civilizaciuricivilizaciuri ziebani...

ivaneGjavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universiteti

civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)

civilizaciuricivilizaciuricivilizaciuricivilizaciuri ZiebaniZiebaniZiebaniZiebani

Civilization Researches

# # # # 3333

gamomcemloba artanuji Publishers ARTANUJI

Tbilisi

Tbilisi

2005

“civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da mzadaa dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili masalebi unda Seesabamebodes Jurnalis saxelwodebas statia warmodgenili unda iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT [A4, AcadNusx, 12, 1,5]. literaturis miTiTebis wesi krebulSi gamoqveynebuli statiebis Sesabamisad.

dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 212; tel. 29 08 44, 29 08 44, 29 08 44, 29 08 44, an mogvwereT eleqtronuli fostiT: [email protected]

saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWo: saredaqcio sabWo: nino Ciqovaninino Ciqovaninino Ciqovaninino Ciqovani, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori (saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)

levan gordezianilevan gordezianilevan gordezianilevan gordeziani, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

malxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZemalxaz macaberiZe, politikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

nino fircxalavanino fircxalavanino fircxalavanino fircxalava, filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori bebebebeJJJJan javaxiaan javaxiaan javaxiaan javaxia,,,, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti

redaqcia:redaqcia:redaqcia:redaqcia: qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili (mTavari redaqtori), mmmmalxaz Toriaalxaz Toriaalxaz Toriaalxaz Toria,,,, daviT macaberiZe,daviT macaberiZe,daviT macaberiZe,daviT macaberiZe, SalvaSalvaSalvaSalva mekraviSvili, imekraviSvili, imekraviSvili, imekraviSvili, ivane wereTelivane wereTelivane wereTelivane wereTeli (pasuxismgebeli mdivani)....

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi) ISSN 1512-1941

redaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTiredaqciis misamarTi

saqarTvelo, 0128, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., #1 iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, I korpusi, oTaxi 212 tel.: (995 32) 290844 el. fosta: [email protected] Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi kvlevis centris Sesaxeb ix. veb-gverdze: kultura.geoweb.ge

REVIEWERS BOARD: Nino Chikovani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

(Head of the reviewers board)

Levan Gordeziani, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor

Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor

Nino Pirtskhalava, Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor

Bejan Javakhia, Candidate of Historical Sciences

EDITORIAL GROUP: Ketevan Kakitelashvili (Chief Editor), Malkhaz Toria, David

Matsaberidze, Shalva Mekravishvili, Ivane Tsereteli (Executive

Secretary).

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University

Centre for Comparative Civilization Studies (Tbilisi)

ISSN 1512-1941

ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE

1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 0128,

Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University T. (99532) 290844

e-mail:::: [email protected]

More information about the journal, “The Center of Comparative Civilization Studies

(Tbilisi)” and Department of History and Theory of Culture: kultura.geoweb.ge

SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi

malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7777

droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”..........................................................................................................................7

qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17171717

kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT.................................................................................................................................................................................................................17

beJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxia ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................42424242

saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi............................................................................................................................ 42 (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)........................................................................................................................................ 42

daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 54545454

nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi............................................................... 54 (XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) .................................................................. 54

SoTa KxinCagaSviliSoTa KxinCagaSviliSoTa KxinCagaSviliSoTa KxinCagaSvili ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 63636363

kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi.......................................................................... 63 (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) ............................................................................... 63

Salva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSvili ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 78787878

qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 78

Tea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZe .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 88888888

saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi........................................................ 88 (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) ................................................................................................................ 88

giorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZe ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................96969696

igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi ................................................................................. 96

ia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauri ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................99999999

saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi .......................... 99

TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 112112112112

jojojojonaTan foqsinaTan foqsinaTan foqsinaTan foqsi ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 112112112112

eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................112

barbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adami ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................142142142142

drois aRqma.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 142

reziumeebireziumeebireziumeebireziumeebi................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169169169169

Summaries ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................169169169169

S i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s iS i n a a r s i

malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria

droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”””” Malkhaz Toria

Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang

Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla

qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili

kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli teqstebis mixedviT Ketevan Kakitelashvili

The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts

(5-11th

centuries)

beJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxiabeJan javaxia

saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) Bejan Djavakhia

Georgia in the Common European Space (From Ancient Times to Middle Ages)

daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe

nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi (XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolo 90-iani wlebis dasawyisi) David Matsaberidze

The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus (The End of the 80’s

and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th

Century)

SoTa KxinCagaSoTa KxinCagaSoTa KxinCagaSoTa KxinCagaSviliSviliSviliSvili

kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi (kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi) Shota Khinchagashvili

Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition (Aims, Importance and Theoretical

Background of Research)

SalvSalvSalvSalva mekraviSvilia mekraviSvilia mekraviSvilia mekraviSvili

qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da samomavlo perspeqtivebi Shalva Mekravishvili

Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future

Perspectives

Tea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZe

saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi (qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT) Tea Kamushadze

The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life

giorgi lobJaniZe giorgi lobJaniZe giorgi lobJaniZe giorgi lobJaniZe igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi Giorgi Lobjanidze

The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran

ia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauri

saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSi Ia Udzilauri

The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population

TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi

jonaTan foqsi jonaTan foqsi jonaTan foqsi jonaTan foqsi

eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc konfliqtis mizezis roli Jonathan Fox.

Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause of Conflict barbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adami drois aRqma Barbara Adam

Perceptions of time

Summaries

# 3. dekemberi, 2005 weli. gv.

malxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toriamalxaz Toria

droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang droze zemoqmedebis formebi juanSeris TxzulebaSi “cxovreba vaxtang

gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”gorgasalisa” da snori sturlusonis “haimskringlaSi”

drois gancdis TaviseburebaSi vlindeba kulturis xasiaTi.

adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdeloba drois aRqmis erT-erTi

formaa. droze zemoqmedeba xdeba misi Senelebis, aCqarebis, warsulis

kvlavwarmoebis, momavlis movlenebze zegavlenis da sxva formiT. droze

zemoqmedebis saxeebi SeiZleba kulturebis da epoqebis mixedviT

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes. magaliTad, miTosur da qristianul

epoqebs/realobas droze zemoqmedebis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli,

specifikuri formebi axasiaTebs. amasTan, sxvadasxva kulturaSi

miTosuri da qristianuli cnobiereba, droze zemoqmedebis

TvalsazrisiT, Taviseburad vlindeba.

droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxs Sua saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosis

juanSeris Txzulebis “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da islandieli

avtoris snori sturlusonis “haimskringlas” safuZvelze ganvixilavT.

Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio mwerlobis teqstis safuZvelze

droze zemoqmedebis sakiTxis kvlevam, SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos am

periodis saqarTveloSi drois gancdis Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es,

Tavis mxriv, waadgeba qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevas,

radgan “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis

arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois gagebaSi vlindeba”1.

meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Cven lokalur-civilizaciur

midgomas vemyarebiT. droze zemoqmedebis kuTxiT, qarTuli specifikis

warmosaCenad aucilebelia sxva kulturul realobasTan misi Sedareba,

komparativistuli meTodis gamoyeneba. komparativistika tipiurad msgavsi,

Tanazomadi faqtebis Sedarebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, garkveul

SemTxvevebSi, gadaxveva SesaZlebelia. miuxedavad imisa, rom juanSeris

teqsti da “haimskringla” sxvadasxva Janrs ganekuTvneba da sxvadasxva

epoqebSi Seiqmna, Cveni azriT, juanSeris da snoris nawarmoebebis

1 Гуревич А.Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М ., 1984, c. 19.

erTmaneTTan Sedareba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mainc SesaZlebelia: 1.

arc “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” da arc “haimskringla” erTi

konkretuli Janris farglebSi ar Tavsdeba, amitom Znelia romelime

calsaxad SevadaroT qronikas, mxatvrul an sxva tipis teqsts; 2.

miuxedavad amisa, orive Txzuleba saqarTvelos da skandinaviis

(norvegiis, islandiis, SvedeTis da a.S.) istoriis wyaros warmoadgens; 3.

orive teqsti im periods asaxavs, roca qristianoba axali damkvidrebuli

iyo an mkvidrdeboda.

islandieli istorikosis snori sturlusonis “haimskringla” (sagebi

norvegiel konungebze) XIII saukunis skandinaviuri literaturis Zeglia.

masSi aRwerilia norvegiisa da CrdiloeT evropis sxva qveynebis istoria.

saga folklorisa da literaturis zRvarze myofi Janria. sagebSi Zalian

didia zepirsityvierebis gavlena, Tumca Caweris dros folkoruli

masalebi aucileblad ganicdida transformacias. “saga warmoiSva im

sazogadoebaSi, sadac istoriuli da mxatvruli literatura mkafiod ar

iyo erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli. saga erTic aris da meorec, da amitom is

arc istoriaa da arc romani1.

juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” XI saukuneSi daiwera

(sxva mosazrebis Tanaxmad _ VIII saukunis Sua xanebSi). juanSeris teqsti

qarTlis cxovrebis krebulSi Sedis, Tumca is Sua saukuneebis

saistorio Janris farglebSi zustad ar Tavsdeba. iv.javaxiSvilis

mosazrebiT, “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” “iseTi kiloTi aris

gamsWvaluli da imgvari daujerebeli cnobebiT aris aRsavse, rom

zRapars ufro miagavs, vidre namdvil istorias”2.

Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli SexedulebiT, drois meufe RmerTi iyo.

netari avgustine Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs RmerTs: “Seni dRevandeli

dRe maradisobaa... yvela dro Sen Sehqmeni da yvela droze uwinaresi

xar... ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca Sen ar Segeqmnas rame, aki Sena xar

TviT drois Semoqmedi3. Sesabamisad, qristianuli eklesiebis

samrekloebidan zarebis rekviT regulirdeboda drois mdinareba.

eklesia krZalavda muSaobas sadResaswaulo dReebSi, awesebda marxvis

periods; mosaxseniebeli locvebis da wirvebis saSualebiT, romelic

1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага. М., 1972, с. 15-16. 2 javaxiSvili iv. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t.VII. Tb., 1977, gv. 19. 3 netari avgustine. aRsarebani. Tb., 1995, gv. 232.

gardacvlilTa imqveyniuri tanjvebis Semsubuqebas isaxavda miznad,

eklesia saiqios drois msvlelobaSic ereoda, radgan aseTi liturgiebic

garkveul periodSi tardeboda.

warmarTobasa da qristianobas Soris urTierToba skandinaviaSi da

saqarTveloSi sxadasxvagvarad warimarTa, rac aisaxa kidec, erTis mxriv,

“haimskringlaSi” da, meore mxriv, juanSeris teqstSi.

skandinaviaSi qristianobam, ra Tqma unda, Searyia warmarTuli

msoflmxedveloba, Tumca is Zireulad ar Seucvlia. marTalia, sagebSi

qristianoba oficialurad Zlieria da warmarTul cnobierebasTan

SedarebiT upiratesadaa warmodgenili, magram “skadinaviuri, da

gansakuTrebiT, islandiuri Sua saukuneebis qristianoba sakmaod Txel

fenas warmoadgenda, romlis qveS dafaruli iyo sxvadasxva rwmena-

warmodgena da crurwmena, romlebic saTaves winaqristianul xanaSi

iReben”1.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianoba Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli

saukuneebidanve mZlavrad ikidebs fexs. ufro metic, zogierTi avtori

ukve meoTxe saukunidan saqarTveloSi jvarosnuli msoflmxedvelobis

msgavsi samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis arsebobasac ki

varaudobs. aleqsandre TvaraZis azriT, es juanSeris teqstSi mkafiod

Cans: “samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedveloba Tavisi dasrulebuli

saxiT saqarTveloSi faqtiurad ukve fiqsirdeba mexuTe saukuneSi, xolo

amis Sesaxeb istorikosi wers merve saukuneSi an kidev meTerTmete

saukunis Sua xanebSi. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli msoflmxedveloba am

droisTvisac aqtualuria, radgan gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi

Seqmnili nawarmoebebi yovelTvis Seesabamebian saxelmwifos an publikis

interesebs”2.

“haimskringlasa” da “vaxtang gorgasalis cxovrebaSi” qristianobis

gavlenis gansxvavebuloba droze zemoqmedebis saxeebSic Cans. sagebSi

fiqsirdeba droze zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli

formebi. juanSeris teqstSi Cvens mier dafiqsirebuli droze

zemoqmedebis xerxi, umTavresad, qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi

jdeba.

1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 166. 2 TvaraZe a. saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi. Tb., 2004, gv. 19.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Sua saukuneebSi drois kontrolis funqcia

eklesias hqonda, Tumca adamianebi zogjer ereodenen mis am

kompetenciaSi.

“haimskringlaSi” aRwerili erTi pasaJi amaze naTlad miuTiTebs::::

konungi olaf xaraldsoni gadawyvets, sikvdiliT dasajos erT-

erTi didgvarovani, romelmac misi msaxuri mokla. rogorc avtori

aRniSnavs, konungi gansakuTrebiT imitom ganrisxda, rom mkvleloba

aRdgomis dResaswaulis dReebSi iyo Cadenili. sikvdilmisjilis

megobrebi cdiloben, ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana rogorme kvira dRemde,

anu im dromde gadaadebinon, roca sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia.

amisaTvis isini konungs xan imaSi arwmuneben, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis

sikvdiliT dasja RamiT, xan imaSi, rom jer saTanado dro ar damdgara.

SabaTs sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi mRvdels moisyidian da avaleben,

rom roca konungi trapezs daamTavrebda, zustad im dros zarisTvis

Camoekra, raTa emcno “heglaris”, anu im dRis dadgoma, roca yvelanairi

saqmis keTeba da, miTumetes, sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. trapezis

Semdeg olafma ver moaswro mkvlelis moyvanis brZanebis gacema, radan

zaris rekvis xma gaisma da mas uTxres, rom wminda dro dadga. sanam

konungi eklesiaSi loculobda, kvira dRec movida da sikvdiliT dasja

isev gadaido.

am moTxrobis mixedviT Cans, rom drois meufe da makontrolebeli

eklesiaa (SabaTis da kviris wminda dReebad miCneva, saaTis dadgena

eklesiis zarebis rekviT, eklesiaSi misvla gansazRvrul dros). Tumca

isic Cans, rom adamiansac ZaluZs “daaCqaros” an “Seanelos” drois

msvleloba. amis magaliTia mRvdlis mosyidva, raTa man droze adre

amcnos adamianebs “wminda drois” dadgoma. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti,

rom RamiT sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvis tradicia ukve kanonieri da

ukanono mokvlis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmarTuli warmodgenidan modis1.

sagaSi saubaria agreTve droze zemoqmedebis sxva formebzec,

romlebic damaxasiaTebelia warmarTuli xanisaTvis; isini gviCvenebs

momavalTan damokidebulebis xasiaTs: : : : CrdiloeTSi warmarTul epoqaSi

yovelwliurad marTavdnen nadimebs da msxverplSewirvebs, raTa kargi da

mosavliani weli yofiliyo. konungi flobda saidumlo Zalas, romlis

1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 38-39.

meSveobiTac is drois sasikeTo dinebas da sakuTari xalxis warmatebebs

uzvrunvelyofda. droze zemoqmedebis unari mmarTvelis pirad Tvisebebze

ar iyo damokidebuli. am unars magiuri xasiaTi hqonda. sakuTriv

Zalaufleba sakraluri iyo. konungs gansakuTrebuli urTierToba hqonda

zebunebriv ZalebTan. amitom mas SeeZlo gavlena moexdina drosa da

mosavalze ara marto sicocxlis dros, aramed sikvdilis Semdegac.

“inglingebis sagaSi” saubaria, rom konung domaldis dros SvedeTSi

mosavali ar movida da xalxi SimSilobda. amitom ufsalaSi didi

msxverplSewirva moewyo. pirvel wels msxverplad xarebi miitanes, magram

amiT situacia ar gamosworebula; meore wels msxverplad ukve adamianebi

Seswires, Tumca amasac ar mohyolia Sedegi. maSin miiCnies, rom

SimSilobis mizezi TviTon domaldi iyo da msxverlplad misi Sewirva

gadawyvites. konungi mokles da sakurTxeveli misi sisxliT mobanes. amis

Semdeg, domaldis Svilis dros, qveyanaSi kargi mosavali movida da

mSvidobac damyarda.

sagaSi aseve gadmocemulia legenda, romlis mixedviT konungi auni

sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad odins Tavis Svilebs swiravda1.

winaqristianul xanaSi momavlis ganWvreta uSualod ukavSirdeba

bedisweris ideas. samyaros da adamianis cxovrebas bedi marTavs da mas

veravin gaeqceva. is realuria adamianis TvalSi, magram aranairi

WeSmariteba ar gaaCnia. amitom bedis Sesaxeb SeiZleba, mxolod imkiTxao.

bedi winaswar sxvadasxva formiT avlens Tavs, magaliTad, grZneuli

sizmrebis saxiT. adamianebi grZneul sizmrebs maSin xedaven, roca maT

cxovrebaSi kritikul momenti dgeba da roca bedi “axlosaa”.

“olaf triugvasonis sagis” mixedviT, norvegiis mmarTveli iarl

xakoni iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo da damalvoda konung olafis

bondebs, romlebic gabrazebuli iyvnen misi meqalTaneobis gamo. iarlis

monam karkma sizmari naxa, romelic, iarlis azriT, misi Svilis sikvdils

moaswavebda (is marTlac mokla olaf triugvasonma). Semdeg karkma meore

sizmaric naxa, romelic iarlma ukve Tavisi sikvdilis momaswaveblad

miiCnia. mdevrebis SiSiT iarli Tavisi sayvarlis daxmarebiT msaxurTan

erTad saRoreSi daimala. aqac naxa msaxurma sizmari, romelSic iarlma

mosalodeli sikvdlis niSnebi amoicno. misi TqmiT, mas Tavisive msaxuri

1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 29-31.

uRalatebda da mters gadascemda da amis Semdeg olafi sikvdiliT

dasjida mas. sabolood es asec moxda1.

rogorc vxedavT, islandiur sagebSi mkafiod fiqsirdeba droze

zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli formebi. es

TavisTavad ganpirobebulia imiT, rom skandinaviaSi warmarToba da

qristianoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarsebobda.

juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” gamsWvalulia

qristianuli providencializmiT. aq yvelaferi RmerTis mier aris

winaswargansazRvruli da yvelaferi misi nebiT xdeba. droze

zemoqmedebis formebic qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. sanam

uSualod magaliTebze gadavalT, unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli

religiis dominirebis pirobebSi droze zemoqmedebis formebi, SeiZleba,

ise cxadad ar GCans, rogorc es islandiur sagebSi gvxvdeba.

gansxvavebiT snoris Txzulebisagan, juanSeris teqstSi droze

zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT adamianis roli friad mokrZalebulia,

Tumca garkveuli miniSnebebi amis Taobaze mainc aris.

Cveni yuradReba ramdenime momentma miiqcia. im monakveTSi, romelic

vaxtang mefis osebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobas asaxavs, juanSeri wers:

“da vaxtang mefe ganvida qalaqiT mcxeTiT, da ganasrulna spani

Tvisni da ganasxna: moewonnes simravliTa, cxenkeTilobiTa da

mokazmulobiTa, da ixilna yovelni igi mxiarulad da azarviT, rameTu

savseni iyvnes SuriTa ovsTaTa. aRivso sixaruliTa da madlobda

RmerTsa. Semovida qalaqad, da aRasrula Svideuli erTi locviTa, da

marxviTa, da Ramis-TeviTa2.

miuxedavad imisa, rom brZolis win mefe mkacr religiur ritualebs

aRasrulebs, igi TviTneburad amcirebs locvis dros. igi kviris

(Svideuli) locvas erT locviT, marxviT da RamisTeviT moistumrebs. es,

ra Tqma unda, racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo, radgan win brZola

elodeboda, magram man mainc daarRvia is WeSmariteba, rom dro mxolod

RmerTs ekuTvnis.

1 Гуревич А.Я. История и Сага, с. 41-43. 2 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. t. I. Tb., 1955, gv. 151.

meore momenti SeiZleba, RamiT brZolis Tu adamianis mokvlis

akrZalvis tradicias exmaureba (rogorc islandiur sagaSi). Tumca is

qristianuli saburveliT aris dafaruli.

saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua saukuneebSi, “maSin roca

xelovnuri sinaTle iSviaToba iyo, Rame safrTxis momaswaveblad

miiCneoda. amitom Rame ketavdnen karebs eklesiebSi, cixeebSi. qalaqebSi

ayenebdnen Ramis guSagebs. gansakuTrebiT isjeboda is, vinc RamiT

Caidenda danaSauls. magram, umTavresad Rame zebunebrivi safrTxis,

cdunebis, moCvenebebis da eSmakis dro iyo. XI saukuneSi, titmar

merzeburgelis azriT, RmerTma dRe cocxlebs aCuqa, Rame ki

micvalebulebs. Rame kudianebis da demonebis sakuTreba iyo. meores

mxriv, berebisaTvis da mistikosebisaTvis Rames upiratesi mniSvneloba

hqonda, radgan am dros mimdinareobda sulieri brZola, am dros

fxizlobdnen da loculobdnen”1. vaxtangi erT SemTxvevaSi icavs am

tradicias da, rogorc samagaliTo qristiani, Rames locvisTvis iyenebs.

es Cans im pasaJSi, romelic “goliaT” TarxanTan vaxtangis SebrZolebas

asaxavs:

“da daRamda dRe igi, da vaxtang Sevida karvad Tvisad. da dadga

locvad, da cremliTa evedreboda RmerTsa, da vidre ganTenebadmde ara

dajda que locvisagan: iTxovda RmrTisagan Sewevnasa. da mindobiTa

RmrTisaTa eguleboda TviTbrZola Tarxanisi ...

viTar ganTena, kualad STamovida Tarxan kidesa mdinarisasa,

ayuedrebda kualad, da iTxovda muqarasa”2.

vaxtangi pirvelive Setevisas klavs Tarxans, miwaze davardeba,

RmerTs Tayvans scems da ambobs: “kurTxeul xar Sen, ufalo, romelman

moavline angelozi Seni da daeci mteri Cemi!”3.

aq pirdapir araa naTqvami, magram garkveuli miTiTeba aris imaze,

rom RamiT brZolis dro ar aris.

Tumca meore adgilas, rodesac juanSeri sparselebTan brZolas

aRwers, gorgasalma am mxrivac gamoiCina garkveuli “TviTneboba”:

“Ramesa nislisagan ganciskrebulsa oden daesxa vaxtang sparsTa

zeda... da ciskari ra aReReboda, daesxa da Sevlo vidre palatamde

1 Ле Гофф Ж. Цивилизация средневекового Запада. Екатеринбург, 2005, с. 217. 2 juanSeri, gv. 152. 3 juanSeri, gv. 153.

mefisa. Sevida karavsa Sina mefisasa da mefe Seeswra cxensa zeda, da Ze

misi bartam mokla da mohkueTa Tavi misi1.

anu, am SemTxvevaSi vaxtangi locvisaTvis gankuTvnil dros _ RamiT

_ mters Tavs daesxa.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sagaSi adamiani bedisweris ganaCens da

momavlis Sesaxeb informacias grZneuli sizmaris meSveobiT igebs.

juaneSrTan momavalis gageba Tu masze zemoqmedeba wmindad qristianuli

xilvebis meSveobiT xdeba. xilvebs RmerTi rCeul adamianebs uvlens da

amiT mis Tu qveynis momavalze niSans aZlevs. TxzulebaSi “cxovreba

vaxtang gorgasalisa” aseTi xilvis Sesaxeb informacias im monakveTSi

vxvdebiT, sadac bizantielebis winaaRmdeg omzea saubari. warmarT

osebTan omis mere moulodnelia pasaJi, rodesac gorgasali

sparselebTan erTad qristianuli bizantiis winaaRmdeg midis saomrad.

gorgasals daqvemdebarebuli jaris nawilebi, ZiriTadad sparselebi,

angreven eklesiebs da xocaven sasuliero pirebs. gorgaslis brZanebiT,

Sewydeba es devna, Tumca gaTavisuflebuli berZeni mRvdeli petre ridiT

etyvis, rom miuxedavad amisa, manamde qristianebis xocviT mefem mainc

ganarisxa RmerTi. mRvdeli Txovs, rom vaxtangs sparselebis nacvlad

keisarTan hqondes kargi urTierToba. vaxtangi pasuxobs: Tu am Rames

locviT keisars miCvenebT, maSin dagijereb, rom Seni ganzraxva

qristesTvisac sasurveliao.

gorgasals ZilSi gamoecxadeba wminda nino, romelsac igi zecisa da

qveynis mefeebis winaSe mihyavs. zeciuri meufe, am SemTxvevaSi, aris

grigol nazianzeli, xolo qveynis mbrZanebeli _ bizantiis imperatori.

bizantiis imperatori taxtze Tavis gverdiT uTavisuflebs gorgasals

adgils, uboZebs Zvirfas beWeds da Semdeg mimarTavs mas:

“ukeTu gnebavs, raTa mogce gvirgvini, aRuTqvi vin-ese dgas Cven zeda,

raTa hbrZodi mterTa misTa da miiRe misgan gvirgvini. moixila vaxtang

da ixila jvari, romelsa frTeTa misTa zeda aqvnda gvirgvini. da

umetesad xilvaman jvarisaman dasca SeZrwuneba, rameTu usaSineles iyo

zari misi. da dadumna . . . da mihyo xeli keisarman da moiRo gvirgvini

jvarisagan da daarqva gvirgvini igi vaxtangs Tavsa”2.

1 juanSeri, gv. 202. 2 juanSeri, gv. 167.

xilvis mere vaxtangi bizantielebis mxares gadadis, ikvreba kavSiri

keisarTan. es ukanaskneli sparselebisagan saidumlod gorgasals

gvirgvins da jvars gaugzavnis. mefobis erTgvari legitimacia qristes

da jvris xeldasxmiT xdeba. gorgasali realobaSi iRebs imas, rac

sizmarSi ixila. TiTqos ise Cans, rom am xilvaSi adamianis xeli ar

urevia, magram sayuradReboa momenti, rodesac vaxtangi sasuliero

pirebisagan locviT xilvis gamowvevas moiTxovs. anu, es xilva vaxtangis

Zalisxmevis Sedegi iyo da, Sesabamisad, misi momavalic aman gansazRvra.

am pasaJSic Cans, rom vaxtangis xelisufleba sakraluria. oRond,

skandinavieli konungebisagan gansxvavebiT, is Zaluflebas RmerTisagan

iRebs, da ara warmarTuli xanis zebunebrivi Zalebisagan.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT, juanSeris teqsti

qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. magram sainteresoa, am

Txzulebis avtorisa da personaJebis drosTan damokidebuleba mxolod

qristianuli religiiTaa ganpirobebuli? aseTi kiTxvis dasmis

safuZvels, vfiqrobT, is garemoeba iZleva, rom “cxovreba vaxtang

gorgasalisa” calsaxad ar Tavsdeba erTi romelime Janris farglebSi.

am TxzulebaSi mravlad moipoveba eposisTvis da, zogadad, Sua

saukuneebis mxatvruli literaturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasaJebi.

juanSeris teqstSic (im monakveTebSi, sadac msgavsi momentebi Cndeba) xom

ar SeiniSneba droisadmi iseTi midgoma, rogoric mxatvruli

literaturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli? rogorc cnobilia, eposis da,

saerTod, Suasaukuneebis mxatvruli literaturis maorganizebeli Zala

sivrcea da ara dro, upiratesia “sad”, vidre “rodis”. faqtobrivad, dro

sivrcobrivad gaiazreba. sxvadasxva drois personaJebi Tu xdomilebebi

asaxulia gverdigverd, rogorc erTiani suraTis nawilebi. magaliTad,

nibelungebis eposSi gmirebi sxvadasxva dros da sivrces ekuTvnian. isini

xSirad gadian TavianTi qronotopidan da erT qronotopSi iyrian Tavs.

gadian Tu ara juanSeris teqstis personaJebi TavianTi qronotopidan?

ras mivaweroT juanSeris Txzulebis qronologiuri aRrevebi _

qronotopidan gasvlas Tu sxva mizezs? saerTod, juanSeris teqstis

“Janrobrivi ekleqtizmi” xom ar gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, masSi

msoflaRqmis sxvadasxva tipis da, Sesabamisad, drois gansxvavebuli

gagebebis erTdroulad arseboba davafiqsiroT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis

gacema amjerad ar xerxdeba, magram isini aucileblad moiTxovs kvlevas

imisaTvis, rom qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmis problema ukeT

gaviazroT.


qeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSviliqeTevan kakitelaSvili

kulturuli procesebis marTva Vkulturuli procesebis marTva Vkulturuli procesebis marTva Vkulturuli procesebis marTva V----XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli XI saukuneebis qarTuli agiografiuli

teqstebis mixedviTteqstebis mixedviTteqstebis mixedviTteqstebis mixedviT

Cveni mizania, Tvali mivadevnoT V-XI saukuneebSi qarTul kulturul

sivrceSi kulturuli procesebis marTvas, rac xorcieldeboda

kulturuli gavlenebis gaazrebuli limitaciiT, informaciis

gadarCevisa da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli mexsierebis gansazRvriT,

qarTuli kulturis da kulturuli sivrcis mizanmimarTuli formirebiT,

rac Semdgom kulturuli/eTnikuri identurobisa da saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda.

es sakiTxi ganxilulia qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri

maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvris WrilSi: nebismieri politikis da, miT

ufro, kulturuli procesebis warmarTva warmoudgenelia miznis,

samoqmedo gegmis, meTodis, droiTi perspeqtivis mkafiod gansazRvris

gareSe. yovelive es imTaviTve gamoricxavs intuitiur da qaotur

qmedebas. Sesabamisad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT qarTuli kulturis

garkveul tipologiur maxasiaTeblebze _ racionalizmi, pragmatizmi,

droisadmi damokidebuleba, inovaciuroba/tradiciuloba _ Cvens mier

Seswavlili masalis safuZvelze. es aris V-XI saukuneebis qarTuli

naratiuli wyaroebis jgufi. am teqstebis analizi, fragmentebi,

romlebic, Cveni azriT, aseTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva,

qvemoT iqneba motanili, ase rom, Tavad geqnebaT am daskvnis gamotanis

procesisaTvis Tvalis midevnebis SesaZlebloba.

statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia ganisazRvros kulturis

tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis arsi da kulturasTan misi mimarTebis

sakiTxi. am safuZvelze gamoikveTeba qarTuli kulturis kvlevis

SesaZlebloba da marTebuli, Secdomebisagan maqsimalurad dazRveuli

gza.

kulturul maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsad SeiZleba miviCnioT ama Tu im

sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aracnobieri Tvisebebis erToblioba,

romelic am sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli TiToeuli individis qcevasa

da azrovnebis formaSi vlindeba da dakavSirebulia koleqtiuri

fsiqikis fenomenTan. TvisebaTa es kompleqsi droSi met-naklebad

ganicdis cvlilebebs, magram Tavisi ZiriTadi arsiT mdgradia da mas

“erovnul” an “kulturul xasiaTs” uwodeben. rogor xdeba kulturul

maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsis formireba, Zneli saTqmelia. aq, albaT,

ramdenime mniSvnelovani momenti moqmedebs, romlebic dakavSirebulia

rogorc sazogadoebis Sinagani ganviTarebis specifikasTan, aseve gare

faqtorebis (geografiuli da socialuri) zegavlenasTan, ufro sworad,

maT urTierTzemoqmedebasTan.

kulturis maxasiaTeblebi, marTalia, nela, magram mainc icvleba

konkretuli kulturis istoriuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli uamravi

Sida da gare faqtoris gavleniT. ase rom, Tu romelime kulturis

ganviTarebis/istoriis/arsebobis kontinuums davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba

aRmoCndes, rom miuxedavad maxasiaTebelTa mdgradi xasiaTisa, droSi

mniSvnelovnad dacilebuli ori periodi radikalurad gansxvavdebuli

iyos erTmaneTisagan swored maxasiaTebelTa TvalsazrisiT da,

Sesabamisad, tipologiuradac.

kulturul maxasiaTeblebs daaxloebiT saukunenaxevaria ikvleven

eTnofsiqologebi da kulturis fsiqologebi. am maxasiaTebelTa erToba

sxvadasxva terminiT aRiniSneba: erovnuli (xalxis) suli, erovnuli

xasiaTi, kulturuli (eTnikuri) stereotipi, naciis fsiqikuri wyoba,

mentaloba da a.S. magram unda iTqvas, rom es fenomeni kvlevisaTvis mainc

“mouxelTebelia”, bolomde axsnili ar aris da, SesaZloa, arc

eqvemdebareba aseT axsnas. rogorc individualuri xasiaTi ar SeiZleba

zustad aixsnas, aseve (da miT ufro) warmoudgenelia koleqtiuri

xasiaTis erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvra. es azri Zalian mkafiod aqvs

gadmocemuli g. gaCevs: “erovnuli xasiaTi... Zalian “cbieri” da Znelad

xelCasaWidi “materiaa”. grZnob, rom is arsebobs, magram rogorc ki

ecdebi misi sityvebiT gansazRvras, is xelidan gisxlteba da grZnob, rom

banalobebs ambob, imas, rac axasiaTebs ara mxolod am konkretul,

aramed sxva nebismier ersac. am saSiSroebis Tavidan acileba ar

SeiZleba, SeiZleba mxolod mudmivad gaxsovdes is, cdilobde masTan

brZolas, magram ara gamarjvebas”1.

1 Гачев Г. Национальные образы мира. М., 1988. с.55.

aqedan gamomdinareobs yvela is pirobiToba, romelic kulturul

maxasiaTeblebTan aris dakavSirebuli da romelic aucileblad

gasaTvaliswinebelia am Temaze saubrisas.

ama Tu im kulturis kvlevisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, sworad

iyos danaxuli kulturisa da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis

urTierTmimarTebis problema. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom maxasiaTeblebi

ki ar qmnian kulturis xasiaTs, aramed kulturaSi, misi ganviTarebis

cocxal procesSi xdeba am maxasiaTeblebis Camoyalibeba. Sesabamisad,

Cven unda vecadoT, ar movaxdinoT ama Tu im kulturis xasiaTis

gamovlena ukve dadgenil maxasiaTebelTa sqemaze morgebiT, aramed

SeviswavloT da davafiqsiroT garkveul maxasiaTebelTa gamovlenis

formebi konkretul kulturaSi. aseTi midgoma naklebad sqematizebuli,

gacilebiT produqtiuli da realobasTan miaxloebuli iqneba.

ratom Vratom Vratom Vratom V----XI saukuneebiXI saukuneebiXI saukuneebiXI saukuneebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo periodSi istorias xSirad

ugulebelyofen, Tvlian ra, rom “Soreulma wiaRsvlebma SesaZloa

Tavgzac agvibnios”, Cven vTvliT, rom aseTi “wiaRsvlebis” gareSe

“Tavgzis abnevis” meti saSiSroeba arsebobs. CvenTvis V-XI saukuneebi

mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac am periodSi yalibdeba erTiani qarTuli

kulturis safuZvlebi, mkafiod ikveTeba qarTvelTa kulturuli

identuroba da TviTidentifikacia, TvalnaTelia qarTuli kulturis

bizantiuri kulturuli sivrcis ganapira kulturidan kavkasiuri

kulturuli erTobis birTvad transformacisaTvis safuZvlis mzadeba.

Cveni statiis miznidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia davakvirdeT am

kulturuli procesebis gaazrebul da mizanmimarTul marTvas V-XI

saukuneebis zogierTi qarTuli naratiuli wyaros analizis safuZvelze.

aqve unda aRiniSnos am periodis Tavisebureba im TvalsazrisiT, rom

am dros nebismieri azri yalibdeba da gamoiTqmis religiuri formiT,

religiuri terminebiT da RmerTis umaRlesi avtoritetze dayrdnobiT.

swored amis gamo kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI saukuneebis

qarTul teritoriebze eklesiis farglebSi mimdinareobs, ramac

mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia marTvis formasa da Sinaarsze. nebismier

epoqaSi kulturuli politika saxelmwifo politikis nawilia.

saqarTveloSi erTiani saxelmwifos ararsebobis pirobebSi, bunebrivia,

am process eklesia warmarTavda. Tumca, asec rom ar iyos, V-XI

saukuneebis ZiriTadi faseulobis (religiis) gaTvaliswinebiT,

zemoxsenebuli procesebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qristianobasTan,

religiuri moRvaweobis sferosTan. garda amisa, religia iyo

kulturuli identurobis ZiriTadi safuZveli da swored misi meSveobiT

xdeboda eTnikuri identurobis sxva elementebis (magaliTad, ena) win

wamoweva da gamyareba.

ra aris kulturuli procesebis marTvara aris kulturuli procesebis marTvara aris kulturuli procesebis marTvara aris kulturuli procesebis marTva

Tu vaRiarebT, rom kulturuli dinamika, kulturis saxis formireba

cocxali da spontanuri procesia, ramdenad SeiZleba eqvemdebarebodes

is marTvas? ver vityviT, rom nebismieri kulturuli procesi sruliad

iyos racionalurad marTvadi. marTuli SeiZleba iyos mxolod

kulturuli procesis gacnobierebuli mxare, Tumca, Tavad marTvis

xerxisa da saSualebis arCeva, albaT, naklebad eqvemdebareba

gacnobierebas da kulturis TaviseburebiT aris gansazRvruli. amitom,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturuli procesebis cnobieri marTvis

SesaZlebloba, rogorc faqti, Tavad aris kulturis Taviseburebis

gansazRvris saSualeba, xolo am procesebis marTvis aracnobieri xerxi

Tavad SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebis obieqti da aseve miuTiTebdes

kulturul specifikaze.

ratom wyaroebiratom wyaroebiratom wyaroebiratom wyaroebi

istoriuli teqstebi saukeTeso masalaa, zogadad, kulturis

kvlevisaTvis, radgan maTi meSveobiT kultura sakuTar Tavs Tavadve

xsnis da uamrav kiTxvaze gvTavazobs pasuxs. xasgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,

rom maTi mravalmxrivi analizi aucilebelia maSin, rodesac garkveuli

kulturis Seswavlasa da misi tipologiuri Tu sxva aspeqtebis

gansazRvraze gvaqvs pretenzia. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki V-XI saukunis

wyaroebi kulturuli procesebis marTvisa da qarTuli kulturis

Camoyalibebis gacnobierebuli da mizanmimarTuli politikisaTvis

Tvalis gadevnebis unikalur saSualebas gvaZlevs. igive SeiZleba iTqvas,

rodesac vsaubrobT kulturul maxasiaTeblebsa da maT droSi

transformaciaze: es teqstebi am processac asaxavs da gamqrali

cnobieri kompleqsebis dafiqsirebis SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.

wyaros interpretacia TavisTavad sakamaTo sakiTxia, radgan es

mravalgvarad SeiZleba gakeTdes. Tumca, es garemoeba, Cveni azriT, kidev

ufro zrdis wyaros mniSvnelobas da maTze muSaobis momxibvlelobas.

wyaroebi, romelTac Cven veyrdnobiT, miekuTvnebian V-XI saukuneebis

qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis jgufs, kerZod, agiografiul Txzulebebs.

esenia ~wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa” (iakob xucesi, V s.), ~martviloba

da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa” (ucnobi avtori, VI s.), ~wameba haboisi”

(ioane sabanisZe, VIII s.), ~konstantine-kaxais martviloba” (ucnobi avtori,

IX s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi” (basili zarzmeli, X s.),

~gobronis martviloba” (stefane mtbevari, X s.), ~Sroma da moRvaweoba

grigolisi” (giorgi merCule, X s.), ~cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”

(giorgi mTawmindeli, XI s.), ~cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi

mTawmindelisa” (giorgi mcire, XI s.), ~abibos nekreselis martviloba”

(IX-X ss.), ~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba” (ucnobi avtori, X s.), ~cxra Zma

kolaelTa martviloba” (ucnobi avtori, IX s.), ~daviT da konstantines

wameba” (ucnobi avtori, ), ~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, ”cxovreba

Sioisi da evagresi”, ~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”. agiografiuli

Txzulebebi, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, or jgufad

SeiZleba daiyos: pirvelSi erTiandeba “SuSanikis wameba”, ”evstaTi

mcxeTelis wameba”, nawilobriv, asurel mamaTa cxovrebebi, “cxoreba da

moqalaqoba serapionisi”, “kolael yrmaTa wameba”, ~gobronis

martviloba”, ~konstantine kaxais wameba”, ~daviT da konstantines wameba”,

sadac ar aris aqcentirebuli kulturuli da eTnikuri aspeqtebi,

ganmsazRvrelia mxolod sarwmunoebrivi faqtori; da meore, sadac

SeiZleba gaerTiandes ~abos wameba”, “Sroma da moRvaweoba grigolisi”,

“cxoreba da moqalaqoba giorgi mTawmidelisa”, ~ilarion qarTvelis

cxovreba, “cxovreba ioanesi da efTvimesi”, sadac religiuri faqtori

aucileblad ikveTeba kulturul faqtorebTan _ enasTan,

eTnikurobasTan; religia, am TvalsazrisiT, kulturuli identurobis

safuZvelia da individis identificirebas axdens ara zogadad

qristianul samyarosTan, aramed sivrcesTan, romelic swored

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa am erTian qristianul sivrceSi. es

teqstebi SegviZlia miviCnioT kulturuli procesebis marTvis, erTis

mxriv, saSualebad, meore mxriv, deklaraciad.

magaliTebi, albaT, ufro TvalsaCinos gaxdis zemoTqmuls. pirveli

jgufis teqstebSi eTnikuri warmomavloba ar aris aRniSnuli

(gamonaklisia daviT da konstantines wameba _ ~iyvnes wmidani ese mowameni

daviT da konstantine qarTvelni”, 152)1:

“asuli vardanisi, somexTa spaspetisa” (iakob xucesi, 26)2. “ese netari... aRmocenda qveyanasa klarjeTisasa mSobelTagan RirsTa”

(serapioni, 88). ~yovlad qebuli mamai Cueni aRmoecena queyanisagan Suamdinarisa...

pirvel xsenebulisa queyanisagan momRebel ars naTesaobasa miwierisa mamulisasa sanatreli ese kaci” (~cxorebai ioane zedaznelisai”, 13).

~ese wmidai... mamai Sio iyo queyaniT asureTisaiT, didiT miT RmrTis

qalaqiT antioqiaiT... mSobelTa RmrTis msaxurTa da aznaurTa Svili” (~cxorebai Sioisi da evagresi”, 71).

~gamomRebeli vidreme mamuli amis Rirsisa... mamisa Suamdinare Relisa

asureTisa iyofebis” (~cxorebai daviT garejelisai”, 146). ~kaci ese iyo warCinebul friad didad yovelsa qveyanasa qarTlisasa”

(~kostanti kaxis wameba”, 132).

rogorc vxedavT, am frazebSi ar aris eTnikuri mikuTvnebulobis

aRmniSvneli terminebi, aramed aRniSnulia maTi kavSiri konkretul

geografiul sivrcesTan.

meore jgufis teqstebSi (gamonaklisia mxolod grigol xanZTelis

cxovreba _ ~ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa, didebulTa da marTlmorwmune

mama-dedaTa”, 127) yvela SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia eTnikuri warmomavloba:

“ese naSobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaeliTa, tomisagantomisagantomisagantomisagan

sarkinozTaisTasarkinozTaisTasarkinozTaisTasarkinozTaisTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 67). “ese netari mama Cveni iovane iyo naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli” (giorgi

mTawmindeli, 225).

1 statiaSi gaanalizebuli masalis specifikidan gamomdinare, umjobesad CavTvaleT

gamoyenebuli wyaroebis teqstSive miTiTeba. 2 aq, marTalia aRniSnulia mTavari personaJis eTnikuri kuTvnileba, magram es xdeba

identurobis aRmniSvneli terminis (magaliTad, naTesaviT, tomiT...) gamoyenebis gareSe, arapirdapiri gziT (asulisomexTa spaspetisa).

“ese wmida mama Cveni giorgi iyo naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli” (giorgi mcire, 276).

“ese wmidai Cveni ilarion iyo naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli” (~ilarion

qarTvelis cxovreba”, 448).

eTnikuri warmomavlobis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis gaazrebis

TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa ~evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebisa” da ~abos

wamebis” teqstebis Sedareba. am SedarebaSi kargad ikveTeba sxvadasxva

xarisxiT warmoCenili kulturuli identurobis gancda. amaze is

cnebebic miuTiTebs, romlebsac qvemoT moyvanil frazebSi vxvdebiT.

CvenTvis saintereso informacia Cadebulia Tavad kiTxvis

mizanmimarTulebaSi:

~evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”

~romlromlromlromlisaisaisaisa soflisasoflisasoflisasoflisa xar, anu romlisaromlisaromlisaromlisa qalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisa, anu romeliromeliromeliromeli rCulirCulirCulirCuli gipyriesgipyriesgipyriesgipyries?” (42).

~vinani xarT, anu romeliromeliromeliromeli rCulirCulirCulirCuli gipyriengipyriengipyriengipyrien?” (43)

~abo Tbilelis wameba”

~vin xar anu, romlisaromlisaromlisaromlisa naTesavisagannaTesavisagannaTesavisagannaTesavisagan, anu romlisa erisagan, anu romliTaromliTaromliTaromliTa SjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTa scxondebodescxondebodescxondebodescxondebode?” (84)

pasuxi (TviTiTviTiTviTiTviTidentifikaciadentifikaciadentifikaciadentifikacia):


~me soflisasoflisasoflisasoflisa sparseTisasparseTisasparseTisasparseTisa viyav, xevisa arSakeTisa, qalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisaqalaqisa ganZaaaakisa viyav. mamamamamamamama CemiCemiCemiCemi mogvmogvmogvmogv iyoiyoiyoiyo... da me mogvoba ara Tavs videv” (42).

~da maT uTxres kacad-kacadman sofeli Tvisi da daba TiToeulisa da hrqves yovelTa: ~mamulsaRa zeda rCulsa viyveniT, sparsTasparsTasparsTasparsTa rCulirCulirCulirCuli vicodeT, xolo raJams qarTlad SemovediT da qristeaneTa rCuli vixileT, qristiane viqmneniT” (43).


~me var bunebiTbunebiTbunebiTbunebiT sarkinozsarkinozsarkinozsarkinoz, Sobili mas Sina mamulad da dedulad; ganwsavlul viyav SjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTaSjuliTa maT mahmedisiTamahmedisiTamahmedisiTamahmedisiTa da vcxovndebode mas Sina, vidre umecrebasa Sina viyav” (73).

identifikaciaidentifikaciaidentifikaciaidentifikacia


~movida kaci erTi sparseTissparseTissparseTissparseTis soflisasoflisasoflisasoflisa arSakeTisaarSakeTisaarSakeTisaarSakeTisa, Ze mogvisamogvisamogvisamogvisa, da warmarTiwarmarTiwarmarTiwarmarTi iyoiyoiyoiyo igiigiigiigi” (41).


~ese naSobinaSobinaSobinaSobi iyoiyoiyoiyo abrameaniabrameaniabrameaniabrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisaTa, tomisagantomisagantomisagantomisagan sarkinozTaiTasarkinozTaiTasarkinozTaiTasarkinozTaiTa, da yovladveyovladveyovladveyovladve arabielTaarabielTaarabielTaarabielTa TesliTesliTesliTesli, romlisa mama misi da deda misi... iyvnes munve qalaqsa mas Sina baRdads babilovnisasa” (abos wameba, 67).

frazebis es sami jgufi warmogvidgens: 1) kiTxvis dasmis

SesaZleblobas konkretul periodSi; 2) kiTxvis adresatis

TviTidentifikacias; 3) moqmedi piris identifikacias avtoris mier.

ramdenadac TiToeuli teqsti erT konkretul avtors ekuTvnis,

bunebrivia, rom identifikacia da TviTidentifikacia erTmaneTs emTxveva

da teqstebis Seqmnis periodisaTvis aqtualuri cnebebis arealiT aris

ganpirobebuli, iseve rogorc kiTxvis dasmis SesaZlebloba.

meore jgufis teqstebSi sagangebod aRiniSneba, rom wmindani

sasuliero ganaTlebas qarTul enaze iRebs, magaliTad:

“qarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsa enasaenasaenasaenasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (grigol xanZTeli, 127). “SesZina swavlad qarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisa mwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad”

(abos wameba, 67). am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT qvemoT iqneba saubari.

religiuri da kulturuli faqtoris gadakveTaze warmoSobili

kulturuli identurobis safuZveli yvelaze ukeT Cans frazaSi:

“qarTlad friadi qveyana aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa

eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis” (giorgi merCule, 182).

sagulisxmo gansxvavebebia weris motivaciis TvalsazrisiTac. pirveli

jgufis teqstebSi, umravles SemTxvevaSi ar aris weris mizani

gansazRvruli, xolo Tu aris, aseTi saxiT:

~maSin aR-vinme-dges kacni morwmuneTaganni, iwyes aRwerad cxorebai

wmidaTa mowameTai... sadideblad wmidaTa mowameTa da aRsabaZvelad... amisveamisveamisveamisve mizezisaTvismizezisaTvismizezisaTvismizezisaTvis mecamecamecameca... vinebevinebevinebevinebe mibaZvadmibaZvadmibaZvadmibaZvad pirvelTapirvelTapirvelTapirvelTa maTmaTmaTmaT dadadada aRvweaRvweaRvweaRvwerererere cxorebaicxorebaicxorebaicxorebai da wamebai wmidisa da netarisada wamebai wmidisa da netarisada wamebai wmidisa da netarisada wamebai wmidisa da netarisa...” (“kostanti kaxis wameba”, 131-132).

gacilebiT ufro datvirTulia motivacia sxva teqstebSi, romelTac

qvemoT ganvixilavT, aq ki magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT mxolod erT

citatas “abos wamebidan”:

~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca

pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxseneblad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa, vinvinvinvin iyvneniyvneniyvneniyvnen SemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomad CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa” (ioane sabanisZe, 57).

qristianad moqcevis mizezi:

“rameTu ganZaks qalaqsa qristeaneni ufrois arian da ebiskoposi da mRvdelni, da maTganRa yovelsa zeda miviwie, rameTu ufrois ars yovelsa rCulsa qristeanoba, vidre uRmrToeba da aw me qriste mwams da qristes msaxurebasa Sina var” (“evstaTe mcxeTelis wameba”, 42).

~odes saTno myo RmerTman, romelma gamomirCia me ZmaTa da naTesavTa

Soris CemTa... da mixsna me iesu qristes mier... da gulisxma miyo me umjobesi igi keTili, maSin dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli ... da aw Sevudeg me WeSmaritsa qristeis mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa” (ioane sabanisZe, 74).

~aRivso suliTa wmidiTa da hrqva mas: ~me ganvizraxeganvizraxeganvizraxeganvizraxe da qristeane var”

(ioane sabanisZe, 78). pirveli citata evstaTis gaqristianebas garkveul SemTxveviTobaTa da

garemoebaTa Sedegad warmogvidgens. mkafiod arc RvTis neba Cans (Tumca,

ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba) da arc personaJisa. sruliad gansxvavebulia

meore SemTxveva: abos gaqristianeba, pirvel rigSi, aris RvTis madli,

amave dros, personaJis gacnobierebuli neba.

orive SemTxvevaSi avtoris azrovnebis wesi SegviZlia vigulisxmoT.

ioane sabanisZe uSvebs movlenebis cnobieri marTvis SesaZleblobas,

rasac mTeli misi Txzuleba cxadyofs1.

ioane sabanisZe pirveli TavSi kargad warmoaCens qarTuli kulturis

bizantiur kulturul erTobaSi lokalizacias (“romelni varT yuresa

amas qveynisasa” 60), gamokveTilia kulturuli identurobis gansazRvris,

“Cvenianisa” da “ucxos” gamijvnis kriteriumi/safuZveli (abo “ara Tu

pirveliTganve CvenganiCvenganiCvenganiCvengani iyo, aramed umecari sarwmunoebisagan Cvenisa,

ucxoucxoucxoucxo ucxoiTa SjuliTa...” 61). Sesabamisad, sarwmunoeba kulturuli

1 am or Txzulebas erTmaneTisagan ori saukune aSorebs. aSkarad Cans, rom es

periodebi gansxvavdeba aqcentebis gadanawilebiT. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom VIII saukunesa da Semdgom periodSic iqmneba teqstebi, romlebic wminda sarwmunoebrivi interesebiT ifargleba.

tradiciebisa da TviTidenturobis (“Cveulebisamebr mamulisa svla”)

SenarCunebis saSualebaa, amdenad, ioane sabanisZe ganmartavs qristes

rjulis arss, faqtobrivad, qadagebs sarwmunoebas, da aqve ar iviwyebs

imis xasgasmas, rom “ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri

moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SoreulTa amaT mkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisaca

mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame

TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris

Jamad-Jamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (ioane sabanisZe, 66).

aq kargad ikveTeba bizantiasTan, rogorc kulturuli erTobis liderTan

upiratesobis Tu ara, Tanasworobis demonstrireba. am frazas zurgs

umagrebs sityvebi: arabebma “mravalni SeacTunnes... romelni xuTasis

wlisa JamTa da uwinareisRa Sjul-debul yofil arian wmidiTa madliTa

naTlis-RebisaiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 60-61).

da daskvna, Sesabamisad, asaxavs Txzulebis mizans:

“Sen gamo, wmidao mowameo, siyvaruli igi qristesi Cvendami da

sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba CveniCveniCveniCveni misa mimarT kvalad ganaxlda, rameTu aRverieniT ersa, ucxosaucxosaucxosaucxosa sjuliTasjuliTasjuliTasjuliTa, gandgomilsa qristeisgan, naTesavsa sawuTroisa amis moyvaresa, Teslsa urwmunosa Zisa RmrTisasa, sarwmunoebisasarwmunoebisasarwmunoebisasarwmunoebisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqvmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa” (ioane sabanisZe, 84).

giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo monakveTi (giorgi

mTawmindeli, 264-268) aseve niSandoblivia CvenTvis saintereso kuTxiT. aq

koncentrirebulia nawarmoebisa da avtoris mTeli moRvaweobis mizani,

cnebaTa donezec kargad Cans qarTuli kulturis gamokveTis,

damkvidrebis da momavalSi am ukanasknelTa uzrunvelyofis mcdeloba.

moviyvanT ramdenime citatas, romlebic, Cveni azriT, komentars aRar

saWiroeben:

~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven

zeda berZenTa, ara daviwyebul iqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264).

~lavrasa Sina, romeli-ese ... CvenCvenCvenCven qarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo da

aRmarTebul” (264). mTawmindis monasteri aSenda ~ganmamravlebladganmamravlebladganmamravlebladganmamravleblad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa”

(264), ~samkvidrebladsamkvidrebladsamkvidrebladsamkvidreblad qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa” (265).

eqvTimem ~TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko

naTnaTnaTnaTesaviesaviesaviesavi da enaenaenaena CveniCveniCveniCveni” (265). ~da ara mravlisa Jamisa Semdgomad mama giorgi daviwyebad movida, da

arca erTi rai zrunva aqvnda qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa aRorZinebisaaRorZinebisaaRorZinebisaaRorZinebisa, aramed sruliad berZenTa mieqca da igini ganamravlna” (265).

rodesac ~CvenCvenCvenCven friad Semcirebulni viyveniT, Jami poves berZenTa da,

viTarca cecxlni, aRegznnes CvenCvenCvenCven zeda da sruliad aRmofxvra CveniCveniCveniCveni eneba da daproba samkvidrebelisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (266).

~da amis yovlisagan SegveSinaSegveSinaSegveSinaSegveSina da mosaxsenebeli ese aRvwereT da

davdeviT SemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomad CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa momavalTamomavalTamomavalTamomavalTa naTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvis raTaraTaraTaraTa aaaaradaviwyebulradaviwyebulradaviwyebulradaviwyebul iqmnasiqmnasiqmnasiqmnas da garewar eseviTari ese mravalferi Relva (268).

