civil affairs handbook french indochina section 6

8/4/2019 Civil Affairs Handbook French Indochina Section 6

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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUAL LPX~~CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRENCH INDO-CHINASECTIONS: NATURAL RESOURCES

SDissemination of restricted matter. - The information con-tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrictedmaterial may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedStates and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingin Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the pressexcept by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b,AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES, 29MARCH1944

LJQII L I L-l-----l - -

I - L I - _ - I - I


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ARMY SERVICE FORCES MiW M 59-6Civil Affairs

CIVIL AFFAIRS HANDBOOK

FRENCH INDO-CHINASECTION 6: NATURAL RESOURCES

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES,29MARC H1944

S. Dissemination of restricted matter. - The information con-tained in restricted documents and the essential characteristics of restrictedmaterial may be given to any person known to be in the service of the UnitedStates and to persons of undoubted loyalty and discretion who are cooperatingin Government work, but will not be communicated to the public or to the pressexcept by authorized military public relations agencies. (See also par. 18b,AR 380-5, 28 Sep 1942.)

-1 I I LLL -Lsl - - L- --L- - -- F -C C- _ I

- I I I I_ L - I I I - ~-- --g II-

- I I - -I -- L _ - cI - I s~-- ~


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NUMBERING SYSTEM OF

ARMY SERVICE FORCES MANUALS -

The main subject matter of each Army Service Forces Manual is indi-cated by consecutive numbering within the following categories:;

1 - M99 Basic and Advanced Training11100 - M1.99 Army Specialized Training Program and Pre-

Induction TrainingM200 - M299 Personnel and Morale1300 - M399 Civil Affairs1400 - 1499 Supply and TransportationM500 - M599 FiscalM600 - 1699 Procurement and Production1700 - 1799 AdministrationM1 00 - 1899 MiscellaneousM900 up Equipment, Materiel, Housing and Construction

HEADQUARTERS, ARMY SERVICE FORCES,Washington 25, D. C., 29 March 1944

Army Service Forces Manual M 359 - 6, Civil Affairs Handbook - Natural

Resources in French Indo-China, has been prepared under the supervision of

The Provost Marshal General, and is published for the information and guid-

ance of all concerned.

iIPX 461 (21 Sep 43)By command of Lieutenant General SONERVELL:

W. D. STYER,Major General, General Staff Corps,

Chief of Staff.

OFFICIAL:J. A. ULIO,

Major General,Adjutant General.


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This study on Natural Resources in French Indo-.Ohina was prepared for theMILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE O7 THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL

by the

FAR EASTERN UNIT, BUREAU 07 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCEUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

OFFICERS USING THIS MATERIAL ARE REQUESTED TO MAKE SU(.GESTI ONS ANDCRITICISMS INDICATING THE REVISIONS OR ADDITIONS WHIUH WOULD MAKE THISMATERIAL MORE USEFUL JOR THE~IR PURPOSES. THESE CRITICISMS SHOULD BESENT TO THE CHIE? 0? THE LIAISON AND] STUDIES BRANCH, MILITARY GOVERNMENTDIVISION, PMGO, 2807, MUTNITIONS BUILDING, WASHINGTON 25, P. C.

lqpmw


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1. Geographical and Social Background2. Government and Administration3. Legal Affairs4. Government Finance5. Money and Banking6. Natural Resources7. Agriculture8. Industry and Commerce9. Labor10. Public Works and Utilities11. Transportation Systems12. Communications13. Public Health and Sanitation14. Public Safety15. Education16. Public Welfare17. Cultural Institutions.

This study on Natural Resources in French Indo-China was prepared for theMILITARY GOVERNMENT DIVISION, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL bythe FAR EASTERN UNIT, BURAUTJ OF FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC COMMERCE UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE.


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INTRODUCTION

Purposes of the Civil Affairs Handbook.

The basic purposes of civil affairs officers are (1) to assist theCommanding General by quickly establishing those orderly conditions which

will-contribute most effectively to the conduct of military operations,

(2) to reduce to a minimum the human suffering and the material damage,

resulting from disorder and (3) to create the conditions which will aake

it possible for civilian agencies to function effectively.

The preparation of CivilAffairs Handbooks is a part of the effort

to carry out these responsibilities as efficiently and humanely as possible.The Handbooks do not deal with plans or policies (which will depend upon

changing and unpredictable development;8'). It should be clearly uiiderstopdthat they do not imply any given official program of action. They arerather ready-reference source books containing the basic factual information

needed for planning and policy making.


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TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

Preliminary Note 1PART I. Mining 1

A. Government Policy 1B. Coal 4C. Iron 11D. Phosphates 13E. Zinc 14F. Tin 15G. Tungsten 16H. Manganese 17I. Chrome 17J. Bauxite 18K. Other Minerals 18L. Summary of Mineral Exploitation by th e

Japanese 19

PART II. Forestry 22A. Government Policy 22B. Resources, Facilities and Production 30C. Marketing 32D. Rubber 33E. Minor Forest Products 57F. Lumber Industry under Japanese Occupation 39


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PIT III. Fisheries and Game

A. Fisheries and Game

B. Ownership and Form of Organization

C. Resources, Facilities 'and Production

D. Preservation an d ilarketing of FishE. Fishing Industry under Japanese Occupation

F. Game, Fowl and Animals

PART IV. Water and Water Power

A. Government Policy

B. Resources, Facilities and Production

C. Water Power under Japanese Mue

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ILLUS ARTIOi

Pleiku Plateau, showing results of forest fire, opposite

Bridge built of rough timber, opposite

Transportation of a lo g by Water Buffaloes, followingTransportation of logs by twenty pairs of

