cj 220 chapter 1 criminal justice and the community © 2012 todd r. clear, john r. hamilton, jr. and...

CJ 220CJ 220

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Criminal Justice and the CommunityCriminal Justice and the Community

© 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric Cadora

IntroductionIntroduction

High Impact AreasHigh Impact Areas Places where public safety is a Places where public safety is a

significant problem and criminal justice significant problem and criminal justice is significant fact of lifeis significant fact of life

Criminal justice elements, especially the Criminal justice elements, especially the police, are continually visible in these police, are continually visible in these areasareas



Two assumptions are inherent within Two assumptions are inherent within the idea of community justicethe idea of community justice Communities are different and criminal Communities are different and criminal

justice strategies need to be tailored to fit justice strategies need to be tailored to fit those differences those differences

Formal systems of self-control, such as Formal systems of self-control, such as the criminal justice system, are not the the criminal justice system, are not the main mechanism of public safetymain mechanism of public safety

Informal social controls – families, neighbors, Informal social controls – families, neighbors, social organizations, and friendship relations – social organizations, and friendship relations – for the most important foundation for public for the most important foundation for public safety safety



Community justice has as one of its main Community justice has as one of its main aims strengthening the capacity of informal aims strengthening the capacity of informal social control within that locationsocial control within that location

The C.J. system identifies offenders, The C.J. system identifies offenders, apprehends them, and imposes criminal apprehends them, and imposes criminal sanctions on themsanctions on them In high impact areas, this focus on processing In high impact areas, this focus on processing

individual criminal cases through the justice individual criminal cases through the justice system does not take into account the cumulative system does not take into account the cumulative impact of these individual decisions when they impact of these individual decisions when they disproportionately concentrate in specific placesdisproportionately concentrate in specific places


Introduction Introduction

The collective impact of all these arrests, The collective impact of all these arrests, convictions, incarcerations, and returns convictions, incarcerations, and returns can be a major destabilizing force in the can be a major destabilizing force in the neighborhoods, making the effects of neighborhoods, making the effects of poverty, broken families, unsupervised poverty, broken families, unsupervised youth, and unemployment much worseyouth, and unemployment much worse The actions of the CJ system can The actions of the CJ system can

unintentionally damage the neighborhood unintentionally damage the neighborhood fabricfabric



High impact target areas are where High impact target areas are where problems are and where any problems are and where any progress made by community justice progress made by community justice has the most pay offhas the most pay off The impact for purposefully tailored The impact for purposefully tailored

strategies is much higher in these strategies is much higher in these locations than in other areas in which locations than in other areas in which problems are less severeproblems are less severe



Community justice is a broad strategy Community justice is a broad strategy including the following priorities:including the following priorities: Selects high-impact locations for special Selects high-impact locations for special

strategiesstrategies Works to strengthen the capacity of informal Works to strengthen the capacity of informal

social control: families, neighborhood social control: families, neighborhood groups, friends, and social supportsgroups, friends, and social supports

Instead of reactive strategy, it undertakes a Instead of reactive strategy, it undertakes a proactive strategy designed to work in proactive strategy designed to work in partnership with those informal social control partnership with those informal social control sources to strengthen the foundation for public sources to strengthen the foundation for public safetysafety



Develops partnerships with residents, Develops partnerships with residents, businesses, and other social services to businesses, and other social services to coordinate the way public safety coordinate the way public safety problems are addressedproblems are addressed

Community justice is both a strategy Community justice is both a strategy and a philosophyand a philosophy


Criminal Justice and Social JusticeCriminal Justice and Social Justice

Criminal justice is a type of Criminal justice is a type of “negative” justice“negative” justice It is concerned with the way a society It is concerned with the way a society

allocates undesirable experiences to its allocates undesirable experiences to its membersmembers

The study of criminal justice is the study The study of criminal justice is the study of rules, procedures, and practices of rules, procedures, and practices under which citizens experience the under which citizens experience the application of a criminal label and the application of a criminal label and the imposition of a sanction imposition of a sanction



Social justice is concerned with the Social justice is concerned with the distribution of “good” things within a distribution of “good” things within a societysociety In a socially just society, these benefits In a socially just society, these benefits

are provided by a fair set of roles and are provided by a fair set of roles and are applied to everyone equallyare applied to everyone equally



How are they connected?How are they connected? Both are concerned with what people Both are concerned with what people

