civil war & reconstruction u.s. history & geography chapter 1 lessons 4 – 5
TRANSCRIPT
CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTIONU.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHYCHAPTER 1LESSONS 4 – 5
MANIFEST DESTINY• Idea that god had bestowed the entire
continent to the Americans• Caused massive expansion west to
Pacific Ocean & Mexican Territory• Santa Fe Trail – Independence, MO to
Santa Fe, NM• Oregon Trail – Independence, MO to
Portland, OR• Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints (Mormons) - Utah
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
OREGON & TEXAS• Oregon territory divided on 49th parallel
between Britain & U.S. Creates WA, OR, ID• Mexico gains independence from Spain.
Offers land to American farmers• American farmers want to be part of U.S.
Mexico refuses to sell TX• Stephen Austin attempts to settle things
only to be imprisoned by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
• Battle of Alamo – 187 killed, few women & children survived
• Sam Houston defeats Santa Anna. • Forms Republic of Texas “The Lone Star
Republic”
Stephen Austin
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Sam Houston
The Alamo
WAR WITH MEXICO• President Polk supports TX &
sends General Zachary Taylor to defend it
• American blood spilt on American soil.
• American forces capture Mexican cities– Colonel Stephen Kearny & John C.
Fremont claim New Mexico & the Republic of California where they hoisted a flag that featured a grizzly bear
– Zachary Taylor captures Monterrey, Mexico. Winfield Scott captures Veracruz & Mexico City
James Polk
John Slidell
Zachary Taylor
WAR WITH MEXICO• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: Rio Grande
is border for TX, NM & CA go to U.S. $15 million paid for south CA, NV, NM, UT, AZ, CO, & WY
• Gadsden Purchase: current borders for lower 48 states
• Wilmot Proviso: slavery should not exist in any territory acquired from Mexico. Favored by Northerners
SLAVERY & WESTWARD EXPANSION
• Popular Sovereignty• California Gold Rush – skips
territorial phase & push to be admitted as a state
• Compromise of 1850: CA = free, South = Fugitive Slave Law, BOTH = popular sovereignty
• Fugitive Slave Act: easier to capture runaways; assisting alleged fugitives = $1k fine, imprisonment for 6 months, or both
James Marshall
SLAVERY & WESTWARD EXPANSION
• Underground Railroad• Harriet Tubman – slave conductor• Harriett Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s
Cabin• Stephen A. Douglas – offers each
provision of Compromise of 1850 separately & they pass
CRISIS OF KANSAS• Douglas wants to build a railroad but
needs to get Nebraska Territory admitted to union. Willing to repeal Missouri Compromise
• Kansas-Nebraska Act: two states – NE & KS; popular sovereignty rule in effect to decide slavery issue
• Proslavery vs. Anti-slavery in KS – voting fraud
• “Sack of Lawrence”• John Brown – abolitionist; Pottawatomie
Massacre
POLITICAL & SECTIONAL DIVISIONS• Charles Sumner’s vs. Senator Butler, SC
– SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 60• Whig party divided on slavery issue• American Party: anti-Catholic, “Know-
nothing” party, divided on slavery• Free-Soil Party: opposed expansion of
slavery• Liberty Party: abolitionists who wanted
slavery ended by passing laws• Republican Party: antislavery Democrats,
discontented Northern Whigs, & Free-soilers.
DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD• Dred Scott is a slave who sued for
freedom as his owner died & he lived for 4 years in IL
• Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney’s decision:– Scott was not a citizen, but property– Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
as it violated citizen’s rights under 5th amendment
UNION DISSOLVES
• John Brown attempts to arm slaves to end slavery by raiding Harper’s Ferry
• Lincoln-Douglas debates – 6 debates all on issue of slavery
UNION DISSOLVES• Freeport Doctrine: any territory could
exclude slavery by simply refusing to pass laws supporting & enforcing them
• Lincoln wins the presidential election of 1860
• Secession: Southern states leave the union beginning with SC. Followed by MI, FL, AL, FA, LA, & TX
• Confederate States of America (Confederacy) is formed
UNION ADVANTAGES• Strong naval tradition• Industrialization - factories• Railroads• Instant communication – telegraph• Immigrants providing labor• Population• Food production
CONFEDERACY ADVANTAGES• Strong military leadership – first rate
generals• Rivers for transportation• Profit from cotton• Motivated soldiers defending homeland
FORT SUMTER• Lincoln’s dilemma: reinforce it
or retreat. • Jefferson’s dilemma: do
nothing or attack the fort• Sumter is attacked on April 12,
1861• VA secedes from Union after
Sumter’s fall• Richmond becomes capital of
Confederacy• May 1861: AS, TN, & NC
secede• MD, KY, DE, MI remain in Union
but many will fight for Confederacy
Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN
• Union’s Plan (Anaconda Plan): blockade of southern ports, control of Mississippi River, & capture Richmond
• Bull Run (Manassas Junction): July 21, 1861. – Both sides were
inexperienced– Total chaos for Union
• Lincoln appoints George McClellan to lead the Army of the Potomac
An 1861 cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott’s Anaconda plan.Credit: Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: g3701s cw0011000
General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson - Confederacy
First Bull Run
WAR IN THE WEST• General Ulysses S. Grant:
captures Fort Henry (TN River), Fort Donelson (Cumberland River), & Shiloh. Grant only accepts unconditional surrender
• David Farragut: seizes New Orleans, Baton Rouge, & Natchez.