Water Buffaloes, fo l lowingRaft of logs at Checking Station, following

Raf t of logs being towed on the Mekong, fol lowing

APPENDIX

Special Tables on Forests, beginning on

Pe

41

41

41

41

44

45

45


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LIST OF TABLES

Page1. Coal Production 5

2. Coal Trade for the Year 1957 105. Iron Ore Production 114. Zinc Production 145. Tin Production 16

6. Tungsten Production 167. Manganese Production 178. Timber Production 249., Prices of Wood for the Purpose of Tax 2710. Forest Reserves 2911. Tree Planting and Reforestation 5012. Acreage and Production of Rubber 5515. Rubber Production 5514. Rubber Exports 3615. Fish Production 42

MAP

Coal Basins of Tonkin


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NT1RAL REOtTRCTS IN FRENCH INflOCHINA

Although French Indochina was the last area of importance inEastern Asia to be occupied by a European power (1859-1907) it waspossessed of unusually rich natural resources which might havestimulated empire-building ambitions at an earlier date. These re -sources are probably more varied than those of any comparableAsiatic area except Java. A great many minerals are exploited on acommercial scale: rather dense forests cover most of the country'sarea and contain a great variety of timber, resins, and minor forestproducts: the seacoast is long, and adjoining seas abound in fishwhile the Grand Lac and Mekong and myriads of lesser bodies of waterprovide ample fishing grounds. Heavy rainfall and numerous mountainranges coupled with the mighty Mekong (which has a rapid fall incertain areas) combine to give large and virtually unexploitedwater power resources.

I. MiningA. Government Policy

The Annamese policy with regard to minerals was definite andsimple -- the Emperor of Annam was the sole owner of both soil andsubsoil. Certain mineral concessions were granted to the Chinesebut with that rather minor exception severe penalties awaited thosewho attempted mineral exploitation as a private venture.

NOR*--


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The French introduced private property in mineral resourcesand permitted, or even encouraged, very wide-scale prospectingand the taking up of leases on easy terms. French mining law hasbeen criticised for permitting speculators to gain possession oflarge areas without being required to exploit their holdings or topermit anyone else to do so. The following summary is a roughtranslation from "L'Industrie Miniere de l'Indochine - 1935," anofficial publication:

"The broad features of Indochinese mining regulations werefixed by the Decree of January 26, 1912. This Decree waspromulgated for the purposes of encouraging prospectingand protecting to the maximum the rights of the discover-er of mineral resources.

"Every titleholder of a mineral grant obtains exclusivepermission to prospect 900 hectares of land by mere dec-laration of intent. The license is for three years andmay be made permanent by certain legal and fiscal for-malities. The assignment of mining rights therefore isnot conditional upon proof of the presence of mineralresources or upon proof of financial capacity of th eassignee to develop resources of which he may be the dis-coverer. The assignment can be suspended only in certaincases by a decree of the Governor General.

"A Decree of November 23, 1933, established special regu-lations for the prospecting and exploitation of liquidand gaseous hydrocarbons as well as bitumen, asphalt,sandstone and bituminous schists. This rule sets asidethe liberal provisions affecting the exploitation ofother substances and requires from the holders of miningrights the justification of certain guarantees and th ecarrying out of the minimum amount of developmental work."

It should be pointed out at this point that petroleum and nat-ural gases have not as yet been discovered in commercially exploit-able quantities and hence the more strict Decree of 1933 is of no

,yt-

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Practical importance, During 1935 certain modifications were madein mining laws limiting the duration of licenses to five years andfacilitating the sale or lease of mineral rights by the discoverer.In the same year the surface tax was reduced to .40 piasters perhectare per annum for concessions liable to tax during the previousfour years, and .50 piasters per hectare per annum for previouslyexisting concessions. /

Certain regions in Cambodia and Luang Prabang (Laos) were re-served or removed from prospecting. Only Indochinese and French werepermitted to have mining licenses either individually or as bodiescorporate and in practice mining was very nearly a French monopoly.Foreigners were permitted, however, to hold minority interests inthe stock of mining companies. No more than five percent of theEuropeans employed by a mining company could be non-French.

The Bureau of Mines with headquarters at Hanoi was the agencythrough which the Government exercised its policy with regard to min-erals. A rather efficient geological service was attached to theBureau of Mines and has carried out extensive surveys. It has beenreported, however, that a large proportion of mineral deposits

hitherto discovered had previously been found and worked to some ex-tent in pre-French times. The Chinese in particular have shown con-siderable skill in locating deposits. The chiefs of provincesordinarily issued prospecting and mining permits under the authorityof the Bureau of Mines.

_/ The language of the official decree was vague, and this para-phrase is therefore subject to correction.

