Civil War and

Reconstruction

Chapter 7

The War Between the States - 1861-1865

Jefferson Davis President of the

Confederate States of America

Abraham Lincoln President of the United States of

America

Section 1 - The Opposing SidesMain Idea: At the start of the War, the North and South each had distinct advantages & disadvantages.

The North (Union) - United States of AmericaPres. - Abraham Lincoln:

1. Strong navy (South had almost no navy)2. Population - 22 million (large fighting force)3. Strong industry (80% in North) - good for supplies4. Twice as many railroads

(North continued)

5. Financial superiority * Had the national treasury. * Northern banks had more cash.

* Greenbacks - printed $$.* 80% inflation.

6. Party/political dissent * War Dems vs. Peace Dems (“Copperheads”) * Conscription (draft) was unpopular.

* Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus (arrestedwar protestors & held them without trial) - unpopular. He was trying to hold the borderstates in the Union!

Northern Copperheads

The South - (Confederacy) - Confederate States ofPres: Jefferson Davis America

1. Military tradition * Most military colleges were in South;

they had the most well-trained officers. (Ex: Robert E. Lee chose to fight w/ Virginia)

2. Population - 9 million (smaller pool from which to obtain a fighting force).

3. Only 20% of the country’s industry - will causechronic shortages of supplies.

4. Only one railroad line connecting the east & west.

(South continued)

5. Fewer cash reserves: * Many planters are in debt. * 9000% inflation!6. Political trouble: * Weak central gov’t (Emphasized states’ rights) * Conscription was unpopular. * Suspension of habeas corpus. (often done in

time of national emergency)

Britain & France will BOTH decide NOT to declare war on U.S. --- bad for the South!!!

South’s strategy: Defensive war of attrition (to wear down the Union’s willingness to fight).

North’s strategy - Anaconda Plan: Blockade of South’s ports to interrupt supply lines and gunboats down the Mississippi River. Result: the South would be divided in half (east and west).

Section 2 - Early StagesMain Idea: Union forces suffered defeat in Virginia, advanced down the Mississippi, and stopped the South’s invasion of Maryland.

Union is defeated at First Battle of Bull Run; Lincolnsees he must raise more troops for a longer, more costly war!

The Naval War: * North’s blockade had trouble stopping South’s

blockade runners (small, fast “smuggling”boats).

* Union Gen. Farragut takes New Orleans (South’s largest city, center of cotton trade).

Gen. Farragut

Battle of Antietam (Md) - bloodiest one-day battle: * Lee forced to retreat back to Virginia. * Although not a decisive victory for either side, it is viewed now as a crucial victory for the North; Brits decided NOT to formally support the South. * Convinced Lincoln to end slavery in the South (Emancipation Proclamation).

Emancipation Proclamation - effective Jan. 1, 1863

* Lincoln only freed slaves in the South.

* Didn’t want to cause the

border states to secede; slaves not freed there!

The five border states were Delaware,

Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West

Virginia.

Military Life…. * Hard! Lack of blankets, shoes, etc. * Bad food (ex: hardtack); worse for the South. Remember, they had been growing mostly cotton, not food.Recipe for Hardtack: 2 cups of flour 1/2 to 3/4 cup water 1 tablespoon of lard 6 pinches of saltBake over medium heat for two hours until very hard. (This kept the maggots & worms out!). Soak in water before eating.

* Disease - infections, contagious diseases. * Amputation of limbs was routine.

Surgical Instruments

• Prisoners of war camps - horrible conditions, especially Southern POW camps. Ex: Andersonville;

13,000 out of 45,000 prisoners died.

African Americans and Women: * African Americans allowed to enlist. * 54th Massachusetts - most famous

• Women ran farms, businesses.• Most important female contribution was in the field of nursing. Ex: Clara Barton

Section 3 - Turning pointMain Idea: Key battles at Vicksburg and Gettysburghelp the North defeat the South after four long yearsof fighting.

Vicksburg (Ms) - Union General Ulysses S. Grant laid siege to the city. * “Starved out” CSA troops, forced their surrender. * Union now controlled the Mississippi River. * The Confederacy now cut in half (east & west).

Gettysburg, Pa. - Confederacy defeat; turning point in the East; Lee’s army pushed into full retreat.Gettysburg Address - Lincoln’s speech to dedicate a military cemetery/memorial.