“deserve”“deserve” Criminal justice is a set of institutions and procedures Criminal justice is a set of institutions and procedures

for determining which people deserve to be for determining which people deserve to be sanctioned because of their wrongdoing and what sanctioned because of their wrongdoing and what kind of sanctions they deserve to receivekind of sanctions they deserve to receive

Social justice is the set of rules by which people get Social justice is the set of rules by which people get the good things they deserve as a consequence of the good things they deserve as a consequence of heir talents and by the fruit of their effortsheir talents and by the fruit of their efforts

It can be said that they are the flipside of the It can be said that they are the flipside of the same coinsame coin



Although perfect criminal and social justice Although perfect criminal and social justice is a laudable desire, we live in a society with is a laudable desire, we live in a society with well-known flaws in its criminal and social well-known flaws in its criminal and social justice systemsjustice systems

The most obvious relationship is that where The most obvious relationship is that where people face the toughest odds against living people face the toughest odds against living out the “American Dream” are also the out the “American Dream” are also the places where there is the most criminality places where there is the most criminality Crime and disadvantage are mutually reinforcing Crime and disadvantage are mutually reinforcing

aspects of community lifeaspects of community life



Community justice is a strategy of Community justice is a strategy of criminal justice because it is criminal justice because it is concerned with the problems that concerned with the problems that contribute to and result from crimecontribute to and result from crime The essence of community justice as a The essence of community justice as a

strategy is to strengthen the capacity of strategy is to strengthen the capacity of places that are hard hit by crime; in that places that are hard hit by crime; in that sense, community justice has a concern sense, community justice has a concern for broader matters of social justice for broader matters of social justice



The marriage of criminal and social justice The marriage of criminal and social justice is most evident in the way community is most evident in the way community justice approaches local areas with an eye justice approaches local areas with an eye toward building toward building social capitalsocial capital The central premise of social capital is that The central premise of social capital is that

social networks have valuesocial networks have value Social capital refers to the collective value of Social capital refers to the collective value of

all “social networks” (who people know) and all “social networks” (who people know) and the inclinations that arise from these networks the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other (“norms of to do things for each other (“norms of reciprocity”)reciprocity”)


Social CapitalSocial Capital How does social capital work?How does social capital work?

The term social capital emphasizes not just warm and cuddly feelings, The term social capital emphasizes not just warm and cuddly feelings, but a wide variety of quite specific benefits that flow from the trust, but a wide variety of quite specific benefits that flow from the trust, reciprocity, information, and cooperation associated with social reciprocity, information, and cooperation associated with social networks. Social capital creates value for the people who are networks. Social capital creates value for the people who are connected and - at least sometimes - for bystanders as well. connected and - at least sometimes - for bystanders as well.

Social capital works through multiple channels:Social capital works through multiple channels: information flows (e.g. learning about jobs, learning about candidates information flows (e.g. learning about jobs, learning about candidates

running for office, exchanging ideas at college, etc.) depend on social running for office, exchanging ideas at college, etc.) depend on social capital capital

norms of reciprocity (mutual aid) are dependent on social networks. norms of reciprocity (mutual aid) are dependent on social networks. Bonding networks that connect folks who are similar sustain Bonding networks that connect folks who are similar sustain

particularized (in-group) reciprocity. particularized (in-group) reciprocity. Bridging networks that connect individuals who are diverse sustain Bridging networks that connect individuals who are diverse sustain

generalized reciprocity.generalized reciprocity. Collective action depends upon social networks (e.g., the role that the Collective action depends upon social networks (e.g., the role that the

black church played in the civic rights movement) although collective black church played in the civic rights movement) although collective action also can foster new networks. action also can foster new networks.

Broader identities and solidarity are encouraged by social networks Broader identities and solidarity are encouraged by social networks that help translate an "I" mentality into a "we" mentality.that help translate an "I" mentality into a "we" mentality.


Social CapitalSocial Capital What are some examples of social capital?What are some examples of social capital?