--


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Regarding taxes, the official statement reads in rough translation:"Indochinese miners pay ....... taxes on the occupation of land,duties on telephone lines and posts, export duties, sanitary taxes,

port duties, indemnities fo r th e superintendence of customs, waterrights, forest taxes and fees for the inspection of boilers,etc. If the total mining taxes amount to but a small fractionof the proceeds of the mines it must be taken into considerationthat the participation of the miner in the development andequipment of the country is considerable in respect to suchuseful social activities as construction dnd upkeep of schoolsand hospitals, ports, railways, roads, homes and furnishingsfor Government offices, police and other purposes. Moreover,local personnel pay local taxes for the upkeep pf provincialgovernment."A 1937 consular report points out the distinction between quarries

and mines, the former belonging to their discoverers and the latterbelonging to the owners of the land. The holder of the prospectinglicense had three years in which to make application fo r a mininglicense, the latter costing 250 france (about $6.00), in addition toexamination fees.

In January 1, 1936 there were 906 prospecting licenses in forceas against 17,685 in the peak year of 1930. Only four new mininglicenses were issued in 1935, against a maximum of 430 in 1929. Mostof the prospecting licenses during the depression were issued inTonkin although when the prospecting fever was at its height between1928 and 1932 Laos and Annam had an equally great amount of prospectingactivity.B. Coal

The output of coal in recent years in metric tons has been officialyreported as follows:


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Table No. 1Coal Production in French IndochinaYear Metric Tons1936 2,186,0001937 2,299,0001938 2,322,0001939 2,597,0001940 2,215,0001941 (estimate) 2,100,00019142 (estimate) 1,200,0001943 (estimate) 1,200,000

Nearly all of Indochina's coal is anthracite with a very lowash content. There are a few small semri-bituminous beds, th echief of which is that at Phani-me in the northern part of theTonkin Delta. In 1938 the Societe Indochinoise de Charbonnageset de Mines Metalliques of Phan-me produced 31,700 tons. The onlyother semi-bituminous producer was the Societe des Charbonnagesde Tuyen-Quang with an output of 23,000 tons. The Tonkin CoalCompany (Societe Francaise des Charbonnages du Tonkin) produced4,200 tons of lignite, and may have been the only producer ofbriquettes and boulets, which amounted to 111,200 tons and 20,400tons respectively. Small quantities of biimtuinous coal wereordinarily imported as local supplies but were insufficient evenfor modest domestic consumption. The map on page 6 shows thelocation of the leading Tonkin coal fields.

Apprcximately two-thirds of the coal is produced by theSociete Francaise des Charbonnages du Tonkin. The mines of thiscompany are on the north side of the Bay of Along northwest of


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MAP OF THE COAL BASINSOF TONKIN

o o 40 soKILM.

LEC ND.. COAL BASIN

" .. CENTER OF EXPLOITATIONAILROAD

N al

.0 0V

1t-in k.8~ mur

NII0n

lie. '

O

(22950)


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Haiphong and th e Big Seam with its open mine has produced nearlyhalf of the company's output . Hongay and Campha are the othercenters, although Halam and Hatou also have open-pi t operat ions.Ingersoll compressed air drills were commonly used. A little furthernorth the company's chief mines were at Nagotna, Port Courbet,Harang, Nga-hai and Mong-Dzoung. The Halam and Hatou Mines towardthe nor thwest were connected. by a meter-gauge railway with the por tof Hongay, bu t Nagotna, Por t Courbet and the other northern mineshave access to Hongay by water, and in fact there are numerous

reports of the current development of Port Courbet as a major ship-ping point. There were extensive facilities at Hongay for screening

and loading coal. Up to 220 tons could be treated per.hour. The

coal had a three to seven percent ash content plus five to eleven

percent of volatile matter, and-contained from 7,800 to 8,300

calories.

Campha Port , east of Hongay, served the Campha Mine, the RaymandFerraut and th e Mong-Dzuong ines, which were reached by a railwaythat was also l inked to the lines around Hongay. Both steam andelectric locomotives were used. The screens -and jigs could treat270 tons of dry coal per hour, while electric cranes and other load-

ing facilities were adequate. There was a power plant at Hongay

with a prewar capacity of at least 5,000 kilowatts. According to

balance sheets published by the Bureau of Mines this company was

able to make considerable profits even during the depression when


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-8-most mining companies showed a loss, or barely broke even.

Nearly all the remaining coal was mined by the Societe desCharbonnages du Dong-Trieu. The quality of the coal was about thesame as that of the larger company and the major part of the company'soperations center around the Clothilde-Louise seams with thicknessesof 1.2 to 8 meters. Practically all operations were underground andconsiderable modern equipment was in use.

Port Redon, almost' due north of Haiphong, was the chief shippingpoint for this company and its facilities for the processing andshipping of coalDere similar to those of Hongay. The Haiphongwater supply came from a dam constructed by this company. Thecompany had a small meter-gauge railway and its own electric plant.

There were a number of other coalfields, chiefly in or nearthe Tonkin Delta, but they were of negligible importance.

Table No. 2, adapted from the Indochinese official report onmining for the year 1937, sets forth the coal trade of the Farhast for that year. Figures in the horizontal line opposite. thename of a country represent that country's exports, while figuresdirectly under the name of a country represent that country's im-ports. It will be noted that Indochina ranked fourth as a coalexporter, following Manchuria, China and Japan. Japan was, onbalance a net importer of coal, however, whereas the relativelyslight development of Indochinese industries permitted the latter

WI ~


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country to be a major exporter , even with a rather modest. totalproduction, as domestic consumption was around one million tons only.

Eports of coal from Indochina continued at about the same rateuntil 1941, after Japanese occupation of Tonkin, when they appear

to have declined slightly, due to the virtual cessation of exports

to areas outside the Far East.


