civil war navy - timbeckclassroom.com
TRANSCRIPT
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Civil War Navy Andreana Nourie
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North VS. South
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SOUTH -Began with little to no
navy. -Few facilities to build traditional ships, no shops to build large
enough ship engines. -Surplus of human
resources. -Focused on specialised
task.
NORTH -Had a strong ship-building capacity.
-Had stronger leadership. -42 union warships in operation during the
beginning of Lincoln’s presidency.
-At the end, more than 260 warships were on
duty.
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NORTHERN Influential Naval Figures
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GIDEON WELLES
● “Father of the Sea”
● Secretary of Navy 1861-1869
● Helped expand the navy tenfold.
● Carried out the Union Blockade.
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GUSTAVUS V. FOX
● Architect of the Fort Sumter expedition.
● Assistant Secretary to Gideon Welles.
● 3 ships in the US Navy have been named USS Fox in his name.
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SOUTHERN Influential Naval Figures
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STEPHEN MALLORY
● Chairman of Committee of Naval Affairs.
● Helped create Southern navy from scratch.
● Decided to test out Ironclad ships in the Confederate navy.
○ Added sparring rods to combat the Union Blockade. 7
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JAMES D. BULLOCH
● Chief of Foreign Affairs for the Confederacy.
● Operated blockade runners and commerce raiders.
● 14 years of experience in the US navy and 8 years in commercial shipping.
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Growth of the Navy During the Civil War
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7600+ Seamen
90 Available Warships
1457 Officers
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BEGINNING OF WAR
1861
N O R T H
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51,500 Seamen
260+ Available Warships
7500 Officers
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END OF WAR
1865
N O R T H
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NAVAL TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH
● Southern Navy expanded to ○ Tugboats
○ Revenue Cutters
○ River Steamboats
○ Mounted Torpedos
○ Rebuilt the U.S.S. Merrimack
● Sourced Britain for materials + ships, although Britain had a neutral stance.
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NAVAL TECHNOLOGICAL GROWTH
● Both sides increased and expanded upon- ○ Steam power
○ Screw propeller
○ Shell guns
○ Rifled ordnance
○ Ironclads
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Union’s Naval Strategy During Civil War
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BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
● Battle of New Orleans, April 24-25 (1862). ○ 43 Union ships entered around New Orleans.
○ Confederacy withdrew its 3,000 troops while Union led 15,000 troops inward to take control.
● City fell on April 25th. ○ Loss of New Orleans is considered one of the worst disasters
suffered by Confederacy in Western Theater.
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VICKSBURG CAMPAIGN
● Vicksburg Campaign (1862-63) ○ Union plans to take confederate stronghold, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
○ Vicksburg surrendered.
● Union uses ironclads on an expedition to conquer union strongholds.
○ Attempted but failed.
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Confederacy had around 3500 miles of coastline including-
▰ 10 major ports
▰ 180 inlets
▰ Bays
▰ River Mouths
UNION SOLUTION- B L O C K A D E
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Importance of the Blockade During the Civil War
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ANACONDA PLAN
● Union generals liked the comparison of the blockade to an anaconda because of the suffocation aspect.
● Northern Plan-
○ Suppress Confederate trade
○ Split Confederacy into two by travelling down the Mississippi River.
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NORTHERN PROBLEMS
● PROBLEM- Too few ships to apprehend more than 1/12 merchant vessels running the blockade.
○ SOLUTION- Additional blockaders were commissioned and chartered, boats such as: frigates, sidewheeler ferry boats, sailing brigs.
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▰ PROBLEM- Only two Union naval ports in South. Ships would spend half the time getting resupplied and repaired.
▻ SOLUTION- Seize new ports and harbours to act as bases.
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HOW THE SOUTH FOUGHT BACK
● Fast and agile ships called “Blockade Runners” slipped through Union’s blockade to bring supplies (guns, ammunition) to the confederacy.
○ Had to carry small amounts of material.
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EFFECTS OF UNION BLOCKADE
● Southern trade decreases by 90%.
○ Countries dependent on Southern cotton (France, Britain) also suffered economic loss.
● Both sides push for better innovation in naval affairs.
○ North- Stronger blockade ships.
○ South- Battering rams, submarines, blockade runners.
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Monitor Vs. Merrimak National and Global Effects
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IRONCLAD BASICS
● Prior to the clash between Monitor and Merrimack, warships were traditionally wooden.
○ Steam had recently been used over sails for ship movement.
● Ironclad ships were researched and tested by the British and French.
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THE MERRIMACK- SOUTHERN IRONCLAD 25
Looked like floating barn roof
Poor Engines
-Incredible draft which allowed it to traverse shallow waters, had a draft of 22 feet. -Maximum speed of 4-5 knots (around 1.2 mph) -Hope that the vessel's weird would inspire fear in the North and hope in the South.