When a group of neighbors informally keep an eye When a group of neighbors informally keep an eye on one another's homes, that's social capital in on one another's homes, that's social capital in action. When a tightly knit community of Hassidic action. When a tightly knit community of Hassidic Jews trade diamonds without having to test each Jews trade diamonds without having to test each gem for purity, that's social capital in action. gem for purity, that's social capital in action. Barn-raising on the frontier was social capital in Barn-raising on the frontier was social capital in action, and so too are e-mail exchanges among action, and so too are e-mail exchanges among members of a cancer support group. Social capital members of a cancer support group. Social capital can be found in friendship networks, can be found in friendship networks, neighborhoods, churches, schools, bridge clubs, neighborhoods, churches, schools, bridge clubs, civic associations, and even bars. The motto in civic associations, and even bars. The motto in Cheers "where everybody knows your name" Cheers "where everybody knows your name" captures one important aspect of social capital. captures one important aspect of social capital. (from Putnam, Robert. 2001. (from Putnam, Robert. 2001. Bowling Alone)Bowling Alone)


Social CapitalSocial Capital

““Hunkering down” effect in diverse Hunkering down” effect in diverse communitiescommunities Based on research done by Putnam in Based on research done by Putnam in

the area of immigrationthe area of immigration Possible implication for the relationship Possible implication for the relationship

between past offenders returning to the between past offenders returning to the community and those law-abiding community and those law-abiding citizens who live there citizens who live there



Another source:Another source:

hhttp://www.cpn.org/tools/dictionary

(scroll down to “social capital and click (scroll down to “social capital and click on the hypertext)on the hypertext)h



CommunitarianismCommunitarianism There are some moral duties we are required There are some moral duties we are required

to do even if there is no immediate benefit to do even if there is no immediate benefit realizedrealized

Behaving in a manner that is best for the Behaving in a manner that is best for the greater good and not for individual gaingreater good and not for individual gain

Appears to dovetail well with the idea that Appears to dovetail well with the idea that informal social control is the most effective informal social control is the most effective method of crime preventionmethod of crime prevention

Developing collective moral values in the Developing collective moral values in the community vs. individualismcommunity vs. individualism


Community JusticeCommunity Justice

Community is no simply about a Community is no simply about a desire to increase public safety. It is desire to increase public safety. It is also concerned with the also concerned with the qualityquality of of public safety.public safety. It is also concerned with the quality of It is also concerned with the quality of

public life and the efficacy of collective public life and the efficacy of collective community actioncommunity action


Community JusticeCommunity Justice

Criminal justice strategies are typically Criminal justice strategies are typically individual and negative: they remove individual and negative: they remove residents, one by one, from their residents, one by one, from their everyday lives and impose negative, everyday lives and impose negative, undesirable sanctions on eachundesirable sanctions on each Community justice gives attention to Community justice gives attention to

social, in that it is not merely negative social, in that it is not merely negative and individual in its orientationand individual in its orientation

It seeks a positive, collective outcome as It seeks a positive, collective outcome as a response to crime: better communitiesa response to crime: better communities


The Importance of “Place”The Importance of “Place”

Community justice begins with an Community justice begins with an important insight about contemporary important insight about contemporary life: life: places matterplaces matter

Where a person lives turns out to be Where a person lives turns out to be one of the most important aspects of one of the most important aspects of what that person’s life is likewhat that person’s life is like America, one of the wealthiest nations in America, one of the wealthiest nations in

history, is extremely segregated in the history, is extremely segregated in the layout of its living areas – its layout of its living areas – its neighborhoodsneighborhoods


The Importance of “Place”The Importance of “Place”

The place where a person lives The place where a person lives greatly affects which schools that a greatly affects which schools that a person’s children attend, the leisure-person’s children attend, the leisure-time activities used to occupy time, time activities used to occupy time, the places a person eats, and so onthe places a person eats, and so on Lack of transportation opportunities can Lack of transportation opportunities can

very much affect “place” issuesvery much affect “place” issues


What is Community?What is Community?

Often the terms “neighborhood” and Often the terms “neighborhood” and “community” are used interchangeably“community” are used interchangeably

The term “neighborhood” is almost always The term “neighborhood” is almost always used to refer to a particular geographic area used to refer to a particular geographic area within a larger jurisdictional entitywithin a larger jurisdictional entity

The term “community” can used to indicate The term “community” can used to indicate a neighborhood, but usually it has more a neighborhood, but usually it has more personal significancepersonal significance Sometimes the term is used to refer to a group Sometimes the term is used to refer to a group

of people who share a common personal identity of people who share a common personal identity



Community and neighborhood are related in Community and neighborhood are related in America because people who share America because people who share common backgrounds or collective common backgrounds or collective purposes often live near each otherpurposes often live near each other