~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca

RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTa berZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTa... qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa SinaSinaSinaSina-ganmcemelganmcemelganmcemelganmcemel eqmneseqmneseqmneseqmnes da... ese adgili qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini gaasxnes da CveniCveniCveniCveni saxsenebeli amoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da madliTa, krulmca ars... da romelTa qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa ganmravlebaganmravlebaganmravlebaganmravleba iRvawon da ese wmida adgili naTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsa CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa daumtkicon, saukunomca ars saxsenebeli da kurTxeva maTi” (268).

axla ki gvinda, moviyvanoT is magaliTebi meore jgufis teqstebidan,

romlebic, Cveni azriT, V-XI saukuneebSi kulturuli procesebis marTvas

adastureben. marTva, rogorc aRiniSna, mimdinareobs informaciis

gadarCevisa da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli mexsierebis gansazRvris gziT,

bizantiur kulturul sivrceSi qarTuli kulturis, rogorc

damoukidebeli da TviTkmari erTeulis argumentirebiT (~Cven” _

qarTvelebis, ~naTesaviT qarTvelis” xazgasmiT da moxseniebis sixSiriT,

qarTuli enis, rogorc identifikaciis safuZvlis, mniSvnelobis

gamokveTiT, kulturuli gavlenebis gaazrebuli limitaciiT. yvela es

aspeqti mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da, bunebrivia, zogi

citata yvela am TvalsazrisiTaa saintereso. amitom es erTiani procesis

Zalian pirobiTi gamijvnaa.

istoriuli mexsierebistoriuli mexsierebistoriuli mexsierebistoriuli mexsierebaaaa, rrrrogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveliogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveliogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveliogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli

istoriuli mexsierebis formireba da, Sesabamisad, informaciis

gadarCeva mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli im teqstebis Seqmnis motivaciasTan,

sadac am informaciis SerCevis SemTxvevebs vxvdebiT. drois warmavlobis

gancda, zogadad, damaxasiaTebelia Sua saukuneebis qristianuli

azrovnebisaTvis, magram motanil citatebSi drois warmavlobis gancdas

TiTqos Crdilavs informaciis SerCevisa da momavali TaobisaTvis

gadacemis mniSvneloba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es teqstebi ar aris

istoriuli xasiaTis da aseT mizans, albaT, naklebad unda isaxavdes.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom istoriuli mexsierebis formireba, iseve rogorc

ena, sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebuli kulturuli identurobis safuZvlad

SeiZleba iyos gaazrebuli.

~mnebavs, raTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martviloba, viTarca

pirvelTa maT qristeis mowameTa da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxsenebladmosaxseneblad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa, vinvinvinvin iyvneniyvneniyvneniyvnen SemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomadSemdgomad CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa” (ioane sabanisZe, 57).

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mizans, romelic

zemoT iyo ganxiluli, TvalsaCinoa, rom mis mier Seqmnili Txzuleba ara

marto erTi konkretuli martvilobis ambis momavali TaobebisaTvis

gadacemas isaxavs miznad.

es mizani kidev ufro mZfrad aris gadmocemuli Semdeg citatebSi:

“... wmidaTa mamaTa Rirsad-cxorebulTa simxne moTminebisa da siwmidiT

Sroma uflisa saTno da saswaulTa maTTa simravleni qveyanasaqveyanasaqveyanasaqveyanasa mas qarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasa daSWirdesdaSWirdesdaSWirdesdaSWirdes misTvis, ... romelTa jer iyo dawera, vidre naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT naTesavamdenaTesavamdenaTesavamdenaTesavamde ukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamde moTxrobadmoTxrobadmoTxrobadmoTxrobad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa. aramed aw saswaulni maTni JamTa simravlisagan miecnes siRrmesa daviwyebisasa” (grigol xanZTeli, 126).

~da amis pirisaTvis, raTa eseviTari ese boroti, romeli moawies Cven

zeda berZenTa, araaraaraara daviwyebuldaviwyebuldaviwyebuldaviwyebul iqmnasiqmnasiqmnasiqmnas da kvalad Semdgomad Cvensa momavalni eseviTarsave Wirsa ara STacviven, _ amisTvis zogadiTa ganzraxviTa yovelni Zmani erTad SevkerbiT da erTiTa ganzraxviTa ese qvemo werili mosaxsenebeli davwereT...” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264).

~xolo rai ars qeba RmrTisa, dideba da Sesxma wmidaTa misTa?

moTxroba cxorebisa da moRvawebisa maTisa weriT da uwerelad, raTa scnes ese Teslman sxvaman, da Svilni, romelni iSvebodian, aRdgen, da miuTxrobdenmiuTxrobdenmiuTxrobdenmiuTxrobden mamanimamanimamanimamani maTnimaTnimaTnimaTni SvilTaSvilTaSvilTaSvilTa TvisTaTvisTaTvisTaTvisTa” (giorgi mcire, 271).

qvemoT moyvanili citata giorgi mTwmindelis monastris winamZRvrad

gaxdomis Semdgom moRvaweobas aRwers. aqac cxadia, rom TiToeuli

qmedeba garkveuli informaciis SenaxviT qarTvelTa poziciis gamyarebas

isaxavs miznad. es qmedebebi rom savsebiT gacnobierebuli da

mizanmimarTulia, Cans Tavad giorgi mTawmindelis Txzulebis bolo

monakveTidan (264-268), romelic zemoT ganvixileT. giorgi mcire ki zust

mniSvnelobas aniWebs maT:

giorgi mTawmindelma ioanes da eqvTimes dadgenili wesebi kvlav

aRadgina; Seiswavla ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba da moRvaweoba “da aRweriT

dagvitevna... sawvrTelad da saxilveladsaxilveladsaxilveladsaxilvelad momavalTamomavalTamomavalTamomavalTa naTesavTanaTesavTanaTesavTanaTesavTa aRumarTaaRumarTaaRumarTaaRumarTa” (giorgi mcire, 292);

eqvTime aTonelisa da sxva berTa wminda nawilebi monasterSi ganaTavsa, “amiT eseviTariTa saxiTa kninRa da yovlisa soflisa saxilvel da Tayvanis-sacemel yo mTawmidiTgan vidre Savsa mTasa da yovelsa asureTsa da ierusalimsa da aRmosavladmde wmida mama Cveni efTvimi marjvenisa mier Tvisisa, mefeTagan da mTavarTa, mRdelTmoZRvarTagan da mRdelTa da yovlisa erisa” (giorgi mcire, 294);

ioanesi da sxva mamaTa saflavebi dakarguli iyo, isini moiZia da gadmoasvena da maTi saflavebi Seamko.

am citatebSi, informaciis gadarCevasTan erTad, kargad Cans

avtorebis droisadmi damokidebulebac. es CvenTvis sayuradReboa,

ramdenadac drosTan mimarTeba kulturis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia.

“aw saswaulni maTni JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa simravlisagansimravlisagansimravlisagansimravlisagan miecnesmiecnesmiecnesmiecnes siRrmesasiRrmesasiRrmesasiRrmesa

daviwyebisasadaviwyebisasadaviwyebisasadaviwyebisasa” (giorgi merCule, 126). ~xolxolxolxoloooo vinaiTganvinaiTganvinaiTganvinaiTgan sigrZesigrZesigrZesigrZe JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa yovelsaveyovelsaveyovelsaveyovelsave daviwyebaddaviwyebaddaviwyebaddaviwyebad momomomoiRebsiRebsiRebsiRebs” (giorgi

mTawmindeli, 222). SeiZleba es ori citata arasakmarisad damajerebeli mogveCvenos.

magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom agiografiuli Txzulebebi ar

ganekuTvnebian saistorio Janris nawarmoebs, es da qvemoT motanili

frazebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom

isini im periodis qarTvelebis droisadmi damokidebulebas asaxavs.

~iyo mervesamervesamervesamervesa welsawelsawelsawelsa sparsTa mefisasa” (SuS, 26). ~rameTu eqvsieqvsieqvsieqvsi weliweliweliweli cixesa mas Sina aRasrula” (SuS, 34). ~da viTarca meSvidemeSvidemeSvidemeSvide weliweliweliweli dadgeboda” (SuS, 37). ~da ars dasabami tanjvaTa maT wmidisa SuSanikisTa TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa apnisisasaapnisisasaapnisisasaapnisisasa,

mervesamervesamervesamervesa TTvisasaTTvisasaTTvisasaTTvisasa da dResadResadResadResa oTxSabaTsaoTxSabaTsaoTxSabaTsaoTxSabaTsa; da meored gvema misi Semdgomad aRvsebisa zatiksa, dResadResadResadResa orSabaTsaorSabaTsaorSabaTsaorSabaTsa da kvalad tanjva vardobisa TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa aTcaTcaTcaTcxrametsaxrametsaxrametsaxrametsa. da aRsruleba misi TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa okdombersaokdombersaokdombersaokdombersa aTCvidmetsaaTCvidmetsaaTCvidmetsaaTCvidmetsa... da dRe xuTSabaTixuTSabaTixuTSabaTixuTSabaTi iyo, romelsa ganvaweseT saxsenebelni wmidisa SuSanikisi” (40).

~wmida evstaTi... pyrobil yvnes viTar eqvseqvseqvseqvs TveTveTveTve oden” (“evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, 44).

~da Semdgomad samisasamisasamisasamisa wlisawlisawlisawlisa, Semovida veJan buzmir qarTlisa

marzapnad” (“evstaTi mcxeTelis wameba”, 45). “samisasamisasamisasamisa wlisawlisawlisawlisa JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa iqceoda... gancxadebulad qristianed” (ioane

sabanisZe, 71). “iyo netari igi sapyrobilesa Sina cxracxracxracxra dRedRedRedRe” (ioane sabanisZe, 75). “da raJams ganTena meaTemeaTemeaTemeaTe igi dRedRedRedRe dResaswaulisa mis macxovrisa

naTlisRebisasa, romel ars TTvesaTTvesaTTvesaTTvesa ianvarsaianvarsaianvarsaianvarsa eqvssaeqvssaeqvssaeqvssa, iyo dRe igi paraskeviparaskeviparaskeviparaskevi” (ioane sabanisZe, 76).

“iyo JamiJamiJamiJami pirvelipirvelipirvelipirveli RamisaRamisaRamisaRamisa mis” (ioane sabanisZe, 80). “orisaorisaorisaorisa weliwadTaweliwadTaweliwadTaweliwadTa JamTaJamTaJamTaJamTa iyvnes opizas” (giorgi merCule, 131). ~da viTarca gardaxda weliwadiweliwadiweliwadiweliwadi SvidadSvidadSvidadSvidad aRTvaluliaRTvaluliaRTvaluliaRTvaluli” (“serapion

zarzmelis cxovreba”, 115). ~TvesaTvesaTvesaTvesa ivnissaivnissaivnissaivnissa oTxsaoTxsaoTxsaoTxsa, dResadResadResadResa xuTSabaTsaxuTSabaTsaxuTSabaTsaxuTSabaTsa” (“serapion zarzmelis

cxovreba”, 121). “da mere ganvida lavrasa wmdisa sabaissa... dayo SvidiSvidiSvidiSvidi weliweliweliweli...”

(~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 449). “dayo hroms Sina oriorioriori weliwadiweliwadiweliwadiweliwadi” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 452). ~aResrula mamai Cveni ilarion TvesaTvesaTvesaTvesa noenbersanoenbersanoenbersanoenbersa aTcxrametsaaTcxrametsaaTcxrametsaaTcxrametsa, dResadResadResadResa

SabaTsaSabaTsaSabaTsaSabaTsa, JamsaJamsaJamsaJamsa mexuTesamexuTesamexuTesamexuTesa dRisasadRisasadRisasadRisasa, mefobasa basilisasa” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454).

“vinai igi dayves aTormetaTormetaTormetaTormetiiii weliweliweliweli” (giorgi mcire, 283). “weliwadsaweliwadsaweliwadsaweliwadsa SvidsaSvidsaSvidsaSvidsa ... simdabliT hmsaxurebda” (giorgi mcire, 288). “davyaviT aRmosavleTs xuTixuTixuTixuTi weliweliweliweli” (giorgi mcire, 324).

aseTi magaliTebis moZebna kidev SeiZleba. isic unda iTqvas, rom

cnebebi, romlebic drois gadmosacemad aris gamoyenebuli, TavisTavad

garkveuli informaciis matarebelia. magram, ramdenadac amjerad drois

aRqmis kvleva am naSromis mizani ar aris, mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom

Cvens mier gamoyenebuli masalis mixedviT im periodis qarTvelebisaTvis

drois kategoria mniSvnelovania. imasac davamatebT, rom Tu giorgi

merCulesa da giorgi mTawmindelis pirvel or citataSi droisadmi

damokidebuleba sruliad gaazrebulia, danarCeni magaliTebi, zogadad,

droiTi azrovnebis wesis sailustraciod gamodgeba.

enaenaenaena, rogorc kulturuli identurobi, rogorc kulturuli identurobi, rogorc kulturuli identurobi, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZvelis safuZvelis safuZvelis safuZveli

aq sagangebod ar vaanalizebT ioane zosimes, radgan is Tavad

warmoadgens qarTuli kulturuli identurobisaTvis qarTuli enis

mniSvnelobis gacnobierebas da am faqtis deklarirebas. Cven gvainterebs

sxva wyaroebSi mimofantuli masala, romelic cxadyofs qarTuli enis,

rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZvlis mniSvnelobas da am faqtis

srul gacnobierebas. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, zogierTi magaliTi ufro

mkafioa, radgan qarTul enas ufro miwier ganzomilebaSi ganixilavs.

garda amisa, maTSi ena, rogorc kulturuli identurobis safuZveli

imdenad naTladaa danaxuli da gadmocemuli (magaliTad, “ilarion

qarTvelis cxovreba”), rom pirdapir kulturis Tanamedrove

mkvlevarTaTvis aris gamzadebuli. xazgasmulia enis da enis matarebelTa

umWidroesi kavSiri (giorgi mTawmindeli, giorgi mcire).

qvemoT motanili citatebi qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa

dalagebuli. es saSualebas iZleva, Tvali gavadevnoT mSobliuri enis

mniSvnelobis sul ufro Rrma gacnobierebas.

“SesZina swavlad qarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisaqarTulisa mwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisamwignobrebisa da zraxvisa xsnilad”

(ioane sabanisZe, 67). “qarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsaqarTulsa enasaenasaenasaenasa Sina yoveli daiswavla” (giorgi merCule, 127). [ilarions da mis Zmebs ulumbos mTidan gagdeba daupires] “da mas

Ramesa daadgra wmidai dedofali Cveni RmrTismSobeli risxviT mamasaxlissa mas da hrqva: raisa inebe maTi ganZebai, romelni mosrul arian siyvarulisaTvis RmrTisa, da ara daimarxe mcnebai ucxoTa SewynarebisaTvis, viTar etyvis ufali da Ze Cemi mdidarsa mas?! anu ara uwyia, viTarmed mraalni damkvidrebad arian mTasa amas maTisamaTisamaTisamaTisa enisaenisaenisaenisa metyvelni da cxovnebad arian?” da romelni maT ara Seiwynareben, mter Cemda arian!” (~ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 451) (Sdr. giorgi mTawmindeli, RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi. giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).

[ilarion qarTvelma TesalonikSi iqauri mTavris mxevlis Svili

gankurna, rodesac dedofali dainteresda, Tu vin moaxdina es saswauli, mxevalma] “warmouTxra yoveli niSani maTi da enaicaenaicaenaicaenaica” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 453).

~maSin mohgvarna mefeman ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidao mamano, da aswaveT amaT enaienaienaienai da wwwwigniigniigniigni TqveniTqveniTqveniTqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarioni qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).

giorgi mTawmindeli ioanesa da eqvTimes damsaxurebaTa Soris

aRniSnavs: ~aRayvaves enaenaenaena CveniCveniCveniCveni da qveyana TargmanebiTa wmdaTa werilTaiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224).

gorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda

samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa enaenaenaena da qveyana, namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa, aramed saberZneTisasaca” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224).

~pirveladpirveladpirveladpirvelad qarTuliqarTuliqarTuliqarTuli swavlaswavlaswavlaswavla aswava da merme berZnulad gaaswavla

yovliTave swavlulebiTa srulebiT” (giorgi mTwmindeli, 238). ~awRa warmomidga vinme didebuli dedofali da mrqva qarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTa

eniTaeniTaeniTaeniTa... aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).

~efTvimi, romelman yovliTa wesiTa keTiliTa ganaSvena wmida ese

adgili da TargmanebiTa wmidaTa werilTaiTa gananaTla da Seamko naTesavi da enaenaenaena CveniCveniCveniCveni” ( ( ( (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265))))....

RvTismSoblis mier eqvTimes gankurnebis epizodi: ~warmomidga vinme

didebuli dedofali da mrmrmrmrqqqqvavavava qarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTaqarTuliTa eniTaeniTaeniTaeniTa: ~rai ars, rai gelmis, efTvime?... ararai ars vneba Sen Tana. aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTuladqarTuladqarTuladqarTulad xsnilaxsnilaxsnilaxsniladddd ubnobdiubnobdiubnobdiubnobdi....”

~mun Jamamde ZniadZniadZniadZniad ubnobnubnobnubnobnubnobn qarTuladqarTuladqarTuladqarTulad da friadfriadfriadfriad mwuxaremwuxaremwuxaremwuxare viyavviyavviyavviyav amisamisamisamis pirisaTvispirisaTvispirisaTvispirisaTvis, xolo mieriTgan dauyeneblad viTarca wyaro amodin uwmides yovelTa qarTvelTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 239).

eqvTimem ~umecrebisa igi saburveli mosZarcva gonebaTagan CvenTa...

simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa naklulevaneba enisaenisaenisaenisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa aRavso” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).

“da esreT yovelnive saRmrToni werilni Zvelisa da axlisa

Sjulisani, romelni oden CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa enasaenasaenasaenasa povna, yovelnive keTilad gulad ixvna” (giorgi mcire, 288).

“egeviTari Targmani, Tvinier wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efTvimissa, sxva

ara gamoCenila enasaenasaenasaenasa CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa da vgoneb, Tu arca gamoCinebad ars! ... daatkbo ena Cveni”, “romelnime wignni sruliad ara yofilni da enisaenisaenisaenisa CvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisagan ucxoni siRrmeTagan umecrebisaTa naTlad gamoabrwyinvna” (giorgi mcire, 303-304).

~viTarca ixila sikeTe sulisa misisa... ganixara sixaruliTa didiTa

da suliTa gulisxma-yo, rai-igi yofad iyo, rameTu surviel iyo wmida

igi beri, raTamca kvalad gamo-vinme-aCina mowyalebaman RmrTisaman naTesavsa Soris Cvensa kaci, romelmanca srul-yo naklulevaneba enisaenisaenisaenisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa, , , , romeli-igi wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa efvTvimesagan daSTomil iyo”. (giorgi mcire, 286).

giorgi Seyenebuli giorgi mTawmindels: ~romelman wmida igi (eqvTime)

sikvdilisagan ixsna da qarTqarTqarTqarTuliuliuliuli enaenaenaena ganumarta, igive SemZlebel ars Sendaca Sewevnad, rameTu ms didad ewyalis da uyvars naTesavi Cveni” (giorgi mcire, 287).

zemoT motanili zogierT citataSi Cans, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba qarTulad Targmnis sakiTxs, rac, TavisTavad, enis mniSvnelobis

gaazrebaze miuTiTebs. Semdegi citatebi da is faqti, rom eqvTime

aTonelma da giorgi mTawmindelma, TargmanTa Sesasruleblad datoves

monastris winamZRvroba (rogorc xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli teqstebSi),

kidev ufro TvalsaCinos xdis am faqts.

ioane mimarTavs eqvTimes _ ~Svilo Cemo, qarTlisa qveyana didad naklulevan ars wignTagan da mravalni wignni aklan... aw iRvawe, raTa ganamravlo sasyideli Seni RmrTisagan” (giorgi mTawmindeli 239).

~TargmanebaTargmanebaTargmanebaTargmaneba wignTawignTawignTawignTa aqvndaaqvndaaqvndaaqvnda nametnavadnametnavadnametnavadnametnavad yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa saTnoebaTasaTnoebaTasaTnoebaTasaTnoebaTa da

gvirgvinadgvirgvinadgvirgvinadgvirgvinad da ganmganmganmganmanaTlebladanaTlebladanaTlebladanaTleblad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 260).

~saRmrTosaRmrTosaRmrTosaRmrTo eseeseeseese talantitalantitalantitalanti... romelromelromelromel arsarsarsars TargmanebaTargmanebaTargmanebaTargmaneba wignTa saRmrToTa

berZnulisaganberZnulisaganberZnulisaganberZnulisagan qarTuladqarTuladqarTuladqarTulad” (giorgi mcire, 287). giorgi mTwmindelma datova winamZRvroba, radgan “RmrTivRmrTivRmrTivRmrTiv----moniWebulimoniWebulimoniWebulimoniWebuli

igi talantiigi talantiigi talantiigi talanti ara aRorZndeboda, romel arsromel arsromel arsromel ars RmrTiv----sulierTa wignTawignTawignTawignTa TargmnaTargmnaTargmnaTargmna” (giorgi mcire, 301).

bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da bizantiasTan paeqroba: qarTuli kultura _ damoukidebeli da

TviTkmari erTeuliTviTkmari erTeuliTviTkmari erTeuliTviTkmari erTeuli

adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura bizantiuri sivrcisagan

damoukideblad ar SeiZleba ganixilebodes. es garemoeba mZafrad

ganicdeboda im periodis qarTvelebis mier, radgan maT mudmivad

uxdebodaT sakuTari gansxvavebulobis xazgasma, bizantielTa

upiratesobis gabaTilebiT maTTan sakuTari TanabarmniSvnelovnebis da,

Semdeg ki, upiratesobis gamokveTa.

pirvel rigSi, movitanT im ideebis amsaxvel citatebs, romlebsac

upirispirdebodnen qarTvelebi sakuTari kulturis1 gancalkevebulobis

da TviTkmarobis dasacavad.

romelni ese barbarozbarbarozbarbarozbarbaroz wodebulwodebulwodebulwodebul viyveniTviyveniTviyveniTviyveniT elenTaelenTaelenTaelenTa miermiermiermier

uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa,” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275). patriarqi giorgi mTawmindels “daRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTu naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli xarxarxarxar,

sxviTa kvla yovliTayovliTayovliTayovliTa swavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTa sruliadsruliadsruliadsruliad berZeniberZeniberZeniberZeni xarxarxarxar” (giorgi mcire, 308).

“daRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTu naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli ars, xolo yovliTurTyovliTurTyovliTurTyovliTurT wesiwesiwesiwesi CveniCveniCveniCveni

(berZnuli q.k.) hmosieshmosieshmosieshmosies” (giorgi mcire, 328). “netaro mamao, daRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTudaRacaTu naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli xarxarxarxar, xolo

swavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTaswavlulebiTa da mecnierebiTamecnierebiTamecnierebiTamecnierebiTa CveniveCveniveCveniveCvenive sworisworisworiswori xarxarxarxar, jer-ars, romel eklesiani da mRvdel-moZRvarni Tqvenni xelsa qveSe samociquloisa amis saydrisasa imwysebodin” (giorgi mcire, 308).

Tu wyaroebs Tvals mivadevnebT, vnaxavT, rom qarTvelebis

bizantiasTan damokidebuleba araerTgvarovania V-XI saukuneebSi. am

cvlilebebs isev citatebiT gavxdiT TvalsaCinos. maTi meSveobiT

naTelia transformaciis Semdegi etapebi: bizantiis meSveobiT

TviTidentifikaciidan _ bizantiasTan gatolebis gavliT _ bizantiisagan

gamijvniT TviTidentifikaciamde.

pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba pirveli etapi: bizantia _ TviTidentifikaciis saSualeba

radgan agiografiul TxzulebebSi, romlebsac Cven veyrdnobiT, ar

SeiZleba bizantiuri kulturuli sivrce TviTidentifikaciis safuZvlad

iyos warmodgelnili (es teqstebi swored sawinaaRmdegos isaxaven

miznad), am etapis dasaxasiaTeblad moviSveliebT juanSeris ~cxovreba

vaxtang gorgasalisa”-s. es nawarmoebi erTdroulad asaxavs bizantiasTan

damokidebulebis pirvel or etaps2.

~moiyvana mRvdeli WeSmariti saberZneTiT” (juanSeri, 145).

1 cxadia, es sakiTxi politikisagan damoukideblad ar ganixileba, magram, jer erTi,

Cven problemis kulturuli aspeqti gvainteresebs, da meore, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, gansaxilveli periodis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifo politika ar arsebobda, amdenad, erTiani kulturuli politika win uswrebs da, iqneb, SesaZlebelsac xdis erTian saxelmwifo politikas.

2 qarTul kulturul sivrceSi bizantiur samyarosTan identurobis gancda yvelaze cxadad vlindeba agaTia sqolastikosis TxzulebaSi Semonaxul aietisa da fartaZis sityvebSi. am kuTxiT dasaxelebuli wyaros analizi ix. q. kakitelaSvili, dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi. // ena da kultura, #1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55.

~ubrZana, raTa... aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarcaviTarcaviTarcaviTarca exilnesexilnesexilnesexilnes monasternimonasternimonasternimonasterni saberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178).

~ara umecrebaman aRgZra brZolad ZeTa zeda RmrTisaTa, aramed

SuelisaTvis naTesavisa Senisa sparsTasa. da ara uwyia, rameTu berZenniberZenniberZenniberZenni naTesavninaTesavninaTesavninaTesavni RmrTisaniRmrTisaniRmrTisaniRmrTisani arianarianarianarian” (juanSeri, 165).

~mnebavs, raTa Sen mier aRgzebuli ese cecxli Senve daSrito da

megobarmegobarmegobarmegobar iyoiyoiyoiyo keisrisakeisrisakeisrisakeisrisa, viTarca dRsamomde iyav sparsTa” (juanSeri, 66). ~siyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsa berZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasa nunununu dauteobTdauteobTdauteobTdauteobT” (juanSeri, 203).

~Cuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessaCuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessaCuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessaCuenca varT sjulisa sjulsa zeda berZanTasa aRmsarebel qristessa” (juanSeri 160).

xilvaSi wminda nino vaxtang gorgasals keisrisaken miuTiTebs da

mimarTavs: ~aw ukue mived mefisa da miiRe niWi Seni”. vaxtangi “mivida mefisa, da ambor uyves urTierTas, da adgil-sca saydarTasaydarTasaydarTasaydarTa TvisTaTvisTaTvisTaTvisTa, da daisuadaisuadaisuadaisua igiigiigiigi TanaTanaTanaTana. da miscamiscamiscamisca beWedibeWedibeWedibeWedi xelisaxelisaxelisaxelisa misisganmisisganmisisganmisisgan...” (juanSeri 167).

keisarma ~miumcno aRTqmiTa da ficiTa ZlieriTa, raTa swor iyosswor iyosswor iyosswor iyos

mefobisamefobisamefobisamefobisa TvisisaTvisisaTvisisaTvisisa” (juanSeri, 170).

meore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatolebameore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatolebameore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatolebameore etapi _ bizantiasTan gatoleba ~araaraaraara xoloxoloxoloxolo TuTuTuTu berZenTaberZenTaberZenTaberZenTa sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba eseeseeseese RmrTisamieriRmrTisamieriRmrTisamieriRmrTisamieri moipovesmoipovesmoipovesmoipoves,

aramedaramedaramedaramed CvencaCvencaCvencaCvenca, SorSorSorSorieieieielTalTalTalTa amaTamaTamaTamaT mkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTa... aha, esera qarTlisacaqarTlisacaqarTlisacaqarTlisaca mkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTamkvidrTa aqvsaqvsaqvsaqvs sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba dadadada wodebulwodebulwodebulwodebul arsarsarsars dedaddedaddedaddedad wmidaTawmidaTawmidaTawmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris Jamad-Jamad mowamed gamoCinebisa qriste iesuis mier” (66).

“JamTa ukvanaisTa, romel ipovnen qristes nebis-myofelni mamani,

Cvensaca uwinares iyvnen da mamaTaca CvenTa” (grigol xanZTeli, 200). eqvTime aTonelis “namuSakevi axarebs SorielTa da maxlobelTa, da

TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba, viTarca nestvi oqroisa xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa qveyanasa ara xoloxoloxoloxolo qarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasa, aramedaramedaramedaramed saberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasaca”””” (giorgi mTawmindeli 224).

eqvTimem ~simaRliTa RmrTiv-TargmnulTa wmidaTa wignTa misTaiTa

naklulevaneba enisa Cvenisa aRavso, da romelni ese barbaroz wodebul viyveniT elenTa mier uswavlelobisaTvis da umecrebisa Cvenisa, maTTanave aRgvracxnaaRgvracxnaaRgvracxnaaRgvracxna RmrTisaRmrTisaRmrTisaRmrTisa miermiermiermier mocemuliTamocemuliTamocemuliTamocemuliTa miTmiTmiTmiT sibrZniTasibrZniTasibrZniTasibrZniTa TvisiTaTvisiTaTvisiTaTvisiTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 275).

~vinaiTgan ukve zemo xsenebulni ese netarni mamani Cvenni araraiTararaiTararaiTararaiT

unaklulounaklulounaklulounaklulo iiiiyvnesyvnesyvnesyvnes pirvel gamoCinebulTa wmidaTasa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 223).

giorgi mTwmindeli eqvTime aTonelze ambobs: ~romeli-igi gamoCnda samkaulad naTesavisa Cvenisa da mobaZavad wmidaTa mociqulTa, gananaTla qarTvelTa ena da qveyana... da TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboeba... oxris

yovelsa qveyanasa ara xoloxoloxoloxolo qarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasaqarTlisasa, aramedaramedaramedaramed saberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasacasaberZneTisasaca”””” (giorgi mTawmindeli 224).

mesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTebamesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTebamesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTebamesame etapi: gamijvna da sakuTari TviTkmarobis dasabuTeba am etapze ramdenime aspeqti gamoiyofa. bizantiasTan ucxoobis,

upiratesobis da aSkara antagonizmis demonstrireba.

ucxooba ilarion qarTveli Tesalonikis mmarTvels: ~keTili hyav, rameTu

Semiwynare me glaxaki ese da codvili da ucxoi” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 454).

ilarioni keisars ~keTili hyav Sewynarebai Cemi, ucxoisaiucxoisaiucxoisaiucxoisai” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 459).

~moiReT ucxoTucxoTucxoTucxoT Sewynarebai!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457). aTonis mTaze myofma qarTvelma berebma “sixaruliT Seiwynares”

hromiT mosuli monazoni, “evedrebodes aqa yofasa da etyodes, viTarmed CvencaCvencaCvencaCvenca ucxoniucxoniucxoniucxoni varT da SencaSencaSencaSenca ucxoucxoucxoucxo xar” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 243).

upiratesoba ~maSin mohgvarna mefeman (bizantiis keisarma qarTvel berebs _ q. k.)

ori Zeni Tvisni, leon da aleqsandre da hrqva: locva yavT amTTvis, wmidano mamano, da aswaveT amaT enaienaienaienai da wigniwigniwigniwigni TqveniTqveniTqveniTqveni, raTa Svilni locvisa Tqvenisani iyvnen egeni” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 457).

patriarqi ilarionis sam mowafeze eubneba episkoposebs ~eseni arian

romelTa mparavi ara miexebis amaT didi madli momaniWes me dRes. da miumcno mefesa esreT viTarmes: friad aRvSendi amaTiTa xilviTa. da WeSmaritad eseni arian msaxurnimsaxurnimsaxurnimsaxurni uflisaniuflisaniuflisaniuflisani dadadada meoxnimeoxnimeoxnimeoxni sulTasulTasulTasulTa CvenTaniCvenTaniCvenTaniCvenTani. da ufalmanufalmanufalmanufalman locviTalocviTalocviTalocviTa maTiTamaTiTamaTiTamaTiTa daifarendaifarendaifarendaifaren mefobaimefobaimefobaimefobai TqveniTqveniTqveniTqveni yovelTayovelTayovelTayovelTa savanebelTagansavanebelTagansavanebelTagansavanebelTagan, da CvenCvenCvenCven yovelniyovelniyovelniyovelni, ukunisiukunisiukunisiukunisi ukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamdeukunisamde” (“ilarioni qarTvelis cxovreba”, 456).

bizantiis imperatori: “brZanebs mefobai Cveni TesalonikelTa mimarT,

raTa swrafiTa didiTa da pativiTa warmohgzavnneT nawilni ilarion qarTvelisalni Tvinier yovlisa mizezisa” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 458).

“basili, codvili mefe, monai caTa mefisai, gevedrebi, wmidao mamao ilarion, aRmoved qalaqada sameufod!” (“ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba”, 458).

patriarqi: ~vieTnime naklulevanebasa swamebdes qarTvelTa da, aha

esera, mravliTa saxiTa uzeSTaesuzeSTaesuzeSTaesuzeSTaes ipovnesipovnesipovnesipovnes CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa” (giorgi mcire, 308).

“mieriTgan daewesa, raTa qarTvelni svimon-wmidas Jamsa wirviden, rameTu yovelniyovelniyovelniyovelni mecniermecniermecniermecnier xarTxarTxarTxarT, vidre amis netarisamde Jamsa ver wirvides” (giorgi mcire, 308).

auwyes patrearqsa, viTarmed: “...eklesiani da mRvdelT-moZRvarni

qarTlisani ara romlisa patreaqisa xelmwifebasa qveSe arian da yovelni saeklesioni wesni maT mier ganegebian, da TviT daisvmen kaTalikosTa da ebiskoposTa da ara samarTal ars ese, rameTu aTormetTa mociqulTagani aravin misrul ars qveyanas maTsa; da jer ars raTa qalaqsa amas RmrTisasa da saydarsa mociqulTa Tavisasa daemorCilnen... rameTu naTesavi ars umecari da samwyso mcire, da Cvenda maxloblad arian da jer-ars, raTa xelmwifebasa qveSe antioqieli patrearqisas imwysebodian”.

“wmidao meufeo, Svenis esreT, raTa wodebuliwodebuliwodebuliwodebuli igi mwodebelsamwodebelsamwodebelsamwodebelsa mas daemorCilosdaemorCilosdaemorCilosdaemorCilos, rameTu petresi jer-ars, raTa daemorCilos mwodebelsa Tvissa da Zmasa andreas, da raTaraTaraTaraTa TqvenTqvenTqvenTqven CvenCvenCvenCven dagvemorCilneTdagvemorCilneTdagvemorCilneTdagvemorCilneT” “da eseca SesZina, viTarmed: “wmidao meufeo, romelni _ ege Cven umecrad da subuqad gvxedavT da Tavni Tqvenni brZen da mZime giyofian, iyoiyoiyoiyo JamiJamiJamiJami, romelromelromelromel yovelsayovelsayovelsayovelsa saberZneTsasaberZneTsasaberZneTsasaberZneTsa SinaSinaSinaSina marTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadideblobamarTlmadidebloba araaraaraara ipoipoipoipoebodaebodaebodaeboda dadadada ioaneioaneioaneioane guTelguTelguTelguTel ebiskoposiebiskoposiebiskoposiebiskoposi mcxeTasmcxeTasmcxeTasmcxeTas ikurTxaikurTxaikurTxaikurTxa ebiskoposadebiskoposadebiskoposadebiskoposad, viTarca sweria didsa svinaqsarsa” (giorgi mcire, 309-310).

giorgi mTawmindelma “warmoTqva sarwmunoeba marTali Cven qarTvelTa

naTesavisa.. . . . “eseeseeseese arsarsarsars sarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoebasarwmunoeba marTalimarTalimarTalimarTali naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa dadadada, raJaraJaraJaraJamsmsmsms erTierTierTierTi gvicnobiesgvicnobiesgvicnobiesgvicnobies, arRaraarRaraarRaraarRara midrekilmidrekilmidrekilmidrekil varTvarTvarTvarT marcxulmarcxulmarcxulmarcxul ginaginaginagina marjulmarjulmarjulmarjul dadadada arcaarcaarcaarca mivdrkebiTmivdrkebiTmivdrkebiTmivdrkebiT”” (giorgi mcire, 328-329).

antagonizmi ~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisa Cvenisagan kaci... da raiTaca

RoniTa... anu siyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTa berZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTa... qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa SinaSinaSinaSina-ganmcemelganmcemelganmcemelganmcemel eqmneqmneqmneqmneseseses da... ese adgili qarTvelTa Tavisa raiTme saqmiTa gamougdos da igini gaasxnes da CveniCveniCveniCveni saxsenebelisaxsenebelisaxsenebelisaxsenebeli amoswyvidosamoswyvidosamoswyvidosamoswyvidos, yovelTa wmidaTa jvariTa da madliTa, krulmca ars” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 268).

ara marto azrobrivi, aramed azris gamoxatvis formis

kontrastulobas cxadyofs Semdegi ori frazis Sedareba: erTi mxriv,

~siyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsasiyuarulsa berZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasaberZenTasa nunununu dauteobTdauteobTdauteobTdauteobT” da, meore mxriv, “siyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTasiyvaruliTa

berZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTaberZenTaiTa... qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa SinaSinaSinaSina-ganmcemelganmcemelganmcemelganmcemel eqmneseqmneseqmneseqmnes”.

gavlenis limitirebagavlenis limitirebagavlenis limitirebagavlenis limitireba

erT-erT saintereso faqtad qarTuli kulturuli TavisTavadobis

gaazrebuli formirebis procesSi SegviZlia miviCnioT gavlenaTa

gaazrebuli limitacia. kulturuli gavlena, rogorc aseTi, umarTavi

procesia. magram arsebobs sfero, sadac SesaZlebelia am procesebis

kontroli. es funqcia V-XI saukuneebSi eklesias hqonda.

am TvalsazrisiTac SeiZleba ori gansxvavebuli poziciis danaxva.

1. ucxo, umTavresad, bizantiuri sivrcis gavlena nebayoflobiT

miiReba:

~ubrZana, raTa... aRaSenos eklesia, da qmnes monastrad, viTarca

exilnesexilnesexilnesexilnes monasternimonasternimonasternimonasterni saberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisanisaberZneTisani” (juanSeri, 177-178). ~xolo mama grigol guls etyoda, viTarmed: ~viTarca monastrisa

Cemisa mamani saTnoebiTa uzeSTaes arian Jamisa amis monazonTa, egreTca wes ars wesi saRmrTo saeklesio eklesiasa Sina CemsaCemsaCemsaCemsa dawesebad brZenTagan ganukiTxveli”. amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes amisTvis ganizraxa warslva qristes saWurWled, meored iersaWurWled, meored iersaWurWled, meored iersaWurWled, meored ierusalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da usalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da usalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da usalemad, romel ars kostantinepolisi, da yovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisayovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisayovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisayovelTa saCinoTa saberZneTisa wmidaTa adgilTa moxilvad da locvad. mas Jamsa ierusalems warmavali vinme pova megobari Tvisi da mas dahvedra sabadahvedra sabadahvedra sabadahvedra saba----wmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocemawmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocemawmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocemawmidisa wesisa dawera da warmocema” (giorgi merCule, 145). maSin ierusalemiT moiwia kaci, romelman moarTva sabawmidisa gangeba da werili (giorgi merCule, 147).

momdevno frazaSi sayuradReboa, rom ucxo tradicia, nebayoflobiT

miRebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucileblad gadairCeva:

xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa xolo netarman grigol mas Jamsa ganawesa wesi Tvisisa eklesiisa da eklesiisa da eklesiisa da eklesiisa da

monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da monastrisa, sibrZniT gansazRvrebuli da mecnierebiT ganbrwyinvebuli da yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli,yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli,yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli,yovelTagan wmidaTa adgilTa gamorCeviT Sekrebuli, viTarca safase daulevnelTa keTilTa” (giorgi merCule, 147).

2. gavlenas ewinaaRmdegebian sakuTari TviTkmarobis xazgasasmelad:

guaram mamfali kiTxulobs _ ~wmidano RmrTisano, ukeTu qveyanisa Cvenis eriskaci vinme wignTa saRmrToTa mecnieri da enaTaca wurTili miiwios ierusalemad, anu sxvaTa wmidaTa adglTa da ixilos raime keTili wesi, romel qristeanobasa Svenodis da Cven Soris ara iyos, ginaTu wignTagan wmidaTa gulisxma-yos da TaviT TvisiT ersa uswavlelsa auwyebdes, keTil arsa anu ara?” berebis pasuxi _~weril ars: ~tvirTi ganwesebuli eyofin navsa: uveTu daumZimo, dainTqas da, ukveTu subuqad iyos, qarTa da RelvaTa waritacon”. egreca ttttvirTi Sjulisa da virTi Sjulisa da virTi Sjulisa da virTi Sjulisa da wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars wesi qristeanobisa romeli aw qveyanasa Cvensa upyries, friad keTil ars da RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavsda RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavsda RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavsda RmerTi dajerebul ars da amisTvis Cven varT Tavs----mdebni.mdebni.mdebni.mdebni. (giorgi merCule, 180).

sainteresoa, rom es citatebi (juanSeris garda) erTi teqstidanaa

amoRebuli. aqve Cans, rom monopolia inovaciebis damkvidrebaze eklesiis xelTaa: ~ukeTu axali raime keTili wesi eris-kacman gulisxma-yos ... umjobes

dumili ars, viTarca Tqva iakob mociqulman, viTarmed: ~nu mravalni hmoZRvriT, Zmano; da ukeTu dumili ver Zal edvas, ara TaviT TvisiT qadagebdes, aramed auwyos Tvissa episkopossa da, Tu jer iyos, man aswaoss Tvissa samwysosa” (giorgi merCule, 180-181).

am procesebis kontrolis logikuri Sedegi: ~pirvelad aRmosavalisa kaTalikosTa mihroni ierusalimiT mohyvanda.

xolo efrem qristesmieriTa brZanebiTa mihronisa kurTxeva qarTls ganawesa ierusalimisa patriarqisa ganwesebiTa da wamebiTa sixaruliT. aramed qarTlad friadi qveyana aRircxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locva yoveli aResrulebis, xolo kvirieleisoni berZnulad iTqvmis, romel ars qarTulad: ~ufalo wyaloba-yav”, gina Tu ~ufalo Segviwyalen” (giorgi merCule, 181-182).

eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, eklesiis mier erTiani kulturuli sivrcis SemosazRvra, anu

~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”

giorgi merCules TxzulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom Teodore da

qristefore grigol xanZTelisagan ~farulad warvides afxazeTs da Tana Zmanica vinme warhyves” (149). es, albaT, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. SeiZleba vivarudoT, rom es winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda grigolisTvis afxazeTSi Casvlisa da iq samonastro qselis gafrToebis uzrunvelyofas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT periodis specifikas (religia identurobis safuZvelia, kulturuli Taviseburebebis gamokveTa masTan kavSirSia SesaZlebeli), es, albaT, saqarTvelos kultruli sivrcis formirebasa da SemosazRvras isaxavda miznad (~qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis...”). Semdeg movlenebi ase viTardeba: grigoli ~waremarTa afxazeTs” da iq ~sarwmunoebisaebr mefisa aRaSena monasteri da uwoda saxeli misi ube da ilarion vinme ierusalemiT mosruli, sarwmuno moxucebuli daadgina mamasaxlisad... da aqvndes mas keTilni wignni. da mamamanca grigol Tvisni wignni romel aqvndes, da-ve-utevna monastersa mas,” (giorgi merCule, 151). Cvens varauds amyarebs is, rom Teodore da qristefore, romelTa iniciativa iyo afxazeTSi gamgzavreba da romelTac ~aqvnda saRmrTo Suri monastrisa Senebisa”, TviTon iq ar darCnen, da isic rom aseTive scenariT moxda qarTlSi gamgzavrebac: ~maSin farulad xanZTiT Rame gamovides da Zmanica vinme Tana wariyvanes da kvalad warvides kerZoTa qarTlisaTa, rameTu ufali uwodda maT uxilavad brZanebiT da aRaSenebda wmidaTa maT monasterTa maT mier neZvsa da kvirikewmidisasa. xolo netarsa grigols euwya uflisa mier, raTa arRara daabrkolnes guls-modginebisa misgan maTisa, aramed Tanamdgom eqmnes keTilsa mas saqmesa” (165).

kkkkulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancdaulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancdaulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancdaulturuli identurobis gamZafrebuli gancda

kulturuli procesebis marTvis erT-erT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT

qarTvelTa mkafio TviTidentifikacia. amis warmoCena SeiZleba Tundac

mxolod giorgi mTawmindelisa da giorgi mcires Txzulebebidan

motnili frazebiT. am teqstebSi zemoTganxiluli problema yvelaze

ukeTaa gaazrebuli da koncentrirebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.

~samkaulad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 224), ~CvenCvenCvenCven

qarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvisqarTvelTaTvis aRSenebul iyo”, ~eneba, raTa qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelni oden iyvnen qarTvelni oden iyvnen

monastrisa amis mkvidrnimonastrisa amis mkvidrnimonastrisa amis mkvidrnimonastrisa amis mkvidrni yovelni yovelni yovelni yovelni.” (giorgi mTawmindeli 230),

~ganmamravleblad naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 264),

~samkvidreblad qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi da ena

CveniCveniCveniCveni” (giorgi mTawmindeli, 265), ~CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa momavalTa naTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvisnaTesavTaTvis”,

~ukveTu vinme gamoCndes naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisaganCvenisagan kaci” (giorgi mTawmondeli,

268) “naTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsanaTesavsa Soris CvensaCvensaCvensaCvensa kaci” (giorgi mcire, 286), ~uyvars naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi

CveniCveniCveniCveni”, “naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi CveniCveniCveniCveni wrfel iyo da umanko” (giorgi mcire, 287), “kacni

vinme svimonwmidelni SuriTa... aRiZrnes CvenCvenCvenCven qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa zeda da eneba,

raTamca naTesavinaTesavinaTesavinaTesavi CveniCveniCveniCveni ZiriTurT aRmofxvres svimon-wmidiT”,

“gagvaTavisuflen kacTagan... ucxoTeslTa... romelni qarTveladqarTveladqarTveladqarTvelad saxelsaxelsaxelsaxel-

idebenidebenidebenideben TavTaTavTaTavTaTavTa TvisTaTvisTaTvisTaTvisTa”, “umecar iyo naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 307)

“naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli xar, (giorgi mcire, 308) ~naTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviTnaTesaviT qarTveliqarTveliqarTveliqarTveli ars”

(giorgi mcire, 328), ~naTesavmannaTesavmannaTesavmannaTesavman CvenmanCvenmanCvenmanCvenman” (giorgi mcire, 324), ~CvenCvenCvenCven

qarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTaqarTvelTa naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa....”, , , , ~naTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisanaTesavisa CvenisaCvenisaCvenisaCvenisa” (giorgi mcire, 328-329).

da bolos, am Sedegis samomavlod SenarCunebaze zrunvis naTel

magaliTad gvesaxeba giorgi mTawmindelis mier oTxmoci yrmis

bizantiaSi wayvanis motivacia da Sefaseba, rogorc “uzeSTaesi sjulisa,

saqme axlisa madlisa Semamkobeli da gvirgvini... dasabamiTgan soflisaiT

da vidre aqamomde vervis xel uyofies da vercaRa vin xel-hyofs da

Sehkadrebs” (giorgi mcire, 320). am qmedebis mizezebad giorgi mcire

asaxelebs:

1. “Jamisa misTvis gansacdelisa”; 2. ~vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba vinaiTgan Sroma Tavs idva da mravalni wignni eTargmnnes da eneba

raTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswavaraTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswavaraTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswavaraTamca naTesavman Cvenman daiswava. xolo vinaiTgan SeuZlebel iyo hasakiTa sruliTa da ganmwvisebulTa ganswavla, amisaTvisca buneba igi lbili da CCvili, romeli viTarca cvili sabeWdavsa egreT miiRebs swavlulebasa, eseviTari krebuli orRanod Semwynarebelad swavlaTa TvisTa moipova, romlisagan ara gancruvna sasoeba misi”.

3. “iyo rai wmida ese (giorgi mTawmindeli _ q. k.) mTasa amas wmidasa _ pirvelad dekanozobasa Sina da merme winamZRvrobasa _ axsovda mravali axsovda mravali axsovda mravali axsovda mravali Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, Rvawli da Sroma, romeli Tavs edva xucesTa da mgalobelTaTvis, rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian rameTu qveyana Cveni Sors iyo amis qveyanisagan da mciredni movidian swavlulni, xswavlulni, xswavlulni, xswavlulni, xolo romelniolo romelniolo romelniolo romelni----igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca igi movidian, Semdgomad mciredisa kvaladca warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa warvidian da didebuli ese eklesiaca, lavra, dautevian. da eneba netarsa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa amas, raTa krebuli SvilTa TvisTa, viTarca cxovarni sityvierni, wmidasa

mamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTamamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTamamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTamamasa Cvensa efTvimis ZRvnad patiosnad mihgvarnes... raTa RmerT RmerT RmerT RmerT----SemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodisSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodisSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodisSemosilTa maT maSenebelTa saxsenebeli brwyinvaled aResrulebodis” (giorgi mcire, 324).

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

1. asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi. teqstebi

gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca i.abulaZem. redaqtori a.SaniZe.

Tb., 1955.

2. basili zarzmeli. cxoreba da moqalaqoba serapionisi. Zveli qarTuli

literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 86-125.

3. giorgi merCule. Sroma da moRvaweba grigolisi. Zveli qarTuli


4. giorgi mTawmindeli. cxoreba ioanesi da efTvimesi. // Zveli qarTuli

literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. 222-270.

5. giorgi mcire. cxoreba da moqalaqeoba giorgi mTawmindelisa. // Zveli

qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 270-352.

6. daviT da konstantines wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv.

150-162.

7. iakob xucesi. wameba SuSanikisi dedoflisa. // Zveli qarTuli


8. ilarion qarTvelis cxovreba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979.

gv. 448-460.

9. ioane sabanisZe. wameba wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristeisisa

haboisi. // Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi. Tb., 1978. gv. 57-86.

10. kolael yrmaTa wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 162-166.

11. konstanti kaxis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb., 1979. gv. 131-141.

12. martviloba da moTmineba evstaTi mcxeTelisa. // Zveli qarTuli


13. stefane mtbevari. gobronis wameba. // Zveli qarTuli moTxroba. Tb.,

1979. gv. 141-150.

14. juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. // qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti

dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier.

t. I, Tb., 1955. gv. 139-244.


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saqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSisaqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSisaqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSisaqarTvelo erTian evropul samyaroSi

(antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken) (antikurobidan Sua saukuneebisken)

saqarTvelo Sua saukunebs iwyebs erTian qristianul sivrceSi,

evropaSi. evropis SemakavSirebels nominalurad isev warmoadgenda

qristianuli romi, anu bizantiis imperatori, romelic axal imperias

ganagebda axali qristianuli romidan _ konstantinopolidan.

Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizacia Tavdapirvelad aRmocenda

rogorc erTiani sivrce, Tumca mas gansxvavebuli wanamZRvrebi SeiZleba

hqondes bizantiasa da dasavleT evropaSi1.

qarTuli Sua saukuneebi iwyeba zogadevropul Sua saukuneebTan

erTad. Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura ganviTarebas zogadevropuli

Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis farglebSi iwyebs, masTan saerTo

wanamZRvrebi aqvs da, amdenad, ganviTarebis saerTo maxasiaTeblebi.

qarTuli Sua saukuneebi aRmocenda, rogorc zogadevropuli fenomeni _

antikuri kulturisa da qristianobis Sepirispirebisa da maTi sinTezis

Sedegad.

rasakvirvelia, iseT vrcel regionSi, rogoric evropaa, mTeli im

aTaswleulis manZilze, romelsac moicavs Sua saukuneebi, garda

geografiuli pirobebisa, arsebobda sxva socialur-politikuri

faqtorebi, romlebmac ganapiroba am teritoriaze aRmocenebul

saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis Taviseburebani. magram evropis qristianul

1 Zalian sainteresoa a. rudakovis azri bizantiuri sivrcis, rogorc erTiani

qristianuli sivrcis Sesaxeb: “msgavsad kirosis, aleqsandresa da avgustusis monarqiebisa, bizantia warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze naTel ilustracias ideisa, rom WeSmariti sakacobrio kultura ar saWiroebs nacionaluri saxelmwifos arsebobas. msgavsad dasaxelebuli monarqiebisa, bizantia Segnebulad cdilobda ganexorcielebina erTiani samwysosa da erTiani mwyemsis ideali. Tuki moazrovne bizantieli siamayiT warmoidgenda Tavs “romead”, mas am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi ar hqonda Tavisi erovneba, berZnuli ena, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi berZenisTvis, sirielisTvis da mcireazielisTvis saxeli “romaeli” ucnauri iqneboda; am saxelwodebiT is mianiSnebda Tavis mikuTvnebulobas udidesi kosmopolituri monarqiisadmi, romelic marTlmadidebeli basilevsis gvirgvinis qveS aerTianebda mTel civilizebul samyaros, yvela xalxsa da toms. asea Tu ise, isini arian memkvidreebi im keTildReobisa, romelic memkvidreobiT miiRes Zveli civilizaciisagan” (Рудаков А.П. Очерки византииской культуры по данным греческой агиографии.

СПб, 1997, с.64-65).

saxelmwifoTa zogadi ganviTarebis gza mainc saerToa Sua saukuneebis

manZilze.

marTalia, didi saeklesio ganxeTqilebis Semdeg saqarTvelo,

bizantiasTan erTad, darCa marTlmadideblur sivrceSi, magram mas,

rogorc saxelmwifos, bizantiis imperiisagan gansxvavebuli miznebi da

amocanebi hqonda. am ukanasknelis mizans erTiani, qristianuli msoflio

imperiis Seqmna da SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos ganviTarebis

gza, misi miznebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad, ufro daemsgavsa im

qveynebis ganviTarebas (dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi), romlebic

Tavdapirvelad erTad iyvnen Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis saTaveebTan

da SemdgomSi, saqarTvelos msgavsad, saxelmwifoebad daiwyes

Camoyalibeba.

evropel xalxebs Sua saukuneebis damdegisaTvis ar hqondaT

eTnikuri niSniT Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoebi da sakuTari

damwerloba. Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis etapebi ufro

xangrZlivi aRmoCnda. evropis saxelmwifoebma romis imperiidan

gamosvlis gansxvavebuli etapebi gaiares. pirveli _ rodesac frankTa

saxelmwifom TviTon gamoacxada Tavi romis memkvidred da karlos didma

gvirgvini romSi ikurTxa; es iyo imperiis gadatana axali romidan

(konstantinopolidan, romelmac Tavi romis memkvidred gamoacxada,

rodesac IV saukuneSi bosforis sanapiroze gadmoitana romi, anu Seqmna

qristianuli romi). romis gadmotanisa da didebuli romis memkvdreobis

am tendenciis gamovlinebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT karlos didis mier

imperatoris gvirgvinis dadgma. Tumca karloss maSinve ar gamoucxadebia

Tavi romis imperatorad, igi amisaTvis Tanxmobas iTxovda axali romidan,

bizantiisagan (es Tanxmoba man mogvianebiT miiRo bizantiis

imperatorisagan, Tumca bizantiis imperatorebi arasodes Seguebian

imperatoris titulis arsebobas maTi qveynis gareT). Cven es dasavleT

romis sivrcidan gamoyofis pirvel etapad (aq igulisxmeba realuri

Zalauflebis mqone qristianuli romi _ bizantia) miviCnieT, magram es

gamoyofa ar momxdara eTnikuri niSniT, piriqiT, es gaxldaT axali romis

imperiis Camoyalibeba dasavleTSi, anu Translatio imperii (imperiis gadatana),

imperiis axali centris Seqmna. aqedan iwyeba evropis gayofa. iqmneba

dasavleT evropa da safuZveli eyreba saeklesio ganxeTqilebasac. Cndeba

ori politikuri centri _ ori imperatoris tituli da ori umaRlesi

sasuliero xelisufleba: papi dasavleTSi, rogorc msoflio eklesiis

Tavi, da konstantinopolis patriarqi, aRmosavleT evropis qristianTa

winamZRvari, msoflio patriarqi. amis Semdeg, frankTa samefos daSlis

Sedegad, TandaTanobiT yalibdeba erovnuli saxelmwifoebi. es procesi

aRmosavleT evropaSi mimdinare procesis msgavsia: Tu aRmosavleTSi

erovnuli saxelmwifoebi bizantiis imperatoris garkveuli

meTvalyureobiT yalibdeboda, dasavleTSi am rols romis papi

asrulebda.

saqarTveloSi Sua saukuneebi iwyeba qristianobis saxelmwifo

religiad gamocxadebis droidan, imperator konstantine didis xanaSi,

mefe mirianis zeobis dros. qarTlsa da romis imperiaSi qristianobis

saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba Tanadrouli faqtebia.

qarTuli Sua saukuneebi TandaTanobiT ufro da ufro dauaxlovda

bizantiurs, rasac ganapirobebda isic, rom mis wanamZRvrebSi, msgavsad

bizantiurisa, Warbobda elinisturi elementebi.

iv. javaxiSvili xazgasmiT miuTiTebs “cxovelmyofeli elinurobis

arsebobas” da gavlenas qarTul saistorio mwerlobaze. miuxedavad

imisa, rom Cven naklebad gvaqvs am epoqis (adreuli Sua saukuneebis _

IV_VI ss.) saistorio wyaroebi, Cvenamde moRweuli hagiografiuli

mwerloba, rogorc qarTuli, aseve berZnuli mainc mianiSnebs qarTuli

kulturis siaxloves elinistur kulturasTan. miT ufro, am periodis

arqeologiuri masalebi aSkaras xdis qarTuli kulturis kavSirs

antikur samyarosTan. es garemoeba, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT romis

imperiis ufro Zlieri politikuri gavlena saqarTveloze, vidre mas

dasavleTis axladaRmocenebul barbarosul saxelmwifoebze hqonda,

qarTuli Sua saukuneebis ganviTarebis gzas bizantiurTan aaxloebda. am

politikur gavlenas ganapirobebda saqarTvelos sazRvarze sasanuri

iranis saxelmwifos arseboba: misi agresiisagan Tavdasacavad

saqarTvelos bunebrivi mokavSire bizantiis qristianuli imperia iyo.

mogvianebiT Sua saukuneebis erTiani civilizacia TandaTan or

nawilad iyofa, romelTac bizantiursa da dasavleT evropul Sua

saukuneebs uwodeben. saqarTvelosTvis politikurad da geografiulad

ufro axlos bizantiis imperia iyo da, amdenad, qarTul kulturas

xSirad bizantiur civilizacias miakuTvneben. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom

dasavleTis qveynebsa da saqarTvelos ganviTarebis gzebs Soris

arsebobda msgavseba. bizantiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic imperia iyo,

qarTvel da dasavleT evropis xalxebSi Sua saukuneebSi yalibdeba

erovnuli saxelmwifo ideologia.

romis imperiis aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi mdebare es

saxelmwifoebi, Tavdapirvelad mainc, Sedioda romis imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi. rogorc frankTa mefem xlodvigma, aseve ostrogoTebis

mefem Teodorixma miiRes saimperatoro karis moxeleebis titulebi

anastasi imperatoris xanaSi. ioane malalas gadmocemiT, iustine

imperatoris mmarTvelobis dros lazTa mefe waTem aseve miiRo romis

(bizantiis) imperatorisagan porfiris mosasxami da sxva samefo niSnebi.

erTi periodis sxvadasxva saistorio wyaroSi damowmebuli cnobebi

romis imperiis teritoriaze aRmocenebuli axali samefoebis mier

bizantiis imperatoris uzenaesobis dadasturebis Sesaxeb niSania romis

erTiani sivrcis SenarCunebisa da erTiani qristianuli romis arsebobisa.

es faqtebi CvenTvis sainteresoa agreTve imdenad, ramdenadac qarTul

istoriografiaSi arsebuli zogierTi mosazrebiT, qarTulma

saxelmwifoebma qristianobis miRebiT dasavluri orientacia airCies. an

kidev, VI saukuneSi egrisis mefis gubazis mokvlis Semdeg fartaZisa da

aietis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi warmodgenilia, rogorc qarTvelTa

mier orientaciis gansazRvris mcdeloba1. saerTod, rodesac qveyana

damarcxebulia, mefe moklulia da iq ucxo qveynis jari dgas,

Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis Sesaxeb msjeloba Znelad warmosadgenia.

