Civilization in Civilization in MesopotamiaMesopotamiaChapter 2 Section1Chapter 2 Section1

GeographyGeography

Mesopotamia-Mesopotamia-“Land between the rivers”-“Land between the rivers”-Eastern end of Eastern end of Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

TigrisTigris and and EuphratesEuphrates-Modern day Iraq-Modern day Iraq

UrUr, , UrukUruk-1-1stst cities-3200 BC cities-3200 BC

Fertile CrescentFertile Crescent

Sumer-1Sumer-1stst Mesopotamian Mesopotamian CivilizationCivilization

Based on farmingBased on farming Warriors became city village leaders-protection Warriors became city village leaders-protection

and irrigationand irrigation City-StatesCity-States-basic unit of Sumerian civilization-basic unit of Sumerian civilization

Cities are independent states (nations)Cities are independent states (nations) Strict hierarchy-most peasantsStrict hierarchy-most peasants PolytheisticPolytheistic-Belief in many Gods-Belief in many Gods

ZigguratZiggurat-temple dedicated to chief god-temple dedicated to chief god Believed gods ruled the city-”Believed gods ruled the city-”TheocracyTheocracy” (gov’t by ” (gov’t by

divine authority)divine authority)

SumerSumer

AdvancementsAdvancements

CuneiformCuneiform- around 3200BC-oldest form - around 3200BC-oldest form of writingof writing

ScribesScribes-trained to read and write-trained to read and write

WheelWheel

CuneiformCuneiform

Akkad-World’s 1Akkad-World’s 1stst Empire Empire

2340 BC-2340 BC-SargonSargon, ruler of , ruler of AkkadiansAkkadians, , overran Sumerian city-statesoverran Sumerian city-states

Creates world’s 1Creates world’s 1stst empireempire- Large political - Large political unit or state, single leader, controls many unit or state, single leader, controls many peoples or territoriespeoples or territories

Babylonian EmpireBabylonian Empire

Akkadian Empire ends by 2100 BCAkkadian Empire ends by 2100 BC

1792 BC- 1792 BC- HammurabiHammurabi, leader of , leader of BabylonBabylon, , conquers Akkad and Sumer.conquers Akkad and Sumer.

Empire falls shortly after his death in Empire falls shortly after his death in 1750 BC.1750 BC.

The Code of HammurabiThe Code of Hammurabi

Based on a system of strict justiceBased on a system of strict justice RetributionRetribution ““eye for an eye”eye for an eye”

Penalties varied based on social class of Penalties varied based on social class of the victimthe victim

Covered criminal and civil law as well as Covered criminal and civil law as well as marriage and familymarriage and family Family was Family was PatriarchalPatriarchal-run by men.-run by men.

Egyptian Egyptian CivilizationCivilizationChapter 2 Section 2Chapter 2 Section 2

GeographyGeography

Yearly floods of the Nile River made Yearly floods of the Nile River made farming possiblefarming possible

2 distinct regions: Upper (South) and 2 distinct regions: Upper (South) and Lower (Delta)Lower (Delta)

3100 BC-King Menes (Upper) unites the 3100 BC-King Menes (Upper) unites the 2 regions. Memphis capital2 regions. Memphis capital

Old KingdomOld Kingdom

2700 BC-2200 BC2700 BC-2200 BC Strong central government led by the Strong central government led by the

PharaohPharaoh Viziers, or chief ministers, superviseViziers, or chief ministers, supervise Great Pyramids of Giza built during the Great Pyramids of Giza built during the

Old KingdomOld Kingdom

Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom

2050 BC- 1800 BC2050 BC- 1800 BC Mentuhotep II reunites Upper and LowerMentuhotep II reunites Upper and Lower Expanded into Lybia, Nubia, and Expanded into Lybia, Nubia, and

Western AsiaWestern Asia Eventually invaded by the Hyksos from Eventually invaded by the Hyksos from

Syria-PalestineSyria-Palestine Horses, chariots, compound bowsHorses, chariots, compound bows

New KingdomNew Kingdom

1550-1100BC1550-1100BC Amosis drives out the HyksosAmosis drives out the Hyksos Hatshepsut-1Hatshepsut-1stst female Pharaoh female Pharaoh Tuthmosis extends border to Euphrates Tuthmosis extends border to Euphrates

RiverRiver Akhenaten-Monotheism-AtenAkhenaten-Monotheism-Aten King TutankhamenKing Tutankhamen Ramses II-Battles HittitesRamses II-Battles Hittites

ReligionReligion

Amon-Re: Sun god, chief god of the Amon-Re: Sun god, chief god of the Egyptians.Egyptians.