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TABLE NO. 2Coal Trade of the Far East for the year 1937

(thousand metric tons)

Philip- Thai-Dlaysv Indochina land Ceylon N.E.I. Franceahn -A -elo N.IFrance

ChinaJapanIndia

.Manchu.

South 4ica

3,280

810

,240

9246

16

32045

195

220

20

9

0.2

n

1413

380

4

250

TotalOther Imports23015

4.208027

1,7631,9141-856

1,540308 c

2,3004.2

277O________1 "

Total 4407 912 4,340 271 780 40.2 27 380 6 254 772 8,189.2Imports

1. Formosa accounts for 26,000 metric tons:

Hong

403

2601460

2405008

no050

4F~L1 - 2f l 1 /


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After extensive prospecting the. Government of Indochina came tothe conclmsion that total coal deposi t s were 1,125,800,000 metric tons,of which 123,200,000 metric tons were verified, and 39,790,000 tonsconsidered suitable for mining operat ions. It is believed that Japan-ese calculations have very greatly raised these figures.

The iron deposi t s of Indochina are extensive, being scatteredover Tonkin, Annam and Cambodia and one authority lists no less than34 separate deposits, 25 being iron ore, five being ferro-ranganese ore,three being ferro-titanium and one ferro-chrome.Production figures for recent years are as follows;

Table No. 3

Iron Ore Production in French Indochina

Year Production(m etric tons)

1936 13,450

1937 38,5-701938 130,000

1939 136,0001940 33,0001941 (est imate) 25,00019412 (estimate) 25,0001943 (estimate) 35,000

A leading field is the Island of Kebao, east of Hongay and

Campha in the coalfields. It is shown on the map of coal deposi t s


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on page No. 6. The Tonkin Coal Company which produces most ofIndochina's coal exploits the iron deposits as well, 1937 production

equalling 16,045 tons with a 45 percent iron content. Three bedsat Hayat and two at Tsam-Cau are worked by th e open-cut method, anda few others by underground operat ions. Five hundred laborers wereemployed in these operations.

The "Lilith' and "Abel" Mines in the Thai-Ngyuen region ofTonkin employed 800 laborers in 1937 and produced magnetite and li-

monite. From these mines were shipped 12,000 tons of ore to Haiphongfor export to Japan in the first four months of 1938. Mr. Subira ofthe Societe Indochine Japonais was in charge of operat ions.

The same company was active in the Thanh Hoa region of nor thernTonkin with its "Jules" Mine which produced ore with 55 percent metalcontent. Operations had ceased by the end of 1937, however.

An Annamese concern, the owners' names being Phuc-Thanh and Nhawas active in the Vinh region and in 1937 produced 2600 tons of ore

which was 40 percent manganese, 35,000 tons of 50 percent iron, and2500 tons of mixed ore . Three hundred laborers were employed.

At Pnom Deck in Cambodia large hemati te deposi ts have been dis-covered which have never been worked al though they may be of greatfuture importance. Moreover th e Bulletin Economique de 1' Indochinefor 1939 contains a long article describing iron ore deposi ts betweenLaokay and Yenbay in northwest Tonkin. In genera l it would seemthat there are prospects for a great expansion of iron mining in


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Indochina. Practically all the iron ore exports have gone to Japan

the chief exception being the ore: used by the Haiphong Cement Works.

D. Phosphates: The outstanding phosphate deposits of Indochina

are those near Laokay cn the Chinese border. Deposits are estimated

at 50,000,000 m etric tons, the percentage of P2 0 varying from7 to 40. These deposits were not worked commercially prior to

Japanese occupation and hence will be discvussed below in connection

with developments by the Japanese.

Nine other phosphate deposits have been proved and described.

The more important ones are along the Chinese border and near

Thank Hoa and Vinh in northern Annam. Three of the deposits, horever,

(phosphorite) are in Cambodia. Production vas near 30,000 tons in

1940, the previous high point being 26,600 tons in 1930. It is believed

that these amounts were insignificant compared to the potential develop-

ment of phosphate deposits and to the quantities removed by the

Japanese in 1942 and 1943. The 1943 expor ts to Japan probably equalled100,000 tons.

Th e use of phosphates for fertilizer was not wellveloped inIndochina and the chemical industry was not large enough to createmuch of a demand, hence the product had only been exported, chiefly

to Japan .The Societe Nouvelle des Phosphates du Tonkin was th e chief firm

with processing plants at Haiphong and at Mytho near Saigon. The

other company was the Societe Miniere du Cambodge with a plant at

Battambang, Cambodia.

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$. Zinc: Indochina has over 50deposits of zinc, lead and silver,about half of which contain chiefly zinc, while th e rest are chieflydeposits, of lead. Most of these are in Tonkin although there are afew in Annam and Laos. The only mine in operation in recent yearswas th e Cho-Dien Mine of th e Compagnie Miniere et Metallurgiquede 1'Indochine in Bac-Kau Province, northern Tonkin. The samecompany formerly exploited a deposit at Tuyen Quang on the ClaireRiver. No information is available as to th e metal content of th eore in th e various deposits but with such a number of deposits it seemsreasonable to suppose that some of them will prove profitable in th epostwar period.