Cven vfiqrobT, rom arCevani konkretuli omis Sedegad ver iqneboda

miRebuli. kolxeTis warCinebulTa krebaze warmoTqmuli sityvebi ufro

mniSvnelovani daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. dasaxelebuli

gamosvlebidan Cans, ramdenad erTiania qristianuli sivrce da ramdenad

mniSvnelovania is qarTvelebisaTvis. qarTvelebi Tavs aRiqvamen erTiani

qristianuli samyaros nawilad. ase rom, SeiZleba gavakeToT ufro

srulyofili daskvna: qarTuli Sua saukuneebi Camoyalibda, rogorc

1 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix.: javaxia b. goTebi da didi omianoba egrisSi. _

kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XII, Tb., 2002.

saerToevropuli fenomeni, ramdenadac saerTo evropuli anu

qristianuli Sua saukuneebis civilizaciis msgavs wanamZRvrebs daefuZna.

fartaZis sityvaSi1 gadmocemuli azri saqarTvelos bizantiasTan

kulturuli erTobis gacnobierebis faqtad aqvs dasaxelebuli n.

Ciqovans. fartaZis azriT, qarTvelebs bizantielebTan saerTo aqvT

“sazogadoebrivi kanonebi, saxelmwifo wyoba da cxovreba”, “azrTa

erTianoba”, sarwmunoeba, “wminda saidumloTa umwikvvloeba” da, saerTod,

“mSobliuri wesebi”2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli civilizaciis saerTo

evropuli xasiaTi gvafiqrebinebs, rom qarTul istoriografiaSi

gamoTqmuli mosazreba saqarTveloSi qristianobis ori sxvadasxva

nakadis saxiT Semosvlis Sesaxeb ar unda iyos mTlad marTebuli. IV

saukuneSi qristianobis berZnuli da siriul-palestinuri an somxuri

nakadebis Camoyalibebuli saxiT arseboba, Cveni azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo,

radganac qristianoba am droisaTvis jer kidev erTiani gaxldaT da misi

saxelmwifo an nacionaluri mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb saubari naadrevia.

rac Seexeba im azrs, rom TiTqos am etapze arsebobda raime

dasavluri saxis qristianoba, es, TavisTavad, mcdaria, radganac

qristianoba dasavleTSi (TviT, ase vTqvaT, ukidures dasavleTSic,

magaliTad, galiaSi) gavrcelda aRmosavleTidan da am procesis saTaveSi

sworedac aRmosavleTidan mosuli wminda mamebi idgnen. qristianobis

dasavluri nakadi, anu qristianobis dasavluri saxe yalibdeba

mogvianebiT, rasac iwvevs romis papis Camocileba bizantiis sivrcidan,

dasavleTSi axali imperiis aRmoceneba karlos didis frankTa imperiis

saxiT (Translatio imperii), aseve evropaSi qristianobis gavrceleba

irlandieli berebis mier (Peregrinacio pro Christi _ yariboba qristesaTvis).

1 nawyveti fartaZis sityvidan: “SevswyromodiT sazogadoebriv kanonebs, romelTa dacva

agviRia Cvens Tavze, da ase iolad Segvecvala mTeli saxelmwifo wyobileba da cxovreba. yvelaze cudi is iqneba, rom aseTi saqcieliT Cven SevbRalavT marTlmorwmuneobas da wmindaTa saidumlo umwikvloebas. aba, ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi arsebis sastik mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven Cveni saRrmTo wesebis Sesrulebas da TavianT wesebze gadagviyvanen” (qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. Zeglebi da masalebi. Sekriba, narkvevi win warumZRvara da saZieblebi daurTo n. kandelakma. Tb., 1958).

2 Ciqovani n. saqarTvelos kulturuli raobada civilizaciuri kuTvnileba civilizaciaTa Teoriis konteqstSi. Tb., 2005, gv. 187.

amdenad, IV saukuneSi qristianobis nakadebad warmodgena

umarTebulod migvaCnia1. aseve umarTebulo unda iyos azri saqarTveloSi

qristianobis aRmosavleT romidan Semosvlis Sesaxeb. yovel SemTxvevaSi,

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebis dros

aRmosavleT romis xseneba naadrevia.

saqarTvelo Tavs, msgavsad sxva damoukidebeli evropuli

saxelmwifoebisa, romis sivrceSi moiazrebda. warmarTuli romis imperiis

ngrevis Semdeg, saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli qristianoba xdeba,

romelic saqarTvelos msoflmxedvelobrivad kidev ufro akavSirebs ara

mxolod romis imperiis memkvidre bizantiasTan, aramed am axali imperiis

SemadgenlobaSi nominalurad darCenil sxva xalxebTanac. saqarTvelos

warmodgenaSi bizantiis, rogorc WeSmariti qristianobis damcvelis

sivrceSi yofna ar unda iyos sadao. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb qarTuli da

aseve berZnuli wyaroebi savsebiT Tanxmdebian erTmaneTSi. amis

sailustracio magaliTebad sakmarisia saqarTveloSi ukve V-VI

saukuneebidan mmarTveli wrisaTvis bizantiuri titulis miniWeba, rac

dasturdeba rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriis

magaliTze. priske panionelis, agaTia sqolastikosis, ioane malalas,

prokopi kesarielis Tu sxva berZeni istorikosebis SromebSi pirdapir

aris dadasturebuli lazikis (egrisi) mefeTa bizantiis samefo karTan

damokidebuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac lazikis mefeebi Tavs aRiareben

bizantiuri qristianuli samyaros warmomadgenlad. priske panioneli

aRwers leon I (457-475) mmarTvelobis dros lazikis mefis gubaz I

Casvlas konstantinopolSi2. berZeni istorikosi Teofane mogviTxrobs 522

wels, lazebis mefis damnazes gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi vaJis waTes

Casvlaze bizantiis imperator iustine I-Tan, sadac man miiRo samefo

Rirsebis Sesabamisi saCuqrebi da colad SeirTo konstantinopolis

patriciusis qaliSvili3. prokopi kesarielis cnobiT, “lazebi

1 am SemTxvavaSi ara gvaqvs saubari adrindeli mwvaleblobebis Sesaxeb, romelTac,

rasakvirvelia, hqonda warmoSobis raime lokaluri mizezi. xSirad isini damokidebuli iyo aseve romelime sociumis ganviTarebis doneze an mis raime nacionalur mikuTvnilobazec (es sakiTxi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc ganaTlebul qristianul sazogadoebaSi mimdinare qristologiuri davebis Sedegi).

2 priske panioneli. georgika, I, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebi TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1961, gv. 259.

3 Teofane JamTaaRmwereli. georgika, IV, nakv. I, berZnuli teqsti s. yauxCiSvilis qarTuli TargmaniTurT da ganmartebiT. Tb., 1941, gv. 77-78.

dasabamidan cxovroben kolxeTis miwaze, iyvnen romis mfarvelobis qveS

ise, rom ar uxdidnen arafers, ase rom, xarkiT an raimeTi ar

gamoxatavdnen morCilebas, mxolod maSin, rodesac gardaicvleboda mefe,

romis basilevsi xelisuflebis niSnebs ugzavnida mas, visac unda mieRo

taxti”1. agaTia sqolastikosis Tanaxmad, gubaz II Zma, romelmac egrisis

taxti didi omianobis Semdeg daikava, cxovroda bizantiaSi. mis

gamefebas lazebi sTxoven bizantiis imperator iustiniane dids (527-565)2.

msgavsi magaliTebis moSvelieba SeiZleba qarTlis istoriidanac.

qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi Seicaven cnobebs qarTlis

bizantiasTan damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. mirian mefis monaTvlis dros,

rogorc “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstSia mocemuli, misi Zma MmZevlad

yofila romSi3.

am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod migvaCnia q. kakitelaSvilis

naSromSi gakeTebuli daskvnebi VI-XI saukuneebSi qarTvelTa kulturuli

TviTidentifikaciis Sesaxeb. avtori ioane sabanisZis abos wamebidan

aRebuli frazis – “romelni ese varT yuresa amas qveynisasa” _ mixedviT

askvnis, rom saqarTvelo bizantiuri kulturuli sivrcis nawilad

moiazrebs Tavs4.

qarTvelTa mier sakuTari Tavis erTian romaul sivrceSi aRqmis

magaliTi unda iyos agreTve “moqcevai qarTlisais” gadmocema

saqarTveloSi qristian moZRvarTa Camosvlis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa,

rom am dros saqarTvelosTan ufro axlo teritoriaze arsebobdnen

qristiani episkoposebi, qarTvelTa mefe konstantinopolSi agzavnis

mociqulebs moZRvarTa Camosayvanad. “waravlina mociquli da wigni

ninoisi saberZneTsa, mefisa konstantines Txovad mRvdelTa. xolo igini

mwrafl miiwines. da mosca mefeman iovane episkoposi da erTi diakoni da

1 Прокопий Кесарийский. Воийна с персами. СПБ., 1998, кн. 11, с. 105. 2 agaTia sqolastikos mogviTxrobs: “waTe gamogvigzavne, gubaz mefis umcrosi Zma,

romelic amJamad bizantiaSi cxovrobs, raTa dacul iqnes mama-papuri wesi da Zveli samefo gvari Seuryvneli darCes” (bizantieli mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, t. III, gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma. Tb., 1936).

3 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I., teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb., 1955, gv. 128.

4 ioane sabanisZe. habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1987, gv. 459. kakitelaSvili q. sivrciTi orientacia – kulturaTa tipologizaciis safuZveli. disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2004, gv. 47.

wigni elene dedoflisai da xati macxovrisai da Zeli cxovrebisai

ninoisaTvis”1.

igive wyaro vaxtang gorgasalis mier damoukidebeli eklesiis

Camoyalibebis mcdelobaze mogviTxrobs. “xolo mefeman waravlina

mociqulni saberZneTad da iTxova mefisagan da patriarqisagan

kaTalikozi”2. konstantinopolidan saqarTveloSi Camovida ara mxolod

moZRvari, aramed xuroTmoZRvaric, rac aseve mianiSnebs

konstantinopolis primatis aRiarebas saqarTvelos mier, iseve rogorc

amas aRiarebdnen mTel saqristianoSi. konstantine didis saxelTanaa

dakavSirebuli pirveli didi saeklesio mSeneblobani ierusalimsa da

romSi.

mirian mefis mier saqarTveloSi moZRvarTa gamosagzavnad

konstantinopolisTvis mimarTva isedac ar unda iyos gasakviri. nikeis I

saeklesio krebis (325) istoriidan Cans, rom imperatori konstantine didi

am etapze qristianuli wesis ganmwesrigeblad gvevlineba. bizantiuri

samyaros da misi imperatoris gavlena eklesiaze Semdeg periodSic

didia. amis dasturia konstantine didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, ariozeli

imperatorebis gamefebis dros, mTels bizantiur sivrceSi ariozelobis

droebiT dakanoneba, rasac mohyva konfliqti aleqsandriis

sapatriarqosTan; niSandoblivia aseve is faqti, rom goTebSi qristianoba

ariozuli saxiT gavrcelda. amis mizezad gvevlineba is, rom rodesac

goTebis episkoposi vulfila ekurTxa 340 wels, maSin imperiaSi

ariozeli samRvdeloeba3 iyo gabatonebuli.

romis imperatoris primatis dasadastureblad ramdenime faqtis

moSvelieba juanSeris vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebisadmi miZRvnili

nawarmoebidanac SeiZleba. Cven mxolod ramdenimes davasaxelebT. vaxtang

gorgasalis sizmris aRwera sruldeba imiT, rom bizantiis imperatori

gadascems vaxtangs samefo gvirgvins: “da mihyo xeli keisarman, da miiRo

gvirgvini juarisagan, da daarqua vaxtangs Tavsa”4. ufro metad

damajerebels xdis mosazrebas ara mxolod qarTvelTa bizantiuri

1 moqcevai qarTlisai. Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosacemad moamzades b.

gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma. Tb., 1979, gv. 322. 2 iqve, gv. 325. 3 vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT saWiroa aseve imperiis nacionaluri regionebis eklesiis

istoriis kvleva. 4 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 168.

orientaciis, aramed imperatoris, rogorc zogad qristianuli samyaros

meTauris aRiarebis Sesaxeb. juanSeris istoriis Semdeg gverdebze

gadmocemuli Txroba: “esreT ra ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes

yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da qvemoni, da wargzavnes

mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa, da iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe

naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa da raTa iyvnes erisTavni igi Tvis-Tvisa

saerisTaosa Seucvaleblad. maSin keisarman aRasrula Txova maTi, da

mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZenis colisagan,

romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTsa da javaxeTs”1.

saqarTvelos kulturuli ganviTareba mimdinareobda dasavlur

sivrceSi, jer elinur samyaroSi, Semdeg romis imperiaSi da aseve

bizantiur sivrceSi. Tumca igi Tavisi ganviTarebis yvela etapze

cdilobda damoukidebeli politikuri cxovrebis pirobebis Seqmnas da

qmnida TviTmyofad kulturas, romlis zogadi faseulobani msgavsi iyo

im xalxebis kulturisa, visTan erTadac igi qmnida Tavdapirvelad

antikur, xolo SemdegSi qristianul kulturas. saqarTvelo, rogorc

antikuri romis arsebobis xanaSi, aseve Sua saukuneebSic asrulebda

Tavis politikur funqcias _ daecva romauli sivrce barbarosebisagan.

misi funqcia yovelTvis gamokveTilia, rogorc kavkasiis karibWis

mcvelisa. wminda ninos cxovrebaSi aris cnoba, romelic vaxtang

gorgasalis mier am funqciis Sesrulebaze miuTiTebs: “daimorCila ovsni

da yivCaRni da Seqmna karni ovseTisani da aRaSena mas zeda godoli da

daayena mas zeda mcvelni maxlobelni misi adgilisani da uwoda mas

karad darialisa, da aw Tvinier brZanebisa mefisa ver xel-ewifebis

gamosvla ovsTa da yivCaRTa”2. is faqti, rom qarTvelebi romis sivrces

barbarosi xalxebisagan icaven, TavisTavad mianiSnebs imaze, rom

qarTvelebi romaul sivrceSi moazrebian, romelic IV saukunis

damdegidan xdeba qristianuli.

saqarTvelo rom Tavs evropul sivrceSi moiazrebs, amas adasturebs

ioane sabanisZis kidev erTi cnoba, sadac pirdapir aris miniSnebuli, rom

qarTvelebi qristianuli kulturis Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan

moazrebian: “rameTu ara xolo berZenTa sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisamieri

1 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv. 218. 2 juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa.qarTlis cxovreba, t.I, gv 156.

moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa, viTarca wamebs ufali

da ityvis: “movidodian aRmosavleTiT da dasavleTiT da inax-idgmiden

wiaRTa abrahamisTa, isakisTa, da iakobisTa”. aha esera qarTlisaca

mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmuneobai da wodebul ars dedaT wmindaTa, romelTame

TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxvaT mosrulTa Cven Soris

Jamad-Jamad iesuis mier, uflisa Cuenisa, romlisai ars didebai ukuniTi

ukunisamde, amen”1. is, rom qarTvelebi identifikacias qristianul

civilizaciasTan axdenen, aseve naTelia ioane sabanisZis nawarmoebSi

kavkasiis CriloeTSi mcxovrebTa daxasiaTebisas, rodesac is maT,

rogorc araqristianTa Sesaxeb wers: “kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecis

buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi mxolod

Semoqmedi ician”2. mogvianebiTac, maRal Sua saukuneebSi, roca

barbarosebzea saubari, isini moixseniebian kavkasiis mTebis gadaRma. am

mxriv sainteresoa jvarosanTa xanis evropel mogzaurTa, franciskanul

da dominikanur sasuliero ordenebis wevrTa cnobebi, romlebic gogisa

da magogis adgilsamyofels kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma moixsenieben.

Sua saukuneebis saTaveebTan erTiani qristianuli sivrcis aRqmis

dasturia mTel qristianul samyaroSi wmindanTa saerTo institutis

arseboba, rac did ganxeTqilebamde gagrZelda. m. TamaraSvils Tavis

wignSi moyvanili aqvs IV-VI saukuneebis dasavleTis didi moRvaweebisadmi

miZRvnili qarTuli marTlmadidebluri wminda locvani. am masalidan

CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa IV saukuneSi moRvawe pap silvestrisa, da

aseve pap leon I-isadmi (V s.) miZRvnili locvani romelmac romi hunebis

Semosevisagan ixsna. aseTive suraTi warmogvidgeba, Tu gadavxedavT

qarTul saeklesio kalendars.

romis sivrceSi sakuTari Tavis moazreba amave dros romis

memkvidreobaze pretenziis gamocxadebas niSnavda. msgavsi pretenzia

evropul qristianul sivrceSi Semaval yvela qveyanasa da xalxs hqonda.

igive pretenzia romis memkvidreobisa gauCndaT frankebs karlos didis

xanaSi. aseTi pretenziebi hqondaT aRorZinebis xanis qveynebs, romlebic

romis memkvidris titulis miRebisaTvis ibrZodnen. romis

1 adrindeli feodaluri literatura, prof. k. kekeliZis redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT. tfilisi, 1935, gv.62.

2 ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba. qarTuli mwerloba, t.I, Tb., 1987, gv 447.

memkvidreobisaTvis brZolis nimuSia ruseTSi XV saukuneSi

ganviTarebuli mesame romis Teoria.

qarTul saxelmwifoSic igive pretenzia Cans maRal Sua saukuneebSi,

e. w. qarTuli renesansis xanaSi. aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenime faqtors.

es aris, upirvelesad, qarTvel mwignobarTa SromebSi bizantiis

imperiisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi, rodesac giorgi mTawmindeli

berZnebs sayvedurobs TavianT gulzviadobas da ampartavnobas. aseve

qarTul saistorio wyaroSi saqarTvelos upiratesobis Zebna. am

periodSi Cndeba naSromebi, romlebic Zvel saistorio masalebSi eZeben

cnobebs saqarTveloSi mociqulTa moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, am etapze iRebs

saqarTvelos kaTalikosi kaTalikos-patriarqis tituls. am etapze

moiZiebs istorikosi saqarTvelos samefo dinastiis RvTaebriv

warmoSobas. es aris renesansis xana saqarTveloSi. renesansi ki ar

SeiZleba warmovidginoT mxolod antikurobis aRdgenad, an epoqad,

rodesac msoflmxedveloba gaTavisuflebulia qristianuli

dogmatisagan; es aris, rogorc J. le gofi aRniSnavs, ara romSi

dabruneba, aramed dabruneba abraamis wiaRSi, amqveyniur samoTxeSi, mama

RmerTis samyofelSi. romSi dabruneba maTTvis niSnavda, ubralod, mis

gadatanas, rodesac gadaaqvT umaRlesi xelisufleba da mecniereba.

romis gadmotanis pirveli mcdeloba ganxorcielda konstantinopolis

daarsebiT da is pirdapirac ase moixsenieboda _ axali romi. vfiqrobT,

msgavsive movlena iyo saqarTveloSi maRali Sua saukuneebis xanaSi,

rodesac qarTulma kulturam umaRles mwvervals miaRwia, qarTulma

saxelmwifom udidesi politikuri gamarjvebebi moipova da uaryo

bizantiuri saimperatoro karis titulebi. romis memkvidreobis,

renesansuli gagebis pretenziis gamJRavnebad SeiZleba miviCnioT ioane

SavTelis “abdulmesianis” strofi, romelSic avtori xotbas asxams im

adgils, sadac unda daikrZalos Tavisi patroni:

“axalo romo, SenTvis Tqves, romo

ufros iqmneso myofTa yovelTa.

vnatri eladsa, TviT mas gelaTsa,

sad rom dakrZalven wmindaT sxeulsa1.

1 ioane SavTeli. abdulmesiani. Tb., 1937, gv. 50.

ase rom, Sua saukuneebis daswyisSi saqarTvelo Tavis Tavs moiazrebs

erTian msoflio qristianul samyaroSi, romlis Tavadac aRiarebs romis

imperators, romlis adgilmonacvle mogvianebiT gaxda bizantiis keisari.


daviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZedaviT macaberiZe

nacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebinacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebinacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebinacionalizmis saxeebi da kavkasiis Tanamedrove konfliqtebi

(XX saukunis 80(XX saukunis 80(XX saukunis 80(XX saukunis 80----iani wlebis bolo 90iani wlebis bolo 90iani wlebis bolo 90iani wlebis bolo 90----iani wlebis dasawyisi)iani wlebis dasawyisi)iani wlebis dasawyisi)iani wlebis dasawyisi)

am naSromis mizania kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilva nacionalizmis

WrilSi, am konfliqtebis (qarTvelebsa da afxazebs, qarTvelebsa da

samxreT osebs, azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs, rusebsa da CeCnebs Soris

mimdinare dapirispirebebis) mimarTebis gansazRvra nacionalizmis

konkretul saxeebTan da am gziT imis dadgena, iyo Tu ara am

konfliqtebis safuZveli eTnikur umciresobebSi nacionaluri ganwyobis

gaZliereba, xolo Tavad konfliqtebi ki _ am procesis gamovlineba.

Tavdapirvelad aucilebelia nacionalizmis arsis ganmarteba.

nacionalizmi XIX-XX saukuneebis fenomenia, romelic moicavs

erTianobis gancdas da romelic Zalze mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis

mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, nacionalizmi

gansazRvrulia rogorc jgufis an eris politikurad gacnobierebuli

koleqtiuri qmedeba, mimarTuli mzardi teritoriuli avtonomiis an

suverenitetisaken. es gansazRvreba, vfiqrob, marTebulia CemTvis

saintereso sakiTxis _ kavkasiis konfliqtebis kvlevasTan mimarTebaSi.

CrdiloeT kavkasiis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, CvenTvis

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania nacionalizmisa da religiuri

fundamentalizmis urTierTmimarTebis aRniSvna. CrdiloeT kavkasia, erTi

mxriv, islamuri fundamentalizmis aRorZinebisa da gamococxlebis

adgilad gvevlineba, meores mxriv ki, am regionSi Tavs iCens Zlieri

nacionalisturi ganwyoba; am SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT CeCneTi gvaqvs

mxedvelobaSi. nacionalizmsa da fundamentalizms Soris mWidro kavSiri

ganpirobebulia im faqtoriT, rom fundamentalizmi warmogvidgens

detalur da konkretul samoqmedo programas, xolo nacionalizmi _

enasa da eTnikurobaze damyarebuli fenomenia, romelic momavlisTvis

araviTar “gegmas” ar gvTavazobs.

aqve davZenT, rom nacionalizmi gansxvavdeba regionalizmisagan.

regionalizmi _ esaa erTianobis gacnobiereba im xalxis mier, romlebic

saxelmwifos SigniT SedarebiT vrcel teritoriaze cxovroben. isini ar

ayeneben teritoriuli suverenitetis sakiTxs. Tumca regionalizmma

SeiZleba, zogjer stimuli misces gansxvavebuli erovnuli identurobis

mqone jgufs, romelic iswrafvis saxelmwifosagan gamocalkevebisaken.

axla ki uSualod gadavideT kavkasiis konfliqtebis ganxilvaze

nacionalizmis WrilSi. am problemaze msjelobisaTvis Sevecdebi,

ganvsazRvro maTi gamovlinebisa da gamomwvevi mizezebis mimarTeba

nacionalizmis oTx farTod gavrcelebul tipTan: liberalur,1

konservatorul2, eqspansiur3 da antikoloniur_postkoloniur4

nacionalizmTan. sainteresoa, afxazeTis, oseTis, yarabaRisa da CeCneTis

konfliqtebi nacionalizmis gamovlineba iyo, Tu gareSe _ umTavresad

politikuri _ faqtorebiT inspirirebuli movlenebi?

CeCneTis CeCneTis CeCneTis CeCneTis konfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqti

kavkasiis konfliqtebis nacionalizmis WrilSi ganxilvas daviwyeb

CeCneTis SemTxveviT, romelic, sxva konfliqturi regionebisagan

gansxvavebiT, ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi ise Sevida, rom erovnuli

saxelmwifo arasodes hqonia. Svedi mecnieri svante korneli Tavis wignSi

“mcire erebi da didi saxelmwifoebi” aRniSnavs: TviTgamorkvevasaTan

dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom CeCnebi ar warmoadgenen erovnul

umciresobas, ramdenadac maT ara aqvT sxva samSoblo; CeCneTi arc

ruseTis ubralo provinciaa. saxelmwifoebriobis ararseboba ar yofila

dabrkoleba sxva koloniebisaTvis TviTgamorkvevisaTvis brZolaSi.

amrigad, arc CeCneTis SemTxvevaSi, CeCeni xalxis damoukideblobisaTvis

brZolaSi iqneba is damabrkolebeli faqtori. Semdgom ki mkvlevari

dasZens: CeCneTs aqvs garkveuli safuZvlebi damoukideblobisaTvis,

1 liberaluri nacionalizmi liberaluri nacionalizmi liberaluri nacionalizmi liberaluri nacionalizmi nacionalizmis uZvelesi formaa, romelic safrangeTis

revoluciidan iRebs saTaves. liberaluri nacionalizmis ideebs vxvdebiT juzepe maZinisTan, agreTve Jan-Jak rusos naSromebSi. liberaluri nacionalizmis principebs daefuZna vudro vilsonis cnobili “14 punqti”.

2 konservatoruli nacionalizmi konservatoruli nacionalizmi konservatoruli nacionalizmi konservatoruli nacionalizmi mimarTulia ukve arsebuli eri saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebisaken da ara axlis mSeneblobisaken. misi mizania patriotizmisa da “erovnuli siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba. is nostalgiuri bunebisaa da mudam warsulis, gardasuli dReebis didebisa da triumfis gaxsenebazea orientirebuli.

3 eqspansiuri nacionalizmi eqspansiuri nacionalizmi eqspansiuri nacionalizmi eqspansiuri nacionalizmi agresiul da militaristul elfers atarebs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba rwmenas eris TviTgamorkvevis Taobaze. mas axasiaTebs Sovinizmi, sakuTari eris upiratesobisa da dominirebis rwmena. aseT nacionalizms xSirad militarizmic sdevs Tan.

4 antikoloniuri antikoloniuri antikoloniuri antikoloniuri----postkoloniuripostkoloniuripostkoloniuripostkoloniuri nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi nacionalizmi Tan mohyva 1945 wlis Semdeg dawyebul dekolonizaciis process. is dasavleTisa da yovelive dasavluris winaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli.

radgan im dros, roca man damoukideblobis deklaracia gamoaqveyna,

sabWoTa kavSiri ukve iSleboda1.

CeCneTSi nacionalizmis aRorZinebasa da gaZlierebas gadasaxlebebis

Semdeg CeCnebis TavinaT miwa-wyalze TandaTanobiTma dabrunebam Seuwyo

xeli. am regionSi daiwyo mosaxleobam mkveTri zrda. amis Sedegad

sabWoTa kavSirSi CeCnuri mosaxleoba 1959-1979 wlebSi TiTqmis gaormagda.

amave dros, rusebis xvedriTi wili CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiur sabWoTa

socialistur respublikaSi Semcirda mosaxleobis naxevridan

mesamedamde. CeCnebis sasargeblod demografiuli suraTis cvlilebam ki

xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna satitulo eris2 mier damoukidebeli

politikis warmoebisaTvis. CeCnebSi nacionalizmis aRorZinebas xeli

Seuwyo agreTve CeCnuri enis Seviwroebam, rac mtkivneulad aRiqmeboda

(CeCneTSi, garkveulwilad, lingvisturi nacionalizmic gamovlinda,

magram is sxva tipis nacionalizmiT gadaifara). ACeCnebisa da inguSebis

identurobis CaxSobis yvelaze warmatebuli mcdeloba ganaTlebaSi

ganxorcielda, gansakuTrebiT, dawyebiT da umaRles skolebSi. sabWoTa

kavSiris yvela avtonomiur respublikaSi arsebobda ori tipis skolas

Soris arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba: 1. skola, sadac rusuli ena

warmmarTveli iyo, mSobliuri ena ki _ ukana planze gadaweuli da 2.

skola, sadac rusuli meoradi ena iyo da ganaTlebis miReba mSobliur

enaze SeiZleboda. CeCneTi da inguSeTi am meore SesaZleblobas

moklebuli iyvnen. CeCneTSi viTareba ukiduresad daiZaba reabilitaciasa

da sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebul perestroikas Soris periodSi. am dros

CeCneTSi didi socialuri mRelvareba iyo. CeCnebisa da inguSebis

sayovelTao imedgacruebam da iq mcxovrebi rusebis SiSma adilobrivi

mosaxleobis mimarT didi daZabuloba gamoiwvia. 1958 wels groznoSi

adgili hqonda ruseTis masStabiT erT-erT did socialur mRelvarebas:

kerZo uTanxmoeba, romelsac msxverpli mohyva, gadaizarda eTnikur

dapirispirebaSi; adgilobrivma rusebma CeCnebis kvlav centralur aziaSi

gadasaxleba moiTxoves.

1 Cornell S. Small Nations and Great Powers (A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus). Curzon, 2001, p.

239. 2 satitulo eri _ am terminiT moixsenieba is erebi, romelTa TviTdasaxeleba da maTi

saxelmwifos saxelwodeba identuria (magaliTad, CeCnebi da CeCneTi).

svante kornelis TqmiT, kavkasiis konfliqtebze dakvirveba da maTi

urTierTSedareba cxadyofs, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiidan mxolod CeCneTs

ZaluZda brZola avtonomiisaTvis. amas xels Semdegi faqtorebi uwyobda:

CeCneTi mZafrad pasuxobda mis winaaRmdeg Cadenil qmedebebs. XIX

saukunis kavkasiuri omebi da meore msoflio omis droindeli

deportaciebi centralur rols TamaSobda CeCnebis SekavSirebaSi, rac

maT saSualebas aZlevda, hyolodaT Zlieri, qarizmatuli da

antirusulad ganwyobili lideri. garda amisa, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebs

Soris CeCnebi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCevian rusebisadmi siZulviliT;

CeCneTi mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, gaziTa da navTobiT, rac

ganasxvavebs mas sxva avtonomiuri regionebisagan; Tavisi resursebisa da

baqo-novorosiiskis navTobsadenis CeCneTis teritoriaze arsebobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, CeCneTi potenciuri saxelmwifoa, TuU is, 1991-1994

wlebis msgavsad, ar SeizRudeba ruseTis mier.

ruseTisadmi dapirispirebis procesSi CeCneTSi ori ZiriTadi partia

Camoyalibda: vainaxuri demokratiuli partia (lideri _ zelimxan

iandarbievi, dudaevis ideologi da CeCneTis meore prezidenti) da

CeCneTis pannacionaluri kongresi. am oris garda, aRmocenda kidev

ramdenime partia. sayuradReboa, rom yvela maTgani islamuri an

nacionalisturi orientaciis iyo. nacionaluri kongresis formireba 1990

wlis zafxulidan daiwyo. is iyo ZiriTadi organizacia, romelic

aerTianebda nacionalistur dajgufebebs. maT msgavsi motivebi hqondaT:

gaeerTianebinaT yvela nacionaluri demokratiuli Zala da zewola

moexdinaT politikuri sistemis reformirebaze.

suzan goldenbergis sityviT, dudaevi CeCneTis nacionaluri lideri

mokle da STambeWdavi gamosvlebiT gaxda. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT

samxreT kavkasiis saxelmwifoebs, aq postsabWoTa liderebi, ZiriTadad,

am motiviT, kargi oratoruli gamosvlebiTa da nacionalisturi

miswrafebebis simZafriT gamoirCeodnen. kongresze erT saintereso faqti

moxda: misi mimdinareobisas dudaevma moiTxova respublikis struqturis

Secvla, pirvel rigSi ki axali konstituciis miReba, referendumis

Catareba respublikis samomavlo statusis gansasazRvrad da

saprezidento arCevnebis daniSvna. kongresis meore sxdomis Semdeg

dudaevma kontroli daamyara mTels CeCnur nacionalur moZraobaze, raTa

is ufro radikalur moZraobad gardaeqmna. maT moiTxoves sabWoTa

kontrolis gauqmeba da komunisturi partia, sxva struqturebTan erTad,

koloniuri zewolis instrumentebad gamoacxades. es yovelive

migviTiTebs, rom CeCneTSi arsebobda Zlieri antirusuli nacionalituri

ganwyoba.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseTis winaaRmdeg CeCnebis brZolas

antikoloniur_postkoloniuri nacionalizmis saxe hqonda. is mimarTuli

iyo ruseTisagan gamoyofisa da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos “iCqeriis”

Seqmnisaken. 1992 wlis zafxulisaTvis CeCneTs hqonda damoukidebeli

saxelmwifos yvela niSani; CeCneTSi aRar iyo rusuli droSebi da

rusuli jari (es ganasxvavebda mas sxva postsabWoTa da aRmosavleT

evropis qveynebisagan). dudaevi kargad iyenebda yurans. rodesac mas

SeiaraRebuli opozicia daupirispirda, dudaevma yurani moiSvelia,

romelic ramadanis TveSi muslimTa mier sisxlisRvras krZalavs, roTac

oponentebis diskreditireba moaxdina, gamoacxada ra isini ruseTis

momxreebad.

rogorc vxedavT, islami yvelaze Zlieri politikuri da socialuri

Zalaa CeCnur sazogadoebaSi. amrigad, CeCneTis SemTxveva nacionalizmisa

da religiuri fundamentalizmis nazavs warmoadgens: aq politikur

ZalTa organizeba rwmenis safuZvelze xdeba. mokled rom vTqvaT,

CeCneTis SemTxveva warmoadgens religiuri fundamentalizmisa da

antikoloniuri-postkoloniuri nacionalizmis nazavs, romelmac

gadafara Tavdapirvel etapze gamovlenili lingvisturi nacionalizmi.

MmTiani yarabaRis MmTiani yarabaRis MmTiani yarabaRis MmTiani yarabaRis konfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqtikonfliqti

kavkasiaSi kidev erT cxel wertils mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti

warmoadgens, romelic azerbaijanSi arsebuli somxuri anklavis gamo

warmoiSva azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris. es konfliqti

aqtualizdeboda kavkasiaSi ZalTa yoveli gadajgufebis dros _

dawyebuli ruseT-TurqeT-iranis omebiT, sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1919-1921

wlebSi amierkavkasiis aneqsiiT damTavrebuli. magram axla am epoqis

movlenebis gaSuqebas ar daviwyebT da nacionalizmis WrilSi mxolod

1988-1990-iani wlebis movlenebis analiziT SemovifarglebiT. Tumca

aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa periodis yvela kampania, mimarTuli

somxeTisTvis yarabaRis SeerTebisaken, ganixileboda rogorc reaqciuli

nacionalisturi propaganda da maT sastikad uswordebodnen.

1983 wels somexma mweralma zori balaianma gamosca wigni, romelic

azerbaijanSi aRiqves rogorc Turqebis, konkretulad ki, azerbaijaneli

Turqebis diskreditireba. svante korneli aRniSnavs, rom am wignma,

miuxedavad imisa, rom is calsaxad SeiZleba Sefasdes rogorc

nacionalisturi, gaiara imdroindeli cenzura da gamoica. 1987 wlidan

ki moskovisaken daiZra werilebi mTiani yarabaRis (sadac mosaxleobis

did nawils azerbaijanelebi Seadgendnen) somxeTTan SeerTebis

moTxovniT. “glasnostis” periodis protestebi ekologiuri

usafrTxoebis moTxovniT gadaizarda mTiani yarabaRisa da naxWevnis

somxeTisTvis gadacemis nacionalistur moTxovnebSi. yarabaRis somxebs

imedi hqondaT, rom gorbaCovi maT sasargeblo gadawyvetilebas miiRebda,

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas ramdenime somxuri warmoSobis mrCeveli

hyavda. Tu davakvirdebiT, aqac nacionaluri faqtori ikveTeba.

1988 wlis TebervalSi erevanSi gamarTulma demonstraciam

gaaprotesta baqos kulturuli da ekonomikuri politika yarabaRis

avtonomiur olqSi. s. korneli aRniSnavs, rom erevanSi mowyobilma

gamosvlebma nel-nela iredentizmis saxe miiRo. ar dagvaviwydes rom

iredentizmi1 nacionalizmis erT-erTi saxe da gamovlinebaa.

somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls warmoSobilma

opoziciurma moZraobebma nacionalisturi xasiaTi miiRo. maTi pirveli

arakomunisti liderebi _ levon ter-petrosiani da abulfaz elCibei _

saxalxo frontebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, orive _ nacionalisturi

orientaciis da orive _ mWidrod dakavSirebuli mTiani yarabaRis

problemasTan, rac, bunebrivia, garkveulwilad am konfliqtis xasiaTs

gansazRvravda.

eTnikuri dapirispirebebi, romelTac adgili hqonda baqoSi, ganjaSi,

sumgaiTsa da somxebiT dasaxlebul sxva azerbaijanul regionebSi,

1 iredentizmTan dakavSirebiT moviyvan amerikeli profesoris donald horovicis (Donald

L. Horowitz) gansazRvrebas. misi TqmiT, iredentizmi _ es aris garkveuli regionis inkorporacia im saxelmwiofSi, romelTanac mas saerTo eTnosi akavSirebs da romelic mzadaa mis misaRebad. separatizmis saboloo mizania axali saxelmwifos warmoSoba, maSin rodesac iredentizmis mizania konkretuli jgufis “gadarCena”. mkvlevaris TqmiT, es ar aris ubralod aneqsia; SeerTeba am SemTxvevaSi eTnikur naTesaobas efuZneba.

yarabaRsa da somxeTSi mimdinare eTnikuri dapirispirebebis gamoZaxili

iyo.

svante kornels ekuTvnis saintereso migneba somxur da

azerbaijanul nacionalizmTan dakavSirebiT. misi TqmiT, isini erTmaneTs

“ireklavdnen”, iseve rogorc silueti irekleba sarkeSi, ramdenadac maT

arseboba mxolod urTierTdapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT.

rogorc vxedavT, am konfliqtis safuZvels azerbaijanSi, mTian

yarabaRSi mcxovrebi somxebis somxeTTan inkorporaciisaken miswrafeba

warmoadgenda. es iyo eTnikuri nacionalizmis gamovlineba, romelsac

TiTqosda iredentizmis saxe hqonda. Tumca, kavkasiis mTliani

postsabWoTa viTarebisa da ruseTis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, me mainc

postsabWouri sivrcis cnobili eqspertis nil makfarleinis

Tvalsazriss daveTanxmebi da vityvi, rom es konfliqti

eTnonacionaluri xasiaTis iyo.

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis konfliqtebikonfliqtebikonfliqtebikonfliqtebi

eTnonacionalizmis niSnebs unda amJRavnebdes, TiTqos, afxazeTisa da

samxreT oseTis konfliqtebi, magram aq aSkaraa sxva faqtorebis

urTierTgadajaWva, ramac es momenti gadafara. unda aRiniSnos, rom

saqarTvelo samxreT kavkasiis sxva qveynebisagan gansxvavdeba eTnikurad

heterogenuli mosaxleobiT. vfiqrobT, aq konfliqtebis aRmocenebas,

gareSe faqtorebTan erTad, xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis

Semdeg axladaRmocenebuli qarTuli nacionalizmis Taviseburebam. misi

Camoyalibebis periodSi ar moiZebna forma da saSualeba umciresobebis

rolisa da adgilis gasaTvaliswineblad da qarTul sazogadoebaSi maT

CasarTavad. qarTvelebsa da erovnul umciresobebs Soris konfliqti

gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda 1989-1991 wlebSi. aq mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa

zviad gamsaxurdiam, romelmac Tavisi kampania afxazeTsa da samxreT

oseTSi qarTvelebis uflebebze aago. Semdgomma politikam gaauaresa

urTierTobebi erovnul umciresobebTan. rogorc batoni zurab

daviTaSvili aRniSnavs, saqarTvelos pirvelma prezidentma zviad

gamsaxurdiam xeli Seuwyo Sovinisturi nacionalizmis aRmocenebas,

xolo postsabWoTa saqarTvelos mkvlevaris, amerikeli mecnieris, stiven

jonsis daxasiaTebiT, gamsaxurdia Tavs miiCnevda qarTvel erovnul

gmirad. es, bunebrivia, amZafrebda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul

umciresobebSi nacionalizmis grZnobas.

umciresobebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis axal

politikas, homogenizacias, gaqarTvelebas da gaqristianebas, miiCnevdnen

ra mas Sovinisturad. osebi da afxazebi, romelTac hqondaT

kvazisaxelmwifoebrivi struqturebi, saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi

darCenas warmoudgenlad Tvlidnen.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli identurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi

komponenti lingvisturi identurobaa, xolo religia meore planzea

gadaweuli. konfliqti Tavidan swored enis problemiT daiwyo. 1988 wlis

kanons, romelic saqarTveloSi qarTuli enis poziciebs amyarebda,

mRelvareba mohyva afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi.

oseTTan dapirispireba daiwyo 1989 wlis dasawyisSi, romelic

kanonTa omis saxeliTaa cnobili. es mohyva 1988 wlis kanons, romelic

ganamtkicebda qarTuli enis poziciebs saqarTvelos teritoriaze.

sapasuxod osebma moiTxoves, rom regionSi qarTuls, osursa da rusuls

Tanabari statusi hqonoda, xolo SemdgomSi oficilur enad osuris

gamocxadeba moisurves. amrigad, SesaZlebelia, rom damoukideblobis

brZolis pirvel etapze qarTuli nacionalizmi lingvistur

nacionalizmad daxasiaTdes.

analogiur movlenebs hqonda adgili afxazeTSi. marTalia, afxazebsa

da qarTvelebs Soris dapirispirebebi CaxSobil iqna sabWoTa periodSi,

magram es mcdelobebi warmatebuli ar iyo. areulobebs hqonda adgili

1957 da 1967 wels, isini Riad gamovlinda 1977 wels, breJnevis

sakonstitucio reformis dros. afxazebma es gamoiyenes da kampania

gaaCaRes lingvisturi uflebebis mosapoveblad, Semdeg ufro Sorsac

wavidnen da saqarTvelosagan gamoyofa moiTxoves. afxazebis lingvistur

miswrafebebs amZafrebda is faqti, rom afxazeTSi moqmedebda qarTuli

anbani, maSin rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris sxva erovnul umciresobebs

hqondaT kiriliculi anbani. afxazeTSi yvela erovnul enaze moqmedi

skola daxuruli iyo.

rogorc afxazebTan, aseve osebTan, kompromisis miRweva SeuZlebeli

iyo, radganac qarTvelebi afxazebsa da osebs ganixilavdnen ruseTis

iaraRad saqarTveloSi viTarebis destabilizaciisaTvis, misi

damoukideblobis sapirispirod. miuxedavad imisa, rom lingvisturi da

kulturuli uflebebis moTxovnebi umciresobebis mxridan msgavsi iyo

saqarTvelos da qarTvelebis analogiuri moTxovnebisa, qarTveli

nacionalistebi maT legitimurad ar miiCnevdnen. amasTanave, unda

aRiniSnos, rom am avtonomiur regionebSi rusuli ena TamaSobda did

rols, da osebisa da afxazebis mier rusuli enis ZiriTad enad

gamocxadebam gaaZliera qarTvelebis eWvi maT ukan ruseTis dgomisa da

mxardaWerisa.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tavdapirvel etapze osuri da afxazuri

pretenziebi saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi lingvisturi nacionalizmis

farglebs ar scdeboda, magram rigi mizezebis gamo, is seriozuli

konfliqtis mizezad iqca. antikoloniuri da postkoloniuri (am

SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ruseTi) nacionalizmis talRaze awyobilma

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ver gaiTvaliswina is didi safrTxe,

romelic am yovelives (afxazTa da osTa lingvisturi uflebebisaTvis

brZolis) ukan imaleboda. amasTanave, afxazebisa da osebis moqmedebebi,

SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc separatistuli nacionalizmi, romlis

calsaxa mizania qveynidan gamoyofis Semdeg sruli damoukideblobis

miRweva. MDEG

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

dasasruls, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom es konfliqtebi, ZiriTadad,

kavkasiis respublikebSi mcxovrebi satitulo erovnuli umciresobebis

mxridanaa inspirirebuli gareSe Zalebis seriozuli monawileobiT. am

konfliqtebSi monawile mxareebis pozicia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, erTis

mxriv, rogorc eTnonacionaluri (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs eTnikuri

umciresobebi), xolo meores mxriv, rogorc konservatoruli

nacionalizmi (magaliTad, saqarTvelo), romlis mizania arsebuli

erovnuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTareba, patriotizmisa da “erovnuli

siamayis” ganmtkicebis gziT erovnuli erTianobis SenarCuneba.


SoTaSoTaSoTaSoTa KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili KxinCagaSvili

kavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSikavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSikavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSikavkasiis muslimuri sazogadoebebi tranziciis periodSi

(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)(kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba da Teoriuli safuZvlebi)

sakvlevi problema.sakvlevi problema.sakvlevi problema.sakvlevi problema. naSromis mizania kavkasiis regionis muslimur

sazogadoebebSi sabWoTa politikuri sistemis daSlis Semdeg mimdinare

procesebis mimoxilva da gaaanalizeba. Cveni interesis sagania aseve

regionis muslimi mosaxleobis ideologiur da sulier cxovrebaSi

momxdari ZiriTadi cvlilebebi, maTi Sedegebi da mimarTeba

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva mxareebTan. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa

mkafiod gamoikveTos amgvari kvlevis aqtualuroba, ganisazRvros misi

Teoriuli da meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.

muslimi mosaxleoba, sxva regionebis msgavsad, sxvadasxvagvarad aris

ganawilebuli kavkasiis sxvadasxva politikur-administraciul

erTeulSi. regionis TiToeuli sazogadoebis socialuri, politikuri da

sulieri cxovrebis gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis, aseve “adgilobrivi

islamis” xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT Cveni

kvlevisas amjerad CrdiloeT kavkasiis respublikebiT

SemovfargluliyaviT, romlebic SedarebiT mniSvnelovan msgavsebebs

amJRavneben erTmaneTTan. es saSualebas mogvcems, warmovidginoT

islamisa da socialuri identurobis mTliani regionuli suraTi.

naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba is sazogadoebebi, sadac muslimebi an

umravlesoba warmoadgenen, an mniSvnelovan rols asruleben da gavlenas

axdenen arsebul sociokulturul garemoze. amgvarad, Cven gverds

vuvliT saqarTvelosa da somxeTis respublikebis, maTi muslimi

umciresobebis, aseve azerbaijanis SemTxvevis ganxilvas, sadac,

politikuri da sxva faqtorebis gamo, tranziciis periodSi sulier

sferoSi momxdar cvlilebebs specifikuri xasiaTi aqvT.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT regionSi muslimuri sarwmunoebis

Taviseburebasa da istorias, SeuZlebeli iqneba gverdi avuaroT

TiToeuli respublikis mniSvnelovan politikur procesebs, rac Cveni

analizis safuZveli iqneba:

1) religiuri cxovrebis dinamika: ra gavlena iqonia da rogor

ganapiroba postkomunisturma epoqam da misma gamowvevebma tradiciuli,

xangrZlivad arsebuli muslimuri sarwmunoebis Tanamedrove saxis

Camoyalibeba kavkasiaSi; ramdenad sicocxlisunariani da aqtiuri iyo

islami ukanasknel wlebSi misi mimdevrebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi (amis

garkvevaSi dagvexmareba religiurobis xarisxis amsaxveli faqtobrivi da

statistikuri monacemebi). aseve SevecdebiT ganvixiloT, arsebobs Tu ara

saerTo religiuri tendenciebi yvela muslimuri sazogadoebisaTvis,

islamisa da postkomunisturi transformaciis zogadi regionuli nimuSi.

meores mxriv, SevecdebiT, gamovavlinoT da avxsnaT arsebuli

gansxvavebebi.

2) islamis roli kavkasiis xalxTa postsabWoTa identurobis

ganviTarebaSi: Cven ganvixilavT muslimi kavkasielebis erovnuli

TviTSegnebis fenomens, aseve kulturuli (eTnikuri) da religiuri

identurobebis urTierTmimarTebas _ SevadarebT warsulSi arsebul da

Tanamedrove situacias. SevecdebiT aRvweroT mniSvnelovani da rTuli

urTierTdamokidebuleba, erTis mxriv, islamsa da mis “sasuliero fenas”,

xolo meores mxriv, axladaRmocenebul politikur elitebsa da maT

konkretul miznebs Soris. mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, warmoadgenda Tu

ara islami samoqalaqo xelisuflebis xelSi im ZiriTad faqtors,

romliTac xdeboda postsabWoTa epoqis “axali identurobebis”

formireba, Tu adgilobrivi islamis auTenturi buneba Tavad

gansazRvravda am religiis aqtiur monawileobas mniSvnelovan

socialur-politikur movlenebSi, agreTve mis damokidebulebas

dasaxelebuli sazogadoebebis “civilizaciur arCevanTan” _ kulturul

orientaciasTan.

kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebuli cnebebis samuSao gansazRvrebebi da

kvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologiakvlevis meTodologia.... pirvel rigSi, ganvsazRvroT is cnebebi,

romelTac kvlevisas gamoviyenebT.

CvenTvis ZiriTadia identurobis cneba. identuroba aris adamianis

fsiqologiuri warmodgena sakuTar “me”-ze, rogorc subieqturad aRqmul

mTlianobasa da individualurobaze, romlis meSveobiTac pirovneba

sakuTar Tavs aigivebs garkveul tipologiur kategoriasTan (saxelmwifo,

socialuri statusi, kultura, erovneba, asaki, sqesi, profesia da a.S.).

Tavad procesis, dinamikis aRsaniSnavad amjerad ufro mosaxerxebeli

iqneba, gamoviyenoT termini identifikacia. is yuradRebas amaxvilebs

identurobis dinamiur xasiaTze, subieqtis mier Tavisi kuTvnilebis

dazustebisa da gansazRvris procesze, sakuTari me-s mimarTebaze

sazogadoebis konkretul jgufTan (jgufebTan) da institutTan

(institutebTan). dRes sociologebi da socialuri fsiqologiis

mkvlevrebi identifikaciaSi gulisxmoben individis socializacias,

socialuri rolebis miRebasa da adaptacias, sociokulturuli

modelebis aTvisebas1. TiToeuli individi socializaciis procesSi,

kulturulad da socialurad gansazRvruli statusebis SeTvisebiT,

iTvisebs socialur identurobas. amgvarad, socialuri identuroba _ es

aris yvela im statusis erTianoba, romlebic individs gansazRvravs2.

aRsaniSnavia ori mniSvnelovani momenti, romelic unda

gaviTvaliswinoT identurobisa da identifikaciis fenomenTan

dakavSirebiT: a) TviTidentifikacia xandaxan SeiZleba ar emTxveodes

identifikacias; b) identurobis dinamikis garkvevisas mniSvnelovania

identifikaciis dakargva da cvlileba, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

SevecdebiT im sazogadoebebSi mimdinare procesebis axsnas, romlebic

sociokulturuli garemos mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdian.

mogvianebiT SevexebiT identurobis krizisis sakiTxsac. Y

sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis cnobili kategoriebidan CvenTvis

amjerad sainteresoa religiuri da kulturuli identurobis cnebebi.

met-naklebad naTelia, Tu ras gulisxmobs religiuri identuroba.

rac Seexeba kulturul identurobas, is SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc im

“mSobliur, lokalur kulturasTan” mikuTvnebulobis sinonimi, romelic

moicavs regionSi xangrZlivad damkvidrebul rwmenebsa da faseulobebs,

da, CrdiloeT kavkasiis SemTxvevaSi, tradiciul muslimur swavlebas.

amgvarad, gamyofi mijna gadis “tradiciul” (adgilobrivi kulturuli

faseulobebis nawili) da “transnacionalur” (globalur) religiur

identurobebs Soris. aseTi gayofa ufro mizanSewonilia, vidre

diqotomia “adaTi” da “SariaTi”, romelic SezRudulia CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi caristuli/sabWoTa ruseTis politikis cnebaTa CarCoebiT.

1 Культурология XX Век. Энциклопедия. Т.1, СПб., 1998, с.238. 2 Tischler H.L. Introduction to Sociology, The Harcourt Press, 2002, p.3.

sakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvnelobasakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvnelobasakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvnelobasakiTxis simwvave da misi Seswavlis mniSvneloba mravalma mizezma

ganapiroba. rogorc zemoT iTqva, pirovnebis identuroba mis mier

erTdroulad sxvadasxva socialuri rolis SesrulebaSi gamoixateba. es

statusebi Camoyalibda pirovnulobis Tavdapirveli ganviTarebisa da

damkvidrebis dros, magram isini erTxel da samudamod damkvidrebuli ar

aris. termini statusTa erToblioba aRniSnavs yvela im statuss,

romelsac konkretuli pirovneba atarebs mocemul momentSi. statusi

SeiZleba iqnes miwerili (socialuri pozicia, romelic TavisTavadaa

miRebuli dabadebisas, an cxovrebis Semdgom etapze _ romelsac individi

saerTod ar irCevs, an romlis arCevis mcire SesaZlebloba aqvs),

miRweuli (socialuri statusi, romelic nebayoflobiTaa SeZenili da

asaxavs pirovnuli SesaZleblobisa da Zalisxmevis xarisxs) da a.S.1

individis mier sociokulturuli nimuSebis, normebis, faseulobebis

aTviseba da gaziareba, sakuTari adgilis damkvdreba ar aris

erTgvarovani procesi da garkveuli cvlilebebiTac xasiaTdeba. amasTan

dakavSirebiT mecnierebi gamoyofen identurobis dakargvis, Selaxvis

SesaZleblobas. am kriziss xSirad ganapirobebs sociokulturuli

garemos mkveTri Secvla. rodesac individis maidentificirebeli rolebi

icvleba drosa da sivrceSi, iwyeba krizisi, Cndeba sakuTari Tavis

xelaxla aRmoCenis, TviTdamkvidrebis mtkivneuli problema. am procesma

SeiZleba masStaburi xasiaTi miiRos. igive cneba Seesabameba xalxis did

jgufebs, sazogadoebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis, socialuri

da politikuri organizaciis Zireuli gardaqmnis procesSia.

sociologiuri azrovnebis pirvelive wlebidan mecnierebi SeTanxmdnen,

rom pasuxismgeblobis zrda da arCevanis Tavisufleba (aucilebloba),

swrafadcvalebadi garemos fonze, iwvevs SfoTvas da, xSirad,

frustracias.

am TvalsazrisiT, naTeli xdeba sabWoTa mentalobis magaliTi.

