cjdats is funded by nida in collaboration with samhsa and doj cjdats is funded by nida in...
TRANSCRIPT
CJDATS is funded by NIDA in collaboration with SAMHSA and DOJ
Medication Assisted Treatment: Examining Criminal Justice Client Outcomes
Kevin Knight, Ph.D.1, Julie Gray, Ph.D. 1,
Amy Cohn, Ph.D. 2, Sarah Desmarais, Ph.D. 3,
Jennifer Pankow, Ph.D. 1, Grace Rowan-Szal Ph.D. 1,
Stephen Doherty, M.Ed. 4, & Pat Flynn, Ph.D. 1
1Texas Christian University 2 University of South Florida
3 North Carolina State University4 Gateway Foundation
Problem Background
Persistent skepticism exists within the criminal justice (CJ) system – including among criminal justice partner agencies – about the feasibility and impact of promoting medication‐assisted treatment (MAT).
Substantial evidence suggests MAT helps patients reduce opioid and alcohol use (Amato et al., 2005; Johnson, 2008), criminal behavior and arrest (Schwartz et al., 2009), and HIV risk behavior and infection (Metzger et al., 1993).
Specific Aim of This Study
Aim: To identify MAT clinic visit predictors based on patient self-report the day prior to the visit.
Sub-Aim: Assess relationship of Violence and Victimization on patient participation in MAT.
Study Design
Recruit a minimum of 75 “MAT eligible” parolees & probationers participating in a community-based treatment program in the greater St. Louis area.
As part of the study, participants call into an interactive voice response (IVR) survey system daily over a 2-week period. The survey asks questions about previous day events, including stressors, psychological functioning, substance use, and problems attending treatment.
Data Collection
Baseline survey conducted in face-to-face interview after client is referred to MAT.
IVR training conducted with clients at baseline. The expectation for each participant is 2 weeks of consecutive daily calls (14 total).
Follow-up survey conducted as face-to-face interview with each participant after 90 days.
Baseline
assessment
2 weeks of daily
IVR assessm
ents
10 weeks of MAT
treatment as usual
Follow-up
assessment
Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Technology affordable and easy to use automated survey technology uses recorded voice prompts to ask questions that clients
answer by using the touchtone keypad on the telephone or by speaking open ended responses.
Software: SmartQ by TeleSage (www.telesage.com/SmartQ.html)
Measures: IVR Daily Interview
Measures: IVR Daily Interview
Today, please rate how strong is your craving to drink or use drugs? 0 = not at all1 = slightly2 = moderately3 = very4 = extremely
For the next several questions, I'm going to ask you about things that you've done since this time yesterday. Answer each questions using a scale of 0 to 3 where:
0 = no,1 = yes, but yesterday only2 = yes, but today only, or 3 = yes, both yesterday & today.
Did you have stress about an argument with someone? Did you have any stress about work or unemployment? Did you have any stress about money problems? Did you have any stress about your health? Did you have any stress about probation or parole?
Measures: Victimization & Violence
In 3 months prior to incarceration,Victimization Violence
has anyone… have you…1. thrown something at you? 1. thrown something at someone?
2. pushed, grabbed, or shoved you? 2. pushed, grabbed or shoved anyone?
3. slapped you? 3. slapped anyone?
4. kicked, bitten, or choked you? 4. kicked, bitten or choked anyone?
5. hit you with a fist or object or beaten you up?
5. hit anyone with a fist or object or beaten up anyone?
6. tried to physically force you to have sex against your will?
6. tried to physically force anyone to have sex against their will?
7. threatened you with a knife or gun or other lethal weapon?
7. threatened anyone with a knife or gun or other lethal weapon?
8. used a knife or fired a gun at you? 8. used a knife or fired a gun at anyone?
