Sprockets
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Flights
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Rails
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Flights
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Wear Shoes Rails
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
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Wear Shoes Rails
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Prevent Wear on the Flights Where They Contact the Rails
Transfer Wear to the Shoe Instead of the Flights
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Flights
Sludge
Sludge
Withdrawal
Pipe
Sludge
Trough
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Flights
Scum
Scum RemovalScum
Trough
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Scum Removal
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Scum Removal
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Effluent
Launder
Effluent
Weir
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Effluent
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Effluent Weir – “V Notch”
Flow = Velocity X Area
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As Flow Increases, Area Increases
And As Area Increases, Velocity Decreases
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Flow = Velocity X Area
Effluent Weir – “V Notch”
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Effluent Weir – “V Notch”
Helps Keep Velocity Constant
Reduces Solids Build-up Behind Weir
![Page 54: CLARIFIERS - Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer · Clarifier Short Circuiting. ... Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove Floating Scum Drive Unit ... Circular](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022021423/5acae0aa7f8b9acb7c8e86e1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Single Weir
Finger Weirs
Effluent Weirs
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Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
Effluent Weirs
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Effluent
Launder
Effluent
Weir
Scum
TroughFlights
Drive
Unit
Drive
Chain
Drive
GearIdler
Sprockets
Sludge
Withdrawal
Pipe
Sludge
Trough
Inlet
BaffleInlet
Types of Clarifiers – Rectangular
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Monitor for Short Circuiting
Visual Observation
Flow Over Weir
Solids Over Weir
Dye Testing
Secondary Rectangular Clarifiers – Most Important
Consider Baffles
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Circular
Clarifiers
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Circular Clarifier
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Circular Clarifier
Influent typically enters the basin from the center rather
than from one end.
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Circular Clarifier
Influent
Influent typically enters the basin from the center rather
than from one end.
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Circular Clarifier
Influent
A Circular Baffle Directs Flow
Center Baffle
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Circular Clarifier
A Circular Baffle Directs Flow
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Circular Clarifier
Influent
Solids Settle
Scraped to Sump
Removed by Pumping
Center Baffle
Sludge Sump
Sludge Plow
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Circular ClarifierSolids Settle
Scraped to Sump
Removed by Pumping
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Circular ClarifierSolids Settle
Scraped to Sump
Removed by Pumping
![Page 67: CLARIFIERS - Metallurgist & Mineral Processing Engineer · Clarifier Short Circuiting. ... Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove Floating Scum Drive Unit ... Circular](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022021423/5acae0aa7f8b9acb7c8e86e1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Circular Clarifier
Influent
Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove
Floating Scum
Drive Unit
Skimmer Arm
Scum
Baffle
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Circular Clarifier
Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove
Floating Scum
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Circular Clarifier
Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove
Floating Scum
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Circular Clarifier
Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove
Floating Scum
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Circular Clarifier
Drive Mechanism Also Drives Skimmer Arm to Remove
Floating Scum
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Circular Clarifier
Influent
The Water Flows to the Effluent Weir Around the
Circumference of the Clarifier
Center Baffle Effluent Weir
Sludge Sump
Sludge Plow
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Circular Clarifier Outlet
Effluent
Effluent
Launder
Effluent
Weir
Scum
Baffle
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1 2 3Outer
WallInner
Wall
Suspended
In Clarifier
The Launder and Weir May Be
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Effluent Launder/Weir Inside Clarifier (#2)
Can Create Water Current
• Loss of solids over
weir.
• Baffles used to
redirect & slow
water currents.
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STAMFORD BAFFLE MC KINNEY BAFFLE
Other Clarifier Baffles
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Clarifier Short Circuiting
• Missing or poor effluent baffling
• Uneven effluent weirs
• Plant growth or thrash in effluent weirs
• Temperature stratification between
influent & clarifier water temperatures.
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Clarifier
Variations
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Rectangular Tank
Circular Sludge Collection and Skimming
“Squirqular” Clarifier
Clarifier Variations
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Peripheral Feed
Peripheral Discharge
Clarifier Variations
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Peripheral
Feed
Center
Discharge
Clarifier Variations
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Radial Discharge Peripheral Feed
Clarifier Variations
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Tow Bro Clarifier
Clarifier Variations
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Spiral Sludge Collector
Clarifier Variations
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Telescoping Valves for RAS Return
Clarifier Variations
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Many Others
Each Designed to Address Particular Concern
Clarifier Variations
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Drive MechanismLubrication (Manufacturers Specs.)
Observe Proper Operation (2/Day)
Clarifier Operation
Routine Inspection & Maintenance
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Sludge Judge Daily (Each Shift)
Clarifier Operation
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Rectangular Clarifiers
Sludge Collection System
Operating Smoothly
Floating Sludge
Frequent Shear Pin or Breaker Failure
Clarifier Operation
Circular Clarifiers
Skimmer/Sludge Collector
Operating Smoothly
Scum Trough Plugged
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Cleaning
Weirs – Launder - Center Well
Clarifier Operation
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The
Hard
Way
The
Easy
Way
Clarifier Operation
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Clarifier Operation
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Clarifier Operation
Limit Growth ?
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Clarifier Operation
Limit Growth ?
Covers Block Sunlight Limits Algae Growth
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Clarifier Operation
Limit Growth ?
Covers Block Sunlight Limits Algae Growth
Provides Cold Weather Protection
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Clarifier Operation
Monitoring for Short Circuiting
Visual Observation
Flow Over Weir
Solids Over Weir
Dye Testing
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Clarifier Operation
Routine Inspection & Maintenance
Sludge Judge Daily (Each Shift)
Cleaning
Monitoring for Short Circuiting
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Also Includes
Calculating and Monitoring Loading
Clarifier Operation
Detention Time
Surface Overflow Rate
Weir Overflow Rate
Solids Loading Rate
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CLARIFIERS
Prepared By
Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
Operator Training and Certification Unit