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebi met-naklebad

daculad grZnobdnen Tavs, maTi mikuTvnebuloba gansazRvruli iyo.

mravali areulobis, sisxlisRvrisa da adamianis uflebebis Selaxvis

miuxedavad, sabWoTa politikurma elitam saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi

aqtiuri propagandiT, mediisa da yoveldRiuri cxovrebis cenzuriT

1 Macionis J.J. Sociology. 1987 by Prentice-Hall Inc., p.123.

moaxerxa, totalitarul reJimSi mcxovreb xalxSi Camoeyalibebina

“sabWoTa moqalaqeobis” gancda _ SegrZneba imisa, rom isini

miekuTvnebodnen sabWoTa supersaxelmwifos da daculi iyvnen mis mier.

“sabWoTa cxovrebis gza” Zalzed mkafio iyo, uzrunvelyofda imas, rom

wlebis manZilze ar Cndeboda kiTxvebi, cvlilebebi da eWvi mis

faseulobebTan dakavSirebiT.

warumatebeli “perestroikis” Semdeg kavkasiis xalxebma aRmoaCines,

rom iyvnen “aramyari saxelmwifoebis SemTxveviTi moqalaqeebi”, rac

sruliad axali da ucnobi iyo maTTvis. Zveli konstruqcia aRar

muSaobda, magram ra unda Canacvleboda mas, jer ar iyo naTeli da arc

ganixileboda xalxis mier, am problemaze mxolod centraluri da,

xandaxan, adgilobrivi elitebi msjelobdnen.

amgvarad, rodesac identurobebi daSlisa da dezintegraciis pirasaa,

Tavs iCens socialur-fsiqologiuri krizisi, rac uzrunvelyofs axali

identurobebis gaZlierebas _ xelaxla konstruirebasa da Seqmnas. es

ganpirobebulia identurobis meqanizmis funqciuri mniSvnelobiT _ is

arsebiT rols TamaSobs tradiciuli socialuri struqturebisa da

kulturuli tradiciebis SenarCunebasa da gadacemaSi; aseve

mniSvnelovania misi roli politikaSi.

mesame msoflioSi dekolonizaciis Sedegad dawyebuli procesis

procesis msgavsad, sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris

daSlis Sedegad Camoyalibda eri-saxelmwifoebi (Tumca zogierTi maTgani

ar iyo srulad damoukidebeli), bundovani da daudgeneli sazRvrebiT,

romlebic kveTdnen gansxvavebul, dapirispirebul eTnosebs. es

ukanasknelni eswrafodnen TavianTi jgufis interesebisa da kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvas. eTnikurma jgufebma, romelTac hqondaT Zveli

sistemisa da misi politikuri memkvidreobis pirobebSi arsebobis

mtkivneuli gamocdileba, aRmoaCines, rom postsabWoTa epoqis sazRvrebi

ufro uryevi da myari iqneboda, vidre adre, saerTo administraciis

arsebobis dros iyo. amgvarad, isini dakargavdnen “naTesavebTan”

kontaqtis nebismier SesaZleblobas, da es iqneboda is umTavresi

problema, romlis pirispir isini aRmoCndebodnen. yofil “sabWoTa

socialistur naciebs” da sxva eTnosebs moskovis mier miniWebuli

hqondaT avtonomiis dabali done da maT mier sakuTari “erovnuli

interesebis” gansazRvra, umetes SemTxvevaSi, upirispirdeboda sxva

jgufis interesebs da eTno-politikur doqtrinebs.

XX saukunis bolos mTeli rigi identurobebisa daingra,

gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo/samoqalaqo doneze. aseT krizisul,

gardamaval periodebSi gansakuTrebiT xSiria identurobis erTi tipis

meoriT Canacvleba, rogorc wesi, axladSeqmnili elitebis

xelmZRvanelobiT. es sakmaod swrafad xdeba. erT mSvenier dRes sabWoTa

kavSiris moqalaqem aRmoCina, rom mas unda aerCia erT-erTi _ yvelaze

mniSvnelovani da yvelaze faseuli _ statusTa mTeli wyebidan

(tomobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri, nacionaluri).

yovelive amis Sedegad, dezintegraciis rTul periodSi kavkasielebs

unda gadaewyvitaT, Tu ris mimarT yofiliyvnen loialurni, visTvis

emsaxuraT _ qveynisaTvis, romelsac politikuri statusi avtomaturad

hqonda miRebuli memkvidreobiT adrindeli wyobilebis daSlisa da

zesaxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso politikuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad, Tu maT

unda ganesazRvraT da daemkvidrebinaT miznebi _ ZiriTadad,

ganuxorcielebeli _ metwilad, Zveli reJimis wyalobiT.

eTnikuri da religiuri suraTieTnikuri da religiuri suraTieTnikuri da religiuri suraTieTnikuri da religiuri suraTi

kavkasia lingvisturad da kulturulad erT-erTi yvelaze

mravalferovani regionia dedamiwaze. igi, Cveulebriv, iyofa CrdiloeT

da samxreT nawilebad. “CrdiloeT kavkasia” xSirad gamoiyeneba

istoriuli an geopolitikuri cnebis saxiT, oficialur rusul enaSi

“CrdiloeT kavkasiis ekonomikuri regionisa” da “Crdilo kavkasiis

samxedro olqis” aRsaniSnavad. CrdiloeT kavkasiis eTnosebi

dResdReobiT ruseTis federaciis iurisdiqciis qveS (samxreTis

federaluri olqi) cxovroben. aq eqvsi respublikaa: adiRes respublikisa

da CrdiloeT oseTis respublikis garda, avtonomiebis mosaxleobis

umravlesoba muslimia. bunebrivia, eTnikuri jgufebi aucileblad im

administraciul erTeulebSi ar cxovroben, romlebic maT saxels

atarebs; yvela administraciuli erTeuli dasaxlebulia erTze meti

eTnikuri jgufiT (umTavresad, rusi umciresobebiT).

kavkasiis samxreTi nawili cnobilia rogorc amierkavkasia, sadac

sami damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa: saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani.

azerbaijanis respublikaSi, romelmac sabWoTa kavSirisagan

damoukidebloba 1991 wlis 30 agvistos moipova, muslimebi mTeli

mosaxleobis 96% Seadgenen1.

kavkasia yovelTvis iyo kulturebisa da civilizaciebis gadakveTisa

da Sexvedris adgili. es regioni aTeulobiT enisa da eTnikuri jgufis

saxlia. aq warmodgenilia oTxive msoflio religia: qristianoba _

ZiriTadad rusuli orTodoqsuli eklesiis, qarTuli orTodoqsuli

eklesiisa da somxuri samociqulo orTodoqsuli eklesiis saxiT. aq

aseve gvxvdeba ramdenime mcire kaTolikuri da protestantuli jgufi.

islamic araerTgvarovani saxiTaa warmodgenili: Siitur ganxras yvelaze

mravalricxovani mimdevrebi hyavs azerbaijanSi _ mosaxleobis 75%

(eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi, aseve TaliSebi Tu sxva umciresobani).

sunituri ganxra Zlieria CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis

umravlesobaSi, agreTve aWarasa da afxazeTSi; misi mimdevaria

azerbaijanis mosaxleobis 25%, CrdiloeT oseTis respublika alaniis

mosaxleobis 20-30% (digoreli osebi). iudaizmis mimdevrebi warmodgenili

arian saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanSi mcxovrebi ebrauli TemebiT da

TaTebis mcirericxovani jgufiT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. tibeturi

budizmis mimdevrebi arian yalmuxebi.

yalmuxeTis respublika mdebareobs ruseTis federaciis samxreT

federalur olqSi da igi erTaderTi budisturi respublikaa evropaSi.

yalmuxebs, specialur literaturaSi xSirad arc moixseniebian kavkasiaSi

mcxovrebTa Soris, Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT

samxreTel mezoblebTan _ daRestnis xalxebTan.

kavkakavkakavkakavkasiuri islamisiuri islamisiuri islamisiuri islami.... islams Zalzed specifikuri saxe hqonda CrdiloeT

kavkasiaSi, riTac is gansxvavdeboda axlo aRmosavleTis muslimuri

sazogadoebebisagan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, islamisaTvis SeuZlebeli

iqneboda misTvis ucxo sazogadoebaSi SeRweva, Tu igi absoluturad

uaryofda adgilobriv rwmena-warmodgenebsa da wes-Cveulebebs. am

TvalsazrisiT, sufizmi efeqturi iaraRi iyo. igi warmoadgenda

Serbilebul versias, romelic erwymoda saerTo tradiciebs, iseTebs,

rogoricaa islamamdeli miTebi da kerpebi, winaparTa kultebi da

gmirebi; iRebda da iwynarebda tomobrivi, klanuri urTierTobebis mraval

1 azerbaijanis mTeli mosaxleoba 7.912 aTas kacs aRwevs (2005). ix. CIA the World Factbook.

elements1. faqtobrivad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis saboloo islamizacia,

religiis masebSi gavrceleba SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod tarikas

saSualebiT; esaa muslimuri saZmo, romelic mxolod islamis sufistur

mimdinareobas axasiaTebs.

nakSbandia, kadiria.nakSbandia, kadiria.nakSbandia, kadiria.nakSbandia, kadiria. mTavari sufiuri religiuri ordenebi, romelTac

safuZveli Caeyara centraluri aziis stepebsa da, gansakuTrebiT,

otomanTa imperiis CrdiloeT teritoriebze XV saukuneSi, cnobili

iyvnen nakSbandiis2, kadiriisa3 da sxva saxelebiT. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi,

TurqmeneTis stepebsa da centraluri aziis ferganis velze sufizmis

warmomadgenelTa umravlesoba arasdros yofila asketi. iq, sadac

ruseTis dampyrobluri politika masobriv saxalxo winaaRmdegobas

awydeboda, sufiuri saZmoebi ZiriTad rols TamaSobdnen sabrZolvelad

darazmvasa da winaaRmdegobis organizebaSi4.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sufizmi kavkasiaSi ar iyo “paraleluri

islami”. is iyo realurad xalxSi arsebuli da gavrcelebuli islamis

forma. pirveli sufistebi kavkasiaSi gamoCndnen XI saukuneSi, aqedan

moyolebuli, is sul ufro da ufro Rrma fesvebs idgamda

Crdilokavkasieli mTielebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi nakSbandia miuridizmis (zogjer

moixsenieba tarikatis saxeliT _ damamcirebeli saxelia, romelic

rusebma uwodes Crdilokavkasielebis liberalur-antikoloniur

winaaRmdegobas; aq muslimuri organizaciebi gadamwyvet rols

TamaSobdnen) ideologiur safuZvlad iqca.

amgvarad, kavkasiuri islami tradiciuli, araseqtanturi, regionuli

specifikis mqone ordenuli Stoa, romelic is, ZiriTadad, ori tarikatis

saxiT gvxvdeba _ nakSbandiisa (da misi ganStoeba Sadiliis) da kadiriis.

1 igive SeiZleba iTqvas bosniis, indoneziis, indoeTisa da centraluri aziis

sazogadoebebze. 2 nakSbandia erT-erTi yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli sufiuri ordenia muslimur

samyaroSi. is fiqsirdeba dedamiwis mraval nawilSi: indoeTSi, pakistanSi, TurqeTSi, balkaneTsa da dasavleT da aRmosavleT afrikis umetes nawilSi. nakSbandia saukuneebis manZilze islamis tradiciuli forma iyo daRestnelebisaTvis da aseTadve rCeba dResac.

3 kadiriis ordenis cnobili warmomadgenlebi arian Seix abdul-qadir al-jaziri, romelic saTaveSi edga alJirelTa brZolas franguli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg, da Seix uTman dan fodio, romlis mimdevrebma gaamahmadianes dasavleT afrikis udidesi nawili da CrdiloeT nigeriaSi daafuZnes sokotos sasulTno.

4 Benningsen A. and Wimbush S.E. Sufism in Chechnya, from Mystics and Commissars: Sufism in the Soviet

Union., C. Hurst and Company, London, 1985.

nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha

al-din al-nakSbandi (1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi

cvlilebebi ganicada da TurqeTSi gavrcelebis Semdeg kavkasiaSic

Semovida. igi Semoitana CeCnebis pirvelma erovnulma gmirma Seix

mansurma. CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg es ordeni

fexs CerqezeTSi ikidebs. Tanamedrove ruseTis teritoriaze misi

ukanaskneli kvali 1917 w. revoluciis dros TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans.

CrdilokavkasielTa erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraoba da TurqeTis,

iranis, ruseTisa da safrangeTis geopolitikuri interesebis Sejaxeba

kavkasiaSi XIX saukuneSi safuZvlianad Seiswavla Tel-avivis

universitetis profesorma moSe gamerma. CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis

imperiis sxva xalxebis, aseve somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTisa da sxva

qveynebis saarqivo masalebis Seswavlis safuZvelze mecnierma daaskvna,

rom regionSi sufizmis gavrcelebasa da mebrZol Zalad mis

Camoyalibebas myari niadagi swored carizmis politikam Seuqmna. islamis

saxe da, kerZod, sufizmi Zalzed sainteresoa kavkasiuri omebis

periodSi, ramdenadac Cven SegviZlia garkveuli paralelebi gavaloT

Tanamedrove situaciasTan.

yazi-muhamadisa da hamzat-begis Semdeg Samili gaxda daRestnisa da

CeCneTis mesame imami, romelmac aRmosavleT kavkasiis mTielebi

Teokratiul-samxedro saxelmwifo _ imamatSi gaaerTiana. es ukanaskneli

termini xSirad orazrovania, aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi religiis rolisa

da adgilis gamo. am periodSi islamis saxis gageba metad mniSvnelovania

CvenTvis, magram radganac es ar aris Cveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani, Cven

mas mokled mimovixilavT. sufiuri warmomavlobis Samili metad mkacri

iyo da iziarebda radikalur orTodoqsul Sexedulebebs. is ar

iwynarebda aranair “bidda”-s (siaxles)1, rac sufizmisa da zogadad,

cxovrebis tradiciuli gzis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. meores mxriv, sxva

religiebTan mimarTebaSi is Zalzed liberaluri iyo da arasdros

ewinaaRmdegeboda (xandaxan iniciatoradac ki gamodioda) qristianebTan

TanamSromlobas. magaliTad, man neba darTo kazakebs, aeSenebinaT

TavianTi orTodoqsuli eklesiebi misi mfarvelobis qveS, qarTvel

aristokratebs mouwodebda ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg saerTo frontis

1 magaliTad, Rvinis sma, Tambaqos weva, tradiciuli musika, cekva...

Camoyalibebisaken. ufro metic, imamatis armiaSi iyvnen kaTolike

mebrZolebi, misi finansuri administratori ki ebraeli gaxldaT.

amgvarad, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom “Sida” simkacre gamowveuli iyo

sxvadasxva tomis mtkiced da organizebulad SekavSirebis aucileblobiT

saerTo xelmZRvanelobis qveS (rac sakmaod mZime amocana iyo imamatis

mTeli arsebobis manZilze)1, da ara swavluli muslimi sasuliero

pirebisa da Zmobis wevrebis fundamentalisturi SexedulebebiT. amgvarad,

rusuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros sufizmi warmoadgenda

mTavar ideologiur-sulier wyaros kavkasieli xalxebisaTvis,

Tavisuflebisa da saerTo miznebisaTvis brZolis safuZvels. am

SemTxvevaSi, “liberaluri” da “zomieri” sufizmi gardaiqmna mkacri da

sastiki politikuri sistemis oficialur ideologiad.

Samilis Teokratiis damxobis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi,

kadiriis tarikati, rogorc tomTaSorisi erTobisa da anticaristuli

winaaRmdegobis alternatiuli ideologiuri/sulieri wyaro, masobrivad

popularuli xdeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kadiria aRorZinda CeCen xunta

haji qiSievis mier. mSvidobiani sufiuri swavleba rusebis mier

Tavdapirvelad Sefasebul iqna rogorc regionSi carizmis batonobis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli potenciurad saSiSi ideologia, amitom

swavlulTa umetesoba an daxoces, an gadaasaxles. amgvarad, ruseTma

kadiriis moZraoba (romelic gansakuTrebiT mTis CeCnebSi iyo

popularuli), realurad gardaqmna daumorCilebel, umarTav moZraobad.

XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi kadiriis

swavleba xandaxan Tu aRorZindeboda. sufistTa ukanaskneli ajanyebis

seriaTa Semdeg (1877-1878 ww.) saZmoebSi taqtikuri cvilebebi moxda: isini

iatakqveSeTSi gadavidnen. naxevradkonspiraciuli brZolis pirobebSi

isini drodadro uaryofdnen urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg Ria jihadis ideas.

xelisuflebaSi bolSevikTa mosvlis Semdeg, CeCneTisa da inguSeTis

nakSbandiis da kadiriis sasuliero liderebma Tavi gamoacxades “mtkice

komunistebad”, imedovnebdnen ra, rom anticaristuli xelisufleba

Seasrulebda Tavis sityvas da Seiwynarebda SariaTis wesebs mTis

xalxebSi. magram stalinis dapireba taqtikuri nabiji iyo. Crdilo

1 zogierTi mkvlevari eWviT uyurebs imamatis legitimurobas, klasikuri muslimuri

kanonmdeblobis principebidan gamomdinare.

kavkasielebis masobrivima deportaciam Sua aziaSi am xalxebis sulier

cxovrebaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, es gansakuTrebiT

vainaxebs exeba. cxovrobdnen ra ucxo garemoSi, siRaribesa da safrTxeSi,

kavkasielebi aqtiurad mimarTavdnen TavianT tradiciul sulier

swavlebebs. kavkasiaSi darCenili sufizmis mimdevrebis marginalizacia

gagrZelda poststalinur epoqaSic: komunistebi aqtiurad cdilobdnen

SeeqmnaT raRac tolerantuli, “wiTeli meCeTis” saxe, romelic Znelad

samarTavi kavkasieli muslimebis gakontrolebis iaraRi iqneboda; am

mxriv maT garkveul warmatebas miaRwies. amasobaSi, kavkasiuri islamis

sulieri da filosofiuri memkvidreoba dakargul da daviwyebul iqna.

ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da ZiriTadi cnebebis gansazRvra: fundamentalizmi, vahabizmi da

transnacionaluri salafiatransnacionaluri salafiatransnacionaluri salafiatransnacionaluri salafia

termini “fundamentalizmi”, ZiriTadad, religiasTan mimarTebaSi

gamoiyeneba. TiTqmis yvela msoflio religiaSi arsebobs

fundamentalisturi mimarTuleba, maT Soris, budizms, induizms da

qristianobas. Tavad termini xazs usvams ideologiis fenomens, aRniSnavs

religiuri tradiciis ZiriTadi, fundamenturi elementebis aRadgenisa da

damkvidrebis mcdelobas arsebul socialur-politikur realobaSi.

islamis SemTxvevaSi fundamentalizmi warmoadgens adreuli islamis

socialuri institutebisa da iuridiuli normebis aRdgenis ideas

(romlebic idealad miiCneva), romlebic tipiuri iyo maSindeli

msofliosaTvis. is SeiZleba CaiTvalos reformistuli moZraobis tipad.

rodesac saqme exeba islamur fundamentalizms, mecnierebi aseve

iTvaliswineben misi safuZvlebis arareligiur aspeqts, rac, ZiriTadad,

ganpirobebulia misi faseulobebis “SerCeviTi aqtualizaciiT”. es is

faseulobebia, romlebic muslimebis mier miCneulia konkretuli

adgilisa da situaciis Sesabamisad. am dros ki, a. ignatienkos TqmiT,

muslimuri memkvidreobis sxva fundamenturi elementebi “anabiozur

mdgomareobaSi” rCebian1. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, fundamentalizmi

islamisaTvis warmoadgens sulieri tradiciebisa da socialur-

religiuri TviTSegnebis dacvisa da ganviTarebis Sinagan meqanizms,

romelic gansakuTrebiT kritikul politikur garemoSi vlindeba.

1 Исламский радикализм как побочный эффект холодной войны. - Центральная Азия и Кавказ, 2001, № 1 (7).

zemoTqmuli gvixsnis inteleqtualuri da socialuri fundamentalizmis

SesaZlo mizezebs. Tu ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT tradiciuli

muslimuri azrovnebis arss, naTeli gaxdeba, rom fundamentalizmi

(sarwmunoebis Tavdapirveli safuZvlebis xazgasmis gagebiT) islamisaTvis

endogenuri fenomenia1.

ijTihadis sistema _ wminda yuranisa da sunas interpretacia,

warmoadgens aRorZinebis moZraobis safuZvels. calkeuli jgufebi

yovelTvis axdendnen interpretacias _ garkveul konkretul viTarebaSi,

im droisa da sivrcidan gamomdinare, romelsac isini ekuTvnodnen. am

TvalsazrisiT, muslims yovelTvis SeeZlo daeWvebuliyo interpretaciis

“marTebulobaSi”. “aSkara cvlilebebisa” da “mcdari interpretaciebis”

Sesaxeb msjelobisas muslimTa garkveuli jgufi mimarTavs Tavdapirvel

wyaroebs da cdilobs isini zedmiwevniT gaigos, moiqces im drois

cxovrebis wesis msgavsad, raTa ar Secdes. “islamis Tavdapirveli

ideebis aRorZinebis” es idea periodulad aqtualuri xdeboda da

dResdReobiT is politikuri moZraobebis samsaxurSia.

ukanasknel wlebSi mecnierebma SemogvTavazes sxva, ufro

specifikuri termini islamis ZiriTadi mimarTulebis sunituri

ganStoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli islamuri fundamentalizmis

aRsaniSnavad _ salafizmi. is momdinareobs arabuli sityvidan As Salaf

As-Salihun (“morwmune winaprebi”) da exeba im muslimebs, romlebic icaven

winaswarmetyvelisa (ashab) da mis mimdevarTa cxovrebis wessa da

swavlebas; mimdevrebis (tabi’un) da gviandeli momxreebis (tabi’u tabi’in)

religiuri meTods, ahl as-Salaf-i ewodeba2. is faqti, rom pirveli salafebi

miiCnevian islamis avtoritetuli religiur-iurisprudenciuli skolebis

_ aS-Safiasa da ahmad hanbalis damaarseblebad, kvlav imaze miuTiTebs,

rom fundamentalizmi, rogorc es zemoT aRiniSna, islamis ganuyofeli

nawilia3. amgvarad, rogorc i. aleqseevi aRniSnavs, sityvas salafia (iseve

rogorc fenomens) absoluturad gansxvavebuli konotacia aqvs realur

muslimur istoriul-kulturul da religiur konteqstSi da ar

1 Игнатенко А. А. Эндогенный радикализм в исламе. - Профи, 2000, № 2, c.27-33 2 maT surT yovelive imis gandevna, rac Seiqmna winaswarmetyvel muhamedis

gardacvalebidan pirveli sami Taobis Semdeg. 3 Tumca dRes bevri muslimi suniti swavluli eswrafvis gaemijnos salafizms, xazs

usvams ra, rom salafis mowodeba Tavisi principebiT ar misdevs konkretul skolas da mxolod ramdenime sakiTxSi eTanxmeba hanbalitur iurisprudencias.

arsebobs araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri radikalizmsa da eqstremizmTan. is

aris auTenturi brZola muhamedis kanonebisa da mogviano xanis

xalifatis idealuri wyobilebisaken mibrunebisTvis1.

sabWoTa xelisufleba warmatebiT iyenebda termins “islamuri

fundamentalizmi”, raTa gaemarTlebina sxvadasxva muslimur moZraobis

CaxSoba, rogorc es moxda avRaneTis da azerbaijanis SemTxvevaSic ki.

azerbaijanis saxalxo fronti moskovis mier dadanaSaulebul iqna

“fundamentalisturi saxelmwifos”, “islamuri respublikis” Seqmnis

mcdelobaSi, rac qalaq baqoze samxedro SetevisaTvis sababad iqca2.

islamSi “fundamentalizmis” aqtiuri xasiaTis mTavari mizezia am

religiis sul ufro farTo da dinamiuri monawileoba socialur da

politikur cxovrebaSi, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvalisiwinebT samyarosadmi

mis specifikur damokidebulebas. islami arasodes aRiarebda religiuri

sferos gamijvnas saerosagan, ramdenadac misi umTavresi idea yovelTvis

xazs usvams SariaTis kanonebis mixedviT saTanado socialuri wesrigis

damyarebis aucileblobas.

salafitebis moZraoba Tavdapirvelad iyo mowodeba ijTihadis

(pirovnuli gansjis) gamosacocxleblad, mas Semdeg rac is uaryofil

iqna abasidTa xalifatis dros baRdadis dacemis Semdeg. Tanamedrove

salafizmSi arsebobs SariaTis gansxvavebuli interpretaciebi. yvelaze

radikaluri frTa cnobilia vahabizmis saxeliT3. misi momxreebi TavianT

Tavs “salafiiun” an salafias mimdevrebs uwodeben. paradoqsia, rom

dResdReobiT swored salafebi imsaxureben yvelaze met kritikas sxva

suniti swavlulebis mxridan yuranis sityvasityviT gagebisaTvis,

radganac isini “usinaTlo Tvalebs miapyroben racionalobasa da

1 Алексеев И. Цивилизационные параметры исламского фундаментализма: к постановке проблемы. -

(profi.gateway.kg/alekseev). 2 Kurbanov E. Religion and Social-Political Developments in the Post-Soviet Caucasus. - Caspian Crossroads

Online Magazine, Volume 1, Issue No.4, Winter 1996. 3 dRemde grZeldeba kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, islamis romel frTas warmoadgenen vahabitebi

– hanbalituri skolis radikalur formas, salafitur mimdinareobas, Tu arcerTs. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad vahabitebi uaryofdnen yuranis hanbalitur gagebas, romlis Tanaxmad, RvTiuri wyaros werilobiTi teqstis bolomde Cawvdoma SeuZlebelia, amdenad, igi gaigeba teqstTan maqsimaluri miaxloebiT, yovelgvari adamianuri racionalizmisa da logikuri gansjis gamoricxviT. salafitebi dResac igive Tvalsazriss _ teqstis sityva-sityviT gagebis princips _ icaven. aqedan gamomdinare, vahabizmi, Tavisi arsebobis pirvel wlebSi, garkveulwilad, “reformistuli” xasiaTis swavleba iyo. Tumca saukuneebis Semdeg, droisa da sivrcis Sesabamisad, sakmaod saxecvlili variaciebiTaa warmodgenili dRevandeli msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, maT Soris kavkasiis regionSi.

mizezs”. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavad termini vahabizmi gaCnda Teologiuri

polemikis dros, rodesac gaakritikes muhamed ibn abdul vahabis

radikaluri swavleba, romelic mogvianebiT saudis saxelmwifoebriobis

pirveli ideologiuri wyaro gaxda. SemdgomSi, negatiuri datvirTvis

mqone termini aTvisebul iqna jer dasavleli mkvlevrebis, SemdgomSi ki

politikosebis mier. maT es cneba gaavrceles nebismier muslimur

sazogadoebaze, romelic ZalauflebisaTvis an xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg

janydeboda msoflios nebismier nawilSi. meores mxriv, im faqtis

miuxedavad, rom vahabizmma gavlena iqonia arabeTisa da indostanis

muslimi sazogadoebebis Tanamedrove azrovnebaze, misi radikaluri

ideebi gulisxmobs Seurigebel mtrobas, pirvel rigSi, sxva

muslimebisadmi. radikalebi Tvlian, rom yvela sxva muslimi aTeistia,

TavianT erTobas ki miiCneven erTaderT WeSmarit ummad. amis Sedegi iyo

Tavad mTavari suniti mkvlevarebis mier vahabitebis seqtantobaSi

dadanaSauleba1.

ufro konketulad, vahabitebi daJinebiT moiTxovdnen yvela mogviano

siaxlis uaryofas da islamis xelmeored ganwmendas. es gagebuli iyo

rogorc nebismieri tipis socialuri ierarqiis radikaluri mospoba. am

mimarTulebaSi organizaciul-struqturuli aspeqti aranakleb

mniSvnelovania, vidre sulieri mxare. Cveulebriv, vahabituri

sazogadoebebi Zalzed mtkice da disciplinirebuli arian,

SekavSirebulni da moqmedni rogorc mobilizebuli erToba; isini

garemos (TviT muslimurs, TavianTi organizaciis gareT arsebuls),

rogorc wesi, ganixilaven rogorc Zalzed mtruls da uwmindurs. aseTi

damokidebulebis Sedegia sxvebisadmi maTi Seuwynarebloba. Zaladobis

gamovlineba ar aris uCveulo vahabitTa saqmianobaSi.

mraval mkvlevars swams, rom vahabitur swavlebaze didi gavlena

iqonia ibn taimiias ideebma, es iyo hanbalitTa skolis Teologi,

romelic propagandas uwevda “islamis Tavdapirveli siwmindis” aRdgenis

saWiroebas. is miCneulia radikaluri islamuri fundamentalizmis erT-

erT ideologiur damfuZneblad.

rac Seexeba kavkasiis “vahabitur” sazogadoebas, igi saTanadod

Seswavlili ar aris. erTi SexedviT, esaa islamizmis Zalzed

1 Алексеев И. dasax. naSr.

danawevrebuli da gansxvavebuli jgufebis erToblioba. termini

islamizmi aq ufro zogadia da gamosayeneblad marjvea, ramdenadac is

aRniSnavs zogad ideologiur fenomens _ ideologias, romlis Tanaxmad

islami ara marto religiaa, aramed, agreTve, politikuri sistema,

romelic marTavs saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo, ekonomikur da socialur

sferoebs.


Salva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSviliSalva mekraviSvili

qarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiurqarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiurqarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiurqarTuli kulturis kvlevis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi: warsuli da i safuZvlebi: warsuli da i safuZvlebi: warsuli da i safuZvlebi: warsuli da

samomavlo perspeqtivebisamomavlo perspeqtivebisamomavlo perspeqtivebisamomavlo perspeqtivebi

qarTuli kulturis mecnierul kvlevas, ZiriTadad, XIX saukunis

meore naxevridan Caeyara safuZveli. Tavis droze saqarTvelos

kulturuli memkvidreobis SeswavliT bevri qarTveli swavluli

dainteresda. Tu raoden didi da nayofieri Sroma gaswies am mxriv

Taobebma, dawyebuli dimitri baqraZiTa da damTavrebuli ivane

javaxiSviliT, sayovelTaod aris cnobili da amjerad maTi Rvawlis

mimoxilvas ar SevudgebiT. statiis miznidan gamomdinare, aRvniSnavT

mxolod im meTodologiur baziss, romelic im periodis ara marto

qarTvel, aramed zogadad, evropel mecnierTa azrovnebis safuZvels

warmoadgenda. vgulisxmobT pozitivizms, romelic swored XIX saukuneSi

warmoiSva da arasabunebismetyvelo xazis evropel swavlulTaTvis

inteleqtualuri safuZveli gaxda.

pozitivisturi meTodologiis mixedviT, istoria warmoadgens

qronologiuri principiT dalalgebuli faqtebis rigs. pozitivizmis

mamamTavris, leopolod fon rankes ideali _ istorias aesaxa is, rac

“sinamdvileSi moxda”, gulisxmobda procesebis Rrmad gaazrebas da maTi

urTierTkavSiris dadgenas (anu diaqronulTan erTad sinqronul

Wrilsac). sayuradReboa, rom pozitivisti istorikosebis udidesi

umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, politikuri istoriis kvleviT iyo dakavebuli1.

kultura pozitivistebisaTvis arasodes yofila kvlevis damoukidebeli

sfero da verc iqneoda, maTi meTodologiidan gamomdinare.

pozitivisti iyo ivane javaxiSvilic, magram igi ar Semoifargla

Cveni qveynis mxolod politikuri istoriiT da uaRresad faseuli

gamokvlevebi Seqmna qarTuli kulturis istoriaSic. damoukidebeli

saxiT qarTuli kulturis istoria jer marqsistuli (a.surgulaZis

“qarTuli kulturis istoriis narkvevebi”), Semdeg ki wminda

1 Тош Дж. Стремление к истине. Как овладеть мастерством историка. М., 2000, с. 106.

pozitivisturi meTodologiis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT daiwera (g.

lorTqifaniZis da n. Ciqovanis “qarTuli kulturis istoria”).

saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg mecnierebisa

da filosofiis epistemologiur safuZvlad marqsizm-leninizmi (rogorc

v. vilCeki uwodebs, “мраксизм”) iqca1. erTxans mecnierebaSi kidev

grZeldeboda SedarebiT Tavisufali azrovneba, magram mas Semdeg, rac

gamovida i. stalinis narkvevi “dialeqtikuri da istoriuli

materializmis Sesaxeb”, sabWoTa mecniereba, faqtobrivad, politikuri

ideologiis propagandistad iqca2. istoriuli matrializmi erTaderT

WeSmarit da universalur meTodologiad gamoacxades, romlisgan

gadaxvevac danaSaulis tolfasi iyo. 1930-iani wlebidan, faqtobrivad,

bolo moeRo pluralizms mecnierul azrovnebaSi.

statiis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, oriode sityviT Sevexebi istoriis

materialisturi xedvis meTodologiur arss. rogorc cnobilia, k.

marqsma da f. engelsma Camoayalibes moZRvreba sazogadoebriv-

ekonomikuri formaciebis Sesaxeb. formacia aRniSnavs sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis garkveul istoriul etaps, romlis saxesac gansazRvravs

misi safuZveli _ materialuri dovlaTis warmoebis wesi. am wesiTaa

gapirobebuli formaciis socialuri struqtura, politikuri

organizacia, samarTlebrivi sistema, ideologia, sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis sxva mxareebi da, maT Soris, kulturac. amrigad, marqsistuli

meTodologiis mixedviT, konkretul sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur baziss

Seesabameba garkveuli “zednaSeni”, romelSic kulturac Sedis.

sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba ganisazRvreba sazogadoebrivi yofierebiT,

sulieri kultura meoradia materialurTan SedarebiT. aqedan

gamomdinare, sulieri da materialuri faseulobani warmoCndeba

socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis fonze. niSandoblivia,

rom kulturisadmi miZRvnil naSromebic ki ver ascda klasobrivi

brZolis Temas, romelic erT-erTi ZiriTadi iyo marqsistul

istoriografiaSi: “feodalur kulturas axasiaTebda progresul da

reaqciul mimdinareobaTa brZola, sadac progresuls upiratesad

ganasaxierebda xalxis kultura... feodaluri kultura asaxavda da

1 Вильчек В.М. Алгоритмы истории. М.: Аспект Пресс, 2004, с.7. 2 kulturologia. kulturis istoria da Teoria. Tb., 2003, gv. 11; yoranaSvili g. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis problemebi. Tb., 2002, gv. 461.

emsaxureboda gabatonebuli feodaluri klasis interesebs. am samsaxurSi

wamyvan rols religia asrulebda...”1. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac

meTodologiuri safuZvlis arasrulyofileba ganapirobebs Sedegis,

xSir SemTxvevaSi, absurdulobas. swored amis gamo, dRes marqsistuli

Teoria kulturis mecnierebaSi, rbilad rom vTqvaT, ndobas ver

imsaxurebs.

imis Tqma mainc ar SeiZleba, TiTqos qarTuli istoriografia

(romelic moicavda kulturis istoriasac) sabWoTa periodis

ganmavlobaSi unayofo gaxda. piriqiT, gafarTovda wyaroTmcodeobiTi

baza, gaiSala arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli kvleva-Zieba. empiriuli

safuZvlis gafarToebasTan erTad iqmneboda mniSvnelovani naSromebic2.

magram yvelaferi es erTaderTi, “kanonizebuli” meTodologiis

farglebSi xdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi

sabWoTa istoriografiis mesveurnic mixvdnen, rom sferos

ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo meTodologiis ganaxleba, rasac

praqtikuli RonisZiebani mohyva. farTod gaiSala saTanado Teoriuli

kvleva-Zieba ara marto moskovSi, aramed sxva samecniero centrebSic,

TbilisSi, n.berZeniSvilis iniciativiT, istoriis institutSi safuZveli

Caeyara meTodologiur seminars. magram es wermateba dRemokle aRmoCnda:

mcire xnis Semdeg istoriis Teoriuli seminari mxolod formaluradRa

agrZelebda arsebobas, faqtobrivad ki is Sewyda. istoriis institutSi

Tu vinmes meTodologiuri xasiaTis kvleva-Ziebis survili gauCndeboda,

mas araTu mxardaWera, aramed xelis SeSla eloda3.

sabWoTa epoqis dasrulebasTan erTad wertili daesva

monomeTodologiuri midgomis aucileblobasac. garda amisa, Tbilisis

universitetSi kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedris daarsebis

Semdeg saucxoo SesaZlebloba gaCnda qarTuli kulturis

SeswavlisaTvis sxvadasxva meTodologiur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT. Tu

gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da

marqsistuli moZRvrebis uaryofis kvaldakval Cvens mecnierebs ar

miumarTavT alternatiuli meTodologiebisaTvis da erTxans erTgvari

Teoriuli vakuumic gaCnda, udaoa, rom “unda damkvidrdes Teoriuli,

1 surgulaZe ak. qarTuli kulturis istoriis narkvevebi. wigni I. Tb., 1997, gv. 87. 2 yoranaSvili g. dasax. naSr. gv. 460. 3 iqve, gv. 464-465.

meTodologiuri pluralizmi, rac uTuod waadgeba qarTuli

istoriografiis Semdgomi aRmavlobis saqmes”1. Teoriuli pluralizmis

saWiroeba kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, rodesac kvlevis obieqtad iReb iseT

rTul da araerTgvarovan fenomens, rogoric aris kultura. aqedan

gamomdinare, aucilebelia sxvadasxva meTodologiis prizmaSi qartuli

kulturis ganxlva da Seswavla.

winamdebare statiaSi gTavazobT qarTuli kulturis istoriis (IV-XI

saukuneebi) kvlevis SesaZlebobebs civilizaciuri midgomisa da p.

sorokinis kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis safuZvelze. aRsaniSnavia,

rom lokaluri civilizaciebis Teoriebis gamoyenebas Cveni kulturis

kvleva-ZiebaSi safuZveli axali Cayrili aqvs da garkveuli warmatebebic

SeiniSneba am mxriv. kulturul zesistemaTa Teorias rac Seexeba, is

qarTul kulturasTan mimarTebaSi jer yofila gamoyenebuli.

civlizaciuri midgoma, erTiani msoflio istorisa da erTiani

civilizaciis nacvlad, aRiarebs lokaluri kulturebisa da

civlizaciebis simravlesa da mravalferovnebas. misTvis amosavali

cnebebia kultura da civilizacia. ramdenadac kulturis cnebis erTi da

sayovelTaod misaRebi gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, amitom aucilebelia

zogadi, samuSao definiciis Semotana. igi SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT:

kultura aris adamianTa erTobis mier saukuneebis manZilze Seqmnili

“meore buneba”, romelic, da, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs am erTobis

cxovrebas2. civilizaciis gagebaSi moiazreba garkveuli fundamenturi

niSnebiT erTmaneTis msgavsi kulturebis erToblioba.

IV-XI saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis specifikidan gamomdinare,

dagvWirdeba “ganapira kulturis”, “sasazRvro kulturis”, “birTvi-

periferiis” cnebebis gamoyenebac. ganapirad miiCneva ama Tu im

kulturuli sivrcis (civilizaciis) ara centrSi, aramed periferiaze

mdebare kultura, romelic erTgvarad SemosazRvravs am sivrces, amave

dros “xsnis” mas sxvebTan kontaqtisaTvis. sasazRvro kulturas

axasiaTebs: sinkretuli dominantis arseboba; sxvadasxva istoriuli

qronologiis fenomenTa Tanaarseboba; arqaul fenomenTa aqtivizacia;

TviTidentifikaciis problemis gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba;

1 iqve, gv. 467. 2 Ciqovani n. qarTuli kulturis istoriis periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri

aspeqti. // kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi. XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 5-17. gv. 6.

civilizaciebs Soris Suamavlis funqciis Sesrulebis unari. a. j.

toinbis ganmartebiT, birTvSi igulisxmeba civilizaciis warmoSobis

areali, anu is sivrce, sadac ZiriTadad yalibdeboda misi

sociokulturuli saxe, faseulobaTa sistema. periferia ki gulisxmobs

am arealis gavrcelebis (gafarToebis) Sedegad birTvis farglebSi

moqceul sivrces, romelsac msWvalavs faseulobaTa igive sistema da

met-naklebad igive sociokulturuli saxe aqvs. periferiaze

ganTavsdebian ganapira da sasazRvro kulturebi.

rac Seexeba IV-XI saukuneebis qarTul kulturas, misi sqematuri

suraTi ase warmogvidgenia: IV saukunidan saqarTveloSi qristianobis

gavrceleba-damkvidrebiT iwyeba Tvisebrivad axali epoqa qarTuli

kulturis istoriaSi; IV saukunidanve yalibdeba aRmosavlurqristianuli

civilizacia, romlis kulturul birTvadac gvevlineba bizantia, xolo

qarTuli kultura, rigi niSnebis gamo, SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc

am civilizaciis ganapira da jer sasanur-sparsulTan, Semdeg mahmadianur

samyarosTan sasazRvro kultura; aRniSnul periodSi SeZleba, Tvali

mivadevnoT ramdenime kulturul process. am epoqis qarTveli

moRvaweebisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyo TviTidentifikaciis problema,

qarTuli kulturis adgilis Zieba imdroindel samyaroSi. es sakiTxi

ukavSirdeba qarTuli kulturis ganapirulobas, radgan

TviTidentifikaciis simZafre awored ganapira kulturebis

damaxasiaTebeli niSania1; aseve, sainteresoa qarTvelTa kulturuli

metoqeoba bizantiasTan, jer masTan gaTanabrebis, xolo Semdeg

upiratesobis pretenziiT (es sakiTxi SeiZleba gaazrebul iqnas a.

toinbis “gamowveva-pasuxis” meqanizmis meSveobiTac); civilizaciuri xedva

iZleva komparativistuli kvlevis SesaZleblobas, rac xorcieldeba

kulturis maxasiaTebelTa gamoyofiTa da maTi SedarebiT sxva kulturis

(civilizaciis) maxasiaTeblebTan. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamovkveToT

ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli (istorizmi, racionalizmi,

inovaciuroba, Riaoba...).

1 es sakiTxi ganxiluli aqvs n. Ciqovans naSromSi “qarTuli kulturis istoriis

periodizaciis problema: kulturologiuri aspeqti. kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XVIII. Tb., 2004. gv. 7-9. qarTvelTa TviTidentifikaciis sakiTxs ki exeba q. kakitelaSvilis naSromi “dasavleTi qarTul cnobierebaSi”. // ena da kultura, # 1, Tb., 2000, gv. 47-55.

istorizmis ramdenime magaliTi SeiZleba moviyvanoT qarTuli

agiografiuli da saistorio mwerlobidan. ”SuSanikis wamebis” pirvelive

winadadeba imTaviTve axdens im movlenaTa droSi lokalizacias,

romlebic Semdeg moTxrobilia TxzulebaSi. garda amisa, masSi bevria

wminda istoriuli pasaJi. igives Tqma SeiZleba sxva agiografiul

Txzulebebzec (“abos wameba”, “grigol xanZTelis cxovreba” da a.S.).

giorgi mTawmindeli (XI s.) “ioanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebas” friad

niSandoblivi sityvebiT iwyebs: “xolo vinaiTgan sigrZe JamTai yovelsave

daviwyebad moiRebs, daRacaTu winaSe RmrTisa yovelive cxad ars da

saCino, da uwyis yovelTa dasabami da aRsasruli, da romelTa-igi

saTnod misa aRasrules cxorebai Tvisi, winaSe missa brwyinven maradis

da arca erTi rai uxms Cvenmieri xsenebai, aramed esreT ganawesa yovlad

brZenman man gangebulebaman misman, raiTa wignTaca Sina aRiwernen

aRmrToni igi da yovlad Svenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmisani da

saufloni igi mcnebani da brZanebani misni da RirsTa maT da netarTa

monaTa misTa yovlad qebulni cxorebani da moqalaqobani... ” (aq da

qvemoT xazgasma Cemia – S. m.)1. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi “istoriuli

codnis birTvs uwindeburad warmoadgenda wminda istoria, e. i. bibliaSi

moTxrobili istoria ... es gamoixateboda mogviano epoqis qronistTa

miswrafebaSi _ gadmoecaT “msoflio istoria”. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo

jer kacobriobis istoriis moTxroba adamidan qristemde da Semdeg

Tundac erTi monastris an qalaqis istoriisa”2. Zalze sainteresoa, rom

es principi sityvasityviTaa gameorebuli zemomotanil citataSi giorgi

mTawmindelis Txzulebidan (“...esreT ganawesa yovlad brZenman man

gangebulebaman misman, raiTa wignTaca Sina aRiwernen saRmrToni igi da

yovlad Svenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmisani da saufloni igi mcnebani

da brZanebani misni...”).

sainteresoa, rom giorgi mTawmindeli migvaniSnebs im istoriul

meTodzec, romelsac TviTon iyenebs: ”urwmunomca nuvin ars, rameTu Cven

TaviT TvisiT ararai aRgviweria, aramed rai-igi viswaveT kacTa

1 giorgi mTawmindeli. ioanes da eqvTimes cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981.

gv. 370-371. 2 Вильчек В.М. dasax. naSr. с. 188-189.

sarwmunoTagan da sulierTa mamaTa, ... romelni-igi ucxo iyvnes

yovliTurT tyuvilisagan da savse madliTa zegardmoiTa”1.

igive giorgi mTawmindeli, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, SesaniSnavad

flobda da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kargadac iyenebda istoriul codnas.

gavixsenoT Tundac is epizodi, rodesac igi antioqiis patriarq

Teodosis Seaxsenebs istoriul sinamdviles: “iyo Jami, romel yovelsa

saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadideblobai ara ipoeboda da ioane guTeli

episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa episkoposad, viTarca sweria didsa

svinaqsarsa”2.

istoriuli cnobierebis gamomxatvelia is saistorio Txzulebebi,

romlebic IX-XI saukuneebSi Seiqmna: “moqcevai qarTlisai”, “matiane

qarTlisai”, leonti mrovelis, juanSeris, sumbat daviTis Zis saistoro

qmnilebebi. IV-XI saukuneebis zogierTma xuroTmoZRvrulma Zeglma

(magaliTad, bolnisis sionma) Semoinaxa warwerebi, romlebic iZlevian

maTi zusti daTariRebis saSualebas. atenis sionis erT-erT kedelze

amokveTili warwera ki mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis buRa Turqis

saqarTveloSi “moRvaweobis” Sesaxeb. sainteresoa, rom masSi aRwerili

faqtebi daTariRebulia uzustesad, qarTuli da mahmadianuri (hijra)

welTaRricxvis sistemebis gamoyenebiT.

racionalizmis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT agaTia

sqolastikosis TxzulebaSi daculi kolxi didebulis, fartaZis

cnobili sityvidan erTi nawyveti: “...Tu imaT Caidines ukanonoba, [araa]

aucilebeli Cvenc gamoveTxovoT mSobliur wesebs da im veragebs

gamovucxadoT Cveni guliswyroma... ar davkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar

davabundovanoT”3. racionaluri azrovnebis meore nimuSad SeiZleba

gavixsenoT giorgi aTonelis mier saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis

dasacavad antioqiaSi warmoTqmuli sityva, romelSic didi qarTveli

moRvawe mravali utyuari argumentiT asabuTebs saqarTvelos eklesiis

samociquloobas. sainteresoa, rom leonti mroveli Semdegi sityvebiT

iwyebs farnavazis daxasiaTebas: “farnavaz iyo kaci gonieri...”4. migvaCnia,

1 giorgi mTawmindeli. dasax naSr. gv. 371. 2 giorgi mcire. giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba. // qarTuli proza. wigni I. Tb., 1981. gv. 466. 3 qarTuli mWevrmetyveleba. red. n. kandelaki. Tb., 1958. gv. 111. 4 leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa.

// qarTlis cxovreba. ana dedofliseuli nusxa. red. simon yauxCiSvili. Tb., 1942. gv. 14.

rom mefis daxasiaTebisas upirvelesad racionaluri aspeqtis xazgasma

SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aqvs ara

farnavazis cxovrebis istoriul periods (III s.), aramed XI saukuneSi

mcxovrebi istorikosis leonti mrovelis prioritetebs. mere ra, rom

farnavazi Zv. w. IV-III saukuneebSi cxovrobda, CvenTvis swored XI

saukunis istorikosi leonti mrovelia saintereso da is, Tu romels

aniWebda igi upiratesobas mefis Tvisebebidan.

Riaobis maxasiaTebels rac Seexeba, igi istoriulad axasiaTebda

qarTul kulturas: mravali ucxotomeli Semosula Cvens miwa-wyalze da

Tan Semoutania Tavisi kulturis elementebi, romlebic Semdgom

organulad gaiTavisa qarulma kulturam.

rasakvirvelia, dasaxelebuli faqtebi mxolod magaliTebia da

aucilebelia argumentebis moZiebisa mxriv kvlevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba.

es xels Seuwyobs qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis

argumentirebul gaazrebas. civilizaciuri midgomis safuZvelze IV-XI

saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis Sedegad aRniSnuli kulturis

faqtologiuri istoria TviTmizani ki ar iqneba, aramed saSualeba

zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeblebis, procesebis, mimarTebebis da sxva

problemebis garkvevis saqmeSi.

p. sorokinis (1889-1968) kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis mixedviT,

istoriuli procesi warmoadgens kulturis ganviTarebis process. aq

mTavari cnebebia kultura, sistema da zesistema. kultura warmoadgens

ara mravalferovan movlenaTa konglomerats, romlebic Tanaarseboben,

magram arafriT arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, aramed mTlianobas,

individualobas, romlis Semadgeneli nawilebi gamsWvaluli arian erTi

fuZemdebluri principiT da gamoxataven erT ZiriTad faseulobas. aseTi

mTliani kulturis saxviTi xelovneba da mecniereba, filosofia da

religia, eTika da samarTali, socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri

organizaciis ZiriTadi formebi, zne-CveulebaTa didi nawili, cxovrebis

wesi da mentaliteti _ yvvela Taviseburad gamoxatavs mis fuZemdebler

princips. swored es principi anu faseuloba warmoadgens yoveli

kulturis safuZvelsa da saZirkvels. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,

kulturis kvleva unda ganxorcieldes misi aTasobiT nimuSis

raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi analizis gziT.

kulturul zesistemaTa Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli kultura

IV-VIII saukuneebSi SeiZleba miviCnioT ideaciur zesistemad, romlis

umaRlesi faseulobac RmerTia. ideaciuri xelovnebis ZiriTadi Tema

RmerTis zegrZnobadi samyaroa, stili _ simboluri, xasiaTi _ statikuri.

arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebi _ taZrebi _ RmerTisadmi

miZRvnili qmnilebebia. maTi garegnuli saxe, jvrisebri gegma, gumbaTi,

yoveli arqiteqturuli da skulpturuli detali simboluria. es aris

marTlac ”saxareba qvaSi”. literaturac religiasTanaa dakavSirebuli

(wmindanTa martvilobani da cxovrebani). saero literaturis wili

umniSvneloa. am periodis musikac religiuri xasiaTisa iyo. zogadad,

amqveyniuri samyaro ganixileba rogorc adamianis ”droebiTi

TavSesafari”, romelSic igi mxolod stumaria; is RmerTis maradiuli

samyofelisaken miiswrafvis da eZebs gzebs imisa, Tu rogor gaxdes iq

Sesvlis Rirsi. SesaZloa, rom aseT gzad ganvixiloT samonastro

moZraoba da martvilobaTa Tema. ideaciuri xelovneba aris adamianis

sulis xelovneba, romelic marto amyarebs urTierTobas RmerTTan.

aqedan _ xelovnebis anonimuroba. “es aris ara erTi profesionali

mxatvris xelovneba, aramed morwmuneTa usaxelo koleqtivis urTierToba

RmerTTan da sakuTar sulTan. aseT urTierTobas ar esaWiroeba

profesionali Suamavali, an raime garegnuli samkauli”1. mcereodeni

gamonaklisebis garda, Cven ar viciT TviT udidesi Sedevrebis SemqmnelTa

saxelebi. magaliTad, CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu vin iyvnen bolnisis sionis,

ninowmindis, banas, wromisa da urbnisis taZrebis, mcxeTis jvarisa Tu

atenis sionis xuroTmoZRvrebi. sayuradReboa bolnisis sionis

reliefuri warwera, sadac swored anonimuri “mSromelebia” naxsenebi:

“qriste, daviT epiakoposi krebuliTurT da amis eklesiasa Sina Senda

mimarT Tayvanismcemelni Seiwyalen da mSromelTa amas eklesiasa Sina

Sexewie...”2. CvenTvis arc mravali SesaniSnava bareliefisa da freskis

SemqmnelTa vinaobaa cnobili. anonimuria agiografiul TxzulebaTa

mniSvnelovani nawilic.

VIII-XI saukuneebidan qarTuli kultura SeiZleba davaxasiaToT

rogorc ideaciuridan idealisturSi gardamavali tipi. idealisturi

1 Сорокин П. Социокультурная динамика. В кн.: П. Сорокин. Человек, цивилизация, общество. М., 2000, с.

436. 2 asaTiani n. saqarTvelos istoria. Tb., 2001. gv. 107.

zesistemac aseve emyareba zegrZnobad samyaros, magram sul ufro matad

asaxavs realuri samyaros amaRlebul faseulobebs. igi iRebs mxolod

dadebiT tipebs da movlenebs, ugulebelyofs paTologiursa da

negatiurs. esaa idealizebuli tipebis kultura, “romelic iSviaTad

axdens pirovnebis an movlenis individualizebas” [13, 442]. igi kvlav

aRiarebs, rom ”dasabami igi sibrZnisa _ SiSia RmrTisa”, Tumca aqtiurad

Semodis adamianuri, humanisturi motivebic. fexs ikidebs istorizmi

(saistorio Txzulebebi), filosofiuri azrovneba, romelic araa

Teologiis igiveoba, arsdeba saero saswavleblebi (gelaTi, iyalTo).

humanisturi Temebi xSirdeba xelovnebaSi: dawyebuli “grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebaSi” (agiografiul TxzulebaSi!) samijnuro motivis gaCeniT,

damTavrebuli “visramianiT”, “amirandarejanianiT”, “vefxistyaosniT”.

analogiurad, SeiZleba vimsjeloT iSxnisa da breTis jvarcmezec. magram

es kultura ar swydeba sakuTar saZirkvels _ religias. kvlav wamyvania

saxarebiseul TemebTan kavSiri (magaliTad, Sedarebebi

winaswarmetyvelebTan, RvTismSobelTan, macxovarTan. aqve SeiZleba,

gavixsenoT Tamari mefis samebis meoTxe wevrad miCnevis faqtic.

saxasiaToa, rom budas Tavgadasavalic ”balavarSi” qristianuladaa

gadaazrebuli!). es ufro winaswari daskvnebia. dabolos, aRvniSnav, rom

es yvelaferi mxolod winaswari eskizebia. aqac saWiroa intensiuri

kvleva.

dasasrul, oriode sityva daskvnis saxiT. arc erTi meTodologia

araa universaluri da yovlismomcveli. yoveli maTgani saSualebas

iZleva, Teoriulad ganzogaddes Sesaswavli obieqtis esa Tu is

mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic mas esaxeba ufro “prioritetulad”.

TiToeuli meTodologiis safuZvelze kvleva-Ziebis warmoeba raime

siaxlis mignebis, Zvelis axleburad warmoCenisa da gaazrebis

saSualebas iZleva. aseTi muSaoba kulturis ukeT danaxvis

SesaZleblobas mogvcems, vidre manamde gvqonda. aqedan gamomdinare,

vfiqrob, rom amgvari midgoma Sedegiani iqneboda qarTuli kulturis

Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.