Many European immigrants have been able Many European immigrants have been able to keep their identity as community, but to keep their identity as community, but they have been able to leave restrictive they have been able to leave restrictive neighborhoods in a pattern of upward neighborhoods in a pattern of upward mobilitymobility Ethnic integration and even intermarriage have Ethnic integration and even intermarriage have

occurred, a process called the “melting pot”occurred, a process called the “melting pot”© 2012 Todd R. Clear, John R. Hamilton, Jr. and Eric Cadora


People of color have not had the People of color have not had the same experiencesame experience

When social isolation is coupled with When social isolation is coupled with economic disinvestments, we face a economic disinvestments, we face a growing problem of concentrations of growing problem of concentrations of poor members of certain poor members of certain communities in certain communities in certain neighborhoods with little prospect of neighborhoods with little prospect of changechange



Many times the conditions affecting Many times the conditions affecting those with little or not resources are those with little or not resources are unknown until a major event occursunknown until a major event occurs Evacuation of victims during Hurricane Evacuation of victims during Hurricane

KatrinaKatrina Often these persons “fall between Often these persons “fall between

the cracks”the cracks”


PlacePlace

How do neighborhoods affect How do neighborhoods affect community life?community life? The place a person calls home affects the The place a person calls home affects the

way a person livesway a person lives The most important way a person’s The most important way a person’s

residence affects quality of life is through residence affects quality of life is through the way location influences later life the way location influences later life chanceschances

Life chancesLife chances – refers to the possibilities people – refers to the possibilities people encounter in their lives and the likelihood that encounter in their lives and the likelihood that a person will be able to achieve personal and a person will be able to achieve personal and social goals social goals


PlacePlace

The concept of life chances holds that The concept of life chances holds that most of the pivotal experiences of one’s most of the pivotal experiences of one’s social and economic life – from getting social and economic life – from getting into college to landing a good first job; into college to landing a good first job; from developing social skills to meeting from developing social skills to meeting people who can help along the way – are people who can help along the way – are established by the circumstances of established by the circumstances of one’s birthone’s birth

One of these important circumstances is One of these important circumstances is the place a person livesthe place a person lives


PlacePlace

Neighborhoods differ dramatically in Neighborhoods differ dramatically in the degree to which they experience the degree to which they experience crime and criminal justicecrime and criminal justice This is why a “cookie-cutter” approach This is why a “cookie-cutter” approach

will probably not be effective will probably not be effective everywhereeverywhere


PlacePlace Recent scholarship has uncovered the importance Recent scholarship has uncovered the importance

of place as an element of public safetyof place as an element of public safety This is most commonly understood through the idea of This is most commonly understood through the idea of

hot spotshot spots Crime is much more likely to occur in hot spots than in Crime is much more likely to occur in hot spots than in

immediate surrounding areasimmediate surrounding areas A small number of specific locations account for a A small number of specific locations account for a

disproportionate number of police calls for assistance disproportionate number of police calls for assistance and reports of criminal eventsand reports of criminal events

What almost all hot spots have in common is not so What almost all hot spots have in common is not so much their physical attributes but the fact that they are much their physical attributes but the fact that they are configured to allow criminals to engage in crime with configured to allow criminals to engage in crime with relative ease, and they exist in neighborhoods where relative ease, and they exist in neighborhoods where crime is generally higher than elsewherecrime is generally higher than elsewhere


PlacePlace

New tools available to diagnose New tools available to diagnose communitiescommunities Geographic Information Systems (GIS)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Can be used to track crime information as Can be used to track crime information as well infrastructure and social datawell infrastructure and social data

Combining this data can provide a more Combining this data can provide a more thorough snapshot of the status of thorough snapshot of the status of communities communities


PlacePlace

Today, there are three main schools Today, there are three main schools of thought about how to overcome of thought about how to overcome problems of public safety that problems of public safety that concentrate in certain areasconcentrate in certain areas DisorderDisorder DisorganizationDisorganization Informal Social ControlInformal Social Control


PlacePlace

Disorder Models: Broken WindowsDisorder Models: Broken Windows The “Broken Windows” theory is one of The “Broken Windows” theory is one of

the most popular ideas about why crimes the most popular ideas about why crimes comes about in urban settingscomes about in urban settings

Law abiding citizens feel uncomfortable in Law abiding citizens feel uncomfortable in disordered areas and do not remain there longdisordered areas and do not remain there long

Offenders, however, feel empowered in these Offenders, however, feel empowered in these locations and when they are not deterred in locations and when they are not deterred in small offenses, they interpret this as small offenses, they interpret this as encouragementencouragement

The Broken Windows idea has led law The Broken Windows idea has led law enforcement to arrest minor offenders enforcement to arrest minor offenders