Most identified with Osiris and Isis:Most identified with Osiris and Isis: Osiris-Ruler of the underworldOsiris-Ruler of the underworld Isis-Believed she taught women their dutiesIsis-Believed she taught women their duties

Afterlife:Afterlife: Souls pass a test, judged by OsirisSouls pass a test, judged by Osiris Mummification for the wealthyMummification for the wealthy

Egyptian SocietyEgyptian Society

Class System: Pharaoh, priests, nobles, Class System: Pharaoh, priests, nobles, merchants, scribe, peasantsmerchants, scribe, peasants

Most were farmersMost were farmers

Women had higher status than other Women had higher status than other ancient civilizationsancient civilizations

LearningLearning

Scribes kept written recordsScribes kept written records Hieroglyphics-pictograms-written on papyrusHieroglyphics-pictograms-written on papyrus Rosetta StoneRosetta Stone

Advancements in medicine Advancements in medicine Mapped constellations and planetsMapped constellations and planets

Created a calendarCreated a calendar

New Centers of New Centers of CivilizationCivilizationChapter 2 Section 3Chapter 2 Section 3

Nomadic PeopleNomadic People

Pastoral Nomads- Pastoral Nomads- Considered barbaric by Considered barbaric by people in settled communitiespeople in settled communities Domesticated animals for food and clothing.Domesticated animals for food and clothing. Followed regular migratory routes for animalsFollowed regular migratory routes for animals

Indo Europeans-Indo Europeans- Originated north of the Black Originated north of the Black Sea. Sea. Language derived from the same parent language Language derived from the same parent language

(Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and Germanic)(Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, and Germanic) Around 2000 BC migrated into Europe, India, and Around 2000 BC migrated into Europe, India, and

Western Asia, and Anatolia (Asia Minor)Western Asia, and Anatolia (Asia Minor)

HittitesHittites

Indo-Europeans that migrated to Asia Minor.Indo-Europeans that migrated to Asia Minor.

Mixed with natives to create a Kingdom.Mixed with natives to create a Kingdom.

11stst Indo-Europeans to use iron Indo-Europeans to use iron

Challenged Egyptians for control of Challenged Egyptians for control of Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia.

PhoeniciansPhoenicians

Weakening of Hittites and Egyptians Weakening of Hittites and Egyptians allowed small kingdoms to emerge.allowed small kingdoms to emerge.

Phoenicia located just north of Palestine.Phoenicia located just north of Palestine. Great sailors, created a trading empire.Great sailors, created a trading empire. Semitic speaking. Created an alphabet Semitic speaking. Created an alphabet

(symbols represent sounds).(symbols represent sounds). Passed to the Greeks, then Romans, basis Passed to the Greeks, then Romans, basis

of our alphabet.of our alphabet.

Children of IsraelChildren of Israel

Israelites originated from south of Phoenicia.Israelites originated from south of Phoenicia. Developed religion of JudaismDeveloped religion of Judaism

Story told in Hebrew Bible-Story told in Hebrew Bible-TorahTorah (Old Testament) (Old Testament) Influenced Christianity and Islam.Influenced Christianity and Islam. Founded by Abraham-Covenant with GodFounded by Abraham-Covenant with God

Enslaved in Egypt, Moses leads them outEnslaved in Egypt, Moses leads them out King David unites the tribes of IsraelKing David unites the tribes of Israel

Children of IsraelChildren of Israel

King Solomon: 970-930 BC. Established King Solomon: 970-930 BC. Established control of all Palestine. Capital-Jerusalemcontrol of all Palestine. Capital-Jerusalem Known for his wisdomKnown for his wisdom

After Solomon’s death, kingdom splits: After Solomon’s death, kingdom splits: Israel (north-10 tribes) and Judah (south-Israel (north-10 tribes) and Judah (south-2 tribes)2 tribes)

Children of IsraelChildren of Israel

722 BC- Assyrians conquer Israel and 722 BC- Assyrians conquer Israel and scattered the 10 tribes- “10 lost tribes”scattered the 10 tribes- “10 lost tribes” Sent to other parts of empire, lose identitySent to other parts of empire, lose identity

586 BC- Chaldeans conquer Judah. Sent 586 BC- Chaldeans conquer Judah. Sent to Babylon as slaves. Persian Emperor to Babylon as slaves. Persian Emperor Cyrus set them freeCyrus set them free Religion changes-Stateless religionReligion changes-Stateless religion Become known as “Jews”.Become known as “Jews”.

JudaismJudaism

Monotheistic-Belief in 1 GodMonotheistic-Belief in 1 God Fixed God, creator and Lord of whole worldFixed God, creator and Lord of whole world

Believed they were God’s promised people.Believed they were God’s promised people. Prophets interpreted God’s willProphets interpreted God’s will

Moses and the 10 CommandmentsMoses and the 10 Commandments 1-4 deal with religious duties, 5-10 deal with conduct 1-4 deal with religious duties, 5-10 deal with conduct

towards others.towards others.

All people equal before God.All people equal before God.