Tea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZeTea qamuSaZe

saiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebisaiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebisaiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebisaiqiosa da saaqaos urTierTmimarTeba da komunikaciis formebi

(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)(qarTuli eTnografiuli masalis mixedviT)

sakiTxi saiqio_saaqaos urTierTmimarTebisa da maT Soris arsebuli

kontaqtebisASesaxeb, rac mTlianobaSi xalxis msoflxedvelobas da

samyaros agebulebis models qmnida, didi xania moeqca eTnologTa

interesis sferoSi. aRniSnul Tematikas araerTi qarTveli Tu ucxoeli

mecnieri da mkvlevari Seexo. maTi daskvnebi Tu mosazrebebi xSirad

gansxvavebulia, Tumca ara urTierTgamomricxavi, rac, vfiqrobT, sakiTxis

specifikurobam ganapiroba. qarTvelTa wamodgenebi saiqios Sesaxeb da

micvalebulTa mimarT dafiqsirebuli ambivalenturi damokidebuleba,

rac, Tavis mxriv, mraval sxva sakiTxs moicavs, kvlevis amouwurav

sferos qmnis da mecnierul interess am problemisadmi kidev ufro

zrdis. Cven mimovixilavT am Temaze arsebul ZiriTadad qarTul

samecniero literaturas da SevecdebiT Cveni mosazrebebi garkveuli

daskvnebis saxiT SemogTavazoT. Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saiqio-

saaqaos ganvixilavT rogorc binarul opozicias, Sesabamisi

maxasiaTebeli konstruqtebiT.

adamianis azrovnebaSi yvelaze rTul da saintereso momentad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi mcdeloba, sakuTari warmodgeniT gansazRvros

sivrce, sadac igi sikvdilis Tu gardacvalebis Semdgom SeiZleba

aRmoCndes. amgvari sivrcis moZieba garemomcvel samyaroSi _ samyaros

vertikalurad Tu horizontalurad ganlagebul WrilSi _ bunebrivia,

gulisxmobda am sivrceebs Soris urTierTmimarTebisa da urTierTobis

garkveuli formebis arsebobas, rac, sabolood, dakavSirebuli unda

yofiliyo im saerTo wesrigTan, romelsac adamiani sakuTari Tavis

garSemo qmnida, rogorc amqveynad arsebobis pirobas. “uZvelesi

droidanve adamians mxolod mkacrad gansazRvrul da mowesrigebul

kosmosSi SeeZlo cxovreba. sikvdil-sicocxlis Sesaxeb arsebuli

religiuri Sexedulebebic swored samyaroSi arsebuli wesrigis Sesaxeb

warmodgenebs asaxavs”1.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom msoflios sxvadasxva xalxis uZvelesi

warmodgena samyaros agebulebis Sesaxeb or ZiriTad moments moicavs _

erTi mxarea misi struqturuli agebuleba, meore _ misi Sinaarsobrivi

gaazreba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sivrcis dagegmareba horizontalur an

vertikalur sibrtyeSi xdeba, meore ki saaaqaod da saiqiod dayofaSi

aisaxeba2.

qarTul sinamdvileSi samyaros gaazrebas mTlianobaSi, rogorc

agebulebiT, aseve SinaarsiTa da formiT, swored saiqios Sesaxeb

arsebul warmodgenebSi vxvdebiT. qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi

warmodgeniT, saaqaos da saiqios, anu samzeosa da suleTis mimarTeba

vertkalurad ganlagebul sam sknels moicavda: zecas, samzeosa da

qvesknels. maT Sesabameboda Semdegi ferebi: TeTri, wiTeli da Savi.

“qarTveli xalxis warmarTuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, arsebobs sami

qveyana: zeda qveyana anu zeca, zeskneli, Suaskneli anu dedamiwa da qveda

qveyana, qveskneli anu qveca. adamiani samive caze moqmedebs, magram mis

mudmiv sacxovrebels Suaca warmoadgens”3. sknelebis urTierTmimarTeba

rTuli ierarqiuli sistemiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rac maT Soris

droebiTi an mudmivi kavSirebis saSualebebs qmnida4. qarTvelTa mier

“qveynis” samwevrovani dayofis modeli samyaros RerZis vertikalur

WrilSi ganTavsda, rac, Tavis mxriv, religiuri azrovnebis maRali

kulturis gamoxatulebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca, i. surgulaZis

mosazrebiT, samyaros vertikaluri RerZis boloze suleTis qveyanas

SedarebiT gvian unda gadaenacvla, radgan sivrcis organizeba

Tavdapirvelad garkveuli socialuri jgufis konkretul teritoriaze

damkvidrebasTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. aRniSnul teritorias

igi pirobiTad “Sinas” uwodebda da amis sapirispirod danarCen

teritorias moiazrebda rogorc “gares”. “Sina” mowesrigebuli

socialuri erTeulis Tvalsawierze ganlagebuli teritoriaa, romelic

1 surgulaZe i. sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi qarTvelTa religiur da miTosur warmodgenebSi. masalebis saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII, Tb., 1987, gv. 83.

2 surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornametis simbolika. Tb., 1986, gv. 109. 3 Ciqovani m. qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. t. I Tb., 1938, gv. 110. 4 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXIII Tb., 1987, gv. 209.

horizontis xaziT esazRvreba “gares”, qaoss, stiqiaTa araorganizebulad

gamovlenis asparezs”. amgvari dapirispirebulobis safuZvelze, rodesac

Sina “aq” yofniT aRiniSneba, xolo “iq” ukve gare sivrcea, unda

aRmocenebuliyo termini saiqio _ micvalebulTa samyofeli. Sesabamisad,

saiqios Tavdapirveli gagebac gareT yofnasTan unda yofiliyo

dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba qarTul sinamdvileSi “garesa” da saiqios

damTxvevas, mas SegviZlia davakvirdeT samegreloSi “galeniSi orTa”-s

Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebis magaliTze. sityva-sityviT

galeniSi _ gareSes, velurs niSnavs. samyaros horizontalur sibrtyeSi

warmodgena saiqiosa da saaqaos koordinatebiT, rogorsac “galeniSi

orTas” SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT, arqauli warmomavlobisaa da

damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxebisaTvis1.

sainteresod gveCveneba qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis epilogi, sadac

sivrce swored aRniSnuli terminebiTaa gamijnuli da Sesabamisi

mniSnelobebiTaa datvirTuli:

“Wiri iqa, lxini aqa,

qato iqa, fqvili aqa ...”

rogorc davinaxeT, gare sivrcem SinasTan dapirispirebulobis

safuZvelze negatiuri konteqsti SeiZina, rac, Tavis mxriv, saiqios

mimarT damokidebulebaSi dafiqsirda da Tavad mis moxseniebaSic aisaxa.

qarTvel mTielTa rwmena-warmodgenebi saiqioze, romelic saaqaos

anarekls warmoadgenda, droTa manZilze sazogadoebis ganviTarebis

mixedviT icvleboda. cvlilebebs vxvdebiT rogorc struqturuli

agebulebis TvalsazrisiT, aseve Sinaarsobriv doneze. Tumca

sainteresod gveCveneba is faqti, rom adamianTa damokidebuleba zogadad

saiqios da iq myofTa mimarT emociur momentebTan erTad sakmaod

mdgradad Camoyalibebul elementebsac moicavda. am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi

saiqios aRmniSvneli terminebis ganxilva, maTSi semantikuri velis

dadgena da analizis mcdeloba. fSav-xevsureTSi saiqios Semdegi

terminebiT moixseniebdnen: “SaveTi”, “suleTi”, “samudamo qveyana” da

“Zviri qveyana”. es ukanaskneli, Cveni azriT, moxseniebis calsaxa negatiur

1 giorgaZe d. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa warmarTuli religiuri rwmenis erTi

sakiTxis Sesaxeb (mesulTneoba). masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XVI, Tb., 1975, gv. 133-135.

mniSvnelobaze unda miuTiTebdes. sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvis konaSi

“Zviri” ganimarteba, rogorc boroti, mankieri. daaxloebiT msgavs

ganmartebas vxvdebiT d. CubinaSvili Zveli qarTuli enis ganmartebiT

leqsikonSi. rac Seexeba “SaveTs”, Savi qvesknelis simboluri feria,

danarCeni ori sknelis (Suasknelis da zesknelis) Sesabamisi wiTeli da

TeTri feris sapirispirod, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa, miwasTan,

sxeulis gansasvenebelTan iyos dakavSirebuli. garda amisa, cnobilia,

rom fSav-xevsurTa warmodgeniT, saiqios yvelaze did sikeTed sinaTle

iTvleboda, romlis gavrcelebis xarisxic gardacvlil sulebze maTi

codva-madlianobis mixedviT nawildeboda. madliani sulebi sinaTlesTan

axlos imyofebodnen, naklebad madlianni _ moSorebiT, codvilni ki

saerTod bnelSi iyvnen. xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom “SaveTis”

aRniSvnaSi codvilTa samyofeli bneleTic aisaxa. maSin roca TviT

codvilis sinonimi _ damnaSave, damSavebeli semantikurad Sav fers

ukavSirdeba. rac Seexeba suleTs, bunebrivia igi sulTa samyofels

gulisxmobda da saiqio saaqaosgan swored am niSniT gamoiyofoda. xolo

saiqios moxsenieba, rogorc “samudamo qveynisa” unda amZafrebdes

adamianis gancdebs wuTisoflis xanmokleobisa da misi aucileblad

datovebis gamo, Tundac samudamo netarebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia rom

saiqios Sesaxeb warmodgenebSi samoTxis scenebi, jojoxeTTan SedarebiT,

mokrZalebulia. k. hani svanTa saiqios daxasiaTebisas xazgasmiT

SeniSnavs, rom aq samoTxis siameni sakmaod mwiria. qarTvel mTielTa

warmodgenebi saiqios Sesaxeb mdidaria jojoxeTis, codvaTa gamo

sasjelis migebis scenebiT, agreTve diferencirebul sasjelTa

raodenobiT, rasac sabolood imis garkveuli garantia unda Seeqmna, rom

Tu adamiani saaqaos danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi mis dafarvas

moaxerxebda, an saTanadod ar daisjeboda, saiqios aucileblad

moekiTxeboda. gardacvlilTaTvis saaqaos Cadenili codva-madlis _

dafarulis Tu daufaravis _ mokiTxva Temis wevrebisaTvis qcevis

regulirebis erTgvar meqanizmad iqceoda. aRniSnul rwmena-warmodgenebSi

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da Temis Sida urTierTobebis regulirebis

meqanizmebi gamoikveTeba.

amgvari damokidebuleba saiqiosadmi, rogorc saaqaos binaruli

opoziciisadmi, bunebrivia, gulisxmobda maT Soris sakontaqto formebis

gansazRvras, rac maT Soris urTierTobis regulirebas uzrunvelyofda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ambivalentur damokidebulebas vxvdebiT

gardacvlilTadmi damokidebulebaSic. micvalebuli, erTi mxriv,

uwmindurad iTvleboda, meore mxriv, rogorc RmerTTan daaxloebul

arsebas, daxmarebisTvisac mimarTavdnen. qarTvel mTielTa warmodgeniT,

saiqios binadrebTan kontaqti, pirobiTad, ori saxiT xorcieldeba _

pirdapir da Suamavlis, mediatoris meSveobiT. pirvelis sailustraciod

movitanT rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb samegreloSi da

lifanalis tradicias svaneTSi. galeniSi orTas micvalebulTa sulebs

saqonlis sadgomSi udgamdnen da pirutyvTa mfarvelobas sTxovdnen.

ojaxis uforosi maT sakvebiT umaspinZldeboda da pativiscemiT

acilebda.

rwmena-warmodgenebs “galeniSi orTas” Sesaxeb saintereso

paralelebi eZebneba svanur lifanalTan, sadac aseve stumrad mosuli

micvalebulTa sulebis pativsacemad iSleboda sufra. svanebis rwmeniT,

maTi keTildReoba da bed-iRbali swored micvalebulTa sulebis

keTilganwyobaze iyo damokidebuli. rogorc galeniSi orTaSi, aseve

lifanalSi vxvdebiT pirdapiri komunikaciis formebs, rodesac cocxali

adamianebi micvalebulTa sulebTan pirdapir kontaqts amyareben

yovelgvari mediatoris gareSe. sinamdvileSi, warmodgenebi galeniSi

orTasa da lifanalTan dakavSirebiT msoflios sxvadasxva xalxSi

gavrcelebul rwmenas emyareba, romlis mixedviTac, gardacvlilTa

sulebs didi zemoqmedebis unari aqvT saaqao cxovrebaze. maT SeuZliaT

rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana TavianTi

axloblebisaTvis, rac maTdami gamoxatuli ganwyobebis adekvaturia.

maTve miaweren winaswarmetyvelebis unars. ase magaliTad, aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi sjeraT, rom “saiqios yvelafers adre gaigeben,

Tu samzeos vis ra moelis. pirvelad suleTSi gaarCeven samzeos bed-

iRbals da samzeos saiqios ganaCenis Tanaxmad moxdeba yvelaferi”1.

amgvarad, bedisweris saiqiosTan dakavSireba adamians uadvilebda misTvis

auxsneli movlenebis mimarT garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas.

adamiani cdilobda, gaSinaureboda sikvdils da, Sesabamisad,

gaekontrolebina kidevac is, rac misTvis jer kidev ucnobi da saSiSi

1 giorgaZe d. warmodgenebi micvalebulze..., gv. 208.

iyo. rac Seexeba “galeniSi orTas”, aq micvalebulTa sulebi TiTqmis

adamianisa da saqonlis mfarveli RvTaebis donemde arian ayvanilni.

kvleviT dasturdeba suleTisa da nadirTa samyaros, anu gares sruli

damTxveva, rogorc sivrcis kordinatebiT, ise semantikuri aspeqtebiT1.

m. makalaTias mier Segrovebuli masalebidan irkveva, rom galeniSs

melogine qalebs da avadmyof bavSvebsac umarTavdnen, aseve axlad

xbomogebul Zroxas. manve xevsureTSi saqonelze micvalebulTa

zemoqmedebis faqtebi daafiqsira2.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresod gveCveneba mSobiare qalebis CarTva

mocemul konteqstSi. rogorc cnobilia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi qali fexmZimobis bolo ramdenime Tves ojaxis, zog

SemTxvevaSi soflis (“Sinas”) gareT atarebda. radgan fexmZime qali

uwmindurad iTvleboda, mas ar aZlevdnen uflebas Seelaxa wminda “Sida”

sivrce. metic, garkveuli akrZalvebi fexmZime qalis meuRlesac exeboda.

mas ar SeeZlo xatis mimdebare teritoriaze moZraoba. qali

reproduqciul funqcias axorcielebda gare sivrceSi. mxolod mTeli

rigi ganmwmendi ritualebis Semdeg brundeboda igi Sin ojaxis,

sazogadoebis axal wevrTan erTad. amdenad, qali (deda) axali

sicocxlisaTvis axal sivrceSi damkvidrebis procesSi erTgvar

mediatorad gvevlineba. qali tradiciulad asocirdeba gare sivrcesTan,

miwier sawyisTan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic zeciurTan kavSirSi

ganixileboda.

amave konteqstSi logikurad jdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi dafiqsirebuli mesulTnis instituti. mesulTnes sulis

mkiTxavsac eZaxdnen. mesulTne aucileblad qali unda yofiliyo. mas

mimarTavdnen sxvadasxva dros ojaxSi avadmyofobis an sxva rTuli

SemTxvevisas. mesulTnes movaleobas Seadgenda micvalebulis sulsa da

cocxal adamianebs Soris Suamavloba. igi sulis meened iTvleboda.

xalxSi damowmebuli terminSi “mesulTne (sulTana)” _ sulis mkiTxavi _

sulis magivrad molaparake igulisxmeba, samzeoSi cocxali

naTesavebisaTvis sulis survilebis ganmcxadebeli. mesulTne Tavisi

1 bardaveliZe v. qarTveli xalxis religiuri azrovnebis istoriidan

(mravalsulianobis koncefcia). // mimomxilveli, I Tb., 1949, gv. 127. 2 RuduSauri T. qarTveli xalxis sulieri kultura XIX saukunis mermenul wyaroebSi.

disertacia istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb., 2001.

qceviT da funqciebiT Zalian mogvagonebs qadags, romelic xatis msaxuri,

xalxsa da RvTaebebs Soris Suamavali iyo, Tumca erTi gansxvavebiT:

RvTis msaxuri, rogorc wesi, mamakaci unda yofiliyo. Znelbedobisas

xalxi jer qadags mimarTavda, Tu xatis msaxuri ver SeZlebda

daxmarebas, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesulTnes miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne sulSi

wasvlis dros miwaze wveboda, Tavs imkvdarunebda da butbuts iwyebda _

sulebs mimarTavda. “micvalebuli mesulTnes saSualebiT Tavis patrons

sTxovda “saxelsadebebs sagZlad” an “wyrulis Sesaxvevs”, fexsacmels,

windebs. zogi iTxovda tablis dadgmas, cxenis dakurTxebas, Tu

Wirisufali bevrs tiroda, es micvalebuls awuxebda da sulis mkiTxavis

saSualebiT sTxovda tirilis Sewyvetas, radgan tansacmeli cremlisgan

maqvs dasvelebulio. Wirispatroni sulis moTxovnas usityvod

asrulebda. suli ara mxolod Txovnebsa da survilebs gamoxatavda

cocxlad darCenil adamianTa mimarT, sanacvlod igi maT survilebsac

usrulebda.

rogorc davinaxeT, micvalebulTa sulebs didi gavlena SeiZleba

hqonodaT amqveynad mimdinare procesebze, axlobelTa keTildReobasa da

ubedobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel mTielTa warmodgeniT,

gardacvlilTa sulebs saiqioSi adamianuri Tvisebebi hqondaT,

amavdroulad, sulTa mdgomareoba saiqioSi mniSvnelovnad iyo

damokidebuli saaqaos micvalebulTa sulebis moxseniebaze, maTTvis

sakurTxi sufrebis momzadebaze. rogorc irkveva, aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli sulis saxeli, romelsac

pirovneba jvris, naTlobis da Serqmeul saxelTan erTad atarebda

swored micvalebulTan mudmivi kontaqtis saSualeba iyo. micvalebuli

TviTon gamoxatavs iniciativas misi saxeli daerqvas amqveynad darCenil

STamomavals. xalxis rwmeniT, sulis saxelis xSiri xseneba amqveynad

micvalebulisaTvis sasurveli da sapatioc iyo, riTac igi saaqaosTan

kontaqtis SenarCunebas axerxebda. Tavis mxriv, micvalebulis saxelis

matarebeli sulis mfarvelobis qveS iyo. sulis saxelis darqmeva,

rogorc wesi, bavSvis umizezo tiriliT iwyeboda. aseT dros ityodnen,

bavSvs suli “enukviso”. Semdgom micvalebuli an sizmris saSualebiT

aniSnebda ojaxs survils, misi saxeli darqmeoda bavSvs, Tu ara da

mSoblebi sulis mkiTxavs miakiTxavdnen. mesulTne gaarkvevda, visi sulis

saxeli unda rqmeoda bavSvs.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dafiqsirebuli mesulTnis

institutisa da bavSvisaTvis sulis saxelis darqmevis tradiciis

magaliTze SegviZlia davakvirdeT saiqiosa da saaqaos Soris

urTierTobebs, romelsac permanentuli xasiaTi hqonda. aRsaniSnavia, rom

amgvari urTierTobebis gabmisa da daregulirebis kompetencia qalebs

ekuTnodaT. es komunikaciisaTvis garkveul saSualebebs qmnida. garda

droebiTi, perioduli kontaqtebisa, saiqiosa da saaqaos Soris

simbolurad arsebobda myari, mudmivi kontaqtebi. aseTi kontaqtebis

simboloebad SegviZlia ganvixiloT saiqioSi koSki, alvis xe da Citebi,

romlebic moZraoben sknelebs Soris. xe ki, rogorc cnobilia, sami

sknelis damakavSirebeli universaluri simboloa.

saaqao-saqios urTierTebasTan dakavSirebiT eTnologiur

mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis zogadi mimoxilva, romelic

Cven erTgvari kompilaciis saxiT SemogTavazeT, garkveuli daskvnebis

gamotanis saSualebas iZleva:

qarTvelTa uZveles religiur msoflaRqmaSi samyaro samwevra

modelis saxiTaa wamodgenili, romlis TiToeul danayofs gansazRvruli

feriTa da simboloebiT datvirTuli skneli Seesabameba

es modeli vertikalur da horizontalur sibrtyeSia warmodgenili

(qveskneli, Suaskneli, zeskneli da saiqio-saaqao, Sesabamisad _ Sina-

gare), Cven SevecadeT maTi aRmniSvneli terminebis mniSvnelobaTa

dadgenas garkveuli daskvnebic SemogTavazeT. igulisxmeba saiqiosaTvis

negatiuri konstruqtebis miwera.

saiqios da saaqaos Soris uwyvetad arsebobs myari an droebiTi

kontaqtebi, komunikaciis formebi da saSualebebi (simboluri Tu

realuri adamianis saxiT).


giorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZegiorgi lobJaniZe

igavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSiigavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSiigavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSiigavis mxatvrul funqciaTaTvis saxarebasa da yuranSi

religiur teqstTa stilistikis mkvlevrebi xSirad miuTiTeben am

teqstebis alegoriul xasiaTze, rac TiTqmis yvela wminda wignis saerTo

damaxasiaTebeli niSania. alegoriuloba ganpirobebulia saTqmelis

mniSvnelobiT, romlis Sesaxebac pirdapiri laparaki gaaubraloebda

saRvTo azrs da mas amqveynuri samarTlis kanonTa CarCoSi moaqcevda.

amitomac alegorias wminda teqstis stilistikaSi TiTqmis erTi

funqciuri datvirTva aqvs _ naTqvams amaRlebuli, zeaweuli elferi

mianiWos da auditorias azris ramdenimedoniani interpretaciis

SesaZlebloba dautovos.

abraamistul religiaTa tradiciaSi RvTis adamianTan urTierTobis

modelic ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve garkveul alegorias efuZneba. sinas

mTaze cecxliT mobriale mayvlovani aris xati, romelic ufalma miwaze,

fizikur ganzomilebaSi, Tavis gasacxadeblad airCia. faqtobrivad, es

aris simbolo, sadac mocemulia garsi, romlis meSveobiTac SegviZlia

arsze mxolod miaxloebiTi warmodgena viqonioT. am TvalsazrisiT,

mayvlovanis cneba uaxlovdeba igavis im ganmartebas, rasac sulxan-saba

orbeliani Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ gvTavazobs: `igavi _ ese ars sityviT

magaliTi, gina saCvenebeli, gina mosaniSnavi”1.

tipologiurad amave rigis movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme RvTis

gankacebis qristianuli ideis SemTxvevaSi. ieso qristes sityvebic:

`romelman mixila me, ixila mamai Cemi zecaTai~ gansxvavebul ideur-

Teologiur safuZvelze mayvlovanis iudaistur (bibliur) arqetips

imeorebs. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa `xorcSesxmuli logosis~

(gankacebuli sityvis) cnebac, rogorc arsisa da garsis mTlianobis

alegoria.

sityvaSi RvTis gacxadebis ideis varirebas vxedavT islamSic,

sadac miuxedavad imisa, rom iesos erT-erT saxels `qalimaT al-lah~ _

alahis sityva _ warmoadgens, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaziarebuli

logosis qristanuli idea. islamSi RvTis saxe, WeSmariti arsi

1 orbeliani s.-s.. sityvis kona. ilia abulaZis redaqciiT t. I, Tb., 1990 gv. 322.

adamianisaTvis dafarulia. mis Sesaxeb warmodgenas, ZiriTadad, gviqmnis

gamocxadeba, romelic muhamad mociquls gabriel mTavarangelozis

meSveobiT mieca da romelic teqstis _ yuranis saxiT iqna fiqsirebuli.

teqsti SeiZleba SeviswavloT im meTodologiiT, rac SemuSavebulia

literaturismcodneobis mier, anu miviRoT igi, rogorc mxatvruli

mTlianoba da TiToeuli mxatvrul-literaturuli xerxis ganxilvis

safuZvelze vawarmooT misi mTliani analizi.

am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvs, rom igavi, romlis klasikuri

ganmartebac aseTia: `mokle alegoriuli moTxroba an leqsi zneobriv-

damrigebluri Sinaarsisa”1, saxarebisa da yuranis mxatvruli azrovnebis

qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. swored igavis safuZvelze erTiandeba yvela is

mxatvruli xerxi, romelic am saRvTo wignebsa da, gansakuTrebiT,

yuranSi aris mocemuli. yuranSi imitom, rom aq narativs erTaderTi

funqcia akisria: ambavi moTxrobilia, rogorc garkveuli azrisa da

ideis ilustracia, rogorc magaliTi, romelSic kacma sakuTari Tavi

unda amoicnos da Sesabamisi daskvnebi gaakeTos.

amdenad, sainteresoa TviTon termini, romelic yuranSi sxvadasxva

azriT gamoiyeneba da romelic am SemTxvevaSi Cven `igavad~ gadmogvaqvs.

girgasis `yuranisa da arabuli qrestomaTiis leqsikonSi~

vkiTxulobT: ` ا78>ل_ 678 _ msgavseba, xati, saxeoba, Sedareba, igavi”2.

ganmartebaTa da mniSvnelobaTa es speqtri, praqtikulad, imeorebs

im definicias, rasac sulxan-saba igavTan dakavSirebiT gvTavazobs. igavi

es aris magaliTi, romlis meSveobiTac kacs msgavs movlenaTa SedarebiT

maT arsSi Cawvdomis saSualeba eZleva. am mxriv, saxarebisa da bibliuri

istoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac Txroba gabmulad mimdinareobs,

yuranis narativi SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `masali~, rogorc igavi.

yuranSi TiToeuli ambavi moyolilia adamianTa Segonebis, ganswavlis,

gafrTxilebis mizniT da amitomac es ambebi bibliis (Zveli da axali

aRTqmis) teqstTa tradiciaze aRzrdili mkiTxvelisTvis aRniSnuli

teqstebis moTxrobaTa da calkeul pasaJTa usistemo nazavis

STabeWdilebas axdens. Tumca es garegnuli usistemoba im mxatvruli

1 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1991, gv. 384. 2 Словарь к арабской хрестоматий и Корану. Cоставитель проф. В. Гиргас, Казань, 1881, с. 746.

funqciis Sedegia, rac yuranSi narativis igavur-alegoriul formas

eniWeba.

muslimi RvTismetyvelebi, wminda wignis alegoriulobaze

saubrisas, xSirad miuTiTeben motivaciaze, riTac gapirobebulia am

teqstebisa da konkretulad _ yuranis alegoriuli xasiaTi. kerZod,

`jalal ainisa~ da baidavis komentarTa mixedviT, `masali~ _ igavi

saRvTo wignSi gamoyenebulia imitom, rom RmerTs adamianur enaze

eTargmna kacTa gonebisaTvis Znelad misawvdomi cnebebi da

Rirebulebebi1.

TavianT am Tezas muslimi komentatorebi isev garkveuli alegoriis

meSveobiT asabuTeben. qaSefis komentarSi vkiTxulobT: `Tuki

movindomebT uwlovan bavSvs seqsualuri aqtiT miRebul siamovnebaze

vesaubroT, iZulebuli viqnebiT mas iseTi Sedareba movuyvanoT, rac

bavSvis gonebisaTvis garkveul siamovnebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.

kerZod, albaT unda vuTxraT, rom seqsualuri siamovneba hgavs

tkbileulis Wamas. amasTan, es Sedareba mxolod Soreuli anarekli

iqneba im sinamdvilisa, razedac vsaubrobT. zustad asevea RvTis mier

adamianisaTvis moyvanil magaliTTa (amsal) SemTxvevaSic. samwuxarod,

Cveni miwieri goneba imdenad SezRudulia, rom Znelia, xSirad ki

SeuZlebelia RvTiuri azri mTeli siRrmiTa da ZalmosilebiT aRiqvas.

amitomac religiuri teqstis ena Cvens dasamoZRvrad metaforas,

Sedarebasa da gansakuTrebiT igavs iyenebs, raTa naTqvamis WeSmarit

sazrisTan ase mainc migvaaxlovos”2.

aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia is udidesi mniSvneloba, rac wminda

teqstis stilistikaSi igavis gamoyenebas eniWeba. amitomac, am teqstTa

mxatvruli qsovilis Seswavla swored igavis funqciaTa garkveviT unda

daiwyos.

1 Tafsir al-jalalain, t. I, kairo, 1961 (arabul enaze), gv. 259. 2 Tafsir-e qaSef, t. V, Teirani, 1376 mzis hijris kalendriT (sparsul enaze), gv. 157.


ia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauriia uZilauri

saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul saxeldebis asakobrivi da sqesobrivi Taviseburebani qarTul populaciaSipopulaciaSipopulaciaSipopulaciaSi

saxeldebis problema erT-erTi uZvelesi problemaTagania. sakiTxi,

rogoria sityvis bgeriT mxaresa da mniSvnelobas Soris arsebuli

kavSiris buneba, ratom ewodeba am sagans es saxeli da ara sxva,

antikurobidan moyolebuli dRemde warmoadgens cxare diskusiis sagans.

Zvel saberZneTSi gacxovelebuli diskusia mimdinareobda imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra gansazRvravs ama Tu im sagnis saxels, ratom ewodeba

konkretul sagans es saxeli.

am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi mosazrebebi gamoTqves heraklitem,

demokritem, protagoram, epikurelebma, stoelebma, skeptikosebma da

sxvebma. xolo platonis dialogSi “kratili” problema detaluradaa

ganxiluli.

platonTan vnaxulobT miTiTebas imis Sesaxeb, rom saWiroa

erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT enis leqsikur fondSi Sesul sityvaTa

saxeldeba (sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da mniSvnelobis dakavSireba) da

sakuTari saxelebis mqone movlenebis saxeldeba (sakuTari saxelebis

mqone sagnebisaTvis da adamianebisaTvis saxelebis mikuTvneba).

problemisadmi interesi gansakuTebiT gaZlierda meoce saukuneSi da

igi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis, fsiqologiisa da filosofiis erT-erT

aqtualur sakiTxad gadaiqca. kulturis mecnierebebSi ki es problema

aqtualuria misi mWidro kavSiris gamo azrovnebisa da metyvelebis

urTierTmimarTebis, enis da enobrivi niSnis bunebis raobis, enis

warmoSobis, metyvelebis fsiqologiuri meqanizmis, enebisa da

kulturebis mravalferovnebis, enisa da kulturis

urTierTganpirobebulobis sakiTxebTan. es ukanaskneli Cveni kvlevis

erT-erTi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa. swored enisa da

kulturis urTierTganpirobebulobis xarisxis dadgena warmoadgens

kvlevis erT-erT mizans.

ukve didi xania Tanamedrove mecnierebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba

sakuTri miznebisaTvis erTmaneTis kvlevis meTodebsa da Sedegebs iyenebs.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, TandaTan mkvidrdeba interdisciplinuri midgoma.

marTalia, saqarTveloSi, jerjerobiT interdisciplinur muSaobas

farTo masStabebi ar miuRia, magram aseTi magaliTebi, sakmaod

warmatebulad ganxorcielebuli, mainc mogvepoveba. winamdebare kvlevac

interdisciplinuri gaxlavT. fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebis

daxmarebiT, SevecadeT, Segveswavla kulturis mecnierebaTa zogierTi

problema, kerZod, saganTa saxeldebis sakiTxi. Sedegebis damuSaveba da

gaanalizeba vcadeT CvenTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani kuTxiT.

eTnolingvistikis erT-erTi fuZemdeblis b. uorfis sityviT, enis

struqtura qmnis gzebs, romlis saSualebiTac azrovnebs am enaze

mosaubre adamiani. Tavad enis struqturis Camoyalibebaze ki

ganmsazRvrel gavlenas am enis matarebeli sazogadoebisa Tu eTnosis

kulturuli faseulobebi axdens. adamianebi cxovroben sakuTar enobriv

samyaroSi da misi meSveobiT gamoxataven sakuTar Tavs.

yoveli Taoba enas wina Taobisgan mza saxiT iRebs. saxeldebis

obieqtis Sinaarsi ama Tu im saxis asociaciis meSveobiT ukavSirdeba

saxelmdeblis mier memkvidreobiT miRebul enobriv masalas.

enis Sevseba da ganaxleba ucxo enidan axali sityvebis Semosvlisa

da sakuTriv enis farglebSi sityvaTwarmoqmnis gziT mimdinareobs.

amjerad Cven swored es ukanaskneli gvainteresebs. enis leqsikaSi meore

gziT warmoqmnili sityvebi SeiZleba daiyos or, erTmaneTisgan

Tvisobrivad gansxvavebul kategoriad. sityvaTa erTi jgufi

pirvelqmnadobis gziT aris miRebuli, e. i. sityvis bgeriTi mxarisa da

mniSvnelobis urTierTdakavSireba moxda raime ukve arsebuli saxeldebis

monawileobis gareSe; da sityvaTa meore jgufi, romelic Seqmnilia

mxolod ukve arsebuli enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT. Tumca

mecnierebaSi arsebobs sawinaaRmdego azric _ sityvebi, romlebic

enobrivi elementebis kombinirebis gziT aris miRebuli, savsebiT ar

arian moklebulni pirvelqmnadobis elementebs.

qarTul leqsikaSi arsebobs Zalzed saintereso saxelebi. am

SemTxvevaSi Cven arCevani yvavilebze SevaCereT. saxelebi, rogoricaa

cxeniskbila, cisTvala da sxv. Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis naklebad

cnobilia1.

imisaTvis, rom dagvedgina kulturisa da enis

urTierTganpirobebulobis xarisxi, gadavwyviteT konkretuli kvlevis

Catareba.

kvleva Catarda 5-13 wlis (Sesabamisad, I_IV klasis) 70 bavSvTan. cdis

pirTaTvis saxeldebisaTvis SeTavazebuli iyo 6 saxis yvavili:

cxeniskbila, cisTvala, furisula, narcisi, guguliskaba, iacindi. TiToO

saxelsadeb Sinaarsze cdis piri orjer axdenda saxeldebas. sul

saxelmdebeli saxeldebas axdenda 12-jer. saxeldebis procesSive

zustdeboda, Tu ra warmoadgenda saxeldebis kriteriums TiToeul

SemTxvevaSi.

1 vgulisxmobT Tbiliss, radgan kvleva jerjerobiT mxolod aq Catarda da Cven

dazustebiT ver vityviT, cnoben Tu ara am yvavilebs, Tavisi saxelebiT, regionebSi.

1%1%1%1%

2%2%2%2%

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18%18%18%18%

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18% 19% 20%

sakuTari saxelebi

feri

sxva mcenare da

mcenaris nawilebi

gamogonili sityvebi

humanizacia

forma zoma

cxovelebi da

frinvelebi

nivTebi

ciuri sxeulebi

weliwadis droebi da

amindi

mikuTvneba

(geografiuli da kerZo)

ricxvebi

zebunebrivi arsebebi

grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis grafiki 1. saxeldebis kriteriumTa Tanafardobis

procentuli maCveneblebiprocentuli maCveneblebiprocentuli maCveneblebiprocentuli maCveneblebi

centrirebuli niSnebis anu saxeldebis kriteriumebis msgavsebis

mixedviT Cven saSualeba mogveca saxeldebebi dagvejgufebina 13 jgufad:

“sakuTari saxelebi”; “feri”, “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi”;

“gamogonili”; “humanizacia”; “forma da zoma”; “cxovelebi da

frinvelebi”; “nivTebi”; “ciuri sxeulebi”; “weliwadis droebi da amindi”;

“mikuTvneba (kerZo da geografiuli)”; “ricxvebi”; “zebunebrivi arsebebi”.

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SevadgineT grafikebi, romlebidanac SegviZlia

aSkarad davinaxoT rogorc ZiriTadi centrirebuli niSnebi da maTi

procentuli maCveneblebi, agreTve is Taviseburebani, romlebic asakobriv

da sqesobriv gansxvavebebs Soris gamovlinda (ix. grafiki 1, grafiki 2).

15%15%15%15%

85%85%85%85%

30%30%30%30%

70%70%70%70%

58%58%58%58%

42%42%42%42%

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55%55%55%55%

45%45%45%45%

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

sakuTari saxelebi

feri

sxva mcenare da

mcenaris nawilebi

gamogonili sityvebi

humanizacia

forma zoma

cxovelebi da

frinvelebi

nivTebi

grafiki 2grafiki 2grafiki 2grafiki 2

mdedrobiTi mamrobiTi

jgufSi “sakuTari saxelebi” SegviZlia, gamovyoT ori qvejgufi:

naTesavebis saxelebi da cnobili adamianebi (ZiriTadad, politikosebi).

aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari saxelebi, rogorc saxeldebis kriteriumi,

yvelaze did procents Seadgens da aqedan umravlesoba naTesavebis

saxelebia, rac qarTul sazogadoebaSi naTesauri kavSirebis

mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs (ix. grafiki 3).

grafiki 3.grafiki 3.grafiki 3.grafiki 3.

saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"saxeldebis kriteriumi "sakuTari saxeli"

(18%)(18%)(18%)(18%)

asakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeliasakobrivi maCvenebeli

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I-II III-IV V-VI

sakuTari saxelebis Semdeg yvelaze didi procents feris mixedviT

saxeldeba Seadgens. kvlevis Catarebisas gamoikveTa erTi saintereso

momenti _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi darqmeuli feri ar Seesabameba yvavilis

namdvil fers, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmdebelma icis ra ferisaa

saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sinamdvileSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom ferebic da

sxva saxeldebebic nawarmoebia ZiriTadad ori sityvidan. magaliTad,

“yviTelyura”, “gulyviTela”, “mwvanefoTleba”, “lurjfurcela” da sxva

(ix. grafiki 4).

jgufSi “sxva mcenare da mcenaris nawilebi” gaerTianebulia

saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebuli niSani aris erT SemTxvevaSi sxva

mcenaris saxelebi, mag. “buCqi”, “xe”, “balaxa”, “kitra”, meore SemTxvevaSi

_ mcenaris nawilebi: “foTlovani”, “kvirti”, “grZelRerovani” (ix. grafiki

5).


saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"saxeldebis kriteriumi "feri"

(16%)(16%)(16%)(16%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI


saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris saxeldebis kriteriumi "sxva mcenare da mcenaris

nawilebi"nawilebi"nawilebi"nawilebi"

(14%)(14%)(14%)(14%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI

“basiko”, “lica”, “fCxola”, “onja”, “koroxika”, “WaWa yaWa”,

“dabesila”, “nuxuna”, “orebula”, “lorabana”, “goprana”, “megroka”,

“bulxa”, “yuCana” “galoza”, “dua”, “furula”, “ceka”, “simbolva”,

“laruna”, “tylamiwi”. . . aseTi saxeldebebis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.

eseni is sityvebia, romlebic enis leqsikonSi ar arsebobs, swored

amitom am saxeldebaTa jgufs vuwodeT “gamogonili”. aRsaniSnavia

asakobrivi Tavisebureba (ix. grafiki 6).


saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "gamogonili sityvebi"

(11%)(11%)(11%)(11%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI

humanizaciaSi vgulisxmobT mcdelobas yvavilebis “gaadamianebisa”.

ufro konkretulad, es aris saxeldebebi romelTa centrirebul niSnad

gvevlineba adamianis sxeulis nawilebi, adamianis saqmianobis sferoebi an

kidev yvavilebisaTvis adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis miwera

_ “Tvali”, “TiTa”, “xeli”, “yuri”, “uzrdeli”, “gabrazebuli”,

“gulmaviwyi”, “kargi”, “grZelTvala”, “maniaki”, “mezobeli” “quCisbiWa”,

“megobari”, “Tma”, “qorwila” “yizilbaSa”, “indiela” da sxv. (ix. grafiki

7).

“fuCeCa”, “miwiana”, “veberTela”, “gaburZgnuli”, “TavCaRunuli”,

“gaSlila”, “SeWuWunela”, “dakvnetila”, “mozrdili”, “patara”, “susti”,

“Txela”, “farfata”, “aylayuda”, “maRalyeliani”, “grZelfoTola” _

saxeldebis kriteriums warmoadgens forma da zoma. aRsaniSnavia,

Serqmevisas, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `a~-s momenti1, romelic yvelaze

mkafiod, feris, formis da zomis mixedviT saxeldebisas gamoikveTa (ix.

grafiki 8).


saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"saxeldebis kriteriumi "humanizacia"

(10%)(10%)(10%)(10%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI

jgufSi “cxovelebi da frinvelebi” gaerTianebulia saxeldebebi,

romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens cxovelebi, frinvelebi da

mwerebi _ “peplis yvavili”, “virZroxa”, “TuTiyuSi”, “Rori”, “ku”, “gveli”,

“lomi”, “virTxa”, “wruwuna”, “arwivi”, “yvavi”, “spilosxorTuma”, “matli”

(ix. grafiki 9).

sainteresoa saxeldebebi, romelTa centrirebul niSans warmoadgens

nivTebi, ufro xSirad sayofacxovrebo nivTebi _ “CanTa”,2 “qurTuki”,

“karada”, “saxli”, “troleibusi”, “manqana”, “saqanela”, “zari”, “cocxi”,

1 vgulisxmobT Serqmeuli sityvis a-ze daboloebas. 2 isic unda iTqvas, rom es Taoba ar aris dazRveuli barbarizmebis, kerZod

rusizmebisgan. magaliTad, “qurTukis” nacvlad gvTavazobdnen “kurtkas”, gvxvdeboda aseve “zmeika” da sxva.

“aqandazi”, “parki”, “fanqari”, “violino”, “merxi”, “mikrofoni”, “antena”,

“aieti”... (ix. grafiki 10).

jgufSi “mikuTvneba” gamoikveTa ori saxis mikuTvneba. pirveli,

rodesac yvavilis akuTvneben kerZo pirs _ “mezoblis yvavili”,

“maswavleblis yvavili”; da meore, rodesac akuTvneben geografiul

adgils _ “mTisyvavili”, “zRvis yvavili”, “quCis yvavili”.


saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"saxeldebis kriteriumi "forma zoma"

(8%)(8%)(8%)(8%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI


saxeldebis kriteriumi "cxovelebi da frinvelebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "cxovelebi da frinvelebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "cxovelebi da frinvelebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "cxovelebi da frinvelebi"

(5%)(5%)(5%)(5%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI


saxeldebis kriteriumi "nivTebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "nivTebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "nivTebi"saxeldebis kriteriumi "nivTebi"

(5%)(5%)(5%)(5%)


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I-II III-IV V-VI

eqsperimentis pirobebis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, erTi da igive

saxelsadebi Sinaarsi sxvadasxva cdispiris cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva

struqturiT aris warmodgenili. es sxvadasxvaoba, ZiriTadad, vlindeba

am Sinaarsis cnobierebaSi warmodgenili niSnis sxvadasxvaobiT.

centrirebul niSnad ar gvevlineba yovelTvis saxelsadebis

arsebiTi niSani. xSirad aseTad saxelsadebi Sinaarsis meorexarisxovani

niSani figurirebs, anda saxelsadebiT gamowveuli subieqturi

mdgomareoba. es daskvna sruliad misaRebi iqneboda fsiqologisaTvis,

magram vfiqrobT, kulturis mecnierebaTa farglebSi rCeba garkveuli

kiTxvebi. daskvna sxvagvarad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes _ kvlevis Sedegebi,

romlis mixedviT sxvadasxva cdispiris cnobierebaSi sxvadasxva

struqturis warmodgenili saxeldebebi msgavsi da, zog SemTxvevaSi

identuric ki aris, gvaZlevs sababs vifiqroT, rom sxvadasxva cdispiris

cnobierebaSi saxelsadebi Sinaarsi arc sxvadasxvagvari da arc

identuria, aramed msgavsi struqturiT aris warmodgenili. es

ganpirobebuli unda iyos koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, tradiciebiT, wes-

CveulebebiT, yofiTi kulturiT, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT, kulturiT.

marTalia, Cven am monacemebiT jer ar SegviZlia saboloo daskvnebis

gamotana, radgan es mxolod pirveladi Sedegebia, magram vfiqrobT,

Zalzed saintereso unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, rom ukve gamoikveTa

saxeldebis procesis kulturuli ganpirobebuloba. jerjerobiT kvleva

Catarda mxolod erT asakobriv jgufSi (bavSvebSi) da mxolod TbilisSi.

es kvlevis mxolod erTi nawilia. kvlevis Catarebas vgegmavT sxvadasxva

asakobriv jgufSi, aseve saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva erovnebis

adamianebze. ar SemovifargebliT mxolod TbilisiT, kvleva Catardeba

regionebSic, rac Zalzed saintereso unda iyos, radgan Tavis droze

aRniSnuli yvavilebis saxeldeba, savaraudod, swored im sivrceSi unda

momxdariyo.

TargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebiTargmanebi

jonajonajonajonaTan foqsi Tan foqsi Tan foqsi Tan foqsi

eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi:eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi:eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi:eTnoreligiuri konfliqtebi mesame samyaroSi: religiis, rogorc religiis, rogorc religiis, rogorc religiis, rogorc

konfliqtis mizezis rolikonfliqtis mizezis rolikonfliqtis mizezis rolikonfliqtis mizezis roli

Jonathan Fox. Ethnoreligious Conflict in the Third World: The Role of Religion as a Cause

of Conflict

(Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Vol.9, No.1, Spring 2003, pp.101-125. Published by Frank

Cass, London)

am gamokvlevaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom kamaTi

politikaSi religis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, gapirobebulia Semdegi

faqtiT: religia gansxvavebul rols asrulebs, erTis mxriv, mesame samyaroSi

da, meores mxriv, dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi.

Sesabamisad, kamaTi mimdinareobs im mecnierTa Soris, romlebic yuradRebas

msoflios am gansxvavebul nawilebze amaxvileben. riskis qveS myofi

umciresobebisa da arSemdgari saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi

cxadyofs, rom religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT didia mesame samyaroSi da rom

1990-ian wlebamde religiuri xasiaTisa iyo mesame samyaros konfliqtebis

umravlesoba, 1990-ian wlebSi ki viTareba Seicvala da religiuri xasiaTi

SeiZina konfliqtTa umetesobam dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis

qveynebSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mediam, mecnierebma da politikosebma daiwyes

yuradRebis gamaxvileba religiaze, rogorc konfliqtis mizezze, religiis

aRiareba konfliqtis mizezad, agreTve misi gavlenis sakiTxi politikasa da

sazogadoebaze mainc sakamaToa. mravali mecnieri, adre Tu dRes, amtkicebs, rom

Tanamedrove periodSi religia ar axdens gavlenas sazogadoebriv sferoze;

zogis azriT ki misi gavlena pirad sferozec mcirdeba. avtori cdilobs

daasabuTos, rom am gansxvavebul SexedulebaTa erT-erTi mizezia konfliqtSi

religiis rolis gansxvavebuloba mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur demokratiebsa da

yofil sabWoTaAblokSi [1]. aqedan gamomdinare, isini, vinc Seiswavlian

msoflios sxvadasxva regions, SeiZleba mividnen sxvadasxva daskvnamde

konfliqtze religiis gavlenis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. es argumenti

Semowmebulia 1990-iani wlebis eTnikuri konfliqtebis moSveliebiT, monacemTa

ori bazis gamoyenebiT: umciresobebi riskis qveS da arSemdgari saxelmwifo.

113

monacemTa orive es baza kombinirebulia religiis Sesaxeb damoukideblad

Segrovil monacemebTan.

religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod religiuri aRorZineba sekularizaciis sapirispirod

dRes religiis mniSvnelobis problemaze kamaTis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa

msjeloba imis Taobaze, ra gavlena hqonda da aqvs Tanamedroveobas religiaze.

1950-iani da 1960-iani wlebis politikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa

umravlesoba iziarebda modernizaciis skolis Tvalsazriss, romelic

amtkicebda, rom dRes iseTi Zireuli faqtorebi, rogorebicaa eTnikuroba da

religia, TandaTan kargaven mniSvnelobas [2]. modernizaciis Teoria yuradRebas

amaxvilebda eTnikurobaze, romelic aSkarad moicavda religiasac. religiis

sakiTxze modernizaciis TeoretikosTa Sexedulebebis mSvenier mimoxilvaSi

Sahliyeh aRniSnavs:

socialuri ganviTarebis Semswavlelni varaudobdnen, rom ganaTleba, urbanizacia, dasaqmebis Tanamedrove SesaZleblobebi, teqnologia, mecnieruli miRwevebi, aseve axali da ufro rTuli socialuri organizaciebi, aucileblad migviyvanda sekularizaciis gavrcelebamde, pluralizmamde da politikur diferenciaciamde mTeli msoflios masStabiT. savaraudod, es cvlilebebi gamoiwvevda agreTve axali faseulobebisa da Tanamedrove cxovrebis stilis aTvisebas, romelic mkveTrad daupirispirdeboda religiur tradiciebs. fiqrobdnen, rom modernizaciis gavrcelebasTan erTad tradiciuli religiuri institutebi daknindeboda an gaqreboda; sxvadasxva kultura da sazogadoeba gaTavisufldeboda religiis marwuxebisagan. koleqtiuri moqmedebis, socialuri kontrolisa da politikuri mobilizaciis Zalis nacvlad religia, ubralod, individis kerZo saqmed iqceoda [3].

magram 1970-iani wlebis miwuruls am Teoriam dakarga mxardaWera

politikuri mecnierebis warmomadgenelTa Soris, eTnikuri konfliqtebis

mdgradobisa da politikaze religiis aSkara gavlenis gamo, romlis naTeli

gamoxatuleba iyo religiuri uflebebis aRorZineba amerikis SeerTebul

StatebSi da iranis revolucia. miuxedavad amisa, vakos (Waco, teqsasi) 1993 wlis

movlenebamde mecnierTa mcire nawili Tu miiCnevda dasavleTSi religiur

Zaladobas sxva ramed, Tu ara epifenomenad [4].

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sfero, analogiuri mizezebis gamo,

agrZelebda religiis ignorirebas. politikuri mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa mkvlevarebs ara aqvT formaluri Teoria imis

Taobaze, Tu ratomaa religia naklebmniSvnelovani; es, ubralod, asea miCneuli

[5]. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris movlenebis Semdegac ki bevri cdilobda, religiuri

Seferilobis mqone Zaladobis es aSkara gamovlineba terorizmis ufro

neitralur kategoriaSi gadaeyvana. es Seesabameba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

im tendencias, rom religiuri gavlenebi, Tuki maT saerTod vaRiarebT, sxva,

114

ufro “msubuq” kategoriebSi unda movaqcioT [6]. am fenomenis sxva magaliTia

kamaTi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” Taobaze, romelic, rogorc qvemoT

davinaxavT, Seexo religias, magram, umeteswilad, moaxerxa Tavidan aecilebina

Tavad sityva “religiis” gamoyeneba da Caanacvla igi ufro neitraluri

terminebiT, rogoricaa kultura da civilizacia. samoqalaqo omisadmi

miZRvnili naSromebis umetesoba aseve ar exeba religiur sakiTxebs [7],

sxvadasxva marqsistul kvlevebSi ki pirdapir uaryofilia religiis

mniSvneloba.

religiis mniSvnelobis uaryofa aseve gabatonebuli iyo sociologiis

sferoSi. sul ukanasknel xanebamde sociologiis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba

miiCnevda, rom religia Seusabamoa Tanamedrove politikasa da sazogadoebasTan

[8]. sociologiuri Teoria Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis umniSvnelo rolis

Sesaxeb, romelic sekularizaciis Teoriis saxeliTaa cnobili, sami

mniSvnelovani aspeqtiT gansxvavdeba modernizaciis Teoriisagan. pirveli,

sekularizaciis Teoria yuradRebas amaxvilebs religiaze da ara eTnikurobaze.

meore, im sociologebma, romelTac aRiares, rom religias dRes arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs, es, sul mcire, aTi wliT gvian gaakeTes, vidre politikis

mkvlevarebma. mesame, mravali sociologi jer kidev amtkicebs, rom religiis

faqtori araarsebiTia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.

sociologebs Soris sekularizaciis Teoriis irgvliv mimdinare debatebs

mTlianad eZRvneba da asaxavs religiis sociologiis [9] ukanaskneli gamocema.

kamaTi or ZiriTad sakiTxze mimdinareobs. pirveli: ras niSnavs

sekularizacia _ religiurobis dakninebas xalxSi, anu imas, rom xalxi sul

ufro naklebreligiuri xdeba, Tu religiis gavlenis Semcirebas politikasa da

socialur institutebze? meore: realurad mimdinareobs Tu ara romelime am

procesTagani? zogi amtkicebs, rom axla xalxi iseve, an ufro metad

religiuria, vidre warsulSi iyo _ an imitom, rom religiuroba izrdeba [10], an

imitom, rom warsulSi rwmenis simtkice gazviadebuladaa warmodgenili [11]. amis

sawinaaRmdegod, sxvebi amtkiceben, rom religiuroba daqveiTebis gziT midis

[12]. mwvaved kamaToben imis Sesaxebac, inarCunebs Tu ara religia gavlenas

socialur da politikur institutebze. Karel Dobbelaere-is poziciis Tanaxmad,

religiis gavlena TandaTanobiT Semcirda da umniSvnelo gaxda [13]. sxvebis _

naklebad radikalurebis _ azriT, religiis gavlena imitom mcirdeba, rom

iklebs religiuri xelisuflebis struqturebis zegavlena [14] da religia

sazogadoebrivi sferodan kerZo, pirad sferoSi inacvlebs [15]. isini, vinc

Tvlian, rom religias jer kidev mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs, amtkiceben, rom

Tanamedroveobam Secvala, magram ver gaaqro religiis roli sazogadoebaSi [16].

