Civil War and Reconstruction

Chapters 11/12

*Causes for:

• Secession– State’s rights– Fanaticism over slavery issue

misconceptions about Lincoln– Econ/ Cultural Sectionalism

• War – 7 – Fort Sumter

*ID States

• Border – MD– DEL– KY– Missouri– W Va

• Confederacy– SC 12/60

– Miss 1/61

– FL

– Ala– GA 2/61

– LA

– TEX

• Confederacy formed-2/61– VA 4/61

– ARK, TENN, NC 5/61

Union

Kansas

Calif.

Oregon

*ID: Adv/ Disadv of N/S• Categories

– Population– Geography– Agriculture– Industry– Transportation– Foreign Trade– Finances– Diplomacy– Military

• Leadership • Army• Navy

*Explain Early Strategies

• North• blockade • Control the Mississippi

River / split the Confederacy

• Capture Richmond

– South– Maintain military effort

over time– Threaten the north with

invasion– Avoid defeat

– Gain foreign support

*ID Theaters

W

E

S

T

EAST

SOUTH

*ID Military Phases:

• Early defeat 61-62– Shock

– stalemate

• Turning Point –July 1863– Grant in the West-Vicksburg– Gettysburg

• “War of Attrition” 64 / 65– Grant vs. Lee– Sherman

“Turning Point”

*the “shock and reality” of this war

• The Bull Run “picnic”

• Weapons Technology

• Offsetting strengths and weaknesses

*ID Major Battles• Bull Run 7/61 C• Forts Henry / Donelson 2/62 U• Shiloh 3/62 U• Peninsula Campaign 3/62 C• New Orleans 4/62 U• 7 Days Battle 6/62 C• Bull Run 2 8/62 C• Antietam * 9/62 ----• Fredricksburg 12/62 C• Chancellorsville 5/63 C• Gettysburg * 7/63 U• Vicksburg 7/63 U

11.4 *ID military “turning points” for the Union

July 1863Vicksburg Gettysburg-Siege -3 days - Lee ignores his own -control of Miss R strategy - D1- Seminary Ridge-Grant D2- Little Round Top D3- Cemetary Ridge

• ID Theme/ Setting of Gettysburg Address - dedication of cemetery and cause - Nov. 19 1863

READ IT !!!!!!!

11.4 *How did Sherman and Grant impact the war?

*** their tactics got Lincoln re-elected and won the war for the

union

• “Total War” - Sherman• “War of Attrition” - Grant

• “The Wilderness”

- Cold Harbor, Spotsylvania, Petersburg Siege

• “The March to the Sea”

- Tenn, Ga, SC, NC

Timeline for EP

• 9/1862 – Antietam, initial announcement

• 1/1863 – EP issued

• 7/1863 – Vicksburg and Gettysburg

• 11 / 1863 – Gettysburg Address

11.2 Describe the importance of the Emancipation Proclamation

• 9/62 decision after Antietam; in effect 1/1/63• declared slaves in the rebellious confederate

states to be free –to be liberated by US troops under AL’s command

• not in the border states ! – not in US controlled territory ! – LAWS would be needed for that

• has a symbolic purpose: it “ennobles” the war effort with “a cause” –becomes a crusade

• would discourage foreign support for the south• Lincoln and the north became “Liberators”• encourages freed slave support

11.2 / 11.3 *The War’s impact on Life and Politics

• Foreign aid – GB

• war failures –AL’s political popularity

• border states

• Internal Dissent– Habeas Corpus– Copperheads– Conscription Riots– Union military defeats

• McClellan

11.2 / 11.3

….there were other issues…. “things happening” – the civil war did not put a stop to other issues / problems for AL

***AL v. OBAMA ?????• Native American relations• Expansion west - RR’s - the Homestead Act - bank reform*** “political leadership” –advantage: NORTH

11.5 *Results of the Civil War

• Political• Secession is not an

option• War powers of the

president expanded• Reconstruction of the

gov’t and the country• Lincoln’s assassination • CW Amendments

13,14,15• Federal Gov’t is

supreme ; states’ rights concept is limited

• Econ• N / S

• Migration of people

• Sharecropping

Soc

Costs

-rebuilding

-lives

- $$$$

Abolition

“Jim Crow” & “The Segregated South” est.