Gen. Wm. TecumsehSherman’s “March to theSea” - A path of nearlycomplete destruction through Georgia by Unionarmies. “Total war” withwholesale slaughter of animals and burning of towns and farmland all theway to Savannah. This cut the South in half yet again.

Union GeneralWilliam Tecumseh Sherman

Sherman’s “March to the Sea”…………TOTAL WAR!

Thirteenth Amendment

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Thirteenth Amendment - banned all slavery in the United States.

SURRENDER!!! Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox (Courthouse), Va.,April 9, 1865.

The War is Over ! The Union has Survived !

President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated byJohn Wilkes Booth (actor & Southern sympathizer)at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865.

John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination of Lincoln

The Presidential Box at Ford’s Theater Site of the Assassination of Lincoln

Reward Poster for Assassination Conspirators

Execution of Assassination Conspirators

AFTERMATH

OF

WAR

Predictions: How do we bring the Southern statesback into the Union?

What will be the status of African Americans inSouthern society?

How do we heal the wounds of a broken and battered nation?

Section 4 - Reconstruction BeginsMain Idea: In the months after the Civil War, thenation began the effort to rebuild and reunite.

Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction:-Amnesty (pardon) for all those in the South who took a loyalty oath to the U.S. & who agreed to abolition of slavery.-When 10% of a state took the oath, they could set up new state gov’t.-CSA officers & gov’t officials were not eligible for amnesty.

Treat the South with respect. The Nation must heal its wounds.

Punish the South!!! Treatthem harshly!! They’ll never try anything like THAT again!

Congress, controlled by the Radical Republicans

Congressional Plan for Reconstruction:

- They wanted to punish Confederate leaders by making it tough for their states. - They wanted to make the GOP party strong in the South. - They wanted to help African Americans get the right to vote in the South.

Andrew Johnson Takes Office after the death of Lincoln: * Lincoln’s Democrat Vice-President * Anti-planter class; stubborn, hard to deal with. * Favored a moderate policy for Reconstruction

Black Codes - State laws passed in the South; aimedat limiting rights of African Americans;kept them in slave-like status (as second-class citizens).

Exampleof black

code laws

Fourteenth Amendment - guaranteed citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. (gave citizenship to African Americans).

Fourteenth AmendmentAll persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Military Reconstruction 1867-1877

1866 Congressional elections gave the GOP a 3-to-1 majority in Congress. They could now override any of Johnson’s vetoes!

Congress starts a military Reconstruction; the South was divided into five districts governed by the U.S. military. Hated by the South!

Radical Republicans in Congress did not like Pres. Johnson! They saw him as “too southern” in his attitudes. He was hard to deal with and reluctant to compromise. He had vetoed many of their bills.

MAD!

Congress impeached Johnson when he fired Secretary of War Stanton; they said he had broken the laws they had passed. He escaped conviction by one vote in the Senate!

Fifteenth Amendment - African Americans are allowed to vote!

Fifteenth Amendment

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Section 5 - Reconstruction and GOP Rule

* Carpetbaggers - Northerners who went South and were elected or appointed to state offices. Hated by hard-line Southerners!

* Scalawags - Southerners who worked with the GOP during Reconstruction. Hated by the hard-line Southerners!

* Former slaves & free blacks gained more political power and elected positions under Republican Reconstruction. * More African American schools. * African American churches were the center of their society. * Southern resistance grows; ex: Ku Klux Klan (“secret” terror

organization)

Ulysses S. Grant - elected President in 1868 * His administration damaged by scandals. * Economic crisis - Panic of 1873.

1874 - Dems win back control of House of Representatives.

End of Reconstruction: * Northerners grow weary of 10-year Reconstruction * Dems get back more power in the South.

The “New South” * More railroads. * Still largely agricultural. * Tenant farmers - paid rent for land they farmed. * Sharecroppers - paid “rent” by giving a share of their crops (1/2 to 1/3!). Trapped them in a constant state of poverty!

Checking for Understanding

__ 1. name given to many Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans

__ 2. the acquisition of money in dishonest ways, as in bribing a politician

__ 3. farmer who works land owned by another and pays rent in cash or crops

__ 4. name given to Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South

__ 5. farmer who works land for an owner who provides equipment and seed and receives a share of the crop

A. carpetbagger

B. scalawag

C. graft

D. tenant farmer

E. sharecropper

Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left.

C

D

A

B

E