Civil WarCivil War• Unsuccessful attempt to overthrow

an existing government, involving a violent war fought between opposing forces within the same country.– The two sides can receive outside support

from other countries.– The conflict may take a long time, and

involve periods when the fighting stops.

Famous Civil War

• 1455-1485

• England

• War of the Roses

• House of York & House of Lancaster battle for English throne

Famous Civil War

• 1642-1652

• English Civil War

Famous Civil War

• 1861-1865

• American Civil War

• South was unsuccessful in their attempt to form the Confederate States of America

Famous Civil War

• 1936-1939• Spanish Civil War• Spanish Fascists

with the help of Italian & German troops defeated the Republican army that included British & American liberals and Russian Communists.

Famous Civil War

• 1991-2001

• Yugoslavia

• Serbs, Croats, and Muslims fought for control of Bosnia

• Genocide of Muslims

Famous Civil War

• 1990-1994

• Rwanda

• The Hutu and Tutsi fought for control of the government

• Millions were slaughtered in the genocide.

Famous Civil War

• 2004-present

• Iraq

• Sunni and Shiite groups fight for control of the country

• Kurds and other minorities seek independence.

RevolutionRevolution• Successful attempt to overthrow

an existing government, aimed at changing the political and social structures as well as the leadership of a country.– Based on a desire to end perceived wrongs

in the country.– The changes made are often based on

philosophical ideas .

Famous Revolution

• 1776

• American Revolution

• Declaration of Independence

Famous Revolution

• 1789

• French Revolution

• Liberty,Equality, Fraternity

• Declaration of the Rights of Man

Famous Revolution

• 1804• Haitian Revolution• Plantation slaves

overthrew the French colonial government & declared their freedom & independence.

Famous Revolution

• 1917• Russian Revolution• Tsar is deposed by the

Provisional Government.

• Bolsheviks seized power in a coup.

• Civil War broke out.• The Reds defeat the

Whites & created the 1st Communist state.

Famous Revolution

• 1949

• Chinese Revolution

• Mao Zedong & the Peoples Liberation Army defeated the Nationalists.

Famous Revolution

• 1979

• Iranian Revolution

• Religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran

• Created Muslim theocracy.

Coup d’etatCoup d’etat• Quick, illegal takeover of the

government of a country by a small group of conspirators within the country.– Can be violent or non-violent.– It’s success depends on speed and surprise.– It results in rule by a dictator.– It’s often staged by military groups: a

military coup.

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1653

• Oliver Cromwell dissolved Parliament

• Became Lord Protector

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1688

• England

• Glorious Revolution

• James II overthrown

• Replaced by William & Mary

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1799

• France

• Napoleon

• 18 de Brumaire Coup

• 1804

• Crowned himself Emperor

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1851

• France

• Louis Napoleon

• Dissolved parliament

• Declared himself Emperor

Mexico , Venezuela, & Brazil

• 1829• 1832• 1839• 1854• 1864• 1913• 1920• 1935• 1940, failed

• 1899• 1908• 1945• 1948• 1958• 1992, failed• 2002, failed

• 1823• 1840• 1889• 1891• 1930• 1937• 1938, failed• 1955,• 1959, failed• 1964

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1917• Russia• Bolsheviks

seized power during Russian Revolution

• Lenin became dictator

• Stalin replaced him in 1924

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1922

• Italy

• Mussolini & his Blackshirts marched on Rome

• Became IL Duce

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1923

• Germany

• Hitler is jailed in failed Beer Hall Putch

• 1933 he became The Fuhrer

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1943

• Argentina

• Juan Peron seized power

• With the help of his wife Eva

• Evita

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1969

• Libya

• Omar Qadhafi overthrew monarchy

Famous Coup d’etat

• 1979

• Iraq

• Saddam Hussein

ReformReform• The gradual process of change within

the established legal institution, that is aimed at preserving but improving the existing government.– Most reform groups are non-violent, but can turn

violent especially when reformers are attacked by their opponents or the government.

– Reform movements take several years to make an impact.

– Once change is made it is usually permanent.

Famous Reform Movement

• 1838-1848

• England

• Chartist Movement

• Demanded universal male suffrage

• Secret Ballot

• Parliamentary Reforms

Famous Reform Movement

• Abolition of Slavery

• England, 1811-1830

• United States, 820-1865

• Brazil, 1858-1878

Famous Reform Movement

• Suffragettes

• Voting Rights for Women

• 1848-1925

• England & United States

Famous Reform Movement

• 1950’s-1970’s• Civil Rights Movement• Equal rights for African Americans.• Also Hispanic, Asian, Native American,

Women, etc.• Nonviolent Civil Disobedience