115

orive poziciaze mdgom sociologebs aerTianebs is garemoeba, rom isini

yuradRebas amaxvileben zogadad dasavlur saxelmwifoebze, konkretulad ki

aSS-ze. im dros, rodesac dasavleTSi religiis rolis problema sakamaToa,

aradasavleTis SemswavlelTagan cota vinme Tu ityvis, rom religia aRar aris

mniSvnelovani. magaliTad, Znelia warmoidgino axlo aRmosavleTis eqsperti,

romelic amtkicebs, rom zogadad religia, konkretulad ki islami, araviTar

rols ar TamaSobs regionis sazogadoebaSi, politikasa da konfliqtebSi. amis

msgavsad, Zneli iqneba aziis specialisti aiZulo, religiis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe axsnas regionis konfliqtebi, gansakuTrebiT _ Sri lankisa da qaSmiris

(indoeTi). eqsperti afrikis sakiTxebSi ver SeZlebs sudanis samoqalaqo omis

ignorirebas, xolo eqsperts laTinuri amerikis sakiTxebSi dasWirdeba

kaTolikuri eklesiis rolisa da gaTavisuflebis Teologiis gaTvaliswineba.

amrigad, mkvlevarTaTvis, romlebic swavloben mesame samyaros am da sxva

regionebs, mtkicebas ar saWiroebs is faqti, rom religia inarCunebs

mniSvnelobas, erTis mxriv, xalxis religiurobis, xolo meore mxriv,

politikur da socialur institutebze Tavisi gavlenis gamo. ubralod, es

miRebulia rogorc mocemuloba.

garda amisa, literaturaSi sul ufro xSirad gvxvdeba mtkiceba, rom

Tanamedroveobam religiis damcrobis nacvlad misi aRorZineba da

gamococxleba gamoiwvia. TanamedroveobisaTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelma

ramdenime procesma ganamtkica religiis roli politikasa da sazogadoebaSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es, udaod, universaluri movlenaa, masze, ZiriTadad,

aradasavluri samyaros mkvlevrebi saubroben.

rogorc ar unda iyos, mravali mizezi arsebobs imis saTqmelad, rom

Tanamedroveobam gamoiwvia religiis gavlenis zrda sazogadoebasa da

politikaSi. pirveli, xelisuflebebma, gansakuTrebiT mesame samyaroSi,

romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen Tanamedrove dasavluri politikuri da

ekonomikuri ideologiebiT, ver Seasrules politikuri samarTlianobisa da

ekonomikuri ayvavebis dapirebebi. aman maTi legitimurobas Ziri gamouTxra; amas

mohyva politikuri da ideologiuri vakuumi, romlis Sevsebac religiurma

moZraobebma daiwyes [17]. meore, mravali adamiani, romelTac tradiciebisa da

tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis rRvevis gamo mouxdaT gadaadgileba da

sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla, gaucxoebis daZlevas cdilobs religiisaken

mibrunebiT [18]. mesame, rogorc saxelmwifoebma, aseve religiurma

organizaciebma ganavrces TavianTi gavlenis sferoebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva maT

Soris dapirispirebis gamZafreba [19]. meoTxe, Tanamedrove sakomunikacio

saSualebebma msoflio ufro “daaviwrova”, ramac religiur moZraobebs

116

erTmaneTis moqmedebaTa gacnobis, farTomasStabiani urTierTobisa da

TviTorganizebis saSualeba misca [20]. mexuTe, rwmenis Tavisuflebis

Tanamedrove cnebam adamianebs religiis arCevis saSualeba Seuqmna, ramac

ganapiroba religiuri institutebis Zalisxmevis gaaqtiureba potenciuri

mimdevrebis misazidad. zogierTis mtkicebiT, amas Sedegad religiurobis zrda

mohyva [21]. da bolos, kolonializmma da eri-saxelmwifoebis Seqmnam ganamtkica

eTnikuri da nacionaluri identurobebi, romlebic xSirad dakavSirebulia

religiur identurobebTan [22].

amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda davsvaT kiTxva: msoflios gansxvavebuli aRqma

xom ar aris gapirobebuli imiT, Tu msoflios romel nawils ikvlevs esa Tu is

mecnieri. sxvagvarad, mravali dasavleli mecnieris mier religiis mniSvnelobis

ugulebelyofis mizezia yuradRebis gamaxvileba dasavleTze, sadac religiis

gavlena politikaze da sazogadoebaze, SesaZloa, naklebia, an naklebad

mkafioa, vidre aradasavlur samyaroSi. amis sapirispirod, mecnierebi, romlebic

yuradRebas aradasavlur samyaroze amaxvileben, religias mniSvnelovnad

miiCneven da ver amCneven imas, rom is nakleb mniSvnelovania dasavleTSi.

civilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmicivilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmicivilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmicivilizaciebi, anu erebi da realizmi

religiis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kamaTi gaamwvava s.hanTingtonis

civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Teoriam [23]. hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom civi omis

dasrulebasTan erTad konfliqtTa umetesoba aRmocendeba civilizaciebs

Soris, romelTac is ganmartavs rogorc

adamianTa umaRles kulturul erTobasa da kulturuli identurobis

yvelaze farTo dones, rac adamianebs ganasxvavebs sxva saxeobebisagan.

civilizacia ganisazRvreba saerTo eniT, istoriiT, religiiT, CvevebiT,

institutebiTa da xalxis subieqturi TviTidentifikaciiT [24].

is CamoTvlis rva mTavar civilizacias: dasavlurs, konfuciurs/Cinurs,

iaponurs, muslimurs, indurs, slavur-orTodoqsuls, laTinuramerikuls da,

“SesaZloa”, afrikuls. es civilizaciebi, garda afrikulisa, hanTingtonis

gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, emyareba religias, rogorc erT-erT msazRvrels,

zogi ki mTlianad religiiT ganisazRvreba [25].

hanTingtonis mraval mtkicebas bevri mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda.

hanTingtonis winaaRmdeg erT-erTi mTavari argumenti isaa, rom faqtorebi,

romlebic dominirebdnen konfliqtebSi civi omis dros, SeinarCuneben aseTsave

rols civi omis Semdgom epoqaSi. aq igulisxmeba tradiciul ZalTa balansi da

realpolitika [26], aseve nacionalizmi [27]. meore mTavari argumenti isaa, rom

hanTingtonis civilizaciebi ar arian erTianni da konfliqtebi ufro xSirad

117

maT SigniT aRmocendeba, vidre maT Soris [28]. es argumenti gansakuTrebiT

muslimur civilizaciasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba [29].

mravalricxovan literaturaSi SemoTavazebulia ramdenime migneba am

argumentebis sasargeblod. pirveli, civilizaciaTaSorisi konfliqtebi _

rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve saerTaSoriso _ ufro iSviaTad aRmocendeba, vidre

Sidacivilizaciuri konfliqtebi [30]. meore, konfliqtTa gavrceleba da

dinamika mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila civi omis dasrulebasTan erTad [31].

mesame, politikur faqtorebs ufro didi gavlena aqvs konfliqtze, vidre

kulturul faqtorebs [32]. meoTxe, kulturis gavlena konfliqtze ar aris

erTgvarovani [33]. bolos _ da es, SesaZloa, yvelaze sainteresoa _ Tu eTnikur

konfliqts mxolod dasavluri perspeqtividan ganvixilavT, im konfliqtebze

dakvirvebiT, romlebSic mxolod dasavluri jgufebi arian CarTuli, SeiZleba

mogveCvenos, rom hanTingtoni marTalia. magram rodesac eTnikur konfliqts

globalurad SevxedavT an muslimuri civilizaciis perspeqtividan SevafasebT

(anu ganvixilavT konfliqtebs, romlebSic muslimuri jgufebia CarTuli), maSin

misi argumentebis sasargeblod bevrs verafers vityviT [34]. amrigad, iseve

rogorc kamaTi Tanamedrove epoqaSi religiis rolis Sesaxeb, hanTingtonis

civilizaciaTa Teoriac dasavluri TvalTaxedvis gavlenas ganicdis.

unda aRiniSnos hanTingtonis sami pasuxi mravalricxovani kritikosebidan

samis _ Russet-is, Oneal-isa da Cox-is SeniSvnebze: periodi, romelsac isini

aanalizeben, sruldeba 1992 wliT, civi omis dasrulebis momentiT;

gamokvlevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia mxolod samxedro uTanxmoebaze;

saxelmwifos Sida konfliqtebi konfliqtebis umciresobas Seadgens [35]. es

kritika ar exeba aq warmodgenil gamokvlevas, romelic efuZneba 1990-iani

wlebis Sua xanebis, civi omis Semdgomi epoqis monacemebs da eZRvneba eTnikur

konfliqts, romelic aris saSinao da ara saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtis

saxe. Tu SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom eTnikuri konfliqti Sida konfliqtis

saxeobaa, iseve rogorc samxedro dapirispirebaa saerTaSoriso konfliqtis

saxeoba, maSin imis mtkicebac SeiZleba, rom yvela Sidacivilizaciuri

konfliqti, amave dros, eTnikuri konfliqtia. es imitom, rom hanTingtonis

civilizaciebi mravali msgavsi eTnikuri jgufis erTobliobaa. amgvarad,

nebismieri civilizaciuri konfliqti unda warmoadgendes konfliqts

gansxvavebul eTnikur jgufebs Soris; Tavad hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom Sida

konfliqtebi Seadgenen civi omis Semdgomi konfliqtebis umravlesobas [36].

rogorc Russet, Oneal da Cox [37] aRniSnaven, maT msgavsad, hanTingtonic iyenebs

istorias, raTa “naTeli mohfinos momavals”; marTebulia SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb,

Tu romeli meTodis gamoyenebiT unda gakeTdes es _ raodenobrivis Tu

118

romelime sxvis? rodesac viyenebT raodenobriv meTods, analizi daefuZneba

konfliqtis konkretul saxeobas, radganac monacemTa umetesoba informacias

mxolod garkveuli tipis konfliqtebze Seicavs. garda amisa, gamokvlevaSi

gaanalizebulia monacemTa ori baza, raodenobrivi kvlevebis sazogadod

cnobili da aRiarebuli SezRudulobis gaTvaliswinebiT. monacemTa orive baza

mxolod eTnikuri konfliqtiT Semoifargleba. sabolood, rogorc es zemoT

iTqva da rogorc amas Russet, Oneal da Cox [38] aRniSnaven, hanTingtonis Teoriis

sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi Warbobs momxreTa mosazrebebs. isini emyareba

mravalricxovan raodenobriv gamokvlevebs, romlebic moicavs ramdenime tipis

saerTaSoriso da Sida konfliqtebs.

rogorc ar unda iyos, dResac davis sagania hanTingtonis Teoriis

debuleba imis Taobaze, rom civilizaciebi warmoadgenen konfliqtebis

safuZvels civi omis Semdgom periodSi; samagierod, konfliqtze religiis

gavlenis sakiTxi naklebad sakamaToa. rogorc wesi, isini, vinc amtkiceben, rom

konfliqti subcivilizaciuri iqneba, ar kamaToben religiis, rogorc

konfliqtis SesaZlo safuZvlis Taobaze. magaliTad, Anthony D. Smith amtkicebs,

rom nacionalizmis sawyisebi religiaSia saZiebeli [39], Shirleen Hunt ki

yuradRebas amaxvilebs muslimur saxelmwifoebSi rwmenasa da sekularizms

Soris arsebul daZabulobaze, rogorc konfliqtis safuZvelze [40]. Fred Halliday

aseve miuTiTebs islamis rolze opoziciur moZraobebSi [41]. arsebobs

religiisa da konfliqtis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli ramdenime raodenobrivi

gamokvleva. Henderson erTmaneTTan akavSirebs religiur gansxvavebebsa da

erTaSoris omebs [42], Rudolph Rummel ki _ religiur gansxvavebebsa da Sida

konfliqtebs [43]. me erTmaneTTan vakavSireb, erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva religiur

faqtors, maT Soris religiur legitimurobasa da institutebs, meore mxriv _

eTnikuri konfliqtebis ramdenime aspeqts, maT Soris, eTnikur daZabulobas,

eTnikur ajanyebas, eTnikuri umciresobebis diskriminaciasa da saerTaSoriso

intervencias [44].

marTalia, hanTingtonis civilizaciaTa Teoriis irgvliv kamaTi moicavs

debatebs religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze, magram Tavad religiis mniSvnelobis

sakiTxi ar aris am kamaTis centraluri aspeqti. SesaZlebelia vekamaToT

hanTingtons konfliqtze religiis gavlenis uaryofis gareSe. amasTanave, isini,

vinc amtkiceben, rom konfliqtis safuZveli ZalTa balansi da realizmia,

sakamaTos xdian religiis gavlenis sakiTxs. modernizaciis Teoriis momxre

sociologebis msgavsad am Tvalsazrisis momxreebic dasavlelebi arian _ isini,

visi yuradRebac dasavleTis problemebiskenaa mimarTuli. garda amisa, TviT

hanTingtonis Teoria Zalze dasavluria da, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ukeT

119

“muSaobs”, rodesac konfliqtSi dasavleTis monawileobas exeba [45]. garda

amisa, swored aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa mkvlevrebi kamaToben hanTingtonis

mier mravalricxovani da mravalferovani aradasavluri jgufebis moqcevaze

ufro farTo civilizaciebis farglebSi. magaliTad, es SeiZleba iTqvas Halliday-

sa da Hunter-ze, romelTa Seswavlis sagani muslimuri saxelmwifoebia [46].

swored es mecnierebi uaryofen religiis gavlenas sazogadoebasa da

politikaze. isini msjeloben im gansxvavebul garemoebebze, romlebSic,

civilizaciuri identurobis gverdiT da miRma, es gavlena Cndeba. gansxvavebuli

civilizaciuri identurobebi hanTingtonis Teoriis safuZvels warmoadgenen.

sabolood, am kamaTis yvelaze saintereso aspeqtia is, rom, igi Tumca

religias ukavSirdeba, Tavad termin “religiis” gamoyenebas an eridebian, an igi

“Cakargulia” sxva terminologiaSi. terminebi “civilizacia” da “kultura”,

rogorc Cans, ufro evfemizmebia “religiasTan” mimarTebaSi, an kidev _ misi

Sinaarsis gamomxatveli. imis auRiareblobas, rac kamaTis ZiriTad aspeqts

warmoadgens, aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. erTi mxriv, es

saSualebas iZleva, vikamaToT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi religiis rolze

orTodoqsebTan aSkara dapirispirebis gareSe, romlebic amtkiceben, rom

religias am sakiTxTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs. sxvagvarad, kamaTi ar

daiwyeboda im dros, roca igi daiwyo. meore mxriv, amas mohyva gadaxveva mTavari

problemidan, radgan civilizacia da kultura sulac araa igive, rac religia.

Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi sakiTxis gverdis avla gvaSorebs misi pirdapiri

ganxilvis SesaZleblobisagan.

kvlevis mizanikvlevis mizanikvlevis mizanikvlevis mizani

am gamokvlevis mizania im hipoTezis Semowmeba, romlis Tanaxmad, religia

mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, vidre dasavleTisa da

yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi (qvemoT maT movixseniebT rogorc dasavlur

da yofil sabWoTa bloks). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am mizniT gamoyenebuli

cvladebi ramdenime wyarodanaa aRebuli. analizis pirveli nawili eyrdnoba Ted

Robert Gurr-is monacemebs riskis qveS myofi umciresobebis (MAR) Sesaxeb. am

monacemebSi analizis obieqtia eTnikuri umciresoba saxelmwifos farglebSi.

amdenad, umravlesobis erTi da igive jgufi SeiZleba monacemebSi ramdenjerme

dafiqsirdes, magram TiToeul SemTxvevaSi is ganixileba umciresobis

sxvadasxva jgufTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, indoeTis indusi umravlesoba am

gamokvlevaSi eqvsjer Cndeba, indoeTis yovel eTno-religiur jgufTan

mimarTebaSi [47].

120

MAR monacemebSi umciresobaTa 267 jgufia, romelTagan 105 religiur

umciresobadaa miCneuli [48]. mniSvnelovania imis aRiniSvna, rom is 267

eTnikuri umciresoba, romlebic monacemebSi riskis qveS myof umciresobebadaa

CaTvlili, msoflioSi mcxovrebi mravali eTnikuri umciresobis mxolod

nawils Seadgens. Gurr aRniSnavs, rom msoflioSi, SesaZloa, daaxloebiT 5000

eTnikuri umciresoba arsebobs, magram monacemebi miznad isaxavs mxolod

eTnikurobis gavlenis dadgenas politikur procesebze [49]. MAR monacemebi

Seicavs im jgufebs, romlebic oridan erT-erT kriteriums Seesabameba: “jgufi

koleqtiurad izRudeba an sargebels naxulobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sxva

eTnikuri jgufebis mxriv sistematuri diskriminaciuli mopyrobisagan” [50]; da

“iyo Tu ara jgufi politikuri mobilizaciisa da moqmedebis samizne,

TviTidentifikaciis miznebTan dakavSirebiT misi interesebis dacvisa Tu

xelisSewyobis TvalsazrisiT” [51]. amgvarad, MAR monacemTa analizis obieqtia

konkretul saxelmwifoSi arsebuli politikurad aqtiuri eTnikuri umciresoba.

bevr saxelmwifoSi arsebobs erTze meti aseTi eTnikuri umciresoba. mravali

eTnikuri umciresoba gafantulia sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi. analizis am

nawilisaTvis religiuri cvladebi calke iyo kodirebuli Fox-is mier, MAR

monacemebTan erTad gamosayeneblad, isini xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze [52].

arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi aerTianebs “arSemdgari saxelmwifos”

mTavar epizodebs; es “axali maxasiaTebelia, romelic mTel rig sastik

konfliqtebsa da xelisuflebis/saxelisuflebo krizisebs moicavs. magaliTad,

1990-iani wlebis movlenebs somaliSi, bosniaSi, liberiaSi, avRaneTsa da kongo-

kinSasaSi” [53]. gamokvleva yuradRebas mxolod gansakuTrebiT mZafr

konfliqtebze amaxvilebs. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa analizis

obieqtia konfliqtis erTi weli konkretul saxelmwifoSi. amgvarad,

xangrZlivi konfliqti mravaljer moxvdeba monacemebSi, misi xangrZlivobis

TiToeuli wlis mixedviT. es Cven mogvcems zust suraTs, Tu ramdeni konfliqti

aRmocendeboda ama Tu im weliwads.

amrigad, MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic analizis obieqtad

iyenebs saxelmwifoSi arsebul umciresobas da, Sesabamisad, Seicavs

informacias jgufis qcevaze mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, romelsac moicavs

monacemTa baza, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rodis aRmocenda konfliqti, arSemdgari

saxelmwifos monacemebi moicavs mxolod im wlebs, rodesac adgili hqonda

konfliqts. aseve, MAR monacemebi Seicavs informacias im eTnikuri jgufebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic opoziciuri brZolis mSvidobian saSualebebs iyeneben, maSin

rodesac arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod

Zaladobriv konfliqtebze. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, orive monacemis

121

safuZvelze gakeTebuli analizi ufro sruli suraTis Seqmnas uzrunvelyofs,

vidre mxolod erT-erT maTganis gaTvaliswineba.

arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi Seicavs informacias sxvadasxva tipis

konfliqtebze, xolo es gamokvleva exeba mxolod im konfliqtebs, romlebic

eTnikur omebadaa miCneuli. kvlevis mizania misi Sedareba MAR monacemebTan,

romelic mxolod eTnikur konfliqtebs Seexeba. arSemdgari saxelmwifos

monacemTa mixedviT, eTnikuri konfliqtebi gansazRvrulia rogorc

“Zaladobrivi konfliqtis epizodebi mTavrobebsa da erovnul, eTnikur,

religiur an umciresobaTa sxva jgufebs (eTnikuri gamowvevebis matarebelni)

Soris, sadac es ukanasknelni cdiloben miaRwion arsebiT cvlilebebs TavianT

statusSi” [54].

qvemoT ganxilul damatebiT cvladebs garda, romlebic am gamokvlevis

miznebisTvisaa gamoyenebuli, moxda arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa

gadamuSaveba. arsebobs ramdenime SemTxveva, sadac saxelmwifosTan sxvadasxva

jgufis konfliqti erTad iqna Setanili monacemebSi. es gamokvleva maT

calkeul SemTxvevebad ganixilavs [55]. amis Sedegad, mocemuli gamokvleva

moicavs konfliqtebis 688 wels (years of conflict) 1965-1996 wlebs Soris. SeiZleba

vamtkicoT, rom arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi mxolod Zaladobrivi

konfliqtebis Semcveloba magaliTebis mikerZoebuli gamoyenebis safuZvels

iZleva. magram, amjerad, es ar aris mniSvnelovani, radgan am gamokvlevis mizani,

sxva amocanebTan erTad, mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa

blokSi arsebuli konfliqtebis urTierTSedarebaa. ramdenadac arSemdgari

saxelmwifos monacemebi Seicaven Zaladobrivi eTnikuri konfliqtis yvela

SemTxvevas, is am miznisaTvisac gamodgeba.

es gamokvleva warmogvidgens oTx tests, romlebic gansazRvraven religiis

SedarebiT gavlenas mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.

pirveli sami iyenebs MAR monacemebs, xolo ukanaskneli _ arSemdgari

saxelmwifos monacemebs. pirveli testi gansazRvravs religiuri sakiTxebis

mniSvnelobas mesame samyaroSi dasavleTTan da yofil sabWoTa blokTan

SedarebiT. religiis mniSvneloba dayofilia oTx kategoriad: umciresoba

religiurad ar gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan; umciresoba religiurad

gansxvavdeba umravlesobisagan, magram religia ar aris mniSvnelovani, an mas

mxolod marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs; religia naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre

sxva faqtorebi; religia iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc sxva faqtorebi.

religiuri sakiTxebis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba emyareba religiuri

diskriminaciisa da daZabulobis Sedarebas diskriminaciasa da daZabulobasTan

saero sferoSi, romelic moicavs kulturul, ekonomikur, politikur da

122

avtonomiis sakiTxebs. es cvladi mxolod erTxel iqna gamoTvlili 1990-95

wlebis periodisaTvis.

meore testi ikvlevs oTxi religiuri cvladis mTavar doneebs, rogorc

mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. aq CamoTvlilia

is religiuri cvladebi, romlebic moicaven 1994-95 wlebs [56].

religiuri diskriminacia: religiuri diskriminacia gansazRvrulia

rogorc xarisxi, romliTac religiuri praqtika SezRudulia rogorc sajaro

politikiT, aseve farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri praqtikiT. aq gamoyenebuli

cvladi Sedgeba ori cvladisagan. pirveli maTgani (RELDSC95) gamosaxavs

religiur diskriminaciaSi oficialuri monawileobis dones zedapirul

skalaze, 0-dan 4-mde [57]. religiuri diskriminaciis meore cvladi (RDIS95)

Sedgenili indikatoria, romelic icvleba 0-dan 8-mde, diskriminaciis arealSi,

romelic ramdenime cvlads aerTianebs [58]. es Sedgenili cvladi (RDISAL95)

kodirebulia sqemaze 0-dan 9-mde [59].

pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba: pasiuri religiuri daZabuloba

ganimarteba rogorc liderTa mier sajarod gamoxatuli ukmayofileba

religiuri diskriminaciis gamo. es cvladi (RELGRV95), romelic moZraobs 0-dan

24-mde, Sedgenili cvladia, romelic gansazRvravs umciresobis mier religiur

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoxatul ukmayofilebas [60].

aqtiuri religiuri daZabuloba: es cvladi gansazRvrulia rogorc

religiuri uflebebis da/an privilegiebis moTxovna. is (RPROV95) icvleba 0-dan

5-mde da gansxvavdeba religiuri daZabulobisagan, romelic religiuri

diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ukmayofilebas warmoadgens. amgvarad,

religiuri daZabuloba reaqtiulia, maSin rodesac religiuri moTxovnebi

aqtiuri moTxovnebia ufro meti uflebebisa da privilegiebis mosapoveblad,

maT ara aqvT pirdapiri kavSiri nebismieri saxis diskriminaciasTan [61].

religiuri legitimuroba: religiuri legitimuroba _ esaa legitimur

politikur diskursSi religiis aqtivizaciis xarisxi. es cvladi (RELEG95),

romelic 0-dan 4-mde moZraobs, OoTxi faqtoris kodirebaze dafuZnebuli

Sedgenili indikatoria. TiToeuli am faqtoris arseboba arapirdapir amtkicebs,

rom politikur diskursSi religiis ganxilva samarTliania [62].

mesame testi ikvlevs yvela am religiuri cvladis gavlenas 1995 wels

mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi momxdar eTnikur

ajanyebebze. religiuri diskriminacia gamoricxulia regresiidan, radganac is

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli religiuri daZabulobis cvladTan. ajanyeba 1995

wels, (reb95) kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze:

123

0 arcerTi.

1 politikuri banditizmi, sporaduli terorizmi.

2 terorizmis kampaniebi.

3 lokaluri ajanyebebi: adgilze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis

SeiaraRebuli mcdelobebi. Tuki isini saTaves udebs gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo

omis partizanul cikls kodirebuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin isini unda

moTavsdnen ara lokaluri ajanyebis, aramed skalis momdevno safexurze. am

safexurze kodirebul unda iqnas damoukideblobis deklaraciebi, romlebic

umciresobis xelisuflebis mieraa miRebuli.

4 mcire masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [mcire masStabis partizanul

moqmedebas aqvs Semdegi sami damaxasiaTebeli niSani: sul mcire, 1000

SeiaraRebuli mebrZoli; sporaduli SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebi (wlis

ganmavlobaSi, sul mcire, 6 SemTxveva); Tavdasxmebi jgufis mier dakavebuli

teritoriis mcire nawilze, an erT/or sxva teritoriaze).]

5 saSualo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [saSualo masStabis

partizanul moqmdebas aqvs farTomasStabiani moqmedebisa da mcire masStabis

moqmedebis erTi an ori damaxasiaTebeli niSani.]

6 farTo masStabis partizanuli moqmedeba. [farTo masStabis partizanul

moqmedebas aqvs samive damaxasiaTebeli niSani: 1000-ze meti mebrZoli, xSiri

SeiaraRebuli Setakebebi (wlis ganmavlobaSi 6-ze meti SemTxveva), Setakebebs

gavlena aqvs jgufis mier dakavebuli teritoriis udides nawilze.].

7 gaWianurebuli samoqalaqo omi ajanyebul samxedroebsa da ZiriTad

teritorias Soris.

am regresiebSi aseve gamoyenebulia ramdenime sakontrolo cvladi.

sakontrolo cvladebi SerCeul iqna im cvladebze dayrdnobiT, romlebic, Gurr-

is azriT [63], warmoadgens eTnikuri ajanyebis mniSvnelovan gamomwvev mizezebs

MAR monacemTa analizSi; igi ar Seicavs religiur cvladebs da ar ganasxvavebs

am TvalsazrisiT dasavleTs, yofil sabWoTa bloksa da mesame samyaros. yvela

qvemoT moyvanili cvladi MAR monacemTa nawilia da ufro srulad aRwerilia

“MAR Dataset Users Manuel”-Si [64].

kulturuli gansxvavebebi gansazRvravs jgufebs Soris kulturuli

gansxvavebis xarisxs, saidanac gamoricxulia religiuri gansxvavebebi [65].

avtonomiuri miswrafebebi 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs umciresobis mier

avtonomiis sakiTxebze gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [66]. avtonomiuri

miswrafeba × religiuri daZabuloba gansazRvravs religiur daZabulobasa da

avtonomiur miswrafebebs Soris urTierTobas Semdegi formuliT: avtonomiuri

124

miswrafeba × (religiuri daZabuloba + 1). es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom, rogorc

winaswarma analizma gvaCvena, religiuri daZabuloba iSviaTad axdens gavlenas

eTnikur ajanyebebze, Tu jgufs ukve gamoxatuli aqvs avtonomiuri miswrafebani.

ekonomikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs ekonomikur sakiTxebze

umciresobis mier gamoxatuli kmayofilebis xarisxs [67]. kulturuli

daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs kulturul sakiTxebze (religiis

gamoklebiT) umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [68].

politikuri daZabuloba 1994-1995 wlebSi gansazRvravs politikur sakiTxebze

umciresobis mier gamoxatuli ukmayofilebis xarisxs [69]. demokratia 1994 wels

Sedis MAR monacemebSi, magram isini aRebulia saxelmwifo monacemebidan. is

icvleba 0-dan 10-mde da ufro sruladaa aRwerili Jaggers-isa da Gurr-is mier [70].

represia 1996 wels Sedgenili msazRvrelia, romelic cvladebs amatebs

specifikuri tipis represiebs [71]. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian

wlebSi (iconreb8 & inconreb9) ajanyebis saSualo donea jgufis gansaxlebis

regionSi mocemul periodSi. ajanyebis gavrceleba 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi

(isegreb8 & isegreb9) gansazRvravs mosazRvre qveynebSi monaTesave jgufebis

ajanyebaTa kulminaciebs aRebul periodSi. mebrZoli politikuri

organizaciebis sazRvrebi: es cvladi (milscop9) gansazRvravs zemoT

dasaxelebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeris masStabebs 1990-ian wlebSi 1996

wlamde [72].

bolo testi iyenebs arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs. is ikvlevs

religiis proporcias arSemdgar eTnikur saxelmwifoebSi 5 wlian monakveTSi,

1965-69 wlebidan moyolebuli. es testi saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT,

Seicvala Tu ara droTa ganmavlobaSi religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis

proporcia rogorc mesame samyaroSi, aseve dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa

blokis qveynebSi. mesame samyaros qveynebis konfliqtebi igive kriteriumebze

dayrdnobiT Seiswavleba, romlebic gamoyenebulia MAR monacemebSi. konfliqti

miCneulia religiurad, Tu ori monawile jgufi sxvadasxva religiis

warmomadgenlebi arian, an kidev, arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa mixedviT,

konfliqti aRiwereba rogorc religiuri.

monacemTa analizimonacemTa analizimonacemTa analizimonacemTa analizi

eTnikur konfliqtebSi religiis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba naCvenebia # 1

cxrilSi. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom im umciresobaTa procentuli raodenoba,

romlebic religiurad ar gansxvavdebian umravlesobisagan, daaxaloebiT

erTnairia mesame samyaros qveynebSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.

Tumca religiur umciresobebSi religiis mniSvneloba gacilebiT^metia mesame

125

samyaroSi. dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri umciresobis

76.5%-Tvis religias marginaluri mniSvneloba aqvs, gansxvavebiT mesame

samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebisagan, sadac es maCvenebeli 56.3%

Seadgens. kidev ufro gasaocaria, rom religia yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi religiuri umciresobebis 16.9%-Tvis, xolo

dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi mcxovrebi arc erTi umciresobisaTvis

is mniSvnelovan poroblemad araa miCneuli. mokled, maSin, rodesac religia

mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis TiTqmis naxevrisaTvis,

is dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiur umciresobaTa mxolod

meoTxedisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. amgvarad, analizis es nawili SesabamisobaSia im

hipoTezasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac religiis mniSvneloba ufro didia mesame

samyaros, vidre dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis qveynebis, eTnikuri

konfliqtebisaTvis.

cxrili 1. mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa blokis

saxelmwifoebSi religiis mniSvnelobis urTierTgadamkveTi tabula, 1990-95

Sedarebis tipiSedarebis tipiSedarebis tipiSedarebis tipi ara ara ara ara religiurireligiurireligiurireligiuri

religiis roli religiis roli religiis roli religiis roli umniSvneloa, an umniSvneloa, an umniSvneloa, an umniSvneloa, an mas marginaluri mas marginaluri mas marginaluri mas marginaluri mniSvneloba amniSvneloba amniSvneloba amniSvneloba aqvsqvsqvsqvs

religia nakleb religia nakleb religia nakleb religia nakleb mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania,

vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva sakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebi

religia iseve, religia iseve, religia iseve, religia iseve, an ufro an ufro an ufro an ufro

mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva vidre sxva sakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebisakiTxebi

mesam

e sam

yaro

mesam

e sam

yaro

mesam

e sam

yaro

mesam

e sam

yaro

# yvela jgufis raodenoba (%) religiur umciresobaTa raodenoba (%)

107

60.1% _

40

22.5%

56.3%

19

10.7%

26.8%

12

6.7%

16.9%

das

avl

eTi

da

yofil

i das

avl

eTi

da

yofil

i das

avl

eTi

da

yofil

i das

avl

eTi

da

yofil

i sab

WoTa

bl

oki

sab

WoTa

bl

oki

sab

WoTa

bl

oki

sab

WoTa

bl

oki

# yvela jgufis raodenoba (%) religiur umciresobaTa raodenoba (%)

55

61.8% _

26

29.2%

76.5%

8

9.0%

23.5%

0

0.0%

0.0%

mniSvneloba ( 2χ ganawileba) = .041

126

MEOcxrili # 2 erTmaneTs adarebs oTxi religiuri cvladis doneebs mesame

samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es cxrili yuradRebas

amaxvilebs mxolod religiur umciresobebze, radgan religiuri cvladebi

mxolod maTTvis iyo kodirebuli. Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom oTxidan sam

cvladSi mesame samyaros ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre dasavleTsa da

yofil sabWoTa bloks; igive iTqmis meoTxe maCvenebelzec. religiuri

diskriminacia ornaxevarjer ufro maRalia mesame samyaroSi. eTnikuri

umciresobebi mesame samyaroSi erTnaxevarjer ufro pasiur religiur

ukmayofilebas gamoxataven, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi.

Tumca es ar aris gasakviri, radganac es ukmayofileba religiuri

diskriminaciis pasuxia. mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri umciresobebi 4.3-jer ufro

aqtiur religiur ukmayofilebas avlenen, vidre eTnikuri umciresobebi

dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom es

ukmayofileba ar ukavSirdeba religiur diskriminacias. amasTanave, religiuri

legitimuroba mesame samyaroSi igive donezea, rac dasvleTsa da yofil

sabWoTa blokSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame samyaroSi oTxidan sam simravles

ufro maRali religiuri cvladi aqvs, statistikurad mxolod ori maTgania im

hipoTezasTan SesabamisobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, religia mesame samyaros eTnikur

konfliqtebSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa

blokSi.

cxrili # 2. religiuri cvladebis mTavari doneebi mesame samyaroSi,

dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi

# religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri diskriminacidiskriminacidiskriminacidiskriminaciaaaa,,,,

1994199419941994----1995199519951995

pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba

1994199419941994----1111995995995995

aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba

1994199419941994----1995199519951995

religiuri religiuri religiuri religiuri legitimurobalegitimurobalegitimurobalegitimuroba

1994199419941994----1995199519951995

mesam

e me

sam

e me

sam

e me

sam

e sam

yaro

sam

yaro

sam

yaro

sam

yaro

71 1.94 2.68 0.39 1.41

das

avl

eTi

das

avl

eTi

das

avl

eTi

das

avl

eTi

da

yofil

i da

yofil

i da

yofil

i da

yofil

i sab

WoTa

sab

WoTa

sab

WoTa

sab

WoTa

bl

oki

bl

oki

bl

oki

bl

oki

34 0.71** 1.74 0.09* 1.45

* = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas

Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.05

** = mniSvneloba (t-testi) am Sefasebasa da “mesame samyaros” Sefasebas

Soris erTsa da imave svetSi <.001

127

# 3 cxrilSi naCvenebia religiis gavlena eTnikur konfliqtze sxva

faqtorebis kontroliT. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom cvladebi, romlebic

ar aRmoCnda mniSvnelovani am mravalwevrian regresiaSi, gamoiricxa SemTxvevaTa

mcirericxovnobis gamo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, am cvladebis amoRebas

minimaluri gavlena hqonda r2-ze, romelic zomavs regersiis winaswari

prognozis faseulobas. regresia dasavleTisa da yofili sabWoTa blokisaTvis

aCvenebs, rom arc erT religiur cvlads ara aqvs mniSvnelovani gavlena am

qveynebSi momxdar eTnikur ajanyebebze. Tumca, ori religiuri cvladi

mniSvnelovania mesame samyarosaTvis Sedgenil regresiaSi. religiuri

daZabulobisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebebis kombinacia zrdis eTnikuri

ajanyebis dones. swored is faqti, rom religiuri daZabulobisa da

avtonomiuri miswrafebebis kombinirebuli cvladi mniSvnelovania, agreTve is,

rom individualuri religiuri ukmayofilebisa da avtonomiuri miswrafebis

cvladze amas ver vityviT, adasturebs, rom swored pirveli kombinacia iwvevs

ajanyebas. es Seesabameba zemoT gamoTqmul varauds, romlis Tanaxmad,

religiisa da avtonomiis kombinacia xels uwyobs ajanyebas [73]. magram kvleva

aCvenebs, rom es marTebulia mxolod mesame samyaros SemTxvevaSi. es

Semdegnairad SeiZleba aixsnas: rodesac saxelmwifos aqvs religiuri

legitimuroba, maSin Znelia Zaladobrivad daupirispirde saxelmwifos.

amgvarad, am mravalmxrivi regresiis Sedegebi naTlad adasturebs Cvens

hipoTezas imis Taobaze, rom religiuri faqtorebi eTnikuri konfliqtebisaTvis

mesame samyaroSi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa

blokSi.

kvlevis Sedegebi aseve aCvenebs, rom eTno-religiuri konfliqtebis

dinamikis umetesi aspeqtebi mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa

blokSi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. erTaderTi faqtori, romelic orive

SemTxvevaSi ajanyebis gamomwvevi mniSvnelovani mizezia, umciresobisadmi

saerTaSoriso samxedro mxardaWeraa. mesame samyaroSi ajanyebebis sxva,

arareligiuri mizezebi gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos instituciuri

demokratiulobis xarisxiT, eTnikuri konfliqtebis gavrcelebiT sazRvrebis

gaswvriv (zegavlena) da SeiaraRebuli organizaciebis mxardaWeris xarisxiT.

dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi sxva mniSvnelovani cvladia represiis

xarisxi.

cxrili # 3. mravalwevriani regresiebi, romlebic gansazRvraven

religiis gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze 1995 wels mesame samyaroSi, dasavlur

da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT

128

mesame samyaromesame samyaromesame samyaromesame samyaro dasavluri demokratiebi dasavluri demokratiebi dasavluri demokratiebi dasavluri demokratiebi

da yofda yofda yofda yofili sabWoTa blokiili sabWoTa blokiili sabWoTa blokiili sabWoTa bloki

pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri

daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba

1994199419941994----95959595

(.096) (.003)

aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri aqtiuri religiuri

daZabulobadaZabulobadaZabulobadaZabuloba

1994199419941994----95959595

(_.127) (_.078)

religiuri legitimuroba religiuri legitimuroba religiuri legitimuroba religiuri legitimuroba

1994199419941994----95959595 _.210** (.074)

kulturuli gansxvavebebikulturuli gansxvavebebikulturuli gansxvavebebikulturuli gansxvavebebi (.011) (_.076)

avtonomiuri miswrafebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi avtonomiuri miswrafebebi

1994199419941994----95959595 (.012) (.099)

pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri pasiuri religiuri

daZabuloba * avtonomiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri daZabuloba * avtonomiuri

miswrafebanimiswrafebanimiswrafebanimiswrafebani

1994199419941994----95959595

.213* (.120)

kulturuli daZabulobakulturuli daZabulobakulturuli daZabulobakulturuli daZabuloba

1994199419941994----95959595 (.070) (.062)

ekonomikuri daZabulobaekonomikuri daZabulobaekonomikuri daZabulobaekonomikuri daZabuloba

1994199419941994----95959595 (.057) (.057)

politikuri daZabulobapolitikuri daZabulobapolitikuri daZabulobapolitikuri daZabuloba

1994199419941994----95959595 (.123) (.010)

demokratia 1994demokratia 1994demokratia 1994demokratia 1994 .170* (.145)

represia represia represia represia 1996199619961996 .151 .431**

saerTaSoriso samxedro saerTaSoriso samxedro saerTaSoriso samxedro saerTaSoriso samxedro

mxardaWera 1994mxardaWera 1994mxardaWera 1994mxardaWera 1994----95959595 .231* .529***

ajanyebis kontagiozurobaajanyebis kontagiozurobaajanyebis kontagiozurobaajanyebis kontagiozuroba

1980198019801980----iani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebi

(_.078)

(.094)

ajanyebis kontagiozuroba ajanyebis kontagiozuroba ajanyebis kontagiozuroba ajanyebis kontagiozuroba

1990199019901990----95ww.95ww.95ww.95ww. .192* (_.094)

ajanyebis gavrcelebaajanyebis gavrcelebaajanyebis gavrcelebaajanyebis gavrceleba

1980198019801980----iani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebiiani wlebi (_.063) (_.181)

ajanyebis gavrceleajanyebis gavrceleajanyebis gavrceleajanyebis gavrcelebabababa (_.075) (.128)

129

1990199019901990----95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi

samxedro organizaciebis samxedro organizaciebis samxedro organizaciebis samxedro organizaciebis

raodenoba 1990raodenoba 1990raodenoba 1990raodenoba 1990----95wlebi95wlebi95wlebi95wlebi (.103) (.182)

samxedro samxedro samxedro samxedro

organizaciebisadmi organizaciebisadmi organizaciebisadmi organizaciebisadmi

mxardaWera 1990mxardaWera 1990mxardaWera 1990mxardaWera 1990----95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi95 wlebi

481*** (.222)

maxasiaTebeli funqcia maxasiaTebeli funqcia maxasiaTebeli funqcia maxasiaTebeli funqcia

(df)(df)(df)(df) 62 32

dadgenili rdadgenili rdadgenili rdadgenili r2222 0.727 0.509

cxrilSi moyvanili yvela mniSvneloba beta mniSvnelobaa. frCxilebSi

mocemuli Sefasebebi aCvenebs, rom regresia cvladebs ar Seicavda. beta

Sefasebis ricxvebi is cvladebia, romlebsac Seicavda regresia da isini

miRebul iqna wina regresiis gamoyenebiT SPSS 9.0–Si, romelic betas

uzrunvelyofs yvela im gamoricxuli cvladiT, romlebic individualurad

Sediodnen regresiaSi.

! = 1996 wlis represia am regresiaSi imitom iqna gamoyenebuli, rom is aris

uadresi monacemi, romlis gamoc es cvladi Sevida MAR monacemebSi.

arsebobs safuZveli daskvnisaTvis, rom Zlieri damokidebuleba arsebobs

1995 wlis da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris. magaliTad, 1996 wlis da 1997

wlis represiebs aqvT Tanafardoba .897,

* = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.05

** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.01

*** = mniSvneloba (p-mniSvneloba) <=.001

yovelive es aCvenebs, rom religia mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofil

sabWoTa blokTan SedarebiT ara mxolod ufro mniSvnelovania, aramed, amave

dros, ufro didi fenomenis nawilia, sadac eTnikuri ajanyebis gamomwvevi

mizezebis TiTqmis mTeli dinamika gansxvavdeba dasavleTisa da yofil sabWoTa

blokisagan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom am Sedegebis Tanaxmad, TviT mesame samyaroSic, sadac

religiuri faqtori mniSvnelovania, is ar aris erTaderTi, rac yvelaze Zlier

gavlenas axdens eTnikur ajanyebaze. ramdenime ara-religiuri faqtori aseve

zemoqmedebs mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri ajanyebis xarisxze, gansakuTrebiT ki

SeiaraRebuli organizaciebisadmi mxardaWeraze, romelic, nebismieri religiuri

cvladis msgavsad, aormagebs gavlenas eTnikur ajanyebaze.

130

arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemTa gamoyenebiT #1 cxrilis analizi

aCvenebs religiuri eTnikuri konfliqtebis procentul raodenobas yoveli 5

wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1965-69 wlebsa da 1995-96 wlebSi (yvela zemoTmoyvanili

testi dafuZnebuli iyo MAR monacemebze). Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom 1990-ian

wlebamde mesame samyaroSi eTnikuri konfliqtebi gacilebiT ufro xSirad iyo

religiuri, vidre dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. faqtobrivad,

dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi 1970-iani wlebSi eTnikuri konfliqti

saerTod ar yofila. amasTanave, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaros miRma eTnikuri

konfliqtebis procentuli wili maRalia. unda aRiniSnos, rom 1965-96 wlebis

ganmavlobaSi eTnikurma konfliqtebma mesame samyaroSi ricxobrivad gadaaWarba

sxva teritoriaze arsebul eTnikur konfliqtebs, TanafardobiT 7/1. ufro

zustad rom vTqvaT, am wlebSi mesame samyaroSi 605 konfliqti iyo, dasavleTsa

da yofil sabWoTa blokSi ki _ 83. amasTan, 1990-ian wlebSi mesame samyaroSi

ufro meti religiur-eTnikuri konfliqti aRmocenda (180), vidre dasavleTsa da

yofil sabWoTa blokSi (46).

131

gamosaxuleba I.

gansxvavebul religiur jgufebs Soris eTnikuri konfliqtebis

procentuli maCvenebeli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa da yofili sabWoTa

blokis qveynebSi

es monacemebi zog rames gvixsnis socialur mecnierebaTa im

warmomadgenlebis kamaTis dawyebis drosTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic

swavlobdnen religiis mniSvnelobis problemas dasavleTSi. politikur

mecnierebaTa mravalma specialistma religiis mniSvneloba aRiara 1970-ian da

1980-ian wlebSi, maSin, rodesac religiur-eTnikuri konfliqtebi Cveuli gaxda

dasavleTisaTvis. 1990-ian wlebSi sociologebma daiwyes seriozuli kamaTi

sekularizaciis Teoriis marTebulobis Sesaxeb; es im dros, rodesac

religiurma eTnikurma konfliqtebma dasavleTSi ricxobrivad gadaaWarba

arareligiur eTnikur konfliqtebs.

daskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebidaskvnebi

am gamokvlevam aCvena, rom arsebobs gansxvavebuli mosazrebani

sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Taobaze. garda amisa,

isini, vinc aRiareben religiis faqtoris mniSvnelobas, sxvadasxvagvarad

afaseben misi gavlenis xarisxsa da bunebas. kamaTi grZeldeba da mwvavdeba, rac

badebs kiTxvas, Tu ra ganapirobebs msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis esoden

gansxvavebul interpretacias.

rogorc kvlevam dagvanaxa, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi es faqti

SeiZleba Semdegnairad aixsnas: orive mxare sworia, magram TiToeuli maTgani

msoflios sxvadasxva mxares iyureba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gamoTqma _

132

rogor xedav, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu saidan iyurebi _ miesadageba rogorc

mecnierebs, aseve politikosebsa da moxeleebs. isini, vinc religiis

mniSvnelobas aRiarebs, yuradrebas mesame samyaroze amaxvilebs, xolo maT, vinc

amtkicebs, rom misi roli umniSvneloa, danarCeni msoflio aqvT mxedvelobaSi.

gamokvlevaSi gamoyenebulia oTxi gansxvavebuli statistikuri meTodi. sami

maTganis Tanaxmad, religia ufro mniSvnelovania mesame samyaroSi, vidre sadme

sxvagan. am testebidan erT-erTi aseve aCvenebs, rom religia saerTod ar aris

mniSvnelovani mesame samyaros miRma. garda amisa, am testebidan erT-erTis

Sedegebis mixedviT, religiis gansxvavebuli gavlena gapirobebulia movlenaTa

ufro farTo speqtriT: mesame samyaros konfliqtebi gamowveulia gansxvavebuli

mizezebiT, vidre sadme sxvagan arsebuli konfliqtebi. mniSvnelovania imis

aRniSvna, rom es Sedegebi gamosadegia sxva faqtorebis ganxilvisas, magaliTad,

rogoricaa represia da xelisuflebis tipi.

meoTxe statistikuri testis monacemebi aCvenebs, rom religiuri

konfliqti, an Zalismieri konfliqti sxvadasxva religiuri aRmsareblobis

eTnikur jgufebs Soris mxolod ukanasknel xans gaxda Cveulebrivi movlena

mesame samyaros miRma. es gvixsnis dasavlel mkvlevarTa dainteresebas

konfliqtebSi, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis sakiTxiT.

dasturdeba, rom mesame samyaroSi konfliqtebis dinamika gansxvavdeba maTi

dinamikisagan dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi. es imiTaa gapirobebuli,

rom, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi religiuri konfliqtebis

proporciis zrdis sapirispirod mesame samyaroSi es proporcia klebulobs.

es testi efuZneba arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebs, romelic, sxva

testebisTvis gamoyenebuli MAR monacemebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sxvadasxva

aRmsareblobis jgufebs Soris konfliqtis xarisxs gansazRvravs; MAR

monacemebi ki saSualebas iZleva dadgindes, aqvs Tu ara religiur cvladebs

mizezobrivi kavSiri eTnikur konfliqtTan. sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone

religiur jgufebs Soris konfliqtebis mateba Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis

miuxedavad, es konfliqtebi religiiTaa motivirebuli Tu ara. Tu konfliqti

sxvadasxva aRmsareblobis mqone or jgufs Soris aRmocendeba, mas religiurad

miiCneven xolme, miuxedavd imisa, konfliqti marTlac religiiTaa motivirebuli

Tu ara. amgvarad, dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi eTnoreligiuri

konfliqtebis zrda sakmarisia imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom daiwyes dasavleTisa

da yofili sabWoTa blokis Semswavlelma mecnierebma religiis aRiareba

konfliqtis potenciur mizezad.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebeli xdeba ara marto religiisa

da konfliqtis Sesaxeb am urTierTsapirispiro SexedulebaTa warmoSobis

133

mizezebis axsna, aramed amis gamomwvevi mizezis dadgenac. dRes, rodesac

mkvidrdeba ufro da ufro viwro specializacia, calkeuli mkvlevrebi

muSaoben konkretul, erTsa da imave dros msgavs da urTierTgadamfarav

sakiTxebze. sxva SemTxvevaSi saWiro iqneba samecniero literaturis tomeulebSi

mocemuli uzarmazari odenobis monacemebSi garkveva da maTi aTviseba, rac

miuwvdomeli amocanaa individisaTvis. rogorc warmodgenil naSromSia

naCvenebi, mesame samyarosa da ganviTarebul qveynebSi konfliqtebis mizezebi

imdenad gansxvavebulia, rom orive maTganis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli

literaturisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba metad Zneli amocanaa, gansakuTrebiT

maTTvis, vinc konfliqtebis raodenobriv kvlevas awarmoebs; es calke sferoa,

romelsac sagangebo literatura eZRvneba. amgvarad, Tavad viTareba

ganapirobebs im faqts, rom maTi umetesi nawili, vinc SedarebiT kvlevebSi

monawileobs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs an mxolod mesame samyaroze, an dasavleTsa

da yofil sabWoTa blokze. realurad, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis obieqtia

qveynebis mxolod mcire raodenoba da msoflios mxolod erTi regioni.

arseboben aSkara gamonaklisebic. magaliTad Jeff Haynes ikvlevs religiis

gavlenas msoflios ZiriTad regionebze da askvnis, rom sekularizaciis Teoria

marTebulia dasavleTSi, magram aSkarad arasworia sxva regionebTan

mimarTebaSi [74]. amasTanave, es swored is SemTxvevaa, roca gamonaklisi wess

adasturebs. rogorc Cans, sazogadoebasa da politikaSi religiis mniSvnelobis

Sesaxeb gamarTuli kamaTi imis Sedegia, rom masSi monawile mxareebs codnis

gansxvavebuli safuZvlebi aqvT, romelic msoflios sxvadasxva mxaris

Seswavlazea orientirebuli.

dasavlel, yofil sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebisa da mesame samyaros

mkvlevarTa Soris arsebuli didi gansxvavebis, aseve msoflios am nawilebSi

religiis gansxvavebuli rolis erT-erTi savaraudo axsna istoriisa da

filosofiis sferoSia saZiebeli. istoriulad, filosofosebi, romlebic

uaryofdnen religiis mniSvnelobas, politikuri azrovnebis sferoSi aminds

ufro dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi qmnidnen, vidre mesame samyaroSi.

oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg marqsistuli dogmebis hegemoniam sabWoTa

kavSirSi da misma eqspansiam aRmosavleT evropaSi, rasac mohyva meore msoflio

omi, SeiZleba agvixsnas religiis SezRuduli roli sazogadoebriv sferoSi.

amis msgavsad, liberaluri demokratiis dominanturi roli dasavleTSi,

romelic Tavis idealad miiCnevda religiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnas, aseve

uwyobda xels sekularuli Sexedulebis aRmocenebas, gansakuTrebiT, or

disciplinaSi, romlebic Cvens sakvlev sferos ukavSirdeba _ sociologiasa da

politikaSi; aseve Tavad politikur sferoSi. sabWoTa blokis kraxisa da

134

aRmosavleT evropaSi marqsizmis gaqrobasTan erTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom

liberaluri demokratia ar iyo aTvisebuli modeli, eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

gamijvnasTan erTad, sazogadoeba swored mas eswrafvoda. radgan mesame

samyaros qveynebis umetesobas ar ganucdia marqsistuli filosofiis aseTi

xangrZlivi batonoba, agreTve imitom, rom maTTvis, dasavluri qristianuli

reJimebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli dapirispireba eklesiasa da

saxelmwifos Soris, aq am istoriuli procesebis gavlena, Tuki is saerTod

arsebobda, gacilebiT ufro susti iyo.

maSin, rodesac modernizaciam, SesaZloa, Seasusta religiis roli

dasavleTsa da yofil sabWoTa blokSi, sruliad aSkaraa, rom eTnikurobis

rolze amis Tqma ar SeiZleba. piriqiT, SedarebiTi politikis Semswavleli

studentebis molodinis sapirispirod, eTnikuri nacionalizmi ar gamqrala,

piriqiT, ayvavda kidec [75]. gansxvavebis safuZveli isaa, rom nacionalizmi

dakavSirebuli iyo xalxis xelisuflebasa da demokratiasTan. amerikisa da

safrangeTis revoluciebma saTave daudes legitimaciis axal princips _

TviTdeterminacias. iseTma principebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad, individis

ganuyofeli uflebebi, uzrunvelyo saxalxo suverenitetis doqtrina [76].

TviTgamorkvevis principma sruli legitimacia moipova 1919 wels, versalSi,

prezident vudro vilsonis 14 punqtis Sesabamisad. amis Sedegad, sabWoTa

reJimsa da dasavlur demokratiebs unda gadaeWraT problema, Tu rogor

ganexorcielebinaT eTnikuri erebis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba evropuli

politikis erTianobis darRvevis gareSe. arcerTi zemoaRniSnuli reJimi ar

Tvlida Tavs valdebulad Zveli Tu Tanamedrove religiebis winaSe. mokled,

sanam eTnikuri erovnuli umciresobebis miswrafeba ganxiluli iyo xalxebis

Tavisuflebisadmi miswrafebasTan SesabamisobaSi, religias sazogadoebriv

sferoSi adgili ar mieCineboda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom, Tumca zemoT moyvanili axsna Seesabameba aq

warmodgenili analizis Sedegebs, Tavad kvleva pirdapir ar adasturebs am

debulebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es gamokvleva imdenive SekiTxvas badebs,

ramdensac pasuxobs. idealur SemTxvevaSi, cvladi, romelic gansazRvravs

sazogadoebis sekularulobis xarisxs, mravali varaudis Semowmebis saSualebas

mogvcems. samwuxarod, aseTi cvladi jerjerobiT daudgenelia. Sesabamisad,

saWiroa Semdgomi kvleva _ rogorc SedarebiTi, aseve raodenobrivi _ raTa

ukeTesad gavigoT religiis gansxvavebuli roli mesame samyaroSi, dasavleTsa

da yofili sabWoTa blokis saxelmwifoebSi. garda amisa, aucilebelia ufro

meti monacemis Segroveba, raTa uSualod mivudgeT aq dasmuli kiTxvebis

calkeul elementebs. miuxedavad amisa, es gamokvleva aCvenebs, rom religia

135

ufro mniSvnelovania garkveul drosa da garkveul adgilze, vidre sxvagan,

yovel SemTxvevaSi, eTnikur konfliqtebTan mimarTebaSi. me ar vamtkiceb, rom es

am Temis Sesaxeb ukanaskneli sityvaa. nacvlad amisa, me vamtkiceb, rom es kargi

dasawyisia am rTuli sakiTxis SeswavlisaTvis, romelic samomavlod kidev did

da seriozul kvlevas moiTxovs.

SeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebi

1. termini “mesame samyaro” aq gamoyenebulia misi tradiciuli mniSvnelobiT da, Sesabamisad, gamoricxavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa blokidan, dasavluri demokratiebidan da iaponias.

2. modernizaciis Sesaxeb literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Gabriel Almond “Introduction:

A Functional Approach to Comparative Politics”, in Gabriel Almond and James C. Coleman (eds.) The

Politics of the Developing Areas (Princeton University Press, 1960), David Apter, The Politics of

Modernization, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), Karl Deutsch, Nationalism and Social

Communication (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1953), Donald E. Smith, Religion and Political Development

(Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion, Politics and Social Change in the Third

World (New York: Free Press, 1971), and Donald E. Smith (ed.), Religion and Political Modernization

(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974).

3. Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), Religious Resurgence and Politics in the Contemporary World (New York: State

University of New York Press, 1990), p.3

4. Jeffrey Kaplan, “Introduction”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2002), p.2

5. Jonathan Fox, “Religion: An Oft Overlooked Element of International Studies’, International Studies

Review, Vol.3, No.3 (Fall 2001), pp.53-73

6. Vendulka Kabalkova, “Towards and International Political Theology”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3 (2000),

pp.682-3

7. isini Seicaven, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Semoifarglebian SemdegiT: Ted R.

Gurr, Minorities At Risk (United States Institute of Peace, 1993), Ted R. Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,

International Political Science Review, Vol.14, No.2 (1993), pp.161-201, Ted R. Gurr, Peoples Versus

States: Minorities at R risk in the New Century (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press,

2000), Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley: University of

California Pres, 1991), and Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions (Cambridge: Cambridge

University, 1979).

8. Kenneth Westhus, “The Church in Opposition”, Sociological Analysis, Vol.37, No.4(1976), pp.314, and

Bryan R. Wilson, Religion in Sociological Perspective (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp.53-4.

9. Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3, 1999.

10. Rodney Stark, “Secularization, R.I.P.”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.249-73

11. William H. Swatos Jr. and Kevin J. Christiano, “Secularization Theory: The Course of a Concept”,

Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp.209-28.

12. Frank A. Lecher, “The Case Against Secularization: A Rebuttal”, Social Forces, Vol.69, No.4 (June 1991),

pp1103-19, and Liliane Voye, “Secularization in a Context of Advanced Modernity”, Sociology of

Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp275-88.

13. Karel Dobbelaere, “Towards an Integrated Perspective of the Processes Related to the Descriptive Concept

of Secularization”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3(1999), pp 229-47.

14. Mark Chaves, “Secularization as Declining Religious Authority”, Social Forces, Vol.72, No.3 (March

1994), pp.749-74, and David Yamane, “Secularization on Trial: In Defense of a Neosecularization

Paradigm”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.36, No.1 (1997), pp.109-22

15. Peter Beyer, Religion and Globalization (London: Sage, 1994).

16. Swatos and Christiano, Voye, and Yves Lambert, “Religion in Modernity as a New Axial Age:

Secularization or New Religious Forms”, Sociology of Religion, Vol.60, No.3 (1999), pp 303-33.

17. Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).

18. Sahliyeh, p.9, Scott M. Thomas, “Taking Religious and Cultural Pluralism Seriously: The Global

Resurgence of Religion and the Transformation of International Society”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3

(2000), p.816, and Jeff Haynes, Religion in Third World Politics (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.34.

19. Anson Shupe, “The Stubborn Persistence of Religion in the Global Arena”, in Emile Sahliyeh (ed.), pp.23-

6.

20. Shupe, p.22.

21. Laurence R. Iannacone, “Voodoo Economics? Reviewing the Rational Choice Approach to Religion”,

Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.76-89, and Laurence R. Iannacone,

136

“Second Thoughts: A Response to Chaves, Demerath, and Ellison:, Journal for the Scientific Study of

Religion, Vol.34, No.1 (1995), pp.113-20.

22. Steve Fenton, Ethnicity: Racism, Class, and Culture (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp.44-7, 216, and Donald

L.Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985). am literaturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, Ethno Religious Conflict in the Late

20thCentury: A General Theory (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2002), p.44-54.

23. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon

and Schustetr, 1996), and Samuel P. Huntington, “The West: Unique, Not Universal”, Foreign Affairs,Vol.

75, No.6 (1996), pp.28-46.