Production and estimated production in recent years has been asfollows:

Table No. kZinc Production.in French Indochina(metal content)

Production1936 5,221

1937 4,2001938 4,452

1939 5,6691940 6,881

1941 (estimate) 6,800

1942 (estimate) 5,3001943 (estimate) 3,300

u0.


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Practically all, f the production was exported to France, afterbeing processed in the Quang Yen refinery,L n : Tin ranked next to coal, during th e prewar period, inimportance among Indochina ' s minera l products . Th e chief mines wereat Pia-012c in Tonkin near th e China border and at Neam-Pathene nearThakhek. There are listed 27 deposits of cassiterite, chiefly inTonkin but also in Laos and Annam. No less than seven Frenchcompanies were engaged in tin mining. Caobang had a small refineryequipped with reverberating furnaces. There were tw o other smallrefineries bu t all were closed down about 1931 when interests inShanghai offered prices for tin ore concentrates which made refin-ing in Indochina unprofitable by comparison.

-Haiphonghad a small tin concentrating plant but it was used

chiefly for the processing of Yunnanese ore. The fact that tin fromYunnan was normally exported through French Indochina in considerable

quantities necessitates the greatest of care in interpretating Indo-

chinese production and export figures. The leading tin mining compan-ies were th e Societe d'Xtudes et d'Eploitation, Miniere de l'Indo-chine, th e Societe des Stains et W lfram du Tonkin, Compagnie Ferrieredes Stains d' ktreme-Orient and the Societe D 'cploitation des Stainset Wolfram du Pia-Ouac,

Production and est imates for recent years are set forth in thefollowing table:


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H. ananese: Manganese is produced in connection with iron orein the neighborhood of Vinh in northern Annam. The chief mineappears to have been that at Yencu and was taken over by theJapanese in 1935. Production from 1936 to 1939 was as follows:

Table No. 7Wazanese Production in French Indochina

Year Production(metric tons)

J936 3,4291937 5,2871938 2,2141939 2,440

Since 1940 no satisfactory estimates have been made. It is possiblethat 1943 'productionmay have reached a new high of 10,000 tons.I. 'Chrome: There appear to be several chrome and nickel-chrome de-posits in Indochina, chiefly at Codein in Thanh Hoa Province, Annam.This property was worked between 1927 and 1930 after which date it wasclosed down to be reopened by the Japanese. The deposit is said toinclude 2,000,000 tons of ore with over 50 percent Cr2 03. There- wasa total of 14 chrome mining claims in 1938.

An American consular report in 1937 described the deposits as follows:"Deposits are in alluvium valleys which border the LimestoneMountain rising to a height of about 400 meters, about 20kilometers to the southwest of Thanh Hoa in north Annamn.Working with this alluvium is easy and removal of this productis not difficult. This chromiferous alluvium was found duringthe war by French prospectors."


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J Bauxite: Bauxite deposits are reported at Langson on theChinese border, at Dai-Phat near Haiduong, and at Que-Son Deo-Le inQuang-Nam District, Annam. It is also believed that the Japanesehave discovered extensive new deposits the exploitation of whichwill be discussed below. The quality is given as 40 percent.K. Other Minerals:s There have been rumors of the existence ofextensive Detroleum deposits in.French Indochina but so far as isknown no workable deposits have been proved as yet.

There are at least nine antimony deposits, chiefly in Tonkin(Moncay, north of Hongay) and Annam (Ta Soi). Commercial exploitationhas been very small.

Grzanhite deposits were worked between 1924 and l98 near Laokayon the Chinese border. There is also said to be a graphite depositin Q8ru#g Ngai Province, AnnaM but it has not been worked since 1919 un-lees the Japanese have recentl,.y opened it.

There are salt springs in Laos from 1hich the natives have producedabout 200 metric tons per year, but most of the production of nearly200,000 tons comes from evaporation of sea water.

The present system of controlling proauctocn and sale of salthas been ii effect since 1910. Salt producers--they are mart' s theyare scattered all along the coast --* must sell their output to theSalt AJdwinistration which in turn sells the output to consumers throughlicensed stores, This method has been severely criticised and the saltworkers at one time proposed that they pay a fixed annual sum to theGovernment and be free to dispose of their output and thus relieve the


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Government of th e costs of administration.Production of salt in prewar years averaged 185',000 metric tons

of which 65,000 metric tons were exported to Japan. Government receiptsfrom the sale of salt amounted to 4,185,000 and 4,814,000 piasters in1935 and 1936, respectively, about eight percent of total Governmentreceipts for those years.

The chief salt works were at Cana near Camranh Bay.Mezcuyv Sufide or Cinnabar have been discovered in limestone

f issures near Ha Giang, noQrther Tonkin. There are large Chinesedeposits not far away on the opposite side of the border and it istherefore considered possible that important discoveries on the

Indochinese side may be made in due course.Veins of cop have been discovered along the Black River in

Tonkin, and in Laos also, but exploitation has never been importantbecause of th e poor quality of ores. There were numerous quarriesthroughout th e country, particularly in Annam, th e products beingchiefly granite, lime, kaolin, sand and clay. Road and buildingmaterials are plentiful.4. ofaZ~vMine.ralxploitation by the Japane. ;* Probablythe. outstanding Japanese development in th e mineral field has been th eexploitation on a large scale of theeapatite deposits at Laokay.During the first quarter of 1943, fo r instance, the Japanese are thoughtto have planned to import 20,000 tons of apatite from Indochina. Itis believed, however, that United Nations' bombing attacks have

"Swap~c


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frightened away most of the laborers and have damaged local trans-portation facilities to such an extent as to have reduced the scaleof operations. The deposits are on the opposite side of the riverfrom the railway line. The Japanese, however, have undoubtedlycarried out a great deal of research with groups of trained geologistsscouring the country ever since 1940. This fact coupled with th eadmittedly sketchy exploitation of mineral resources by the Frenchmakes it likely that the foregoing description based almost whollyon prewar data does not do justice to the present situation. Coalmining has apparently shrunk to approximately 50 percent of itsformer importance due partially to bombing attacks on power plants,loading facilities and colliers, and partially to the drasticJapanese shortage of ocean shipping.

