Civil Rights

Summary

Gender Equity

NAACP

Famous Figures

Racial Policy Development14th Amendment: 1868

Plessy v. Ferguson: 1896Separate But Equal

Brown v Board of Education: 1954Desegregation of Public Schools

Racial Policy Development

The Civil Rights Act of 1964Public Discrimination Ruled Unlawful

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The Civil Rights Act of 1968Equal Housing

Racial Policy Development

Affirmative ActionLBJ: Executive order 11246 in 1965

Gender Equality

First Women’s College 1821• Emma Willard

Oberlin College1833: Accepts Women

1841: Allows Women to Graduate

Gender Equality

National Women’s Party: 1916First Woman Elected to House of Rep.

19th Amendment: 1920Women’s Suffrage

Gender Equality

Equal Rights Act Proposed: 1923NWP

Equal Pay Act: 1963The Commission on Status of Women

• 1963: 58.9% of Men

• 1995: 71.4% of Men

• “Glass Ceiling”

Gender Equality

National Organization of Women: 1966Created in an effort to pass ERA and to Enforce Title VII of CRA

1972: Nixon Supports ERA, Congress Passes ERA, but States Refuse To Ratify ERAEqual Credit Opportunity Act: 1974

Gender Equality

Education Amendments Act: 1972Title IX: Equal Representation in Men's and Women's Athletics

• 1971: 1 in 27

• 1998: 1 in 2.5

NAACP

Its Historical Development:

Then and Now

Background Info: NAACPFounded in 1909 in New York City by a group committed to social justiceObjective: To ensure political, social, economic, equality of minority group citizensEstablishes legal precedents to improve life for the lower classesFounders: W.E.B. Du Bois, William English Walling, Ida Wells-BarnettToday: Network of more than 2,200 affiliates; including Japan and GermanyOldest and largest civil rights organizationPresident and CEO– Kweisi Mfume

Timeline

1909: NAACP founded by multiracial groups of activists

1910: Guinn v. United States struck down grandfather clause as unconstitutional (15th Amendment)

1913: President Woodrow Wilson officially introduces segregation in Federal government

1917: Buchanan v. Supreme Court blacks can’t be segregated residential districts

Timeline Continued

1918: Woodrow Wilson finally makes a public statement against lynching

1920: First Annual Conference held (sign of strength)

1941: Ensure equal employment in federal industries (President F.D.R.)

1945: Demand monetary support by national government like other progressive programs

Working through the Courts

90 yrs of political pressure, marches, demonstrations, and effective lobbying

1st major campaign: laws against lynching

1930’s: Shift to economic conditionsFDR’s Fair Employment Practices Committee ban racial discrimination in industries which received federal contracts

WWII: End discrimination in Armed Services/ Employment opportunities at home

Working through the Courts

Brown v. Board of Education: End of racial discrimination at schools

NAACP produced Civil Rights Acts of 1960 and 1964

Voting Rights Act 1965

1968 Fair Housing Act

Fair Share Program

Early 1970’s: Anticipated progressive withdrawal of the broad-based role of the federal government

National public policy no longer was the principal tool for income redistribution, job creation, and training programs for minorities

1981: Focus on private sector for African American economic advancement

Objective: Create employment opportunities with private sector companies

Fair Share Program

Goals:Establish minority programs, including utilization of African American contractors, professionals, financial institutionsAggressive affirmative action programsPromote contributions to various worthy African American causes and organizationsCreation of investment and ownership opportunities for African American businesses

Issues NAACP is Battling Today

Search for Tougher Hate Crime Laws passed by the national government

Halt Anti-affirmative action

Hateful Killings

Arthur J.R. Warren was black and gayBeaten to death and then run over several times to make it look like a hit-and-run

Parents with civil rights groups on July 20, 2000 met the U.S. Justice Department in Washington D.C.Urges Congress to pass Hate Crimes Prevention Act

Stronger penalties for persons who injure someone on the basis of race, color, religion, gender, sexual origin

Anti-Affirmative Action

Ward Connerly, a black Conservative,was unsuccessful to to place an anti-affirmative action on Florida’s November ballot (2000)

Succeed in California and Washington state

NAACP continue to fight Jeb Bush’s “One Florida plan”

Bans considerations of race and gender

NAACP: DiscriminationEducation, Health Care

Milwaukee Board of School Directors (2/15/2001)

Education is necessary to succeed in lifeSegregation with the sanction of law creates feelings of inferiority and deprive the minorities with quality education.Ordered a return to neighborhood schools

Wisconsin Gov. Tommy Thompson ordered a 10% reduction in busing

African Americans make up 61% of students at public schools

Extensive residential segregation

Milwaukee Board of School Directors (2/15/2001)

Challenges: How to makes sure that a return to neighborhood schools does not deprive African Americans a proper education

How to limit busing by encouraging more people to attend their neighborhood schools

Guarantee that there are enough schools in the neighborhoods where children live

Milwaukee School Desegregation

1976: 73 MPS were more than 90% white, while 31 school were more than 90% black

With integration, Black students need buses to travel such long distances

$1.2 billion needed to ensure that all children had access to early childhood education, lower class size, computers, etc.

NAACP Health

Continues to be deeply concerned about the economic and social barriers of health care that affect minorities

Educate people about costs, quality and access, professional training

Goals:Developing national health education initiatives

Expanding outreach in communities

Sponsoring programs with other health groups

Leaders in the Quest for Civil Rights

W. E. Du Bois (1868-1963a.d)Cesar Chavez (1927-1993a.d.)

Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993a.d.)

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906a.d.)

William Edward Du Bois(1868-1963a.d.)

• Founder of the NAACP (1909)

• Editor of The Crisis magazine (1910-1934)

• Conducted sociological investigations of blacks in America

• Administered first case study of a black community in the United States

• Supporter of protest in order to achieve social change

Cesar Estrada Chavez(1927-1993a.d.)

Organizer and leader of migrant farm workersCreated United Farm Workers of America (UFW)Led strike and boycott in order to improve workers rights (1965)Gain right to organize farm workers into a labor union (1977)

Thurgood Marshall(1908-1993a.d.)

First African-American member of the supreme court (1967-1991)

Successfully argued Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Won many landmark cases for the advancement of civil rights

Chief of NAACP’s legal staff (1940)

Supported rights of minorities while serving on Supreme Court

Susan Brownell Anthony(1820-1906a.d.)

Pioneer crusader for the Women’s Rights movement President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (1892-1900)Leader in the development of the 19th amendment (1920)Published The Revolution, a periodical calling for the advancement of women