PlacePlace

Disorganization Models: Systemic TheoryDisorganization Models: Systemic Theory The first important theory of crime and place, The first important theory of crime and place,

called social disorganization theory, was called social disorganization theory, was developed by Shaw and McKay in the mid 1940sdeveloped by Shaw and McKay in the mid 1940s

Their analysis highlighted three sociological Their analysis highlighted three sociological characteristics that seemed to matter most: characteristics that seemed to matter most: poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and mobilitypoverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and mobility

When these attributes are present, the society When these attributes are present, the society in these places becomes “disorganized,” and in these places becomes “disorganized,” and young people fail to become adequately young people fail to become adequately socializedsocialized


PlacePlace

Recent studies have found evidence that cuts Recent studies have found evidence that cuts both ways: not only have poverty and mobility both ways: not only have poverty and mobility contributed to crime, but reciprocally, crime contributed to crime, but reciprocally, crime itself has come to perpetuate poverty and itself has come to perpetuate poverty and mobilitymobility

Social disorganization theorists seek strategies Social disorganization theorists seek strategies that “organize” neighborhoods by building that “organize” neighborhoods by building social groups and creating political capacitysocial groups and creating political capacity

The idea that a community is organized can counter The idea that a community is organized can counter the forces of poverty, ethnic conflict, and outward the forces of poverty, ethnic conflict, and outward mobility, which serves to promote disorganization in mobility, which serves to promote disorganization in an areaan area


PlacePlace

Informal Social Control Models: Collective Informal Social Control Models: Collective EfficacyEfficacy The thesis of collective efficacy idea is that crime The thesis of collective efficacy idea is that crime

is reduced when there are strong forces of is reduced when there are strong forces of informal social control at work in the informal social control at work in the neighborhoodneighborhood

Informal social control comes from two sourcesInformal social control comes from two sources From families and other loved ones who exert From families and other loved ones who exert

controlling influences on the young people near to themcontrolling influences on the young people near to them From social groups and friendship networks that serve a From social groups and friendship networks that serve a

similar function either in addition to or in place of similar function either in addition to or in place of familiesfamilies


PlacePlace Social networks – interpersonal relationships Social networks – interpersonal relationships

that people value and sustain – provide the that people value and sustain – provide the ability for people to be collectively effective at ability for people to be collectively effective at producing control in the places they liveproducing control in the places they live

When social networks are weak or thin, there can be When social networks are weak or thin, there can be little collective efficacylittle collective efficacy

Advocates of collective efficacy try to prevent Advocates of collective efficacy try to prevent crime by building social relationships in crime by building social relationships in problem neighborhoodsproblem neighborhoods

Collective efficacy strategies try to build a Collective efficacy strategies try to build a strength from within by forming groups that strength from within by forming groups that attend to neighborhood mattersattend to neighborhood matters


Place-based Strategies and Public Place-based Strategies and Public Safety GoalsSafety Goals

The most important way that criminal The most important way that criminal justice changes its strategic approach in a justice changes its strategic approach in a community justice organization is by community justice organization is by focusing on the attributes and focusing on the attributes and circumstances of places more than on circumstances of places more than on casescases Dual-track strategy: clean up the broken Dual-track strategy: clean up the broken

windows aspect of the neighborhoods that tend windows aspect of the neighborhoods that tend to encourage criminal behavior and organize to encourage criminal behavior and organize residents so that more effective services can residents so that more effective services can be provided to improve their prospectsbe provided to improve their prospects


Strategies and GoalsStrategies and Goals

Become proactive rather than simply Become proactive rather than simply reactivereactive Proactive means that community-oriented Proactive means that community-oriented

criminal justice tries to head off problems before criminal justice tries to head off problems before they occur, particularly by identifying the causes they occur, particularly by identifying the causes of public safety problems and overcoming themof public safety problems and overcoming them

Criminal justice has always been evaluated Criminal justice has always been evaluated on how well it responds to crimes that have on how well it responds to crimes that have occurredoccurred The advent of community justice has meant that The advent of community justice has meant that

criminal justice is also evaluated on the extent to criminal justice is also evaluated on the extent to which it has been able to build strategies to which it has been able to build strategies to prevent crime from occurring in the first placeprevent crime from occurring in the first place