• Ironclads: metal ships. Monitor (Union) vs. Merrimack (Confederacy) ends in a stalemate
Fort Donelson
IRONCLADS
WAR IN THE EAST• Seven Days’ Battle
– June 25 to July 1, 1862: Lee defends Richmond from McClellan
• Second Battle of Bull Run – Aug. 29/30, 1862: Lee moves against Washington D.C.
• Battle of Antietam – Sept. 17, 1862: bloodiest single day. Over 26k died. McClellan would be fired for not chasing Lee’s battered men
General Robert E. Lee
Seven Days’ Battle
Sunken Road
Photos taken by Matthew Brady
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION
• Lincoln disliked slavery but did not believe govt. could abolish it where it already existed
• Lincoln uses constitutional war powers to institute proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation: – Goes into effect January 1,
1863– Only applied to areas BEHIND
Confederate lines, outside Union control
– Allows for free blacks to serve Union army (Massachusetts 54th)
• Trent Affair: attempt by South to “test” Britain’s neutrality & to gain their assistance. Captain Charles Wilkes (Union) arrested James Mason & John Slidell (Confederate) who were aboard a British ship Trent. Britain moved 8K troops to Canada. Lincoln freed the men stating that Wilkes acted without orders.
THE POLITICS OF WAR
John Slidell
James Mason
Capt. Charles Wilkes
POLITICAL OF WAR• Lincoln deals with dissent by:
– suspending habeas corpus rights– Seizes telegraph offices
• Davis would deal with dissent in the same manner
• Conscription riots plagued both Union & Confederacy
AFRICAN AMERICANS• North: Former slaves would serve Union
army (Massachusetts 54th); still suffer discrimination– Fort Pillow, TN: Confederates massacred
over 200 African American prisoners & whites who were with them
• South: considered drafting them; they would engage in sabotage
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS DURING THE WAR• South: plantation system weakened;
shortages in manpower, food-growing causing food prices to rise, loss of slaves, Union blockade of ports
• North: industries boomed, corruption in industry, work force of whites dwindled but they would be replaced by African Americans & women, wages did not keep up with cost of living
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR
• May 1863: Lee defeats the North at Chancellorsville. General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson is shot by accident by Confederate soldiers, loses his left arm, & later dies of Pneumonia on May 10. Lee continues to press onward into Gettysburg, PA.
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR• Vicksburg
– a year long siege– surrenders on July 4, 1863
TURNING POINTS OF THE WAR• Gettysburg: 3 full days of fighting.
Starts July 1, 1863. Fighting finally stops & on July 4 the dead are accounted for– Day 1: Confederates go into town looking
for shoes run in John Buford’s cavalry. Confederates take the town
– Day 2: Confederates attack Cemetery Ridge from Seminary Ridge going through orchard & wheat field. Huge loss of life. Union takes control of Little Round Top
– Day 3: artillery barrages for most of morning. Lee advances during silence. Lee retreats
TURNING POINTS OF WAR
• Total loss of life at Gettysburg:– North – 23k killed or
wounded– South – 28k killed or
wounded• Gettysburg Address:
November 1863– land dedicated to soldiers
who died. Over 100 are still not identified
– Lincoln’s 10-minute speech where he focuses on the U.S. as a WHOLE & defined what the U.S. IS
THE WAR ENDS• Ulysses S. Grant appointed over Potomac Army• “Wilderness” Campaign• “March to the Sea”• Lincoln wins second term• Petersburg, VA – final battle• Appomattox Courthouse – Lee surrenders on
April 9, 1865
“March to the Sea”
William Tecumseh Sherman
APPOMATOX COURTHOUSE
RESULTS OF WAR• Political:
– Government exerts national authority
– Secession never used again
– Income tax– Currency– Conscription– State’s rights
exerted in other forms
• Economic:– National railroad– Federal Banks– North: profit, $ to
invest, new technology
– South: 40% of livestock gone, lack of farm machinery, railroads destroyed, uncultivated land
RECONSTRUCTION• 1865 – 1877 – refers to rebuilding of the South &
readmission of Confederate States• Lincoln’s 10% plan
– Pardon for all Confederate soldiers except high-ranking ones as long as they sword allegiance to Union
– Once 10% did this then state could reform government & gain representation in U.S. Congress
RECONSTRUCTION
• “Radical” Republicans opposed Lincoln’s plan. Believed that Reconstruction belonged to Congress.