Another important Japanese development has been the reopening ofthe chrome mines and it is possible that 1943 production was as highas 10,000 tons of ore with 50 percent metal content. Manganeseproduction in 1943 may have amounted to 10,000 tons also and it isthought that the northern Tonkin mines produced more than those atVinh.

There have been rumors of the exploitation of mica deposits bythe Japanese. Indochinese mercury production may be on a fairlywide scale as there are reportedly rather large shipments. Thisdoes not necessarily prove the production of this substance within


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Indochina since the mineral exported may have been smuggled in fromFree China.

Carbide is said to be produced as a by-product by the Dong TrieuCoal Mining Company, beginning late in 1943.

Considerable quantities of bauxite are believed to have beensent monthly from Indochina to Japan during 1943. Tin and wolframmines appear to be operating at a fair rate although probably not attheir prewar capactiy. The Japanese may have taken over these minesdirectly, tius creating another postwar problem.

OWN="-


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These excellent essays leave few questions unanswered and thefollowing quotation (roughly translated) from th e first of th eseries describes th e part played by th e Forest Service in th eeconomy of th e cointry:

"There is little worth-while information on the exploi-tation of Indochinese forests during th e period prior to th ecreation of th e Indochinese Forest Service in 1901.

"In 1888 there Was issued in Tonkin th e first decreetwhich provided that all felling of trees required an authoriaFtion granting the right to the holder of th e permit to engage50 woodchoppers fo r a period of six months, Moreover th ewood extracted was subject to a floating tax.

"In Cochinchina numerous forest reglations were elaboratedfrom 1862 to 1877 by th e military governor, then from 1879by th e civil governor. These regulations related to th eexploitation of th e forests, th e purchase of constructionwood, th e sale of wood, cutting of poles and posts fo r telegraphl ines, etcetera. The first decree concerned th e reservationand recovery of forests and was dated June 12, 1891. The firstthree forest reserves were created by decree of March 31 ofth e following year in Thadaumot Province,

"At that time th e products taken from th e forests were almostexclusively used to satisfy th e needs of th e local inhabitants-- bamboos, vines, palm leaves and a few woods for the construc-tion of homes, junks and sampans as well as manufacture of

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furniture and agricultural implements.

Construction1

Firewood

"But as colonization and industry developed the demands'fo r lumber bcame more and more urgent. Exploitationincreased rapidly until 1929 when it reached 960,000 cubicmeters for construction wood and more than 2,000,000 steres(1 stere .35.31658 cubic feet) for firewood, There was asharp decrease during the years 1929 to 1933, production inthe latter year approximately equalling that of 1910.Finally exploitation took an upward trend after 1934 toamount in 1936 to the total quantities for all Indochina of661,000 cubic meters of construction wood ard 1,528,00 storesof firewood. Production for the states in the union lugforest services was as follows:

Table No. 8Timber Prodction In Indochina

lod(ui Ann110,100 175,00 20,1good (cubic 165,000 ~ 110,100 175,200 20,100Dmeters)

(steres) 175,400 136,500 385,800 346,300"During the - first four years of the existence of the

Indochinese Forest Service numerous decrees regulating explol-tation were issued in the different states of the union. These-decrees have since been modified several times, often differingsharply from state. o state in their main provisions.


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"Hence these differnet regulations were improved andmodernized into a Forest Code common to all Indochina,placed in force by a decree of th e Governor General onMarch 31, 1930 and completed by the application of usefildecrees to each country of the union and administered byth e Chief of Local Administration.

"In accordance with th e provisions of th e text, Indochineseforests are classified into two categories -- the classifiedforest domain and th e protected forest domain. The firstcomprises the known groves classif ied as, orest reservatiof1swhich must be replanted in accordance with a decree of. heGovmnor General, In this domain unregulated exploitationis forbidden., Before a forest in this category can be exploitedthere must be secured a franchise or license which conformswith the general regulations of th e Forest Service,

"These l icenses are sold annually by public auction orunder sealed tenders. The protected forest domain formerlycalled free forest is much larger than th e classif ied forestdomain, The great majority of its woods are secondary productsand by-products rather than first class lumber. In th e forestsof this category th e natives carry on exploitation by a"gathering system" (cueillette) as they have done for centuriespast subject, however, to th e following regulations whichattempt to protect the financial interests of the colony asmuch as possible and to provide for reforestation.