24. Huntington, “The Clash”, p.24.

25. qvemoT CamoTvlili mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom hanTingtonis civilizaciebi umTavresad efuZnebian religias: S.N. Eisenstadt, “The Reconstruction of Religious Arenas in

the Framework of Multiple Modernities”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.591; John L/ Esposito and

John O.Voll, “Islam and the West: Muslim Voices of Dialogue”, Millennium, Vol.29 No.3(2000), p.616;

Carsten B. Laustsen and Ole Waever, “In Defense of Religion: Sacred referent Objects for Secularization”,

Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.705; Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension of Nationalism”,

Millennium, Vol.29, No.3(2000), p.791; and Basam Tibi, “Post-Bipolar Disorder in Crisis: The Challenge

of Politicized Islam”, Millennium, Vol.29, No.4(2000), p.844;

26. Faoud Ajami, “The Summoning”, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 72, No.4(1993), pp.2-9, John Gray, “Global

Utopias and Clashing Civilizations: Misunderstanding the Prosperity”, International Affairs, Vol.74, No.1

(1998), pp.149-64, and William Pfaff, “The Reality of Human Affairs”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 14,

No.2 (1997), pp.89-96.

27. David Carment, and Patrick James (eds.), Wars in the Midst of Peace (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh

Press, 1997) and Stephen N.Walt, “Building Up New Bogeymen”, Foreign Policy, Vol.106 (1997), pp.177-

89.

28. Jeane J. Kirkpatrick and others, “The Modernizing Imperative”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.72, No.4 (1993),

pp.22-6, and Richard Rosecrance, “The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order”

American Political Science Review,Vol,92, No.4 (1998), pp.978-80.

29. magaliTisaTvis ix. Jonathan Fox, “Islam and the West: The Influence of Two Civilizations on Ethnic

Conflict”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.38, No.4 (July 2001), pp.459-72, Fred Halliday, Nation and

Religion in the Middle East (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000), Shirleen T. Hunter, The Future of Islam

and the West: Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence? (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998).

30. Fox, “Islam and the West”, Errol A. Henderson and Richard Tucker, “Clear and Present Stangers: The

Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol.45, No.2 (2001),

pp.317-38 , and Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and

Liberalism Deja Vu?” Some Evidence”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.583-608.

31. Fox, “Islam and the West”, Jonathan Fox, “Ethnic Minorities and the Clash of Civilizations: A Quantitative

Analysis of Huntington’s Thesis”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol.32, No.3 (2002), pp.415-34,

Ted R. Gurr, “Peoples Against the State: Ethno political Conflict and the Changing World System”,

International Studies Quarterly, Vol.38, No.3 (1994), pp.347-77, Tanja Ellingsen, “Colorful Community or

Ethnic Witches Brew? Multiethnic and Domestic Conflict During and After the Cold War”, Journal of

Conflict Resolution, Vol.44, No.2 (2000), pp.228-49, and Tanja Ellingsen, “Patterns of Conflict: Towards

Civilizational Clashes? Civilizational Differences and Intrastate Conflicts 1979-1998”, Paper presented at

the International Studies Association 42nd annual conference in Chicago, February, 2001.

32. Errol A. Henderson and J. David Singer, “Civil War in the Post-colonial World, 1964-92”, Journal of

Peace Research, Vol.37, No.3 (2000).

33. Errol A. Henderson, “Culture and Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity States, and the Onset of Warm

1829-1989”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.41, No.5 (October 1997), pp.649-68, and Errol A.

Henderson, “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989”, International Studies

Quarterly, Vol.42, No.3 (September 1998), pp.461-84.

34. Fox, “Islam and the West”.

35. Samuel P. Huntington, “Try Again: A Reply to Russet, Oneal, and Cox”, Journal of Peace Research,

Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.609-10. 36. iqve. 37. Bruce Russet, John R. Oneal and Michalene Cox, “A Response to Huntington”, Journal of Peace Research,

Vol.37, No.5 (2000), pp.611-12. 38. iqve. 39. Anthony D. Smith, “The Sacred Dimension”.

40. Hunter.

41. Halliday, p.129-35.

42. Henderson, “Culture or Contiguity”.

137

43. Rudolph J. Rummel, “Is Collective Violence Correlated with Social Pluralism?”, Journal of Peace

Research, Vol.34, No.2 (1997), pp.163-75.

44. Jonathan Fox, “Do Religious Institutions Support Violence or the Status Quo?”, Studies in Conflict and

Terrorism. Vol.22, No.2 (1999), pp.119-39, Jonathan Fox, “The Influence of Religious Legitimacy on

Grievance Formation by Ethno religious Minorities”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol.36, NO.3 (1999),

pp.289-307, Jonathan Fox, “Religious Causes of Ethnic Discrimination”, International Studies Quarterly,

Vol.44, No.3 (September 2000), pp.423-50, Jonathan Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination on

Ethnic Protest and Rebellion”, Journal of Conflict Studies, Vol.20, No.2 (Fal 2000) pp.16-43, and Jonathan

Fox, “Religious Causes of International Intervention in Ethnic Conflicts”, International Politics, Vol.38,

No.4 (December, 2001).

45. Fox, “Islam and the West”.

46. Halliday and Hunter. 47. es moicavs qaSmiris Siit muslimebs, sunitur muslimur umciresobas, sikxebs,

nagalendisa da mizoramis Statebis qristian da animist macxovreblebsa da tripuras Statis qristianebsa da budistebs.

48. mas Semdeg MAR monacemebs daemata 18 umciresoba da mTlianad Seadgina 285. amasTanave, radganac religiis monacemebi am jgufebis damatebamde iyo Segrovebuli monacemTa bazisaTvis, isini gamoricxuli arian am gamokvlevidan.

49. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, pp.5-7. 50. iqve, gv.7. 51. iqve, gv.7. zogierTebma, magaliTad, James D. Fearon, and David D. Latin “A Cross-Sectional

Study of Large-Scale Ethnic Violence in the Postwar Period”, gamouqveynebeli statia, Departement

of Political Science, University of Chicago, 30 September 1997, SerCeviTi gadaxris safuZvelze,

gaakritikes MAR monacemebi. Gurr, Peoples Versus States, pp.10-13 exeba am kritikas. pirveli, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gegmis jgufebis sia “arasrulia”... miuxedavad amisa, gamokvleva Seicavs zogierT jgufs, romlebic ganusazRvrel zonas ganekuTvnebian; maT drodadro emateboda axali jgufebi, rac dafuZnebuli iyo momxmarebelTa rCevebsa da internet informaciebze. Tu imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom gegma arsebobs 1980-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan, da rom man seriozuli yuradReba miiqcia, samarTliania imis mtkiceba, rom am procesma migviyvana jgufebis mkafiod gansazRvrul siamde, romlebic zemoT moyvanil kriteriumebs akmayofilebdnen. meore, SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom gamokvleva yuradRebas amaxvilebs mxolod im jgufebze, romlebic monawileobdnen koleqtiur moqmedebaSi da ugulebelyofs im jgufebs, romlebic “politikurad umoqmedoa”. Gurr amtkicebs, rom “es kritika arasworia, imitom rom umciresobis gegmis umTavresi mizania mxolod im jgufebis identificireba da analizi, romlebic akmayofilebs politikuri mniSvnelobis kriteriums” (People versus States,

pp.10-13). Cveni gamokvlevis farglebSi am faqtorebis arseboba niSnavs konfliqtis arsebobas. amis sapirispirod, Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom am faqtorebis ararsebobis pirobebSi raime konfliqti aRmocendeba. amgvarad, aq amosavali isaa, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis magaliTebi zedmiwevniT sworia. es imas niSnavs, rom MAR monacemebi ar exeba yvela umciresobas, ar warmoadgens politikurad mniSvnelovan yvela eTnikur umciresobas. garda amisa, am monacemebma didi aRiareba hpova politikur mecnierebasa da msoflio religiebSi, rasac adasturebs is faqti, rom am monacemebze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevebi gamoqveynebuli iyo mowinave JurnalebSi da ar Semoifargleboda mxolod International Studies Quarterly, theBritish Journal of Political Science, International Political

Science Review, Third World Quarterly, and Journal of Peace Research. da bolos, TviT David Latin, romelic monacemebs akritikebda, direqtorTa sabWoSia.

52. MAR da religiuri cvladebi xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar.

53. arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebi ix. veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail

54. Ted R. Gurr, Barbara Harff and MOnty G. Marshall, “Internal Wars and Failures of Governance, 1954-

1996” (May 1997), romelic xelmisawvdomia veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/stfail. arsebobs eTnikuri konfliqtis mravali gansazRvreba da MAR-isa da arSemdgari saxelmwifos monacemebSi motanili gansazRvreba SeiZleba sakamaTo gaxdes.

55. aseve, arsebobs konfliqtebis epizodebi, romlebmac uceb ifeTqa. pirveli, esaa serbTa da xorvatTa erToblivi omi bosniis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg 1992-95 wlebSi, romelic or calkeul SemTxvevad iyofa: erTi serbebisaTvis, meore xorvatebisaTvis. amis Sedegad, damatebul iqna oTxi konfliqturi weliwadi. meore, esaa saqarTveloSi afxazTa da samxreT osTa ajanyeba 1991-93 wlebSi,

138

romelic or SemTxvevad gaiyo: erTi afxazebTan mimarTebaSi, meore ki samxreT osebTan. amis Sedegad damatebul iqna sami konfliqturi weli. mesame, indoeTis maCvenebeli aerTianebs yvela lokalur ajanyebas: asamSi (1952-), sikxebisa penjabSi (1982-), da muslimebisa qaSmirSi (1989-). am gamokvlevam es dayo oTx kategoriad: nagalendis, mizoramis da tripuras mkvidrni, romlebic metwilad adgilobrivi qristiani xalxebi arian (1952_); bodoebi da asamelebi, romlebic muslimur umciresobas warmoadgenen (1952_); sikxebi (1982_) da qaSmirelebi (1989_); amis Sedegad monacemebs daemata 68 SemTxveva. meoTxe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi libani 1965-92 wlebSi erTad iyo kodirebuli; am gamokvlevaSi 1965-74 wlebi kodirebulia rogorc palestinelebis dapirispireba qristiani maronitebis xelisuflebasTan, 1975-92 wlebi ki _ rogorc samoqalaqo omi muslimTa da qristianTa Soris. mexuTe, Tavdapirvel monacemebSi saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis, kazakebisa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebis mier gaCaRebuli konfliqtebi erTadaa kodirebuli (1986-91). am naSromma isini or SemTxvevad gayo, erTi _ es iyo muslimi azerbaijanelebisaTvis da kazakebis SemTxvevisaTvis, da erTic _ saqarTvelosa da baltiis respublikebis xelisuflebebisaTvis, ris Sedegad daemata 6 SemTxveva.

56. es cvladebi Segrovilia 1990-91, 1992-93, da 1994-95 wlebisaTvis. 1994-95 ww. periodi imitom iqna SerCeuli, rom is uaxlesi iyo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sami periodidan aRebuli cvladebi Zalzed fardobiTia. religiuli cvladebis sruli mimoxilva, aseve maTi aslis miReba SesaZlebelia Semdeg misamarTze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/links.html

57. skala Semdegnairadaa Sedgenili:

0 arcerTi 1 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi, rac gamowveulia

sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. eqsplicituri sazogadoebrivi politika icavs da/an aumjobesebs jgufis SesaZleblobas, raTa man ganaxorcielos Tavisi religiuri praqtika.

2 mniSvnelovani religiuri diskriminacia sazogadoebaSi rac gamowveulia sazogadoebis zogadi winaswarganwyobiT. sazogadoebrivi politika neitraluria, xolo Tu pozitiuria _ araadekvaturia imisaTvis, rom gaawonasworos diskriminaciuli praqtika.

3 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika. religiuri moqmedebebi SezRudulia sazogadoebrivi politikiT. es moicavs religiebs, romlebic aRiarebulia, magram maT miniWebuli aqvT formaluri, meorexarisxovani statusi (magaliTi: qristianuli seqtebi mraval muslimur qveyanaSi).

4 religiuri ceremoniis formaluri SezRudvis sazogadoebrivi politika. religiuri ceremoniali mkacradaa SezRuduli da akrZaluli (magaliTi: bahaistebi iranSi).

58. TiToeuli specifikuri tipis religiuri diskriminacia kodirebuli iyo skalaze 0-dan 2-mde. (2=moqmedeba akrZalulia an mkacradaa SezRuduli umravlesi an jgufis yvela wevrisaTvis; 1=moqmedeba mciredaa SezRuduli umetesi an jgufis yvela wevrTaTvis, an mkacradaa SezRuduli zogierTi maTganisaTvis; 0=mniSvnelovnad ar aris SezRuduli nebismierisaTvis). rva cvladisaTvis damatebul iqna kodirebuli Sefaseba da jami gayofil iqna orad, raTa Seqmniliyo indikatorTa erToblioba (erTi TiToeuli wyvilisaTvis), romelic fasdeba 0-dan 8-mde. kodirebuli moqmedebebi Semdegia:

� SezRudvebi religiuri saqmianobis, festivalebis da/an ardadegebis sazogadoebriv dakvirvebaze.

� SezRudvebi mSeneblobaze, SekeTebaze da Tayvaniscemis adgilebis SenarCunebaze.

� sxva jgufis religiur kanonebze ZaldatanebiTi dakvirveba. � SezRudvebi formalur religiur organizaciebze. � SezRudvebi religiur skolebsa da/an zogadad religiur ganaTlebaze. � religiur kanonebze dakvirvebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT maTze,

romlebic exeba pirovnul statuss, maT Soris qorwinebasa da ganqorwinebas.

� SezRudvebi samRvdeleobis ierarqiasa da xelmisawvdomobaze. � SezRudvebi religiuri kanonebis sxva tipis dakvirvebaze.

139

59. ori cvladi kombinirebuli iyo am cxrilze dayrdnobiT:

RDIS95 RDISAL95 Pattern

0 0.5-1.0 1.5-3.0 3.5-5.0 5.5-7.0 7.0-8.0

RELDSC95 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

1 1 2 3 4 5 6

2 2 3 4 5 6 7

3 3 4 5 6 7 8

4 4 5 6 7 8 9

60. es cvladi zomavs im daZabulobebs, romelic sajarod gamoixata jgufis

liderTa mier diskriminaciis gamo, igive kategoriebiT, romliTac Sedgenilia RDIS da romlebic damatebulia gafantuli daZabulobis aRmniSvnel kategoriebs; isini mxolod maSinaa kodirebuli, rodesac sxva specifikuri kategoriebi kodirebuli ar aris. TiToeuli tipis daZabulobis done kodirebulia Semdeg skalaze, romlis Sedegebi gamoyenebulia, raTa Sedges skala 0-dan 24-mde:

3 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania jgufebis umravlesobisaTvis. 2 = sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, magram misi fardobiTi mniSvnelobis ganxilva

SeuZlebelia. 1 = sakiTxs naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, an jgufis erTi nawilisTvisaa

mniSvnelovani. 0 = sakiTxi ar ganixileba da mas ar aqvs raime RirsSesaniSnavi

mniSvneloba.

61. es cvladi kodirebuli Semdeg skalaze:

0 arcerTi 1 jgufi moiTxovs met religiur uflebebs. 2 jgufi eZiebs privilegirebul statuss Tavisi religiisaTvis, romelic

Seuracxyofs dominanturi jgufis religiur rwmenas. 3 jgufi iswrafvis Tavisi religiuri ideologiis zogierTi aspeqtis

dominantur jgufze Tavsmoxvevisaken. 4 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas moaxdens

gabatonebuli jgufis zogierT wevrze. 5 jgufi iswrafvis ideologiuri hegemoniisaTvis, romelic gavlenas moaxdens

gabatonebuli jgufis wevrTa umetesobaze an yvela maTganze.

62. arsebobis SemTxvevaSi ToTeuli am faqtorTagani kodirebulia rogorc 1 da RLEG-i Seadgens am oTxi faqtoris mTlianobas:

� politikasa da/an konfliqtSi religiuri monawileobis istoria. � religiuri liderebi aqtiurad iyeneben religiur ritorikas mosaxleobis

mobilizaciisaTvis. � religia SemoTavazebulia rogorc arareligiuri, ekonomikuri,

politikuri da/an socialuri problemebis gawyveta. � oficialuri religiis arseboba saxelmwifos konstituciaSi, kanonSi, an

de-faqto sazogadoebriv politikaSi.

63. Gurr, Minorities at Risk, Gurr, “Why Minorities Rebel”,and Gurr, Peoples Versus States.

64. cnobari xelmisawvdomia MAR veb-gverdze: www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar

65. es cvladi Seiqmna xuTi cvladis damatebiT, romelic zomavs specifikuri tipis kulturul gansxvavebebs Semdeg skalaze: 0_arcerTi, 1_zogierTi saSualo diferenciali; 2_mniSvnelovani diferenciali. es cvladebi Semdeg cvladebs Seicavda: gansxvavebuli eTnikuroba da nacionaloba (culdifx1); gansxvavebuli ena (culdifx2); gansxvavebuli istoriuli warmomavloba (culdifx3); gansxvavebuli socialuri tradiciebi (culdifx5); gansaxlebis sxvadasxva teritoria (culdifx6); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi icvleba 0-dan 10-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna,

140

rom religiuri gansxvavebebis ganmsazRvreli cvladebi ar Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoTaRweril religiur cvladebTan kovariacia.

66. aq gamoyenebuli cvladi Sedgenili iyo cvladebis damatebiT MAR monacemebze, romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebis gansasazRvrad: zogadi damokidebuleba farTo avtonomiisadmi (autgr194); monaTesave jgufebTan gaerTianebis survili (autgr294); politikuri damoukideblobis survili (autgr394); farTo avtonomiis survili (autgr494); SezRuduli avtonomiis survili (autgr594). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde.

67. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs Semdegi specifikuri tipis daZabulobebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: ekonomikuri sakiTxebis/problemebis gavrceleba (ecogr194); sazogadoebriv fondebSi didi wili (ecogr294); didi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis survili (ecogr394); gaumjobesebuli samuSao pirobebis survili (ecogr494); arsebuli miwis, samuSaos da/an resursebis dacvis survili (ecogr594); sxva ekonomikuri daZabuloba (ecogr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 18-mde.

68. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: jgufis enisa da kulturis dawinaurebisaken miswrafeba (culgr294); jgufis enaze ganaTlebis miRebis survili (culgr394), jgufis enis oficialur doneze gamoyenebis survili (culgr494), sxva jgufebis Tavdasxmebisagan dacva (culgr594); sxva kulturuli daZabulobebi (culgr694). Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom saerTo religiuri daZabulobebis cvladi ar Sedioda am cvladSi, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli zemoT aRweril religiur cvladebTan damTxveva.

69. aq gamoyenebuli cvladebi Sedgenili iyo MAR-is monacemebSi cvladebis damatebiT, romelic gansazRvravs daZabulobebis Semdeg specifikur tipebs igive skalaze, romelic gamoyenebuli iyo religiuri daZabulobebisaTvis: politikuri daZabulobebis gavrceleba (polgr194); miswrafeba farTo saerTo politikuri uflebebis mosapoveblad (polgr294); gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi farTo monawileobis survili (polgr394); farTo samoqalaqo uflebebis mopovebis survili (polgr494); oficialur politikaSi cvlilebis survili (polgr594); sxva politikuri daZabulobebi (polgr694); Sedegad miRebuli cvladebi moZraobs 0-dan 15-mde.

70. Keith Jaggers, da Ted R. Gurr, “Tracking Democracy’s Third Wave with the Polity III Data”, Journal of

Peace Research, Vol.32, No.4 (1995), pp.469-482.

71. es Semadgeneli Seicavs: jgufis ramdenime wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0196); jgufis mravali wevria dapatimrebuli (rep0296); liderebi an dapatimrebuli, an gauCinarebuli arian (rep0396); aCvenebs jgufis wevrTa an liderTa sasamarTlo procesebs (rep0496); wameba, gamoyenebuli dasaSineblad an informaciis mosapoveblad (rep0596); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis wevrebi (rep0696); xelisuflebis mier daxocili jgufis liderebi (rep0796); moqalaqeTa represiebi (rep0896); gasamxedroebuli dajgufebebis mier Cadenili mkvlelobebi (rep0896); CamorTmeuli da ganadgurebuli qoneba (rep1096); SezRudvebi gadaadgilebaze (rep1196); Zaladobrivi gadasaxleba (rep1296); sakvebiT momaragebis akrZalva (rep1396); eTnikuri wmenda (rep1496); sistematuri Sina jaSuSoba (rep1596); kritikuli mdgomareoba (rep1696); policiisa da samxedro nawilebis Tavmoyra (rep1796); protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SezRuduli gamoyeneba (rep1896); protestantebis winaaRmdeg Zalis SeuzRudavi gamoyeneba (rep1996); samxedro kampania SeiaraRebuli ajanyebulebis winaaRmdeg (rep2096); samxedro samizneebi da dangreuli ajanyebuli teritoriebi (rep2196); ajanyebulTa mxardamWeraSi eWvmitanilTa ganadgureba samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT (rep2296); sxva saxelisuflebo represiebi (rep2396). yvela es cvladi gansazRvrulia Semdeg skalaze: 0 _ ar aris cnobebi represiis Sesaxeb; 1 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic monawileoben koleqtiur qmedebaSi; 2 _ jgufis wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, orive SemTxvevaSi (monawileoben Tu ara koleqtiur

141

moqmedebaSi), an orazrovan situaciebSi, magaliTad, rodesac wyaroebidan ar aris naTeli, provocirebuli iyo Tu ara represiuli moqmedebebi. 3 _ jgufis im wevrTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli taqtika, romlebic ar monawileoben koleqtiur moqmedebaSi. 1996 wlis cvladis arCevis mizezi isaa, rom is aris yvelaze adreuli periodi, romlisTvisac MAR-is monacemebSi saxeze iyo represiis cvladebi, amitom gonivrulia davaskvnaT, rom 1995 wlisa da 1996 wlis represiebs Soris arsebobs mkafio Tanafardoba. represiebs 1996 da 1997 wlebSi, magaliTisaTvis, aqvT Tanafardoba .897 (p-value <.001).

72. es gakeTebulia Semdeg masStabze: 0=ar aris politikuri moZraobis Sesaxeb Canaweri; 1=SezRuduli – arc erT politikur moZraobas ar uWers mxars umciresobaTa meaTedze meti (aseve im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moZraobebi identificirebulia saxelebiT, magram informacia arasakmarisia, raTa moxdes mxardaWeris kodireba nebismieri maTganisaTvis); 2=saSualo _ farTo politikur moZraobas mxars uWers umciresobis meoTxedidan naxevramde; 3=didi _ udidesi politikuri moZraoba, romelsac mxars uWers umciresobebis naxevari. es cvladi aseve gamoyenebulia damoukidebel cvladad ajanyebis winaswarmetyvelebis regresiebSi.

73. Fox, “The Effects of Religious Discrimination”, and Jonathan Fox, “Are Ethno-Religious Minorities more

Militant than Other ethnic Minorities?”, Alternatives, VBol.28, No.1 (2003), pp.91-114.

74. Jeff Haynes, Religion in Global Politics (New York: Longman, 1998).

75. Walker Connor, “Nation Building or Nation Destroying?”, World Politics, Vol.24 No.3 (1972), pp.319-

355.

76. Walker Connor, “The Politics of Ethno nationalism”, Journal of International Affairs, Vol.27, No.1 (1973),

p.5-11.

inglisuridan Targmna inglisuridan Targmna inglisuridan Targmna inglisuridan Targmna ddddaviT macaberiZemaviT macaberiZemaviT macaberiZemaviT macaberiZem 2005 w.2005 w.2005 w.2005 w.

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barbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adamibarbara adami

drois aRqdrois aRqdrois aRqdrois aRqmamamama

((((Barbara Adam. Perseptions of time. wignidanwignidanwignidanwignidan: “Companion Encyclopedia of

Anthropology”, Edited by Tim Ingold, 2002, Part II, Culture. Barbara Adam, Perseptions

of Time, pp.503-527))))

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

drois gancda msWvalavs yoveldRiur cxovrebas. is SeiZleba iyos

rogorc uSualo, myisieri, aseve gaSualebuli. marTlac, drois gancda

adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca, drois aRqma da gaazreba

icvleba kulturebis, istoriuli periodisa da konteqstis, sxvadasxva

sazogadoebis wevrebis, pirovnebis asakis, sqesis, socialur struqturaSi misi

adgilis mixedviT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, droisaTvis mniSvnelobis da

Rirebulebis miniWeba, ZiriTadad, konteqstzea damokidebuli. drois aseTi

yvelganmyofobis miuxedavad, anTropologiaSi drois problemis specialisti,

praqtikulad, ar arsebobs. “droiTi perspeqtivebis gansja da drois aTvlis

problemis anTropologiuri Seswavla jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia”,

werda maqsveli (Maxwell) 1972 wels. “drois problemis kroskulturul kvlevas

jer arc saxeli aqvs, arc “skolebi” arsebobs disciplinis farglebSi

warmoSobil am problemasTan dakavSirebiT” (1972: 47_8). es gancxadeba

Tanamedrove viTarebis dasaxasiaTebladac gamodgeba. mkvlevrebi muSaoben,

Tumca erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad, amitom Teoriuli integracia dRemde

naklebadaa miRweuli. sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi drois aRricxvis sistemaze,

drois aRqmis, organizebis da struqturirebis Taviseburebebze

koncentrirebuli es kvlevebi naklovania ori faqtoris gamo. pirveli, dro ara

mxolod anTropologiis sakvlevi obieqtia, aramed is aseve mocemulia im

adamianebis cxovrebaSi, azrovnebasa da meTodebSi, romlebic am kvlevebs

warmarTaven. meore, miuxedavad amgvari yvelganmyofobisa, dro ucnaurad

uCinaria da Cveni cxovrebis erT-erT udao maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. is Cveni

kvlevebis mniSvnelovani implicituri safuZvelia. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac

anTropologebi ikvleven “droebs”, magaliTad, amerikel indielebSi, samxreT

azielebSi, afrikelebSi da avstraliel aborigenebSi, mxolod erTidan meore

kulturis enaze Targmnis problemis winaSe ar dganan, rogorc es adre

miiCneoda. problema, Cemi azriT, gacilebiT Rrmaa da dasavluri drois

143

upirobo gaziarebaSi mdgomareobs. drois dasavluri aRqma aris is gadasaxedi,

romlidanac mkvlevrebi aanalizeben “sxvaTa droebs”.

anTropologebi erTmaneTisagan pirobiTad ganasxvaveben “modernul” da

“tradiciul” sazogadoebebs. aman xeli Seuwyo diqotomiebis gavrcelebas,

romlebze dayrdnobiT “tradiciuli” kulturebis drois aRqma ganixileba

rogorc “Cveni dasavluri drois” dominanturi gagebis opozicia. am poziciis

Tanaxmad,,,, “maTi” dro ufro cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre

xarisxobrivi, Seqcevadi, vidre Seuqcevadi, Semofarglulia tradiciiT da

Tavad ar warmoadgens istoriis mamoZravebels; igi organizebulia ufro

yoveldRiuri wesrigiT da praqtikuli amocanebiT, vidre saaTiT,

orientirebulia ufro stabilurobaze, vidre cvlilebebze, ufro bunebazea

damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze, aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi ritmis,

vidre abstraqtuli sqemebis safuZvelze. “tradiciuli” da “modernuli” drois

diqotomia mZafrad gaakritika barnsma (Barnes) (1971), gansakuTrebiT, levi-

strosis naSromis magaliTze. barnsis sityviT, imisaTvis, rom

gaveridoT saxaliso, magram saboloo jamSi unayofo, simboloTa speqtakls, romelSic istoria da anTropologia, sinqronuloba da diaqronuloba, cnobieri da aracnobieri, , , , uwyvetoba da wyvetiloba, Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi dro usasrulod agrZeleben TamaSs manam, sanam auditoria saxlSi wasvlas ar gadawyvets, Cven unda davamsxvrioT diqotomiebi, davamyaroT continua da uzvrunvelvyoT is ufro meti faqtebiT (Barnes 1971: 545).

ukanasknel xans dasaxelebul klasikur midgomasTan dakavSirebiT axali

problemebi gamoikveTa. kritikis sagania mosaxleobis warmodgena erTgvarovani

saxiT, kulturuli formebis gaazreba aTwleulebisa da saukuneebis

ganmavlobaSi ucvleli formiT (Cottle and Klineberg 1974: 164), Cveni

Tanamosaubreebis anTropologiuri diskursis gayinul awmyoSi Caketvis

tendencia; “funqcionalizmi _ misi miswrafebis gamo, ikvlios cocxal

sazogadoebaTa moqmedebis meqanizmebi”, ”, ”, ”, radgan, Ffabianis mtkicebiT (1983: 20), es,

ubralod, niSnavs arafris keTebas drois problemis kvlevis TvalsazrisiT.

Ffabianis naSromis Time and Other (dro da sxva) gamosvlasTan erTad,

mdgomareoba Seicvala da qanqara gansxvavebis xazgasmidan Tanadroulobis

aRiarebisaken gadaixara (McElwain 1988); adamisa (Adam 1987, 1988, 1990 ) da

ingoldis (Ingold 1986, ch.4) naSromebSi gakritikebulia Cveni dasavluri

Teoriebis niutoniseuli da dekartiseuli wanamZRvrebi.

am kritikasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli rogorc codnis SemoqmedebiTi

bunebis (Harries-Jones 1985), aseve refleqsurobis saWiroebis mzardi gacnobiereba

(Cohen 1990a, b, Orther 1984). haris-jonsis (1985: 238) azriT, aucilebelia aqcentis

gadanacvleba codnis arqeologiidan kulturaze. koheni gabedulad acxadebs,

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rom “individis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe anTropologia moZvelebulia”.

sakuTriv individi, ganagrZobs mkvlevari, samecniero principebisa da praqtikis

obieqtad unda iqces. sufTa, obieqturi realobis pozitivisturi rwmena imdenad

Rrmadaa gamjdari anTropologiur praqtikaSi, rom mkvlevrebi TavianT

varaudebs refleqsiis sagnad ar miiCneven.

refleqsurobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, ra Tqma unda, axali movlena ar

aris. wminda gonebis kritikaSi kanti (1966 [1781]: 16) aRniSnavda, rom Cven vgavarT

im mosamarTleebs, romlebic igoneben kiTxvebs da mowmeebs maTze pasuxis

gacemas aiZuleben. TiTqmis orasi wlis win kanti amtkicebda, rom

damkvirveblebi msjelobis unars dakvirvebis obieqtTa ZiriTad principebs da,

amgvarad, codnis warmomqmnel moments usadagebdnen. Cvens sakvlev problemasTan

mimarTebaSi es gulisxmobs, rom sxva kulturis warmomadgenelTa droisadmi

damokidebulebis gagebas ver SevZlebT, Tu drois sakuTar gagebas ar

gaviazrebT. amgvarad, refleqsuroba aucilebelia ara mxolod imitom, rom

codna SemoqmedebiTia, aramed imitomac, rom sxvebis warmodgena sakuTari

Teoriuli modelebis mixedviT SegviZlia. kantis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebisa da

ukanasknel periodSi anTropologebis mier refleqsurobaze yuradRebis

gamaxvilebis fonze, sakvirvelia, rom safuZveli, romelsac anTropologiuri

aRwerebi efuZneba, ucvleli rCeba. amasTan, Cveni sakuTari drois buneba

Seuswavlelia; ver vaxerxebT imis gacnobierebas, rom “sxva drois” nebismieri

analizi, amave dros, “Cveni sakuTari drois” komentirebac aris. droisadmi

gamoxatulad refleqsuri midgoma aucilebelia. Tumca rogorc gavacnobiereT,

jer erTi, “ucxo” dro, Cveulebriv, isea axsnili, rogoric is sinamdvileSi ar

aris, da meore, “Cveni sakuTari droisa” da “sxva drois” arsebuli

dualisturi modelebi safuZvelSive mcdaria.

amis gamo, me aq vaanalizeb safuZvels, romelsac emyareba

anTropologiuri aRwerebi, miznad visaxav ra drois dasavluri gagebis

TvalsazrisTa warmoCenas. Sesabamisad, Cemi yuradRebis mTavari sagania ara

eqsplicituri “sxva” dro, aramed “uCinari damkvirveblis” implicituri dro.

imisaTvis, rom naTeli gavxadoT is, rac Sinaganad, ara diskursiul doneze

viciT, saWiroa mivmarToT fenomenologiur anTropologiur midgomas.

aucilebelia Cveuli mdgomareobidan gamosvla da “ucxos” poziciis daWera,

Cveni sakuTari drois im adamianebis TvaliT danaxva, romlebic pirobiTad

warmoadgenen anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtebs. Tumca, pirvel rigSi, Tvali

unda gadavavloT “sxva drois” Sesaxeb arsebul ramdenime klasikur kvlevas. es

saSualebas mogvcems vaCvenoT, Tu ra roli Seasrula CvenSi gaziarebulma

145

Sexedulebebma Tanamedrove dasavluri gagebisagan gansxvavebuli “droebis”

analizisas.

“sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi “sxva droebi” da implicituri nimuSebi

evans-priCardis (Evans-Pritchard (1940) da uorfis (Whorf) gamokvlevebma

dasavlurisagan gansxvavebuli drois gagebaTa klasikuri analizi

warmogvidgina. Tumca, me ar mainteresebs am gansxvavebebis buneba an am

kvlevebis irgvliv gamoTqmuli mravali kritikuli mosazreba. zemoaRniSnul

mizezTa gamo, dainteresebuli var “dasavluri drois” sayovelTaod miRebuli

stereotipuli foniT, romlis sawinaaRmdegod warmodgenilia “tradiciuli”

kulturebis drois gagebebi.

uorfis lingvisturi gamokvlevis mixedviT, romelic hopis tomis

amerikeli indielebis kosmologias eZRvneba, dasavluri drois gancda

daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba, movlenaTa rigi,

romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea gamwkrivebuli. drois

dasavluri gageba daxasiaTebulia rogorc abstraqtuli, sworxazovani da

moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli. es imitom xdeba, rom uorfi cdilobs, hopis tomis

Sexeduleba droze warmoadginos im saxiT, rogoric is ar aris. is wers im

samyaroze, sadac movlenebi Tanmimdevrulad, sworxazovnebis principiT ar aris

ganlagebuli. es movlenebi Tanadroulia, kumulaciuri da organulad

Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. is aRwers dros, romelic ar aris obieqtivirebuli,

sivrcobrivad gaazrebuli sidide da ar Sedgeba calkeuli, Tanamimdevruli

momentebisagan. is xasiaTdeba integraluri “ukan mibrunebiT”. uorfis azriT

(1956: 151), hopis tomis warmomadgenlebisTvis dro aris ara moZraoba, aramed im

yvelafrisaken ukan mibruneba, rac ki odesme Seqmnila”, amitom “mudmivi

ganmeorebadoba ara unayofo, aramed akumulirebuli procesia”. hopis

lingvisturi azrovnebisaTvis, ganagrZobs uorfi (1956:57), ucxoa Cveni

abstraqtuli, xazovani, Tanamimdevruli drois gageba. igi moklebulia drois,

rogorc “Tanabari mdinarebis” gaazrebas, sadac yvelaferi Tanabari tempiT

midis momavlidan, awmyos gavliT, warsulisaken”.

“sxva droebis” analizisas igive midgoma SeiZleba davinaxoT evans-

priCardis (1940) gamokvlevaSi, romelic sudanis samxreTSi mosaxle nuerebis

nilosur toms eZRvneba. evans-priCardi ekologiuri ciklebis tomur drosa da

struqturul urTierTobebs kalendaruli da saaTis droebis fonis

sapirspirod ganixilavs. ekologiur ciklebTan mimarTebaSi is amtkicebs, rom

“TormetTviani sistema winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis drois nuerebiseul

gagebasTan, radganac isini, raime didi xangrZlivobis SemTxvevaSi, movlenis

146

drois gansasazRvrad Tveebis saxelebs ar iyeneben; maT ar aqvT “Tves, dResa da

Rames Soris periodebis aRmniSvneli drois erTeulebi; maTTvis “dros wlis

ganmavlobaSi erTi da igive Rirebuleba ara aqvs”, maTi drois aRmniSvneli

sityvebi “ar aris ubralod drois aRricxvis erTeulebi”, da bolos, maT “ara

aqvT sityva, romelic, Cveni gagebiT, “drois” eqvivalenti iqneboda. amgvarad,

maT, Cvengan gansxvavebiT, ar SeuZliaT isaubron droze, rogorc raRac

realurze, romelic miedineba, SeiZleba gaflango an Seinaxo, da a.S.” (940: 99-

103). evans-priCardis azriT, Cveni droisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic miedineba da

progresirdeba, nuerebis struqturuli drois moZraoba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnas

rogorc iluzia, radgan tomuri drois struqtura ucvleli rCeba. es niSnavs,

rom maTi “drois gancda sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianebis, ufro xSirad,

jgufebis moZraoba struqturis SigniT.” igi drois amgvar gancdas upirispirebs

Cvens istoriul dros, romelSic TiToeul movlenas unikaluri adgili ukavia

TariRebis da saaTis erTeulebis droiT badeSi. misi TqmiT, Cveni dro

gacilebiT did distancias moicavs, vidre maTi dro. Cveni istoriisagan

gansxvavebiT, maT miTSi erTi movlena meores win ar uswrebs. “miTebi xsnian

ufro zogadi socialuri mniSvnelobis Cveulebebs, vidre calkeul segmentebs

Soris urTierTqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, miTebi struqturuli gagebiT

stratificirebuli araa” (1940:107-8).

am ori gamokvlevis Tanaxmad, dasavluri dro dakavSirebulia garkveul

klasificirebul maxasiaTeblebTan: is aris abstraqtuli, sivrcobriavad

gaazrebuli sidide, romelic calkeul erTeulebad iyofa; organzomilebiani,

xazovani, mimarTulebis mqone dineba an mudmivi, uwyveti mdinareba romelic

warsulidan momavlisaken miemarTeba (an piriqiT); es aris dro, romelic gadis

an SeiZleba Seinaxo, gayido an gaflango. kvlevebSi yvela es aspeqti

izolirebulad, erTmaneTTan kavSiris gareSe Cndeba da mxolod ucxo drois

kontrastulobis Cvenebas isaxavs miznad. uorfis analizSi ucxo dro

warmoCenilia, rogorc Tanadrouli, xarisxobrivi, kumulaciuri, erTiani da

kompleqsuri; xolo evans-priCardis mier es dro daxasiaTebuilia cikluri,

movlenebSi mocemuli struqturuli drois, procesebisa da socialuri

urTierTobebis saxiT.

es klasikuri kvlevebi warmogvidgens tradiciul anTropologiur

midgomas drois problemisadmi. maTSi mocemul detalur dakvirvebebSi da

informantebisagan aRebul interviuebSi arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze

mkvlevrebs informantebis Sexedulebebisa da msoflmxedvelobis

gamoaSkaraveba SeuZliaT, rac maT modelebis agebis da interpretaciebis

gakeTebis saSualebas miscems. amgvar tradiciul gamokvlevaSi warmodgenili

147

Sexedulebebi, saidanac gamomdinareobda kiTxvebi, dakvirvebebi da modelebi,

yovelTvis udavod miiCneoda. sanam dasavluri drois implicitur Teoriebs im

gzas Sevadareb, romlis meSveobiT inglisurenovani adamianebi dros

yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi gamoxataven, minda mokled ganvixilo “sxva drois”

Sesaxeb arsebuli, klasikuri tradiciisagan gansxvavebuli kvlevebi.

mbitim (Mbiti, 1969), rogorc afrikelma, romelmac misionerebis zegavlena

ganicada, sakuTari samyaros ucxo TvaliT danaxva iswavla. garda amisa,

imisaTvis, rom sxva samyaros nawili gamxdariyo, mas ucxo sakuTrad unda eqcia.

mas manam unda aReqva misionerebis dasavluri dro, sanam maT samyaroSi CarTvas

SeZlebda. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom mbitis warmodgena dasavlur drois

safuZvlebze, romelsac is afrikul dros upirispirebs, bevrad daxvewilia mis

dasavlel kolegaTa SexedulebebTan SedarebiT.... mbitis naSromSi (1969),

romelic afrikul religiebs da filosofias eZRvneba, dasavluri drois tipi

kidev erTxel gamodis xazovani _ warsulad, awmyod da momavlad dayofili _

drois saxiT. Tumca, zemoTganxiluli dasavluri drois analizisagan

gansxvavebiT, mbitis fonuri dro kompleqsuria da gaazrebulia abstraqciasTan,

obieqtivaciasTan, sivrculobasTan, arakonteqsturobasTan da moxmarebasTan

kavSirSi. mbiti afrikelebis “Seqmnil dros” upirispirebs moxmarebis sagnad

qceul dasavlur dros, romelic SeiZleba Sromis bazarze gaicvalos rogorc

realuri sidide. aseve, igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs drois gancdisa da misi

organizebis moTxovnilebas tradiciuli afrikuli sazogadoebis wevrebSi,

erTi mxriv, da drois dReebad, saaTebad da wuTebad dayofisken miswrafebas

dasavlur an vesternizebul sazogadoebaSi, meore mxriv. sworxazovnebis,

Tanmimdevrulobisa da moZraobis Taobaze evans-priCardisa da uorfis

bundovani warmodgenisagan gansxvavebiT, mbiti dasavluri drois

sworxazovnebas da Tanabari xangrZliobis warsulisa da momavalis gagebas

raodenobriv/ricxviT, konteqstisagan damoukidebel kalendarTan mimarTebaSi

ganixilavs. garda amisa, is erTmaneTs ukavSirebs kalendrebis maTematikurad

abstraqtul dros da moxmarebis sagnad qceul dros, saubrobs im kavSirze,

romelic dReebs, Tveebs, wlebsa da im dros Soris arsebobs, romelic SeiZleba

gamoiyeno, gayido, gacvalo da akontrolo.

rogorc am or midgomas Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebidan Cans,

mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, analizSi fonur dros Tanabari statusi eniWeba,

Tu igi, ubralod, gamogonilia. dasavleli anTropologebis azriT, maTTvis

Cveuli drois refleqsiis obieqtad ganxilva moiTxovs yoveldRiurobis

“umaRles Svebad” gaazrebas da yuradRebis gamaxvilebas imaze, rac

uyuradRebod rCeba “sxva drois” Seswavlisas. Sesabamisad, saWiroa

148

gamokvleul iqnas gza, romlis meSveobiT dro yoveldRiur komunikaciaSi

gamoiyeneba, anu igi ganixileba rogorc sastarto wertili, saidanac

Sefasebuli iqneba antinomiebi, romlebic anTropologiuri diskursis obieqtebs

da maTSi mocemul sapirispiro mxareebs maradiul “eTnografiul awmyoSi”

aTavsebs. qvemoT moyvanilma magaliTebma, miuxedavad maTi banalurobisa,

SeiZleba socialuri drois usazRvro cvalebadoba da sirTule warmoaCinos.

maT aseve SeiZleba im modelebis simwire da araadekvaturoba dagvanaxos,

romlebic gvaiZuleben, arCevani gavakeToT drosa da droebiTobas, saaTebsa da

bunebis ritmebs, sworxazovnebasa da ciklurobas, cvalebadobasa da wesrigs,

istoriasa da miTs, raodenobriobasa da xarisxs, droSi arsebul movlenebsa

da movlenebSi arsebul dros Soris. rogorc vnaxavT, dasavluri

sazogadoebebi mxolod organzomilebian, sworxazovan, qronologiur droSi ar

arseboben.

yoveldRiurobis uCinari droebiyoveldRiurobis uCinari droebiyoveldRiurobis uCinari droebiyoveldRiurobis uCinari droebi

inglisur enaSi “drois” aRmniSvneli sityva yvelaze farTod gamoyenebadi

arsebiTi saxeli gaxda. gasakviri ar aris, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri urTierToba

aRsavsea drois aRmniSvneli sityvebiT. igive sityva gamoiyeneba mravali, Zalian

gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis gadmocemisaTvis, romlebic drois sxvadasxva

implicitur TeoriebSia mocemuli. Cven vsaubrobT saaTis droze da zamTris

droze, sawyis drosa da cud droze, moqmedebisa da urTierTobisaTvis

xelsayrel droze. Cven vexebiT sagnebisa da procesebis dros, romelic

mifrinavs da dros, romelsac Tavisi miaqvs. Cven Tavisuflad vmoZraobT drois

am SegrZnebebSi da Sinaganad maT ise aRviqvamT, rom am gansxvavebebze bevrs ar

vfiqrobT. cxadia, rom amas mohyveba gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis miwera

zogadi terminisaTvis. dro mxolod saaTiT ar izomeba. dro mravalaspeqtiania:

is mocemulia fizikur procesebsa da socialur tradiciebSi, maTematikis

abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris konkretul urTierTobebSi. mas

vzomavT saaTis erTeulebis, ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis, ganmeorebadi

movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis safuZvelze. dros viyenebT

rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis saSualebas, an rogorc gadaxdis

formas, aseve rogorc bunebis, sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis

organizebis resurss. yvela am sferos sakuTari sazRvrebi aqvs, romlis

farglebSic unda gakeTdes samoqmedo arCevani. wuTi, saaTi, kvira, dRe, mTvaris

faza, weli, Sobisa da aRdgomis dResaswaulebi, sawarmoo cikli da zrda,

Taobebi da adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlioba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT

CarCoebs da maT farglebSi Cven varegulirebT yoveldRiur cxovrebas.

149

dabadebisa da sikvdilis parametrebi, bunebis ritmebi da socialurad

ganpirobebuli movlenebis ganmeorebadi nimuSebi erTad qmnian droiT

matricas, romlis meSveobiTac vaxerxebT droSi cxovrebas.

Tu am gansxvavebul “droebs” ufro yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, SeiZleba

movaxerxoT “rodis drois” identificireba: rodis aris bankebi Ria, rodis unda

daiZinon bavSvebma, rodis viyaviT axalgazrda, rodis moxda CvenTan socialuri

areuloba, rodis daangria Stormma zRvis sanapiros damcavi nagebobebi da Cveni

saxlis saxuravebi. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi es “rodis” ufro kalendrebis,

saaTebis, an orives erTad, droiT sqemazea damyarebuli. magram am socialuri

qmedebebis da bunebrivi fenomenebis drois gansazRvrisa da droSi

lokalizebis safuZvels mxolod saaTi da kalendari ar warmoadgens.

miuxedavad imisa, rom magaliTad, bankebis gaRebis drois dadgena

warmudgenelia saaTebisa da kalendrebis daxmarebis gareSe, marto saaTi da

kalendari ar aris sabanko saqmianobis erTaderTi regulatori. bankebis

gaRebis dro mxolod sabanko momsaxurebiT mosargeble adamianebis samuSao

drosTan araa SeTanxmebuli. drois gansazRvra xdeba aseve miwis kanonis

(romelic sxva sawyis droebs aregulirebs), Sida samuSao grafikisa da

tradiciis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze. amis msgavsad, bavSvebs SeuZliaT

Tqvan, rom Zilis dro dadga, radgan gareT ukve bneldeba, an sabavSvo

satelevizio programa damTavrda. bavSvebisaTvis amgvari argumenti SeiZleba

ufro damajereblad JRerdes, vidre imis Tqma, rom saRamos rva saaTia.

ufro meti, saaTisa da kalendaruli drois arseboba xels ar gviSlis,

warsuli, awmyo da momavali movlenebTan, procesebTan da socialur

urTierTobebTan kavSirSi ganvsazRvroT. sakuTari bavSvobis, socialuri

areulobis, an konkretuli Stormis warmodgenis dros TariRebma da saaTma

SeiZleba yvelaferi ar gagvaxsenos. es niSnavs, rom evans-priCardis mier

dafiqsirebuli gansxvavebebis sapirispirod, nuerebs SeiZleba, meti saerTo

hqondeT socialuri qmedebebis, movlenebis da tradiciebis “rodis”-is drois

Cveneul dasavlur gagebasTan. “tradiciuli” da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebis

polarizebis miuxedavad, saaTis da kalendaruli dro Cveni damokidebulebis

erTaderTi safuZveli ar aris. Sesabamisad, marTebuli araa misi warmoCena

bunebasTan, socialur da religiur droebTan dapirispirebaSi. unda aRiniSnos,

rom Sexedulebebs socialur urTierTqmedebasa da bunebriv garemoze ar

Canacvlebia drois racionalizacia. es Sexedulebebi jer kidev mniSvnelovan

rols TamaSoben im drois gansazRvraSi, rodesac garkveuli movlenebi xdeba.

drois standartizirebuli sistema, romelic dedamiwas moicavs, aucileblobis

SemTxvevaSi, Cveni socialuri qmedebebis saerTaSoriso doneze organizebis da

150

koordinirebis saSualebas iZleva. es dro Rrmad aris gamjdari Cvens

sazogadoebaSi. magram es dro ar gamoricxavs drois lokalur,

idiosinkretul da konteqstze damokidebul gagebaTa mdidari resursebis

arsebobas. am drois gagebebs fesvi gadgmuli aqvT yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

socialur da bunebriv ritmebSi. saaTisa da kalendris abstraqtuli,

gamoTvladi, sivrcobrivad gaazrebuli dro dasavluri drois mravali

mniSvnelobaTa mxolod erT aspeqts qmnis. . . .

es cxadad Cans, rodesac samoqmedod “karg” da “cud” droebs virCevT. Tu

dasavluri dro, rogorc saaTisa da kalendris dro, marTlac xazovani da

raodenobrivi iyo, maSin azrs moklebulia saubari “karg” da “cud” droze.

rogorc joSia (Gioscia 1974: 83) miuTiTebs, “drois organzomilebianobis

(sworxazovnebis) aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi, iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa “mZime dro”,

“ioli dro”, “maRali” an “dabali” dro, mxolod evfemizmia. saaTisa da

kalendris dro, romelic, SeiZleba, marTlac dominanturia “rodis” drois

specifikurobis gamo, mniSvnelobas kargavs maSin, roca saxelfaso anazRaurebis

gazrdis moTxovnis, megobruli urTierTobis dasrulebis, an samsaxuris

dasawyebad gancxadebiT mimarTvisaTvis “Sesaferisi drois” SerCeva gvixdeba.

“kargi” da “cudi” droebis sakiTxi umTavresad drois gansazRvris problemas

ganekuTvneba. dro ki SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes mravali sxvadasxva faqtoris

gaTvaliswinebiT. kviris dReebi an dRis saaTebi “Sesaferisi drois” SerCevis

erT saSualebas warmoadgens. magram sxva momentebmac, SeiZleba, Tu meti ara,

Tanabari roli iTamaSon aseTi drois gansazRvraSi. aseve mniSvnelovania

urTierTobebisa da movlenebis warsulsa da momavalTan dakavSirebuli

problemebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia monawileTa keTildReoba da siZliere,

unarebi, SfoTva da sisuste, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTobis xasiaTi. amasTan

erTad, socio-istoriulma, ekonomikurma da politikurma konteqstma SeiZleba

mTavari roli iTamaSos imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra Seadgens “marjve da

xelsayrel dros”, iseve, rogorc normebs, Cvevebs da Rirebulebebs, romelTac

es dro moicavs.

““““rodis” drois yvela tipi saaTis da kalendaruli drois asociacias

iwvevs, Tumca sxva tipis “droebic” arsebobs. bunebis da sezonebis ritmebi,

socialuri normebi, tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi, fsiqologiuri cvlilebebi,

warsulis codna da misi Sedegebis molodini _ yovelive es gavlenas axdens

momavlis gaTvlaze. yvela es momenti erTad, urTierTgadajaWvulad

gansazRvravs “Sesaferis” dros konkretul moqmedebebSi CasarTavad.

maSin, roca saaTis dro konteqstisagan damoukideblobas da globalur

stadartizacias uwyobs xels, Cveulebrivi qmedebebis drois gansazRvra

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gansakuTrebul safuZvelze da konkretul konteqstTan kavSirSi xdeba.

SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom “rodis dro” yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. Tumca,

drois am gagebis calkeul gamovlinebebSi Cans, rom misi arsebobis

ganmapirobebeli zogierTi faqtori universaluria da yvela sazogadoebisaTvis

erTnairad aris damaxasiaTebeli, maSin roca sxva danarCeni faqtorebi

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT unikaluria. arc raodenoba, arc xarisxi, arc

sazogadoeba, arc buneba, arc saaTi da arc gadaswyvet amocanaTa rutinuloba

ar warmoadgens erTaderT safuZvels kulturuli specifikisaTvis. Sesabamisad,

am Sexedulebebis safuZvelze trdiciuli kulturebis da dasavleTis

industriuli drois dapirispireba marTebuli ar aris.

drois gansazRvrisa da droSi lokalizebasTan erTad, yoveldRiur

inglisur komunikaciaSi drois ZiriTad komponentebs temporaluroba ayalibebs.

dro romelsac Tavisi miaqvs, gazafxulis dro da bunebis gamococxleba, asakis

momateba da siberis SegrZneba _ yovelive amis gancda SeiZleba, aseve, “rodis

dros” ukavSirdebodes. magaliTad, rodis yvavis vaSlis xe, rodis davberdebi,

rodis davibade, rodis movkvdebi. Tumca es ideebi _ ganmeorebaTa ciklis

farglebSi _ Seuqcevadi cvlilebis fundamentur codnasac moicavs. drois

gansazRvra da drois CarCoebi “rodis drois” mTavari aspeqtebia, maSin roca

procesebTan mimarTebaSi wina planze temporaluroba gamodis. mcenareebi

izrdeba, mwifdeba da Wkneba. adamianebi da cxovelebi ibadebian, cocxloben da

kvdebian. miuxedavad imisa, rom sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ciklzea saubari,

TiToeulSi cvlilebebi erTi mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs. araferi arsebobs

asakis, sikvdilis, dabadebis gareSe. Cven SegviZlia warsuli sakuTar gonebaSi

gavacocxloT, magram sicocxlis da materialuri samyaros procesebis ukan

mobruneba ar SegviZlia. drois erTmimarTulebianobaze saubari SegviZlia

geologiuri da istoriuli monacemebis, fizikuri procesebis (romelic

energiis gacvlas moicavs), , , , codnis uwyveti dagrovebis da im faqtis

safuZvelze, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebi da sagnebi berdebian da arasodes

axalgazravdebian. Cven viciT, rom dRis cikli Sedgeba SuadRis, saRamos da

Ramisagan, da ara piriqiT _ Ramis, saRamosa da SuadRisagan. es magaliTebi

miuTiTebs, rom tradiciuli da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisTvis mxolod

cikluri da Seuqcevadi, sworxazovni drois gagebebi araa damaxasiaTebeli.

drois aRqmis orive forma integrirebulia yvela ritmulad struqturirebul

fenomenSi (Adam 1990:70-6).

da mainc, rodesac vambobT, rom dros Tavisi miaqvs da adamianebi,

cxovelebi da sagnebi berdebian, Cven ganmeorebadobasTan da

sworxazovanobasTan erTad, dros damatebiT aspeqtebs vaniWebT. TiToeuli

152

cikli ayalibebs CarCoebs, romlis SigniTac organizebas vukeTebT, vgegmavT da

varegulirebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebas. haidegeris (1967, 1972) sityviT, Cveni

sicocxle grZeldeba sikvdilamde, yovel awmyoSi yofnisas Cven veTxovebiT

warsuls; momavali, sadac kvlav gvaqvs cxovrebis molodini, centralur rols

TamaSobs Cvens gancdebSi, gegmebsa da moqmedebaSi. garda imisa, rom kavSiri

gvaqvs sakuTar warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan, yuradRebas vamaxvilebT

agreTve Cvens warmoSobasa da bedisweraze. am aspeqtebis erToblioba gavlenas

axdens imaze, rogor aRviqvamT sakuTar Tavs, ojaxs da garSemomyof adamianebs.

isini zemoqmedeben Cveni urTierTobebis drois gansazRvraze, sxvebTan

damokidebulebaze da imaze, Tu rogor vxsniT yoveldRiur Tu

eqstraordinarul movlenebs. amrigad, “drois gansazRvris” da “drois

CarCoebis” aspeqtebi Serwymulia temporalurobasTan, iseve rogorc,

temporalurobaa gadajaWvuli drois gansazRvrasTan da drois CarCoebTan.