Adapted from MacArthur Community Violence Inventory (Steadman et al., 1998)
Demographic Characteristics
Mean age = 35.5 years (SD = 10.2) Range = 20 to 66 years
Race/ethnicity 78.4% African American/Black 18.9% Caucasian/White 2.7% Other
Relationship status 37.3% living with a spouse/partner
Children 29.3% have children that live with them
Education 22.7% graduated from high school, 37.3% completed GED
Study Sample (n=75)
Service Use and System Contact
Criminal Justice History
# of lifetime arrests M = 16.2 (SD = 15.1) Range = 1 – 85
# of arrests while using/seeking drugs M = 11.9 (SD = 13.8) Range = 0 – 85
Age at first arrest M = 16.9 years (SD = 3.8) Range = 11 – 32
# of times in jail, prison or juvenile lockup M = 11.3 (SD = 11.7) Range = 1 – 60
Study Sample
Service Use and System Contact
Treatment History
# of times received treatment for substance use M = 3.6 (SD = 4.8) Range = 0 – 30
Drug of choice 82% Opiates, 8% Alcohol, 10% poly-drug use, other
# of times hospitalized for psychiatric problems (Range = 0 – 10) n = 68 (91%) never hospitalized for psychiatric problems n = 2 (3%) one time n = 5 ( 7%) 2 times or more
# of times hospitalized for other health problems M = 2.37 (SD = 3.3) Range 0 – 15
Study Sample
Participant Characteristics:IVR Responses From Call
Prior to MAT Appointment
Characteristic N (%) or Mean
Receiving medication for alcohol/drug use 35 (47%)
Any alcohol use 18 (24%)
Any illegal drug use 38 (51%)
Any prescription drug use to get high 18 (24%)
Any (other) illegal activities 4 (16%)
Kept MAT appointment 50 (67%)
Using Alcohol or Drugs to Cope with Stress
Alcohol Illegal Drugs Prescription Drugs
0
25
50
75
100
Yesterday and Today
Yesterday, but not Today
None in the last 2 days
% P
art
icip
an
tsPreliminary Findings
Correlates of keeping MAT appointment
Preliminary Findings (n=75)
Correlates of Appointment Kept r Source
Treatment Readiness .29** From TCU CEST
Self-Esteem .04 From TCU CEST
Anxiety .03 From TCU CEST
Personal Irresponsibility -.29** From CTS
Use of drugs for coping with Stress -.27* From IVR
Craving for Alcohol, Illegal or Rx Drugs -.10 From IVR
*p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001
Correlates of Vivitrol prescription
Preliminary Findings (n=75)
Correlates of receiving Vivitrol r Source
Self-esteem .28** From TCU CEST
Anxiety -.04 From TCU CEST
Expectancy to refrain from drug use - next 90 days .21* From TCU CEST
Percentage of daily calls to IVR survey .33*** From IVR
Craving for Alcohol, Illegal or Rx Drugs -.20 From IVR
*p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001
Keeping Scheduled MAT Appointment and Previous Day’s Stressors
Preliminary Findings
No stress from Health
Stress about Health yesterday, today, or both
N (%) N (%)
Missed scheduled MAT Appointment
16 (21%) 9 (12%)
Kept scheduled MAT Appointment
41 (55%) 9 (12%)
“Did you have any stress about your health?”
Keeping scheduled MAT appointment and Use of illegal Drugs to cope with Stress
Preliminary Findings
“Did you take illegal drugs because of stress”
Did not use of illegal drugs because of
stress
Used illegal drugs because of stress
yesterday, today, or both
N (%) N (%)
Missed scheduled MAT Appointment
9 (12%) 16 (21%)
Kept scheduled MAT Appointment
36 (48%) 14 (19%)
X2(1, n=75) = 9.0, p < .01
Associations between previous psychiatric hospitalizations and
keeping MAT appointment
Preliminary Findings
No previous psychiatric
hospitalizations
One or more psychiatric
hospitalizations
N (%) N (%)
Missed scheduled MAT Appointment
23 (31%) 2 (3%)
Kept scheduled MAT Appointment
45 (60%) 5 (7%)
Prevalence and Co-occurrence of Violence & Victimization
None, 57.3%
Violence only, 2.7%
Victimization only, 6.7%
Violence & Vic-timization, 40%
x2(1, n=75) = 18.62, p < .001
Preliminary Findings
Prevalence of violent outcomes reported at baseline (n = 75) & follow-up (n = 47)
Preliminary Findings
Any Violent Outcome
Perpetration Victimization0
10
20
30
40
50
Baseline
Follow-Up
%
**
*p < .05.
Conclusions
Need to explore impact of MAT on violence and victimization.
Will continue to examine measurement of MAT treatment satisfaction, barriers to MAT treatment, and support for MAT treatment.