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"Everyone using the forests mst obtain an exploitationpermit authorizing the extraction of a given number of treesor a certian quantity of other forest products within a. setarea and specified time. He is, moreover, required to observecertain rule: that of cutting close to the grmnd, collectionof broken limbs from trees which have been felled and above allin an endeavor to prevent the ruin of fbrests, free cuttingis not permitted -- no tree may be cut down if it is not aspecified dimension called 'minm cutting diameter',

"This conservation measure was required to prevent the,disappearance in a short time of saplings of the betterspecies since woodcutters cut these by preference for furnituremaking, and cut some hardwoods for firewood because choppingwas relatively easy. Thqse measures if not sufficient toprevent the ruin of the forests at least retard that ruin.

:Finally, a set sales price tax often improperly calleda rent- tax is collected on all forest products and by-productsin the .protected forest domain.," Separate values fo r purposesof this tax are fixed in the different countries of the union.This sales price- is calculated both in relation to volume oftimber and to the categrory in which the species is placed.Thus, Indochinese woods have been classified according totheir value into five categories rare woods, and woods ofthe fr' second, third and fourth categories. The fiedsales prices in the five countries of the union are asfollows s


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Table No. 9Prices of Wood for th e purpose of Tax

of

e LauxeGradeGradeGrade

)

Tonkin~sSquaresperIII. cu..

7.145.523.001,630.88

AnnamLogsperCuomo

6.204..002.201.000.60

Squarespercu~n1.

8,805.603.001.800.90

(iniastres)Cochinchiia

0.2~0.2002501

Cambodia LaosLogspercu.m.

6.204,202.251.200.63

SquaresperCuomo

8.806003.101.500.04

Logspercu. m.;

6.204.202.201.200.63

Squarespercu.m.

8.806.003.001.501.00

Logspercu.m.

6.003.802.001.000.60

Squarespercu~m.

8.705.502,801.400,85

0.100,20 0.25 0.13


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It should be noted that most forest statistics of Indochinacover only the four states which are more developed and which haveforest services.' They omit Laos which certainly has the largestforest area and probably has much the largest quantity of exploi-table timber. Since the Mekong flows the full length of Laosconsidering the large number of streams which flow into the Mekongand which might float timber in the flood season it seems likelythat Laos will produce more timber when its industry is fullydeveloped than any of the other states.

Concerning the Government policy of forest reserves,M. Maurand states that:

"At the present time, of 2,840,000 hectares of forestreserves 498,700 hectares are being prepared for exploitation('amenages'), of which 200,900 hectares are being worked forremoval of underbrush and for salable wood including firewood,268,100 hectares are being prepared for the extraction ofconstruction timber and 29,700 are bamboo forests-.

"Only the first method of treatment -- removal of forestunderlirsh -- has been started to date, while the second --planting of construction timber -- has suffered a completecheck. The primary reason for this. is that the care given tothe forester (who seeks improvement for the prople) and to thetimber merchants (who seek extraction of salable products).Thus it consists primarily of the supplying of firewood andwoods of all sorts while reforestation has not provedsatisfactory".


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It is interesting to note that the four older states haveforest areas (i.e., areas in which the tops of trees intertwine)of 183,000 square kilometers or 18,300,000 hectares. Comparingthis amount with the 2,843,900 hectares of reserve forests it i8evident that about 85 percent of the densely forested areas in thiscountry were open to "free exploitation's and presumably most of theforest products were taken from them when the total forested areais compared with the 498,700 hectares actually under control ofthe Forest Service it appears that no less than 97 percent of thecountry'a forests were without the effective care and supervisionof the Department. By December 31, 1938 additional areas hadbeen placed under reservation and the sitaiation was as follows:

bhle No.L 10Foet Reserve i Indochina

State No. of Reserves HectaresTonkin 117 391,245annam 143 896,824Cochinchina 184 737,245Cambodia 125 1,266,021Laos -. &Totals 572 3,294,790

It was estimated that an additional 50,000 hectares were beingset aside annually as forest reserves.

Revenue collected by the forest services amounted to 3,023,616'plasters, over half of which was revenue of the five states,

Maurand states that more than 10,000,000 hectares of forestsare burned annually, usually by natives who desire to improvepasturage and partially because of careless use of fire. A some-what less important cause of destruction of forests is the f rays"


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S30

type of shifting hillside cultivation similar to the "taungya"cultivation of Burma and the "fire field" cultivation of Manchuria.

The photograph on the opposite page shows the results of fires in theIndochinese forests. The rainfall in Indochina is not quite sufficient

to produce that high degree of immunity to widespreading forest fires

which is encountered throughout most of Burma.

MA. Maurand quotes a study made by the Inspector of Forests,A. Allouard in 1936-37 in which a program for fire prevention wasmapped out. The nature of the suggestions would appear to indicate

that the Forestry Service ,had done very little up to that time

along this line.

The following table shows areas reforested or first plantedto trees in th e years 1930 to 1936:

Table No. 11

Tree Planting and heforestation in Indochina(Except Laos)

(in hectares)

(ear Tonkin Annam Cochinchina Cambodia Total

.930 477 565 1 0 1, 04 3.931 292 496 5 0 793..932 229 488 2 28 747.933 309 646 12 35 1,002.934 360 405 24 532 1,321.935 405 801 54 662 1,922936 298 895 114 276 1,583

The cost of reforestation varied greatly. The highest cost

eing around 50 piasters per hectare.

Resources. Facilities and Production

The most complete description of the vrious woods of Indo-

iana available in brief compass is the six page table which


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A ..