Tumca, drois es sammagi implikacia mis kompleqsurobas, yoveldRiuri

mniSvnelobiT, ar gamoricxavs; tempi dasavluri drois arsis kidev erTi

aspeqtia. mravali da sxvadasxva fizikuri, biologiuri da kulturuli drois

CarCoebis farglebSi procesebis dro da temporaluroba sxvadasxva siCqares

gulisxmobs. Cven vlaparakobT droze, romelic nela an Zalian swrafad gadis.

dro mifrinavs, roca Tavs kargad vgrZnobT. dro mZimed midis, roca velodebiT.

dro arasodesaa sakmarisi, roca dakavebuli varT da is Tavzesayrelad gvaqvs,

roca arafers vakeTebT. amrigad, tempi da intensiuroba drois kompleqsuri

mniSvnelobis integraluri komponentebia. isini Cvens cxovrebas yvela doneze

msWvalavs. dabadebis dRis molodini patara bavSvs wina dRes SeiZleba

dausruleblad moeCvenos, maSin roca moxuci adamianisaTvis erTi wlis

winandeli dabadebis dRe guSindeli dRis msgavsi iqneba. zamTris mkvdar

periods gazafxulis yvavilobis dro mohyveba. samuSaos erTi saxe male

dasamTavrebelia, maSin roca sxva tipis samuSao procesi, konkretul sawarmoo

procesebTan Sesabamisobis miRwevis mizniT, neli tempiT unda mimdinareobdes.

moqmedebis da reaqciis done, iqneba es metaboluri Tu socialuri reaqcia,

arsobrivad aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ramdenad miiRweva romeliRac

mocemuli drois CarCoSi moqmedebaTa drois gansazRvra da arsebobis

temporaluroba. yvelaferi es, Tavis mxriv, drois dinebis siCqaris Cveneul

gancdaSia mocemuli.

ramdenadac yuradRebas vamaxvilebT safuZvelze, romlis sapirispirodac

anTropologebi warmoadgenen maT xelT arsebul eTnografiul monacemebs, uari

unda vTqvaT dualizmze da erTad gaviazroT is, ris gancalkevebasac

cdilobda tradiciuli analizi. cxadi gaxdeba, rom cikluroba arc

153

sworxazovnebis sapirispiroa da arc warmavlobasa da ganmeorebadobas

emijneba; rom is ar gamoricxavs fizikuri da cocxali sxeulebis an dasavlur

sazogadoebebSi socialuri procesebis erTmimarTulebian temporalurobas.

drois cikluroba ZiriTadad maTgan gamomdinareobs.

drois (CarCoebis), drois gansazRvris, temporalurobis da tempis ormag

mniSvnelobas maSin vacnobierebT, roca drois cnebas yoveldRiur

komunikaciaSi viyenebT. amis msgavsad, gvainteresebs, mniSvnelovania Tu ara

tradiciuli sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebisaTvis zemoT ganxiluli “Cveni

sakuTari drois”, aseve ucxo an “sxva drois” problema. Tumca, gansxvaveba

imaSia, drois CarCoebi, romlis farglebSic sakuTari cxovrebis organizebas

vaxdenT, bunebis ritmzea dafuZnebuli Tu meqanikur saaTze. es is gansxvavebaa,

romelsac Cvens kvlevaSi mere unda davubrundeT. is “sxva drois”

anTropologiuri kvlevebis aRiarebul safuZvels exeba.

saaTis drois realuri saxesaaTis drois realuri saxesaaTis drois realuri saxesaaTis drois realuri saxe

wamebis, wuTebis, saaTebis mier Seqmnil drois CarCoebs, gansxvavebiT

sicocxlis drois, sezonebisa da dRiuri ciklis drois CarCoebisagan,

ucvleloba, konteqstisagan damoukidebloba da sizuste axasiaTebs. islandiaSi

zamTarSi da britaneTSi – zafxulSi saaTs erTnairad zomaven [1]. sadac ar

unda viyoT dRes, erTi saaTi yvelgan erTi saaTia. Cven ukve ar viyenebT

sezonebis an mravali “lokaluri drois” mixedviT cvlad “saaTebs”, romlebic

win uswreben msoflio dros. dedamiwaze dro standartizebulia. XVIII saukunis

miwurulidan dro dayofilia zonebad, romlebic erTmaneTisagan erTi saaTis

gansxvavebiT arian gamijnulni. erTi saaTiT win viqnebiT, Tu aRmosavleTiT

gadavadgildebiT, da erTi saaTiT ukan, Tu dasavleTiT gadavinacvlebT.

ucnauri is aris, rom saerTaSoriso droiTi zonebis gadakveTisas an vigebT

erT dRes, an ki piriqiT _ vkargavT mas. magaliTad, wynar okeaneSi mdebare

aleutebis kunZulze gadaadgilebisas SeiZleba dabadebis dRe orjer

aRvniSnoT an saerTod gamogvrCes (Alwyn Jones, personal communication). drois

racionalizacia da misi saaTTan mibma did gavlenas axdens industriuli

sazogadoebebis socialur cxovrebaze da drois im aspeqtebsac msWvalavs,

romlebic saerToa CvenTvis da msoflios sxva sazogadoebebisTvis. garda amisa,

is Rrmad aris mocemuli drois Cveneul gagebaSi. drois am gagebis safuZvelze

anTropologebi ayalibeben TavianT Sexedulebebs “tradiciul sazogadoebebze”.

Sesabamisad, is ufro met yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

kalendaric da saaTic _ orive moicavs dros, rogorc sazoms da orive

zomavs dros ( Ingold 1986:1986-6). unda dazustdes es ormagi roli, radgan mas

154

paradoqsuli Sedegi aqvs: sazomi miesadageba ucvlelobis princips, maSin roca

bunebriv dros, romelic misiT izomeba, fumdamenturi cvalebadoba axasiaTebs.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dRis sinaTlis saaTobrivi xangrZlivoba mcirediT

icvleba yoveldRe, Tanavarskvlavedebis ganlageba yovelTvis ar xdeba erTsa

da imave poziciaze da yvela weli ar Sedgeba 265 dRisagan. es drois sazoms

xarisxobrivad ganasxvavebs imisagan, rasac is zomavs [2]. bunebis cvalebadi

ritmisagan gansxvavebiT, ucvleli, zusti sazomi adamianebis gamogonebaa. es is

Seqmnili droa, romelic imdenad dominanturi gaxda Cvens sazogadoebaSi, rom

mas xSirad, rogorc TavisTavad arsebuls, ise aRviqvamT; TiTqos sxva “droebi”

ar arsebobdes.

garda amisa, saaTi klasikuri meqanikis kanoniT Seqmnili meqanizmia. yvela

meqanizmis msgavsad, saaTi materialuri artefaqtia, romelic idealizebuli

ucvlelobis, simartivis, cvlilebebis gareSe moZraobis da ganmeorebadobis

principebs ganasaxierebs (Adam 1990:50-5, Shallis 1983, especially chs 2 and 4). saaTi,

rogorc samyaros meqanikuri modeli, dros asaxavs, rogorc kosmosSi ganvlil

manZils. magram is aseve qmnis dros, romelic ukve aRar aris damokidebuli mis

wyaroze. qanqaris gamogonebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa am pirveli, xelovnuri,

damoukidebeli drois standartis SeqmnaSi. qanqaris regularuli rxevebi

aRricxulia da gadaqceulia mimarTulebis mqone mimdevrobad. Tumca, rogorc

sxva adgilas aRvniSne (Adam 1988: 209), mimarTuleba ricxviTi sistemis

artefaqtia. es ar aris meqanikuri saaTis integraluri aspeqti, radgan qanqaris

rxevebis aRricxva meqanizmis muSaobasTan SeuTavsebelia da misi mimarTuli

mimdevroba mxolod maTematikuri wesiT aris ganpirobebuli. am wesis Tanaxmad

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom cifri “sami” moyveba “ors” da piriqiT. meore mxriv, drois

arsi arc qanqaris rxevebSi da arc ricxvebis sistemaSia. Cven ar SegviZlia

saaTs SevxedoT da darwmunebiT vTqvaT, CrdiloeT an samxreT naxevarsfroSi

dilis rva saaTia Tu saRamosi, zafxulia Tu zamTari. es codna bunebriv

ritmebze dakvirvebis Sedegad gveZleva. drois ganxilva konteqstis gareSe da

misi racionalizacia drois mniSvnelobis, xarisxobrivi gansxvavebis, bunebisa

da socialur ritmebTan harmoniulobis sapirispirod aris gamoyenebuli.

Tumca saaTma ver Secvala drois socialuri, biologiuri da fizikuri

wyaroebi. is ufro cvalebadi drois, temporalurobebis, drois gansazRvris,

bio-kulturuli tempebis mniSvnelobebs Caenacvla.

amgvarad, saaTs centraluri roli ukavia CvenTvis Cveuli drois

gagebaSi. amitom, misi gavlena imdenad Zlieria, rom Znelia am gavlenis mkafiod

formulireba. saaTis drois gansakuTrebuloba industriuli warmoebis

sferoSi Cans, sadac mrewvelebi TavianTi muSebisagan yiduloben dros. dro is

155

mediumia, romlis saSualebiTac samuSao abstaqtul gacvliT Rirebulebad

gadaiqceva. dro samuSaos fulSi gacvlis ZiriTadi saSualebaa (Giddens 1981: 130-

4). amasTan, dro industriul sazogadoebaSi konkurenciis sagania. droze

kontrolis mosapoveblad mimdinare konfliqti im brZolebis istoriaSi

SeiZleba davinaxoT, sadac samuSao dRis, kviris, wlis da vadis xangrZlioba,

muSaobis periodi da dasvenebis droebi, damatebiTi samuSao dro da

Svebulebebi, dasvenebebi da anazRaurebadi Tavisufali dro uTaxmoebis

ZiriTadi mizezebi iyo (Rinderspacher 1985: 217-27, Starkey 1988, Thompson 1967). samuSao

dro, rogorc raodenobrivi da abstraqtuli gacvliTi Rirebuleba, ukve

ubralod ki ar gadaecema, moixmareba an Seivseba, _ is moxmarebis sagnad iqceva.

amitom, drois kontroli industriuli sazogadoebis arsebobis ganuyofeli,

integraluri aspeqti gaxda. drois kontroli arsebiT gavlenas axdens am

industriuli realobis drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da temporalurobaze.

amrigad, moxmarebis sagnad drois gadaqcevac da kontrolic industriuli da

industrializebuli sazogadoebebis specifikur fenomenebad unda aRviqvaT. es

ormagi maxasiaTebeli pirobiTad saaTebTan da drois gazomvasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. Tumca es damokidebuleba rTulia. qronologiuri da

kalendaruli dro, romelic dakavSirebulia damoukidebeli, obieqturi,

TavisTavad arsebuli drois ekvivalentur realobasTan, ZiriTad rols

TamaSobs industriuli sazogadoebis drois aRqmaSi. magram arc kalendari da

arc meqanikuri saaTis gamogoneba drois amgvari materializebis, misi mogviano

komodifikaciisa da gakontrolebis mizezad ar unda ganixilebodes, radgan,

garkveuli saxiT, yvela sazogadoeba aRricxavs dros.

drois aRricxvis wyalobiT, viciT sagnebis, movlenebis da procesebis

dro. TiToeuli maTganis dros aRviqvamT, rogorc sakuTari adgilis mqones

sxva droebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic ufro mokle an grZeli, Cqari an nelia.

amgvarad, es procesebi ki ar aris regularuli da ritmuli, aramed ufro Cveni

codna sxva movlenebTan da procesebTan maTi mimarTebis Sesaxeb. es

mniSvnelovania. magaliTad, brinjis momzadeba an joxis wva is procesia,

romelic, sxva procesebTan SedarebiT, ufro mdgradia da SeiZleba drois

mokle monakveTebis sazomad iqnas gamoyenebuli. SeiZleba davasxeloT sxva

mravali msgavsi mdgradi procesi, romlebic drois aRricxvis mizniT

gamoiyeneba mTel msoflioSi da kacobriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi. am

meTodebiT mokle periodebis aRricxvis msgavsad, didi droiTi monakveTebis

gamoTvlis SesaZleblobebi marto Tanamedrove civilizaciebs ar gaaCnia.

bevrma Zvelma sazogadoebam ise Seqmna rTuli kalendaruli sistemebi, rom

aranairi warmodgena ar hqonia drois, rogorc resursis an moxmarebis sagnis

156

gagebaze. arqeoloiuri monacemebiT irkveva, rom mTvaris kalendari 30.000 wlis

win Seqmnes (Marshak 1972, cited in Fraser 1987: 46). sTounhenji, romelic, rogorc

fiqroben, kalendris funqcias asrulebda, Zv.w. 1800-1400 wlebs Soris unda

agebuliyo; uZvelesi wylis saaTi, romelic egvipteSi gamoigones, Zv.w.

meToTxmete saukunidan arsebobs; adreulma civilizaciebma, magaliTad, maias

civilizaciam, rTuli kalendrebi Seqmnes; CineTma dasavleTze mravali saukuniT

adre gamoigona meqanikuri saaTi. amrigad, arc drois aRricxva da arc saaTis

meSveobiT misi gazomva warmoadgens industriuli drois arss. es ukanaskneli

ufro is droa, romelic abstragirebulia Tavisi bunebrivi sawyisisagan;

damoukidebeli, dekonteqstualizebuli, racionalizebuli dro, TiTqmis

usasrulod SeiZleba Tanabar, sivrcobrivad gaazrebul monakveTebad daiyos,

romlebic yoveldRiur urTierTobaSi gamoiyeneba da TavisTavad arsebul

drosTan aris dakavSirebuli.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom drois gazomva ar aris is

maxasiaTebeli, romelic gamoarCevs Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebis

drosTan damokidebulebas. meqanikuri dro imdenad materialuri gaxda, rom Cven

davkargeT kontaqti sxva ritmebTan da Cveni arsebobis mraval drosTan. aseTi

materializebuli drois dominantobis pirobebSi, dagvaviwyda, rom awmyoSi

mTeli Cveni arseboba mudmiv ganaxlebasa da kvlavwarmoebas saWiroebs; Cveni

warsulidan yvelaferi awmyoSi gadmotanas da axali mecnierebis Suqze

rekonstruirebas moiTxovs. aseTi drois Semadgeneli procesebis aRqma mxolod

maSin SegviZlia, roca maT im sazogadebebs davupirispirebT, romelTac drois

Cvengan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli gageba aqvT. aseTi sazogadoebebi awmyoSi

dros konstruirebas tradiciuli adaTebis, miTebisa da ritualis meSveobiT

axdenen. es maSin, roca Cven, miRebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, iseT droSi

varsebobT, romelic warmoadgens “Tanabrad dinebad xangrZliobas, sadac

samyaroSi yvelaferi erTnairi tempiT mimdinareobs” (Whorf 1956: 7). wlebis,

dReebis, saaTebisa da wamebis, drois dagegmvis, vadebis da drois zewolis

Cveneul samyaroSi, dro ukve ar aris umTavresad realobis formirebasTan

dakavSirebuli [3]. mecnierebam, filosofiam da istoriam Secvala miTosuri da

sakraluri tradiciebi. Tumca procesi igive darCa; misi meSveobiT vinaxavT da

gadavcemT ara marto Cvens codnas, aramed Cvens arsebobasac. “tradiciuli”

sazogadoebebis msgavsad, Cvenc awmyoSi vqmniT da vagebT dros. Cven, ubralod,

misi arseboba daviviwyeT. xelovnuri drois TavisTavad arsebul drod

gadaqcevam es codna Cveni gacnobierebuli aRqmiT Secvala.

dekonteqstualizebuli, abstraqtuli intervalebis es Seqmnili dro arsebobs

yvelgan, sadac dro kontroldeba da sadac is samuSao Zalis fulad

157

Rirebulebad gadaqcevis saSualebad gamoiyeneba. transcendenturi droisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelic zogadad sakacobrio kulturas axasiaTebs, homogenuri,

raodenobrivi dro, romelsac viyenebT, vanawilebT, vakontrolebT da samuSao

bazarze vyidiT, universaluri ar aris. is mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli

industrializaciis istoriasTan (Adam 1987; 327-63, Giddens 1981, Hohn 1984,Thompson

1967).

meore mxriv, “sakuTari” drois gadalaxvis mizani da SesaZlebloba

saerToa mTlianad kacobriobisaTvis. es Cans religiebis, miTebis da Teoriebis,

xelovnebis da arqiteqturis, agrikulturis da teqnologiebis arsebobaSi.

metafizikuri problemebis dasma, Cvens sasrulobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri

samyaros SesabamisobaSi moyvana ucvlelobis principebTan _ yvelaferi es

drois transcendenturobas uwyobs xels. es niSnavs, rom nuerebis da hopis

msgavsi “tradiciuli” sazogadoebebi, ubralod, ar ganicdian aseT

SesaZleblobebis simwires, radgan maT ar gaaCniaT obieqtivirebuli da

abstraqtuli dro. isini gansxvavdebian sxvebisagan mxolod imiT, Tu rogor

“gadalaxaven” dros. adamianebi cdiloben garemos kontrols, koleqtiur

qmedebaTa drois gansazRvrasa da sinqronizacias, zemoqmedebas Cveni sxeulebis

xrwnisa da gamofitvis entropiul procesebze. akontroleben ra dros,

romelic “CarTulia” maTi cxovrebis pirobebSi, adamianebi mudmivad

gadalaxaven arsebobis dros. hagerstrandi (Hägerstrand) ufro xazgasmiT

miuTiTebs am momentze, roca ambobs, rom “kultura SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas

rogorc materialur samyaroSi bunebrivad CarTuli drois umTavres

modifikaciaTa sistema (1985:10). es aris kacobriobisaTvis saerTo dro, romelic

unda ganvasxvaoT industrializaciasa da socialuri cxovrebis

racionalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli xelovnurad Seqmnili droisagan. Tumca

diferenciacia dualisturi terminebiT ar miiRweva.

mxolod Seqmnili dro, TiTqos raRac realuri, SeiZleba gamoyenebul

iqnas rogorc saSualeba, romelic sakuTari wesiT kontroldeba da SeiZleba

fulSi gaicvalos. industriuli dro, moxmarebis sagnad gadaqcevis da

gakontrolebis gamo, yvelaze kargad ZalauflebasTan kavSirSi SeiZleba iqnas

gaazrebuli. ufro meti, unda gavacnobieroT, rom ZalauflebasTan kavSiri

mxolod im konteqstiT ar Semoifargleba, rodesac dro fulSi icvleba. es

kavSiri vrceldeba, aseve, “rodis drois” momentebze, samoqmedod Sesaferisi

drois SerCevaze, urTierTobis drois gansazRvraze, bunebrivi da socialuri

procesebis tempebze da im droiT CarCoebze, romelTa farglebSic vaxdenT

sakuTari cxovrebis organizebas. cxovrebisa da socialuri struqturis

mravali da sxvadasxva ritmi erTmaneTSia mocemuli. axali ritmebi, ubralod,

158

damynobili ki ar aris romelime sxva ritmze, aramed cvlis mis bunebas

procesis mimdinareobis dros. erTxel Seqmnili, xelovnuri dro industriuli

socialuri cxovrebis Sinagani, ganuyofeli aspeqti gaxda da arsebiT gavlenas

axdens am cxovrebis kontrolze, drois gansazRvraze, tempsa da

temporalurobazec ki. amgvarad cxadia, rom SeuZlebelia “dasavluri dro”

“sxva droebisagan” romelime Sexedulebis an raimegvari opoziciis

TvalsazrisiT ganvasxvaoT. drois CarCoebi, drois gansazRvra, temporaluroba

da tempi zogadad damaxasiaTebelia mTeli kacobriobisaTvis. Tumca, SeiZleba

romelime, an yvela am aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes

garkveuli kulturuli niSnebi. saaTis dro, romelic cvlis rogorc drois

mniSvnelobas praqtikaSi, ise mis kompleqsur struqturas, sxvadasxva doneze

mTel kacobriobas msWvalavs. dRes sazogadoebebis nawils saerTod ara aqvs

Sexeba am drosTan, mravali maTgani am xelovnuri droisa da sakuTari

lokaluri droebis Tanaarsebobis pirobebSi cxovrobs. magram arc erT

sazogadoebaSi socialuri drois mravalsaxeoba bolomde ar aris Secvlili

saaTis drois erTgvarovnebiT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ar arsebobs

sazogadoeba, romlisTvisac meqanikuri saaTi socialuri drois erTaderT

wyaros warmoadgens. es aSkarad uaryofs anTropologiur kvlevebSi mocemul,

kulturuli TaviseburebebiT ganpirobebul drois gagebaTa diqotomiur

konstruqciebs.

anTropologiaSi miRebuli drois mravalgvari gagebidan zogierTi

sakiTxis garkvevis Semdeg, SegviZlia ganvixiloT aradasavlur sazogadoebaTa

warmomadgenlebis mier Sesrulebul kvlevebSi drois problemis Sesaxeb

arsebuli mosazrebebi da modelebi, SevafasoT maTi adekvaturoba.

Semowmebuli da uaryofili Semowmebuli da uaryofili Semowmebuli da uaryofili Semowmebuli da uaryofili dualizmebidualizmebidualizmebidualizmebi Cven vqmniT modelebs, raTa gasagebi gavxadoT sakvlevi problema. sakuTar

Sexedulebebs imgvarad vagebT, rom, magaliTad, nuerebSi drois aRricxvis wesi

da hopis tomis kosmologia mniSvnelobas iZens Cveni sakuTari drois gagebis

konteqstSi. es aRwerebi da interpretaciebi amartiveben imas, rasac exebian.

sxvanairad arc SeiZleba iyos, radgan socialuri realobis yvelaze mcire

aspeqtic ki ganusazRvrelad rTulia. es aris ara modelebis agebis praqtika,

aramed modelebisa da maTi ganmamtkicebeli Sexedulebebis arsi. problemac

swored es aris. es Sexedulebebi iSviaTad dgeba eWvqveS da maTi detaluri

gamokvleva xSirad ar xdeba. maT safuZvelze iqmneba diqotomiebi, romelTa

mixedviT sxva kulturebis drois aRqma drois Cveneuli gagebis opoziciaSia

warmodgenili. cikluri dro da ganmeorebadoba dapirispirebulia xazovan

159

drosTan da istoriul yofierebasTan. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, “Tanabrad

dinebadi xangrZlioba, sadac samyaroSi yvelaferi erTnairi tempiT

mimdinareobs”, dapirispirebulia “gamofituli”, “mniSvnelobis armqone”

warsulidan mimavlisken “gaWimul” xangrZliobasTan (Whorf 1956: 57, Evans-Pritchard

1940: 108). levi strosma, “modelebis yvelaze cnobilma arqiteqtorma” (Barnes 1971:

538), anTropologiSi drois aRqmis Taviseburebis safuZvelze Seqmnili

damatebiTi diqotomiebi daamkvidra. yvela es diqotomia Zalian swrafad miiRes

sanimuSo modelebad. maT mixedviT, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben “tradiciul”

da “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebebs [4].

levi-strosi ganasxvavebs dasavlur dros, romelSic dominirebs istoria,

Seuqcevadoba da Tanmimdevruloba, im sazogadoebebis “droebisagan”, romlebSic

Tanadrouloba da ara-kumulaciuri, cikluri da ganmeorebadi procesebi

batonobs. Sesabamisad, levi-strosis azriT, socialurma mecnierebebma drois

ori gansxvavebuli kategoria unda gamoikvlion:

anTropologia iyenebs “meqanikur” dros, ganmeorebads da ara-kumulaciurs... [maSin, rodesac amis sapirispirod] istoriuli dro “statistikuria”; is yovelTvis gvevlineba, rogorc mimarTulebis mqone da Seuqcevadi procesi. evoluciis procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas romis respublikis epoqaSi daabrunebs, iseve warmoudgenelia, rogorc Termodinamikis meore kanons daqvemdebarebuli procesebis ganmeorebadoba.

(levi-strosi 1972: 286) es pasaJi mokled gadmoscems droisa da anTropologiuri Teoriis

Sesaxeb levi-strosis eqstraordinarul mtkicebas. “evoluciis” procesi,

romelic mcire masStabis agrarul sazogadoebas monadirul-Semgroveblur

warsulSi “daabrunebs”, namdvilad ar aris ufro advili warmosadgeni, vidre

is procesi, romelic Tanamedrove italiur sazogadoebas daabrunebs romis

respublikis xanaSi. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba vilaparakoT socialur-ekonomikuri

organizaciis adreuli formebisaken “mibrunebul” sazogadoebebze, magram es

mxolod carieli sityvebia, radgan socialuri realobis ganmeoreba iseve

SeuZlebelia, rogorc gaaxalgazrdaveba, nacris isev xis morad gadaqceva an

dRis Sebruneba saRamodan SuadRemde da dilamde. ratom miiCneven, rom

tradiciuli xalxebis dro ganmeorebadi, ara-kumulaciuri, mimarTulebis

armqone, sinqronuli da cikluria, da ara Seuqcevadi, kumulaciuri,

mimarTulebis mqone, Tanamimdevruli da xazovani? rogor SegviZlia

gaviziaroT levi-strosis mier sakuTari Sexedulebebis safuZvelze

SemoTavazebuli “ganmeorebadi drois” meqanikuri modeli? am Sexedulebebis

mixedviT, modeli Tavisi sakvlevi obieqtis adekvaturi unda iyos da “saukeTeso

modeli yovelTvis is aris, romelic sinamdviles asaxavs (1972:281). es kiTxvebi

ufro met mniSvnelobas iZenen, roca levi-strosis msgavsad, vacnobierebT, rom

160

aseTi diqotomiebi ar SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc urTierTgamomricxavi, radgan

“yvelaze elementaruli msgavsi struqturebic ki sinqronulad da diaqronulad

arsebobs” (1972: 47)

Tu anTropologia, rogorc akademiuri disciplina, “ganmeorebadi drois”

ideis safuZvelze Seqmnili meqanikuri, arakumulaciuri (drois) modelebiT

dainteresdeba, maSin, xelovnuri drois zemoT motanili analizis Tanaxmad,

anTropologiuri midgoma ufro misaRebi iqneba ara tradiciuli, aramed

Tanamedrove dasavluri sazogadoebebis Seswavlis dros! mxolod dasavluri

sazogadoebebi arseboben niutoniseuli ganmeorebadobis principebiT Seqmnili

meqanikuri saaTis wesebiT. Tumca, rogorc vaCvene, industriuli

sazogadoebebisTvisac meqanikuri dro mravalgvari socialuri drois mxolod

erTi aspeqts warmoadgens. iseT konstruqciebs, rogoricaa cikluri da

xazovani (an ganmeorebadi da Seuqcevadi) drois, ganmeorebebis da cvlilebebis

tendenciis, “civi” da “cxeli” sazogadoebebis, sinqronuli da diaqronuli

analizis diqotomiebi, imdenad Zlieri gavlena aqvs rogorc anTropologiasa

da, ufro zogadad, socialur mecnierebebze, rom aucilebelia maTi ufro

detalurad gamokvleva. Cemi mizani ar aris im mravali cvlilebisa da

adaptaciis dadgena, romelic am diqotomiebma ganicades anTropologiuri

Teoriis ganviTarebis manZilze; arc axali da ukeTesi interpretaciebis im

saxiT gadmocema, rogorc es diqotomiebi gamoyenebuli iyo calkeuli

avtorebis mier. me ufro maTi potenciali, an am potencialis nakleboba, minda

vaCveno, raTa socialuri dro misi kulturuli kompleqsurobis konteqstsSi

avxsna. amiT ki minda naTlad warmovadgino is Sexedulebebi, romlebic

safuZvels umagreben struqturul models da pirdapir klasikuri meqanikidan

momdinareoben. (levi-strosi 1972: 314)

cikluri dro drois gagebis is modelia, romelsac pirobiTad

tradiciul, mcire masStabis sazogadoebebs miaweren. mas upirispireben

Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel xazovan dros.

aqedan gamomdinareobs “gamofituli”, mniSvnelobis armqone warsulisa da

mxolod momavalze orientaciis, “drois gareSe awmyos” idea (Kluckhohn and

Strodbeck 1961). es “maradiuli ganmeorebadobis” samyaroa, sadac warsulsa da

momavals Soris gansxvaveba moxsnilia, radgan rac xdeba da rac momavalSi

moxdeba, ukve iyo; samyaro, sadac bediswera sawyisis sinonimia. Tumca

istorikosebis da socialuri mecnierebebis warmomadgenelTa nawili

sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs da miaCnia, rom ar arsebobs sazogadoeba, romelic

cikluri droiT cxovrobs (Adam 1990: 127-48, Aguessy1977, Bergmann 1992, Bourdieu 1979,

Dunne 1973, Eliade 1989, Fabian 1983, Kinget 1975, McElwain 1988: 267-78, Nowotny 1985). es ar

161

gamoricxavs, rom garkveuli sazogadoebebisaTvis momavlisken miswrafeba

erTdroulad warsulSi dabrunebaa. es Sexeduleba arc anTropologiur

mignebebs ewinaaRmdegeba, romelTa Tanaxmadac, zogi sazogadoeba, sxvebTan

SedarebiT, met Zalisxmevas iCens simyaris, stabilurobis Sesaqmnelad. SeiZleba

vivaraudoT, rom es aris yvela kulturaSi arsebuli nairgvari

SesaZleblobebi, iseve rogorc drois CarCoebi, temporaluroba, drois

gansazRvra da tempi, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisadmi damokidebuleba da,

garkveulwilad, saaTisa da kalendaruli droebi Tanamedrove adamianis

arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilebia. drois es mravalgvaroba ar SeiZleba

gamoixatos iseTi dualizmebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, cikluri da

xazovani drois diqotomia. . . . sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, antinomiebi azrs

kargavs, roca vexebiT drois mimarTulebis, formisa da procesis sakiTxs, roca

vacnobierebT, rom yvelaze arqauli sazogadoebebis droisadmi damokidebuleba

efuZneba universalur kulturul maxasiaTeblebs. es ki antinomiebiT

klasifikacias gamoricxavs. miTebisa da religiuri warmodgenebis arseboba,

dabadebasTan da sikvdilTan damokidebuleba, iaraRebis, artefaqtebis,

xelovnebis da arqiteqturis gaCena gulisxmobs warsulsa da momavals Soris

distancias, drois gadalaxvis aucileblobas, rac bevrad aRemateba sezonebis

ciklebs da TviT pirovnebis sicocxlis xangrZliobas. es damokidebuli ar

aris imaze, dro ganviTarda rogorc damoukidebeli cneba, da aris Tu ara

dro obieqtivirebuli raime saxiT. metafizikuri problemebis dasma, vinmes

arsebobasTan kavSiri, temporaluri samyaros rekonstruireba ucvlelobis

principebis safuZvelze _ yvelaferi es kulturis niSnebia da adasturebs

drois “gaWimvas”, rac ar SeiZleba cikluri drois gagebaSi moTavsdes.

magaliTad, sikvdilTan damokidebulebas adamianebi “gahyavs” bunebis

ciklTa miRma, maSin roca maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba Semofarglulia

aRmavali sezonuri cikliT. ufro metic, damokidebuleba momxdarTan,

mimdinaresa da potenciurTan gardaqmnis arsebobis problemas samomavlo

cxovrebis, winaswargansazRvris, winaTgrZnobisa da qmnadobis gacnobierebul

aqtad. adamianebis saqmea ara mxolod cxovreba, moqmedeba, siyvaruli, _ wers

diuni (Dunne 1973: 20), _ aramed kavSiri sxvis cxovrebasTan, moqmedebasTan,

siyvarulTan, maSinac ki, Tu es kavSiri ubralod, Tanxmobaa, ubralod “ki”-a.

dabadebasTan da sikvdilTan, warmoSobasTan da bediswerasTan kavSiri

adamianebis kulturuli cxovrebis egzistencialuri pirobaa. diunis (1973: 23)

mtkicebiT, is, rac Cvens cxovrebas mexsierebaSi da istoriaSi Senaxvis Rirsad

xdis, is rac cocxali rCeba Cveni sikvdilis Semdeg, aris sicocxlesa da

sikvdils Soris zRvaris gadalaxva. es gadalaxva yovelTvis sulis ukvdavebaa,

162

romelic sicocxlis warmavlobasTan Cveni damokidebulebiT aris

gansazRvruli. arqauli an tradiciuli sazogadoebebis ciklur drosTan

mimarTebaSi moazreba ara mxolod maTi sulierebis, aramed maTi kulturis

uaryofacaa. es aris maTi simbolizaciis unaris uaryofac, radgan

reprezentatiuli, simbolurobaze dafuZnebuli warmodgena warsulisa da

momavlis codnas emyareba. aseTi warmodgenis safuZvelze adamianebi ara

mxolod zemoqmedeben awmyosa da warsulze, aramed qmnian da cvlian maT.

mniSvnelobis miniWebis unaris meSveobiT, adamianebs SeuZliaT ara marto

warsulisken yureba, warsulis refleqsia da gaazreba, aramed misi

reinterpretacia, reprezentacia, restruqturizacia da modifikacia. maT

SeuZliaT dagegmon alternatiuli momavlebi, warmoidginon “warsuli

momavlebi” da eSinodeT “momavali warsulebis”. amgvarad, is idea, rom

romelime sazogadoeba ciklur droSi da mudmivad ganmeorebad igiveobaSi

arsebobs, iseve gamousadegaria, rogorc is sapirispiro idea, romlis Tanaxmad,

Cvens sazogadoebaSi mxolod xazovani drois gagebaa damkvidrebuli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela socialuri procesi avlens xazovani da

cikluri drois aspeqtebs. cikluri drois struqturas maSin vacnobierebT,

roca fokusirebas im movlenebze vaxdenT, romlebic Tavis Tavs imeoreben,

xolo erTmimarTulebian sworxazovnebas maSin aRviqvamT, roca yuradRebas

ganmeorebad movlenaTa mimdinareobaze vamaxvilebT. drois sworxazovnebis an

ciklurobis gancda damokidebulia dakvirvebisa da interpretaciis CarCoze.

marTlac, tradiciuli sazogadoebebis gaazreba cikluri drois da “drois

gareSe” konteqstSi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens drois gansazRvras istoriuli,

qronologiuri daTariRebis meSveobiT. amave dros, ueWvelia, rom tradiciuli

sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois Seqmnis, drois uaryofisa da

drois gadalaxvis praqtika, romelic ritualebis, miTebis da Tayvaniscemis

meSveobiT vlindeba, xarisxobrivad gansxvavdeba Cvens sazogadoebaSi arsebuli

msgavsi praqtikisagan. am praqtikis “cikluri drois”, “drois gareSe” an

“drois miRma” konteqstSi ganxilva mizanSewonili ar iqneboda, radgan aseTi

cnebebi fundamenturad aris dakavSirebuli drois imgvar gagebasTan, romelic

qronologias efuZneba. es ar aris sakuTriv ciklurobis idea, romelzec aq

vsaubrobT, radgan cikluri procesebi, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, ganmeorebebis

da cvalebadobis, sworxazovnebis da Tanmimdevrobis kombinacias warmoadgens.

problema anTropologiaSi miRebuli cikluri drois gansazRvrebasa da misi

“dasavlur xazovan drosTan” gamogonil kontrastSi mdgomareobs. amgvarad,

SeiZleba Tavi avaridoT cikluri da xazovani drois naklebad sarwmuno

diqotomias, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am ori gagebis urTierTdamokidebulebas da

163

damkvirveblis perspeqtivasTan maT Sesabamisobas. Tumca es gamosavali ar

iqneba Seuqcevadi da ganmeorebadi drois opoziciasTan mimarTebaSi.

reversulobis Tanamedrove idea, romelic levi-strosma warmoadgina da

ufro mogvianebiT gidensma (1981) gamoiyena, niutonis fizikidan momdinareobs,

sadac abstraqtuli moZraoba simetriulia warsulsa da momavalTan

mimarTebaSi. es fenomeni klasikur fizikaSi daxasiaTebulia, rogorc qanqaris

rxeva an biliardis burTebis Sejaxeba; Tu filmSi ar aris movlenebi, Cven ar

SegviZlia vTqvaT, kadrebi win midis Tu ukan. rogorc vaCvene, niutonis

reversulobis idea eyrdnoba Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, yvelaferi isea

mocemuli, rom ar Seesabameba transformaciebis ricxvebs, romelsac sistema

gadis. realurad, is cvlilebas piruku gaivlis da sawyis mdgomareobas

ubrundeba. progoJinisa da sTrenjeris (Prigogine, Stenger 1984: 61) ganmartebiT, es

dinamikuri gaTanabrebis zogadi maTematikuri kanonia, “Tu sistemis yvela

Semadgenili nawilis siCqare ukumiiqceva, es sistema dauyovnebliv daubrundeba

winandel mdgomarebas... rasac erTma dinamikurma cvlilebam miaRwia, meore,

swrafi inversiiT ganpirobebuli cvlileba, winandel mdgomareobaSi

daabrunebs da, amrigad, zustad aRadgens mis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas”.

reversuloba aRniSnavs umoqmedobis, daukavSireblobis, arcodnisa da “ara-

qmnadobis” SesaZleblobas. es niSnavs, rom ferfls isev waekideba cecxli da

kvlav xis morad gadaiqceva; foTlebi moswydebian miwas da isev miekvrebian xis

totebs; Zveli, danjRreuli manqana kvlav brwyinvale limuzinad gadaiqceva.

yvelaferi es, principSi, iseve realuria, rogorc is, rac sinamdvileSi xdeba

Cveni gamocdilebis samyaroSi. socialuri realobis TvalsazrisiT, am ideis

absurduloba cxadia. garda amisa, is sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis

farglebSi mniSvnelovan problemebs warmoqmnis, radgan winaaRmdegobaSi modis

ara mxolod zogadad mecnierebasTan, aramed Teoriuli fizikis yvelaze

Tanamedrove TeoriebTanac (Hawking 1988, Prigogine 1980), romelTa mixedviT,

temporaluroba bunebis kanonad aris miCneuli.

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianebis socialur cxovrebaSi movlenebi

regularuli intervaliT da aSkarad Seuqcevadi saxiT, ganumeoreblad xdeba.

kulturuli cxovreba ki badebs dros, iwvevs dros da gansazRvrulia droiT.

is qmnis axal warsuls da axal momavals da moicavs dros, rogorc

Tanamimdevrobas, xangrZliobas, intensiurobas, mdinarebas da Seuqcevad dinebas.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, dro fundamenturad mocemulia yvelaze ganmeorebad

socialur fenomenSic. ufro metic, es aris ara dro TavisTavad, aramed

dausrulebeli ganmeorebadi movlenebi da amocanebi. amis sapirispirod,

amocanebis gacnobiereba, gamocdileba, codna da realizacia Seuqcevadi

164

procesia, romliTac iqmneba dro. yovel diliT samsaxurSi siaruli,

cxovelebis movla, ojaxis wevrTaTvis saWmlis gakeTeba da WurWlis recxva

SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc periodulad ganmeorebadi, Cveuli saqmianoba.

magram arc es saqmianoba da arc dro, romelSic igi xorcieldeba, ganmeorebadi

araa, radgan SeiZleba visaubroT samsaxurSi arwasvlaze, cxovelebis

armovlaze, WurWlis argarecxvaze. araferi xdeba dasasarulis gareSe da

araferi aRdgeba Tavis “sawyis mdgomareobaSi”: dro arc Cerdeba da arc

ukumiiqceva.

reversulobis abstraqtulobis Cvenebis Semdeg, niutonis idealizacias

adamianebis socialur cxovrebas ver mivusadagebT. axla aucilebelia igiveobis

ideis mokle ganxilva. unda gamovcadoT is mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad,

SesaZlebelia Tavi avaridoT warsulsa da momavals Soris gansxvavebis

xazgasmis aucileblobas, radgan rac ganmeorda da rac SeiZleba ganmeordes,

ukve iyo. “igives ganmeoreba”, miRebuli SexedulebiT, ZiriTadad, ufro

tradiciuli, an Zalin nela cvalebadi, an, levi-strosis terminologiiT, “civi”

sazogadoebebis cxovrebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. miiCneven, rom am

sazogadoebebSi adamianebis TvalTaxedva Semofarglulia socialuri cxovrebis

temporalurobis mxolod wliuri SedegebiT. fizikosebis azriT, Sexeduleba

igiveobaze friad problemuria. Tu “igives gameoreba” esoden iSviaTia

aracocxal bunebaSi, Cven SegviZlia Tavisuflad davaskvnaT, rom kidev ufro

naklebad mosalodnelia socialuri movlenebis ganmeordeba ise zustad, rom

SegveZlos maTi, rogorc “igives” klasificireba.

swrafwarmavali samyaros, rogorc Secnobadi stabilurobisa da

permanentulobis dafiqsirebis mcdeloba zogadadamianuri Tvisebaa da

mxolod tradiciuli da arqauli sazogadoebebisaTvis araa damaxasiaTebeli.

musikis wera, filmis gadaReba, kompaqtdiskebis gamoSveba originalebis

ucvleli formiT reproducirebis Tanamedrove mcdelobaa. magram, miTis

Txrobis da Canawerebis mosmenis dros maTi “originali” arasodes meordeba.

moZvelda mTxrobelebic da maTi istoriebic, msmenelebic da maTi Canawerebic,

maTi aRWurvilobac. garkveuli mdgomareobis an movlenis ucvleli saxiT

aRdgenis aSkara mcdelobis miuxedavad, isini qmnian gansxvavebul warsuls da

awmyos da ganWvreten sxva momavals. rogorc stegmiuleri (Stegmuller 1969: 175)

drois problemaze haidegeris naSromTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:

ganmeorebadoba ar aris, ubralod, warsulis aRdgena, mxolod awmyos

dakavSireba imasTan, rac Seuqcevlad gavida, aramed Rrma gamoZaxili imaze, rac

iyo. amave dros, es warsulis awmyoze gavlenis gadaWriT uaryofaa.

165

ganmeoreba “igive” SeiZleba mxolod abstraqciaSi, xelovnurad

gamomricxav konteqstebTan da efeqtebTan erTad iyos.

unda gavacnobieroT, rom ganmeorebadoba da Seuqcevadoba ar aris

sxvadasxva an calke gansaxilveli sakiTxebi. isini SesaZleblobis

ganxorcielebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ganmeorebadobis, ciklurobis da

igiveobis reversulobasTan dakavSirebiT xelidan iqna gaSvebuli realobis

warmoSobis, ganmeorebaTa ciklebsa da Tanmimdevrul cvlilebebs Soris

kavSiris gaazrebis SesaZlebloba (adami 1990: 28-31). ufro metic, is rasac,

zogadad, “drois gareSes” uwodeben, umTavresad cvlilebebis temps

ukavSirdeba, romelic bevrad nelia, vidre is tempi, romelsac damkvirveblebi

mieCvivnen. anu, tradiciuli sazogadoebebi mxolod Tanamedrove dasavluri

standartebis mixedviT arian ukiduresad nela cvalebadni. magram evoluciur

cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT igives Tqma ar SeiZleba. kidev erTxel aRmovaCineT,

rom mkvlevris damokidebuleba, ZiriTadad, anTropologiuri kvlevis obieqtis

gansazRvrebasa da klasifikaciaSia mocemuli. amitom unda gaviTvaliswinoT

SexedulebaTa Cveni sistemis konstituciuri buneba da gavTavisufldeT im

obieqturi realobis arsebobis pozitivisturi rwmenisagan, romelsac Cveni

dakvirveba ar Sexebia.

saWiroa am codnis gamoyeneba anTropologiis sakvlevi problemis,

rogorc istoriisagan gansxvavebulis da masTan axlos mdgomis gansasazRvrad.

rogorc miiCneven, anTroplogia da istoria socialuri da kulturuli

fenomenebis sinqronul da diaqronul analizs cdilobs. sinqronul kvlevasTan

anTropologiis aseTi gaigiveba, SeiZleba, samecniero statusis mosapoveblad

mimarTuli Zalisxmevis nawilia, ramdenadac sinqronuli meTodi, rogorc

miiCneven, akmayofilebs moTxovnas, rom analizi ar iyos droiT daRdasmuli.

es, ra Tqma unda, iluziaa, radgan, rogorc fabiani (1983: 24) miuTiTebs,

“ara aqvs mniSvneloba vinme “diaqronul” an “sinqronul”, istoriul an

sistemur midgomebs airCevs Tu ara, [orive maTgani] “droiTia” da

warmoudgenela drosTan kavSiris gareSe”. orive midgoma dafuZnebulia saaTisa

da kalendris abstraqtul droze. orive midgomis safuZvelze sakvlevi

problema warmodgenilia an rogorc erT momentSi, an “didi xnis manZilze”

arsebuli. ufro metic, radganac sinqronuli da diaqronuli analizi uSualod

ukavSirdeba saaTisa da kalendris dros, orive midgoma SeiZleba gamousadegari

iyos im sazogadoebebis analizisas, romlebic ar iziareben Cvens abstraqtul,

obieqtivirebul droiT CarCos. garda amisa, TavisTavad arc erTi maTgani ar

aris sakmarisi socialuri cxovrebis aRsaqmelad. rogorc gidensi (1981: 17)

166

aRniSnavs, “stabiluri wesrigi aris is, sadac arsebobs didi msgavseba imas

Soris, rac aris da rac unda iyos”. Sesabamisad, misi azriT, mcdaria varaudi,

“rom SesaZlebelia socialuri sistemis “drois miRma suraTis” gadaReba iseve, rogorc magaliTad, romelime arqiteqturuli nagebobis fotografireba, imitom rom socialuri sistema mxolod droSi da drois meSveobiT arsebobs da funqciobs”.

es ar aris mxolod drois cvlilebebTan gaigiveba, romelic kvlevis

dros sinqronuli da diaqronuli dayofis saxiT aris formulirebuli. es

Secdomaa. aseve arasworia msgavs kvlevebSi cvlilebaTa bunebis dakavSireba

niutonis fizikis reversul drosTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, es gamoricxavs

sagnebisa da procesebis, cxovrebisa da codnis “CarTuli” drois arsebobas.

vrCebiT safuZvlis gareSe, romelze dayrdnobiTac SesaZlebelia

SemoqmedebiTobis, siaxlis an awmyoSi drois organizebis konceptualizacia.

rutinulobisa da igiveobis dapirispireba progresul cvlilebebTan da

qmnadobasTan mkacrad SemosazRvravs Cvens gagebas alternativiT “an_an”, rasac

garduvalad mivyavarT mTeli kacobriobisaTvis saerTo, integraluri aspeqtebis

diqotomizaciamde. sakuTar sazogadoebaSi drois sworxazovnebis xazgasma

bevri CvenganisTvis misi ciklurobis uaryofas niSnavs; ver vxedavT, Tu ra

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ganmeorebadoba Cveni sazogadoebis socialuri

struqturis Camoyalibebaze. sakuTari drois ciklurobasTan kavSiris dakargvis

Semdeg, Cven mas gamokvlevebSi aRvadgenT da “sxva drois” saxiT vayalibebT. Tu

gvinda davZlioT am amosavalze damyarebuli arazusti daskvnebi, aucilebelia

gaviazroT sakuTari dro da misi fundamenturi roli im adamianebis drois

gagebis konstituirebaSi, romelTac vikvlevT.

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

“sxva drois” Seswavla refleqsias moiTxovs. es uciloblad iwvevs “Cveni

sakuTari drois” mravalgvarobis detalur gaazrebas da im Sexedulebebis

mkacr Semowmebas, romlebic safuZvels umagreben CvenTvis tradiciul

modelebs. honeTi da joasi (Honneth and Joas 1988: 8) aRniSnaven, rom saWiroa

“bunebrivi wanamZRvrebisa da normad qceuli daskvnebis identifikacia,

romlebic yovelTvis gvxvdeba socialuri mecnierebebis sferoSi arsebul

SromebSi”, igulisxmeba kvlevebi, romlebic anTropologebs, tradiciulad, maTi

Seswavlis sferos miRma egulebodaT _ epistemologiisa da ontologiis

damabneveli problemebi. am kvlevebSi dros aucileblad centraluri adgili

uWiravs, radgan is fundamenturad monawileobs rogorc damkvirveblis, aseve

dakvirvebis obieqtis da maTi Sesabamisi Teoriebis “realobis” formirebaSi.

drois problemis (mis zogad da calkeuli gamovlinebebSi) kompleqsurobis

kargad gaazrebis gareSe drois anTropologiuri kvlevebi darCeba “Caketil”

167

mecnierebad, “Caketiloba” ki ukve daZleulia Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebis mier. am mecnierebebma miiRes drois gamowveva da gaacnobieres, rom

mtkicebebi “drois gareSe”-obaze da detemporalizebuli modelebi

konkretulad niutonis mecnierebas ekuTvnis, da ara mecnierebas rogorc aseTs..

am mecnierebebma temporaluroba bunebis principad aRiares da mas bunebis

kanonis statusi mianiWes. amiT ki sakuTriv “kanonis” namdvili arsi Secvales

(adami 1988: 211-14, 1990: 61-9). mecnierad yofna dRes aRar moiTxovs temporaluri

samyaros Targmnas detemporalizebuli da reversuli drois modelTa enaze. es

gulisxmobs disciplinebs Soris arsebuli sazRvrebis moSlas, radgan dro

Cvens realobas yvela doneze msWvalavs. ufro meti, ar arsebobs sxvebTan

SedarebiT ufro kargi an misaRebi erTi gza. ar arsebobs analizis mokle gza

dekartis dualizmisa da niutonis mecnierebis daZlevisaken. dro,

temporaluroba, drois gansazRvra, ritmi, warsulTan, awmyosTan da momavalTan

damokidebuleba _ yvelaferi es urTierTdakavSirebuli unda iyos, erTi

romelime aspeqtis axsna ki pirveli nabiji iqneba am mimarTulebiT.

SeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebiSeniSvnebi

1. fizikosebisaTvis aq fundamenturi dilema arsebobs, radgan, faqtobrivad,

SeuZlebelia erTdroulad ori drois erTmaneTTan Sedareba. sizustis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac, tradiciulad, vicavT, unda iTqvas, rom saaTi zomavs “igive” dros, romelic damoukidebelia konteqstisagan.

2. saaTebis proeqtireba SeiZleba ucvlelobis principis safuZvelze moxdes, magram saaTis, wuTis da wamis gazomva arsebiTad sxvadasxvagvaria. es problema garemos gavlenis sferos miekuTvneba, magaliTad, gravitaciis sakiTxs, magram Cven am cvalebadobisadmi indiferentuloba gvaxasiaTebs da fokusirebas ucvlel abstraqciaze – wamis, wuTis da saaTis ideaze vaxdenT. sazomis ucvleloba universaluri dayofis artefaqtia.

3. ingoldis (1986: 202) azriT, Cven “drois Seqmnis” procesis gacnobiereba mxolod mas Semdeg SegviZlia, Tu movaxerxebT dualisturi modelis gadalaxvas, romliTac erTmaneTs vupirispirebT ucvlelobas da cvalebadobas, sinqronizms da diaqronizms.

4. barnsi (1971), fabiani da (1983) da ingoldi (1986) cnobili gamonaklisebi arian.

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Summaries

Malkhaz Toria

Types of Time Manipulation According to Juansheri’s “The History of king Vakhtang

Gorgasali” and Snorri Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”

The paper deals with the issue of time manipulation in Georgian and Icelandic Middle

Ages’ written sources, namely Juansheri’s “The history of king Vakhtang Gorgasali” and Snorri

Sturluson’s “Heimskringla”. The comparative perspective is taken as a method for the analyses

of the problem.

Types of time manipulation differs through cultures and epochs. The attempt of time

manipulation is the specific form of time’s perception. Revealing of peculiarities of time’s

perception in particular culture will contribute to understand the nature of this culture.

Ketevan Kakitelashvili

The Management of Cultural Processes According to the Georgian Hagiographic Texts

(5-11th

centuries)

The paper aims to analyze the problem of cultural processes’ management in Georgian

cultural space (5-11th

centuries) on the basis of hagiographic texts. Control of these processes

was implemented by means of rational limitation of cultural influences, selection of information

and, correspondingly, determination of historical memory, stressing the role of language, as one

of the determinants of cultural identity. The purposeful formation of the Georgian culture and

cultural space played an important role in the management of cultural processes, contributing to

the construction of the future basis for cultural/ethnic identity and statehood.

Quotations form hagiographic texts of the 5-11th

centuries serve for the illustration of the

proposed statements. The problem is highlighted in the framework of determination of Georgian

culture’s typological characteristics.

Bejan Djavakhia

Georgia in the Common European Space

(From Ancient Times to Middle Ages)

Middle Ages are the most remarkable period in the history of Georgia. This is the time of

laying the foundation for the Georgian culture, for forming the Georgian nation, the period when

170

the single Georgian state was established. Both for Georgia and Europe the Middle Ages

developed on the basis of common Christian ideology. History of peoples being at the Christian

medieval origins developed differently some of them qualitatively even left this space.

Analysis of the genesis of medieval Christian civilization manifests that Georgians,

together with Greeks and other Indo-European peoples form medieval civilization. This space

was uniform, only later, in result of varied prerequisites and different terms of development this

space was divided into the West European and Byzantine civilization. Georgia, being closer to

East Roman Empire, both geographically and by their Hellenistic culture, which was less spread

on the territory of West Europe, remained in the area of East Christian civilization. Georgia was

assigned to belong to the medieval Byzantine civilization but it chose a different from

Byzantium way of development, which made it closer to the peoples of the West. All through the

period of its existence Byzantium tried to exist as the only Christian empire. Christianity, later in

the form of orthodoxy, had become the only means of its self-identification as the world empire,

while Georgia formed its national culture based on the general Christian ideas. The same task

was characteristic to the West European states, sprung up on the ruins of great empire of Carlos

the Great, in high Middle Ages.

David Matsaberidze

The Types of Nationalism and the Contemporary Conflicts of the Caucasus

(The End of the 80’s and the Beginning of the 90’s of the 20th

Century)

This article deals with the importance of the national factor in the Caucasian conflicts (90’s

of the 20th

century). In the light of the well-known nationalism theories (the Liberal Nationalism,

the Conservative Nationalism, the Expansionist Nationalism and the Anticolonial-Postcolonial

Nationalism), the role and place of the national factor in these conflicts are highlighted. The

general analysis of the relevant political situation is also presented, in order to fully apprehend

the development of these conflicts. Some valuable conclusions are elaborated, contributing to the

future analyses of these conflicts.

Shota Khinchagashvili

Muslim Societies of Caucasus in the Period of Transition

(Aims, Importance and Theoretical Background of Research)

The paper aims to overview and analyze the processes that took place within the Muslim

societies of the Caucasus region after the breakdown of the Soviet political system to present

171

days. The major shift in ideological and spiritual life of Muslim population of the region, as well

as its consequences and relations with other dimensions of public life are the main subjects of

our interest. Societies where Muslims represent a majority or at least play a relevant importance

and influence existing socio-cultural environment in any way are discussed. Therefore we avoid

the cases of those Georgian and Armenian republics and its Muslim minorities as well as the

case of Azerbaijan of South Caucasus, due to its political and other factors, giving a different

disposition regarding the Muslim revival in the period of transition. Following issues serve us as

a background for analyzing: a.) the dynamics in religious life; b) the role of Muslim faith in

developing post-soviet identity among Caucasian peoples. Concepts which we use all along the

paper, as well as an importance and the methodological background of our research are defined.

Shalva Mekravishvili

Methodological Baisis for the Research of the Georgian Culture: The Past and Future

Perspectives

In the wake of it’s research the study of the Georgian Culture was undertaken in the

framework of the Positivist Methodology. In the Soviet era the Historical Materialism was

proclaimed as a sole theoretical basis for research. Nowadays, positivistic methodology, and the

historical materialism in particular, is out of date. The need for new theoretical approaches is

obvious. The article highlights some prospects of the Georgian culture to be discussed in the

framework of the civilizational approach and P.Sorokin’s theory.

Tea Kamushadze

The Forms of Relationships and Communication of the Next World and Earthly Life

The paper deals with the relations and contacts between the Next World and Earthly life.

It’s an attempt to analyze these two worlds as a binary opposition. It suggests us several valuable

conclusions regarding the relations between them.

In the ancient Georgian religious worldview the world is represented as a trichotomic

model of the whole, consisting of the nether world, the mid-nether world, and the up-nether

world. Different colors, (black, red and white), terminology and symbols are attributed to them.

This model is represented in horizontal and vertical forms. The Next World corresponds to

the outer space and the Earthly life to the inner one.

172

All above mentioned things had a certain terminology. We tried to determine their

meanings and we offer certain conclusions, in particular several negative constructs related to the

Next World.

There exist permanent and temporary contacts, the forms and ways of communication

between the Next World and Earthly life in the form of a symbolic or real person.

Giorgi Lobjanidze

The Literary Functions of Fable in the New Testament and in the Koran

The paper deals with the one of the most important issue’s of comparative study of

religions – the parallel study of different religions’ Holly Writings. The parallel study of fables’

function and the importance of its results in the framework of Holly Writing’s understanding is

the subject of this paper.

Ia Udzilauri

The Gender and Age Peculiarities of Naming in Georgian Population

The essay deals with the problem of naming. It’s an interdisciplinary work, exploring one

of the most important issues’ of culture studies, by using the methods of psychology.

The research is based on the experiment, conducted in Tbilisi, among 5-17 years old

children, 70 persons totally. The participant’s task was to name 6 different kinds of flowers.

They were not familiar with the proposed subjects. The research had some noteworthy results,

considering the issue of language and cultures’ mutual determination. The work is the part of the

future research. The same experiment will be conducted among different ethnic population,

residing in Georgia. An urbanized and non-urbanized environment will also be taken into

consideration.

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