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THE MONITOR- NORTHERN IRONCLAD 26
Smaller Hull
Round Turret
-Can navigate shallower waters -Double the speed of the Merrimack
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What happened at the battle between THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMACK?
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MARCH 8TH
● Merrimack destroys ○ Twenty-four gun U.S.S. Cumberland (shells into the side, tore 7 foot
hole into hull) ○ Fifty gun U.S.S. Congress (started fires on ship, blew up when fires
reached powder magazine). ● Steadily closing in on the Minnesota ● 240 Union Navy soldiers killed, more than on any other day in the
war. ● Union fleet did little to damage the Merrimack.
○ Two of Merrimack’s guns were knocked out. ○ Two of crew were wounded, several injured. ○ Battering ram knocked off.
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MARCH 9TH, BATTLE OF MONITOR VS. MERRIMACK
● Clash at Hampton Roads, on March 9th 1862. ○ Both crews were ineffective at firing at one another.
■ Monitor cracked Merrimack's outside plating ■ Merrimack tried to ram Monitor without success.
● Limitations- ■ Monitor could only fire once every 7-8 minutes. ■ Merrimack’s engines were barely functioning.
● 12:30, Merrimack turns to another railyard. ○ Battle ends in a draw.
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“ Whereas we had available for immediate purposes one hundred forty nine first-class warships, we now have two.
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GLOBAL EFFECT
● Frigates and wooden sailing war ships would be practically extinct.
● Fortified steamships were the new form of Naval warfare.
● English adopted the ships into their fleet. ○ Britain’s experimental ironclads were named Warrior and
Ironside.
● Regarding the Civil War- ○ Union: 58 ○ Confederacy: 21
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FATE OF THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMACK
● C.S.S. Virginia (Merrimack) was blown up by her crew after being stranded in Federal territory.
● U.S.S. Monitor, on the last day of 1862, she sank on a blockade assignment.
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Commerce Raiders Pirates, Mercenaries, and more!
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PIRATES? PRIVATEERS? WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE! ● Privateers were legal pirates.
○ In any war, enemy’s merchant shipping becomes fair game.
● Southern ship owners gone privateer were offered Letters of Marque.
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NORTH RESPONDS ● April 19, 1861, North issued a proclamation claiming
that all privateer groups would be caught and treated as pirates.
○ By midsummer many crews were now in Northern jails awaiting trial.
● Pirates would usually have the criminal punishment of hanging.
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SOUTH RESPONDS ● The confederacy responds by stating that for every
privateer hanged, the Confederacy would hang a Union prisoner of war.
● Lincoln Administration, not willing to risk a blood bath, backed down.
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WHY COMMERCE RAIDERS?
● Concept was successful before, in the revolutionary war.
● Designed to sink rather than capture.
○ Cruisers would attack ships leaving the crew and cargo to burn.
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FAMOUS COMMERCE RAIDERS
● Sumter, commanded by Raphael Semmes.
○ Captured 18 Northern merchantmen early in the war.
● Florida, commanded by John Maffitt.
○ 1863, seized 37 Federal prizes.
● Shenandoah, commanded by James Waddell.
○ Took 38 Union merchant ships.
● Alabama, commanded by Raphael Semmes.
○ Captured 69 Federal ships in two years. 38
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EFFECT OF COMMERCE RAIDING
● Some cruisers were immensely successful.
○ Limited by only having a handful of raiders at sea.
● Increased Northern insurance premiums.
○ Pulled some ships away from blockade duty.
● Overall, little effect on weakening the blockade.
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Thank you for your time!
FUN FACT- The animal mascot of the Navy is Bill the Goat.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY McPherson, James M. Battle cry of freedom. Vol. 6, Oxford University Press, 1988.
"Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack." Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 Oct. 2012. packs.eb.com/social-studies/149574/article/53365. Accessed 17 Sep. 2017.
Beck, Tim. “The Monitor and the Merrimac and their Effects.” 23 July 2007.
"Battle of New Orleans." Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 Oct. 2016. packs.eb.com/social-studies/149574/article/55495. Accessed 17 Sep. 2017.
"American Civil War." Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 21 Jul. 2017. packs.eb.com/social-studies/149574/article/6104?toc=229878. Accessed 17 Sep. 2017.
"Vicksburg Campaign." Britannica LaunchPacks, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Jul. 2017. packs.eb.com/social-studies/149574/article/75235. Accessed 17 Sep. 2017.
U.S. Department of State, U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1861-1865/blockade. Accessed 17 Sept. 2017.
“Civil War Ships.” Civil War Academy - American Civil War, www.civilwaracademy.com/civil-war-ships. Accessed 17 Sept. 2017.
“Ironclads.” The London Times, 1862. In reference to the battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac (C.S.S. Virginia)
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