Strategies and GoalsStrategies and Goals Traditional criminal justice has been Traditional criminal justice has been

described as a “blaming” and “sanctioning” described as a “blaming” and “sanctioning” institutioninstitution Community-oriented criminal justice recognizes Community-oriented criminal justice recognizes

that a much broader view of the problem of that a much broader view of the problem of criminal justice is neededcriminal justice is needed

Because criminal justice so often places a Because criminal justice so often places a premium on the use of authority in premium on the use of authority in response to crime, there is a tendency for response to crime, there is a tendency for criminal justice organizations to have a criminal justice organizations to have a hierarchical, authoritarian stylehierarchical, authoritarian style In this kind of an organization, authority is In this kind of an organization, authority is

concentrated at the top, and discretion is limited concentrated at the top, and discretion is limited at the bottomat the bottom


Strategies and GoalsStrategies and Goals

Criminal-oriented criminal justice Criminal-oriented criminal justice strategies cannot operate within a rigid, strategies cannot operate within a rigid, hierarchical organizational culture. Two hierarchical organizational culture. Two reasons for this are prominent:reasons for this are prominent: Because these strategies tend to be oriented to Because these strategies tend to be oriented to

particular places – neighborhoods – that exist particular places – neighborhoods – that exist within larger legal jurisdictions, it is necessary within larger legal jurisdictions, it is necessary to decentralize leadership to those to decentralize leadership to those subjurisdictional levelssubjurisdictional levels

Neighborhoods are not all alike, so a degree of Neighborhoods are not all alike, so a degree of flexibility is needed to tailor activity to fit the flexibility is needed to tailor activity to fit the particulars of the given neighborhood particulars of the given neighborhood


Strategies and GoalsStrategies and Goals Traditional criminal justice agencies have a Traditional criminal justice agencies have a

sense of their “turf” and work hard to sense of their “turf” and work hard to protect itprotect it In classic organizational theory, criminal justice In classic organizational theory, criminal justice

organizations work hard to protect their organizations work hard to protect their boundaries from incursion by other boundaries from incursion by other organizations, even sister organizations serving organizations, even sister organizations serving the same constituencythe same constituency

Community-oriented approaches for Community-oriented approaches for partnerships at the neighborhood level, and partnerships at the neighborhood level, and protecting organizational boundaries takes protecting organizational boundaries takes a backseat to the need to form and sustain a backseat to the need to form and sustain cross-organizational strategies that produce cross-organizational strategies that produce public safety public safety


Comprehensive Community Comprehensive Community Change InitiativesChange Initiatives

Political EmpowermentPolitical Empowerment Alignment with strong interests vs. Alignment with strong interests vs.

confrontationconfrontation Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

Partnerships among investors, housing Partnerships among investors, housing interests, and renovatorsinterests, and renovators

Service Sector ImprovementsService Sector Improvements Forging a coalition of organizations Forging a coalition of organizations

whose interests align to help solve whose interests align to help solve problemsproblems


Evaluation of Community Evaluation of Community Justice InitiativesJustice Initiatives

New methods will need to be New methods will need to be developed to evaluate community developed to evaluate community justice initiativesjustice initiatives Quantitative methods alone will not be Quantitative methods alone will not be

adequateadequate Thorough evaluation will include Thorough evaluation will include

outputs, outcomes, impacts, and outputs, outcomes, impacts, and processesprocesses



Some approaches to evaluationSome approaches to evaluation Intuitive vs. scientificIntuitive vs. scientific Passive vs. activePassive vs. active Narrow vs. broadNarrow vs. broad Summative vs. formativeSummative vs. formative Insiders vs. outsidersInsiders vs. outsiders



PERF perspectives in approaching PERF perspectives in approaching the implementation of community the implementation of community policing policing DeploymentDeployment Community revitalizationCommunity revitalization Problem-solvingProblem-solving CustomerCustomer Legitimacy Legitimacy


Community Justice Within Community Justice Within Traditional CJ FunctionsTraditional CJ Functions

PolicePolice C.O.P. and innovationC.O.P. and innovation Probably to most progressive of the threeProbably to most progressive of the three Tend to be placed-based, which is an Tend to be placed-based, which is an

advantageadvantage CourtsCourts

Some community programsSome community programs CorrectionsCorrections

Tend to be located in Probation and ParoleTend to be located in Probation and Parole


cj 220 chapter 1 criminal justice and the community © 2012 todd r. clear, john r. hamilton, jr. and...

Documents

criminal justice system

criminal justice strategies

introduction community

criminal sanctions

location community justice

cj system

collective impact

cumulative impact