12.1 *ID the Provisions of Each of the Reconstruction Plans

• Lincoln’s (12/1863)– Never seceded/ individual– Pardon power– Lenient

• Loyalty oath• 10%

• Congress’ Wade-Davis Bill (7/1864) –(pocket veto)

• Johnson’s (5/1865)– used pardon– Loyalty oath– Accepted southern states back who:

• Disowned secession • Repudiated Confed. debts• Ratified 13th A

• Conf. was conquered territory• 51 % -Loyalty oath• Congress would readmit - not the Pres.• Deterrence• Prevent state “Black Codes”• Provide aid – passed the Freedman’s Bureau Act

*How did Congress respond to AJ?• Describe AJ

• State re-enter under AJ’s plan 12 / 65• Feb / 1866 - Refused to seat southern reps.

• Resented new southern state gov’ts• Wade- Davis Bill (64)

– Radicals• Charles Sumner (S)

• Thaddeus Stevens (H)

RADICAL REPUBLICANS: against A Johnson• Infringing on the powers of Congress• Too lenient• Threat to Republican control• Abandon the blacks to state govt’s

?????????????

• Whose car wash are the southern states gonna have to go thru ????????

AJ’s future actions would push moderate Rep’s to the Radicals

The Republicans in Congress want:• To renew the FBA• To pass the CRA• drafted the 14th amendment

A Johnson fights against these measures and revokes Sherman’s orders (40 acres..)

* midterm elections of 1866

- Johnson campaigns against: the Republicans, the FBA, the CRA and the 14th A

Why were the mid-term elections of 1866 important?

• Nov. 1866• AJ campaigns against radical republican program >

CRA,FBA,14th A• Results of the midterm elections: - republican majorities in S and H of R--- radicals begin

to implement their reconstruction program: CRA,FBA,14th A, the Reconstruction Act (1867) - veto proof majority for republicans – AJ’s vetoes

would be met with overrides - impeachment attack on AJ begins with Congress

passing the Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Describe the Radical Plan

• Congress control; purge and deter• FBA ; CRA passed 1866• 14th A is drafted• Reconstruction Act – 1867

- 5 military districts

- conditions for troop removal: new elections; new state constitutions; ratify CW amendments

• want to Impeach Johnson – THEY SET A TRAP:

-Tenure of Office Act

12.2 * Summarize the South’s Economic Problems

• Loss of wealthy, state revenue

• Labor shortage• Wide spread debt• Landlessness• “King Cotton” is dead

• Responses– ↑ prod., ↑ taxes

• diversify

– Sharecropping• Crop lein

– Land redistribution

*ID Political Problems in the South

• Conflicting goals among Rep.’s in the south - scalawags - recruiting democrats into rep. gov’ts• Racism / discriminating state laws (Black Codes)• Need to rebuild infrastructure• Mistrust, opportunism

Responses• Radical Rep. legislation• Public works

*ID Social Problems

• White Denial• Separation / Segregation• Literacy• Racism, white violence

Responses• A/A Activity - Republican party

- Churches

• Migration

State “Readmitted”

Texas 1870Ark 1868LA 1868Miss 1870Ala 1868TN 1866GA 1870FLA 1868SC 1868NC 1868VA 1870

12.3 *Describe the Radically Reconstructed Southern State Gov’ts

The Negatives:

• Corruption supported by presence of federal troops

• “Carpetbag Gov’ts” : - ↑ spending, taxation, debt - resented (scalawag, carpetbaggers) and undermined by southern whites - ↑ Freedman rights policed by military

increased resentment

The Positives

• Reformed state constitutions ,more liberal• Removed voting qualifications, and office holding

qualifications• Encouraged Freedman participation at the state

and national level• Abolished debt imprisonment• Est. free public schools• Economic rebuilding

Freedman’s Bureau

Civil Rights of 1866

13, 14, 15Amendments

Reconstruction Act

1867

Enforcement Act

1870

Civil Rights ActOf 1875

Major Acts of Congress for Radical Reconstruction

12.3 *Explain the collapse of the Radical Republican gov’ts in the south

• Grant Scandals– 72 Election split

• Southern Resistance– Grant not aggressive

• Bank Panic 1873, Depression• Death of Radicals• Amnesty Act 1872• Freedman’s Bureau expired• Restrictive SC decisions• Racism - violence / KKK• 1876 Pres. election compromise

State “Readmitted” “Redeemed”

Texas 1870 1874

Ark 1868 1874

LA 1868 1877

Miss 1870 1876

Ala 1868 1874

TN 1866 1869

GA 1870 1871

FLA 1868 1877

SC 1868 1876

NC 1868 1870

VA 1870 1870

12.3 *ID Legacy of Reconstruction

• State Segregation Laws

installed in the name of State’s Rights

• Southern resentment:

- racism

- violence

• 14th Amendment

• The Modern Civil Rights Movement

12. Reconstruction Storyline

• Timeline Handout

A side

B side