• Wade-Davis Bill – puts Reconstruction in hands of Congress. Lincoln uses “pocket” veto
Charles Sumner
Thaddeus Stevens
LINCOLN’S ASSASSINATION• Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865• John Wilkes Booth: Sic Semper Tyrannis
(“Thus be it to tyrants”)• Lincoln’s dies April 15, 1865
John Wilkes Booth
ANDREW JOHN’S RECONSTRUCTION
• Amnesty for all former citizens except former confederate officials & wealthy planters
• State had to officially withdraw secession
• Swear allegiance to Union• Annul Confederate war debts• Ratify the 13th Amendment
CONGRESS’ ATTITUDE
• Refused to admit new Southern legislators• Freedmen’s Bureau Act• Civil Rights Act of 1866• Johnson will veto both acts• Moderate & Radical Republicans will now work
together against Johnson, re-passing both bills• Reconstruction Act 1867:
– 5 military districts– TN admitted as they ratified 13th & 14th amendments– States had to ratify 13th & 14th amendments &
guarantee African Americans the right to vote• Tenure of Office Act: used to impeach Johnson
Freedman’s Bureau
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS
• 13TH Amendment: PERMANENT freedom to African Americans in ALL states.
• 14th Amendment: every person born or naturalized in the U.S. as citizens of the country & were entitled to equal protection under the law & no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process.
• 15th Amendment: right to vote shall not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Fourteenth Amendment
"One Less Vote."The Fourteenth Amendment, granting black men the right to vote, was ratified in July 1868. Every black vote became a threat to white Southerners' political power. The stone reads, "Negroe Killed, Seymour Ratification, KKK."
SOUTH DURING RECONSTRUCTION
• Physical & economic devastation
• Public works programs
• Scalawags• Carpetbaggers• “40 acres & a
mule”• Sharecropping• Tenant farming
• Slave’s challenges: understanding freedom, movement, jobs, education, families.
• Hiram Revels – 1st U.S. Congressional Senator. 15 others will serve in House of Representatives
Carpetbaggers
Carpetbaggers
GRANT ADMINISTRATION
• Ku Klux Klan• Enforcement Acts of 1870• Credit Mobilier• Whiskey Ring• Secretary of War Belknap• Panic of 1873• Greenbacks• Specie Resumption Act 1875
Fraud in Grant’s Administration
U.S. SUPREME COURT CASES• Slaughterhouse Cases 1873: 14th Amendment
protected rights of people by virtue of their citizenship. Most Americans basic civil rights were obtained through citizenship in a state & amendment did NOT protect those rights
• U.S. v. Cruikshank 1876: 14th amendment did NOT give federal government right to punish individuals who oppressed blacks
• U.S. v. Reese 1876: 15th amendment did NOT ‘confer the right of suffrage’ on anyone BUT simply stated grounds on which it could not be denied
The Slaughterhouse Cases of 1873 originated with a lawsuit brought by butchers excluded from a state-created monopoly, the Crescent City Livestock Landing & Slaughterhouse Company of New Orleans
COMPROMISE OF 1877
• Support for Reconstruction fades
• Democrats regain control of state governments & their Congressional seats in 1876
• 1876 Presidential election: Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president in exchange for withdrawal of federal troops from LA & SC, federal $ to build railroad, & Hayes appoints a Southerner to the cabinet
MISTAKES OF RECONSTRUCTION
• Assumption that extending civil rights to freed person would enable them to protect themselves through participation
• Congress did not adequately protect those rights
• Supreme Court undermined those rights• NO land/jobs for African Americans – no
economic independency• Under estimated deep-seated racism