Ancient Civilizations of WorldAncient Civilizations of World

Hira (EN-42)

Asma (EN-43)

Zohaib (EN-44)

Maryam (EN-45)

Waqas (EN-47)

Salman (EN-48)

Ammara (EN-49)

Sarosh (EN-50)

Contents:Contents:» Civilization» Prehistory of Humans and their Development» Civilization of Mesopotamia» Egyptian Civilization» Greek Civilization» Roman Civilization» Indus Valley Civilization» Conclusion

Civilization:Civilization:

» Food surpluses, new technology, and advanced social organization led to a complex way of life. It is called civilization.

The Beginnings of CivilizationThe Beginnings of Civilization3,700,000 to 587 B.C.

Exploration of HistoryExploration of History

» Dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago. The first human like hominids did not appear until around 3 million years ago.

» How do scientists know about an early man who lived 3 million years ago?

LucyLucy

» Oldest human-like skeletal remains ever found

» 3-4 Million Years old» Found in Africa» Discovery has been

questioned lately over the species of the find

First HumansFirst Humans

» Characteristics» Powerful jaw» Receding chins» Low foreheads» Heavy eyebrows

More First HumansMore First Humans

» Hunter/gatherers» Nomadic» Traveled in clans of

40-50» Men hunted while

women gathered nuts/berries/seeds

Homo SapiensHomo Sapiens

» Characterized by an upright gait increased brain size intelligence

only living members are modern humans

First Homo SapiensFirst Homo SapiensNeanderthals

» Appeared 35,000-130,000 years ago (Old Stone Age)

» Wore animal skins» Used fire» Buried their dead

Cro-Magnons» Appeared about

35,000 years ago» Better tools» Cave Art

» Textbook» History lessons» Religious

Three Stone AgesThree Stone AgesOld

Middle

New

Old Stone AgeOld Stone Age

» Very crude tools» Stones used to throw at

animals

Middle Stone Age Middle Stone Age

Mesolithic Age

Was a period of African prehistory» 10,000 to 5,500 years ago» Not only use stones but bones

» Bows and arrows» Fish hooks» Harpoons

New Stone AgeNew Stone Age

Neolithic Age» Development of

Agriculture» Domestication of

animals/plants for food

Characteristics of the Evolution Characteristics of the Evolution of Civilizationof Civilization

Agriculture to Surplus Agriculture to Surplus ProductionProduction

» People began to grow more food than they would need – allowed people to do things other than farming

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Establishment of Towns/CitiesEstablishment of Towns/Cities

» With surplus populations could grow

» Families now could be larger

Division of LaborDivision of Labor

» In towns/cities people could specialize in one job or another

Evolution of CivilizationEvolution of CivilizationLesser Characteristics

CalendarCalendar

» Needed to track seasons for planting/harvesting and migrations (if needed)

Form of WritingForm of Writing

» Needed for communication

» Early forms were cumbersome with too many symbols – became better as time past

Development of Metal AgesDevelopment of Metal Ages

Bronze AgeBronze Age

» Developed as an alloy of copper and tin

» Easily made into tools» Weakness: not strong

enough

Iron AgeIron Age

» Iron was smelted (melted) from iron ore

» Much stronger than bronze

» Gave those who possessed iron weapons a huge advantage over those who did not

Early Civilizations in the Middle Early Civilizations in the Middle East to About 1000 B.C.E. East to About 1000 B.C.E.

Mesopotamian Civilization Mesopotamian Civilization

» Started around 3600 BC» First civilization in

Mesopotamia; the land between the two rivers

» Region is divided in south and north of modern Baghdad

» Main civilizations in this are……

SumeriansSumerians

» Located in Sumer» Cuneiform» Architecture» Class system» Gods were forces of

nature and heavenly bodies

AkkadiansAkkadians Major leader was

Sargon» 2334 B.C. to 2279 B.C

» Akkadians conquered all the Sumerian city-states

» Akkadian empire lasted 150 years

BabyloniansBabylonians

» Exist between the Tigris and the Euphrates Rivers

» Literature was mainly dominated by mythology and legends

» Religion was temple-centered

AssyriansAssyrians

» Warrior like» have practiced two

religions» First people to use

chariots and cavalry in battle

» First to effectively rule a large empire

» Capital was Nineveh

EgyptiansEgyptians

» Great civilization emerged in Egypt, centered on Nile river

» Two geographical divisions; Upper and Lower

» History divided to 31 royal dynasties

from Menes to Alexander: The Great

Egypt: Role of the NileEgypt: Role of the Nile

» Started around 2800 BC» Civilization found upon

the Nile River Valley» Nile River is the longest

river flowing north in the World

Nile RiverNile River

» Flows northward – divided into two parts:

» Upper Egypt (South)» Lower Egypt (North)

» Originates at Lake Victoria

» Cataracts» Surrounded by two deserts» Flows into delta – then

into the Mediterranean

Egyptian KingdomsEgyptian Kingdoms

The Old KingdomThe Old Kingdom

» Class society» Lower: Peasants and Farmers» Upper: Pharaoh, the Royal Family, Priests,

Scribes, and Government Officials» At end of dynasty the pharaohs became

weaker and the nobles grew stronger» Revolutions began probably because of

famine and lack of food

First Intermediate PeriodFirst Intermediate Period

» Lasted from 2180 B.C. to 2050 B.C. » Time period marked by many civil wars» Period ends as new line of pharaoh comes

to power

New KingdomNew Kingdom

» Kingdom centered around their capital, Thebes

» Drove the Hyksos out of Egypt with use of a strong army

» Begin to build an empire» The strongest of the rulers were….

Rulers Rulers

» Hatshepsut» Thutmose III» Amenhotep IV» Ramses II (the Great)

Art and TechnologyArt and TechnologyArts and Architecture

Science, Math, and Medicine

Greek CivilizationGreek Civilization

» Started around 900BC» Centered on the

mainland of modern Greece but spread to the  Islands of the Aegean lower Balkans parts of North Africa southern France

Beliefs and CustomsBeliefs and Customs

» Greek gods looked like humans

» Zeus ruled the gods» Each city protected by

a god or goddess» Honored their gods

through festivals» Wrote fables and epic

poems

The City-State and The City-State and DemocracyDemocracy

» Organized into separate city-states

» Types of government: monarchy, oligarchy, and direct democracy.

The Golden Age of Greece The Golden Age of Greece

» Pericles led Athens after Persian Wars

» Democracy expanded under his leadership

» Expanded the wealth and power

» Launched a program to make Athens beautiful.

Culture, Science and TechnologyCulture, Science and Technology

» Introduced new styles and concepts of arts

» Set standards of logic, reason, and record keeping.

» Scientists made important discoveries about the world

Roman CivilizationRoman Civilization

» Romulus founded Rome in 753 B.C

» Encouraged the growth of Roman civilization.

» Benefited from the hard work and discipline of Roman farmers

The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic

» Complex civilization developed

-Patricians

-Plebeians» Government divided

into three parts» Began to expand by

conquering

Rome Becomes an EmpireRome Becomes an Empire

» Expansion produced social conflict and civil war

» Julius Caesar; a dictator

» Augustus founded an empire

Roman Beliefs & Decline of Roman Beliefs & Decline of EmpireEmpire

» Worshiped nature spirits, household gods

» Series of problems» Division of Empire

by Diocletian » Constantine unified

the empire

Indus CivilizationIndus Civilization

» Started around 3000 B.C.E

» Indus plain had fertile soil

» Built cities

Mohenjo-Daro

Harappa

Features of Indus CivilizationsFeatures of Indus Civilizations

» Variety of occupation

» Government» Writing» Religion

streets

drainage

Seal

DeclineDecline

» Probable causes

-severe flood killed many and forced many to leave

-invasions by another people; the Aryans

AryansAryans» Nomads came the

western part of the Asia

» Entered India in small groups

» Gradually moved eastwards

» Culture began to mix

Modern Global CivilizationsThe modern world arguably features four global civilizations

Global civilization Territory

Islamic civilization Middle East

South Asian civilization South AsiaSoutheast Asia

East Asian civilization East Asia

Western civilization Europe and its colonial offshoots

Global Civilizations Map

Conclusion

REGARDLESS of the ups and downs of the miscarriage of the plans for world

betterment projected in the missions of Adam, the basic organic evolution of the

human species continued to carry the races forward in the scale of human progress and

racial development. Evolution can be delayed but it cannot be stopped.