Plateau de Pleiku.Terre totalen-it sterilisee et presque depourvue de vig~tation,

OOMOW


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accompanies the second of M. Maurand's articles and which is included asan appendix, beginning on page 51, to this study for the use of thoseinterested in a more technical description. It will be seen that the twospecies of "luxury" wood used for cabinet work, etc., which were mostpopular had the local commercial names cam-lai and dang-houng. Theformer is a violet ebony or red-and-violet type of wood capable of takinga beautiful polish. Dang-houng is rose, reddish brown or bright red, incolor and has a faint odor of roses. Among the "first quality" woods themost widely used was locally called lim and was reddish brown in color andused for railway ties and for carpentry. The wood of which the greatestquantity was commercially exploited was dau of the dipterocarpus family,which was classed in the second category. It is much used in the con-struction of boats and houses because it is easily worked. Production ofdau in 1938 was 98,136 cubic meters.

Next in general popularity stood bang-lang, a greyish wood used forthe making of oars, wheels and other commodities where resilience isrequired. Production in 1938 was 52,T57 cubic meters. A typicalbridge, built of rough timber, is shown opposite page 32.

Lumbering was almost entirely in native hands although one of

the larger companies operating in northern Thailand was a Frenchconcern which floated rafts of teakwood down the Mekong for processingand export from Saigon. In general, timber for local use was producedby small native or Chinese-owned mills. The transportation of logsto the nearest stream which could float them was a great problem.


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Elephants and Diesel tractors were used to some extent, but 10to 20 pairs of exen or water buffaloes pulling great woodencarts appear to have been more commonly used. The photographson the following pages illustrate. this method as wel1 as thetechnique of sending logs downstream in rafts.

In addition to the few large European sawmills, there weremany small native and Chinese sawmills plus match factories andpaper mills. The outstanding European mills were first the millof the Societe des Scieries et Fabriques d'Allumettes at Thanh Hoa,Annam, second .the Saigon mill of the Compagnie Asiatique et Africaine,third the 12 mills of La Bienhoa Industrielle et Forestiere. TheSaigon mill of the Compagnie Asiatique et Africaine produced 50cubic meterr of teakwood daily and its annual production was estimatedat 30,000 cubic meters of cabinet wood and teak plus 1,000,000 squaremeters of plywood veneer, The Tonkin and northern Annam matchfactories consumed an estimated 80,000 logs annually in producing212,000,000 boxes of matches. The woodpulp industry has been developedconsiderably in recent 'years, the chief factory being that of the.Papetries de l'Indochine at Dap-Cau, Tonkin, which produced 15 tonsof paper pulp and paper daily.

Indochina's annual imports of wood were sometimes almost asgreat as its exports, according to available figures, teakwood beingmuch the most important import and being exceeded among exports onlyby "common wood" which covered a number of categories. Imports in1940 amounted to 34,8 which 30,175 metric tonsconsisted of teakwood practically all of which was floated down the

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foete deompong-Charn.


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N

'V-

' A :.;...t~~66

I -~;>', Ac f"

y t4 . EM ; iC icY9 Se.v". For '1 ambodge.n

Trnpr d5n6;emyen qiri srcarte


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Transport d'une grosse bille de diu (io m sur i m 20)str trioueballe traine nar vingt paires de buffies.


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N0

VNOM


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12 'H,1,Hxxt irw7j i .. :. ., : '. a S F .. ? ... vr t Te, a f x

.:: W '"Jj'f Q v:f'YH.: yt{. r S Y vy? :. . Y y >yY:.: . ' .H::. v/r S'+ ' . v" :v: C 'rf Or'1,.:


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4ic2 '.

/4

Cliche Serv. For. CambodgeRemorquage de radeaux de bois sur le Mekong.


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Mekong from Thailand. Exports amounted to 45,480 tons of which teak-wood accounted fo r but 8,189 tons. Hong Kong was much th e mostimportant importer of common wood, and was exceeded only by Ceylonas a purchaser of cabinet wood. The chief purchasers of Indochineseteak were Ceylon, Singapore and Hong Kong.

Indochinese soil and climatic conditions are frequently favor-

able fo r th e production of rubber. The first seeds were importedfrom th e Netherlands Indies in 1907, and planting on a fairly extensivescale started about that year. High prices during the first WorldWar, and during th e early years of th e Stevenson Plan caused a furtherincrease in rubber acreage, until 1929 when 88,224 hectares weredevoted to the crop. Recent authoritat ive figures (from th e IndiaRubber World) place Indochina fifth among world producers as to acre-age, fourth as to output, and first among major producers,as to theoutput per acre. Statistics are as follows:

Tab~e Noa 12

Acreage and Production of RubberCountry 1000 acres 1000 long tons Tons per acre

British Malaya 3,467 633 0.18Neth. E. Indies 3,375 705 0.21Ceylon 635 103 0.16Thailand 397 52 0.13Indochina 330 73 0.22Sarawak 240 46 0.19India 135 17 0.13Borneo 133 22 0.17Burma 110 14 0.13

Techniques of planting and tapping rubber trees are very similajthroughout monsoon Asia. In Indochina th e clearing of th e ground is

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frequently accomplished by burning. Indochinese rubber is plantedon red and gray soils, the latter being more easily cleared butless productive. Tractors are sometimes used to keep the weedsdown, and leguminous plants are often used for the same purpose, toconserve moisture, and fo r their value in enriching the soil. Therewere 630 rubber plantations in Indochina in the early 1930's.

Seeds are planted in nurseries, and the young trees left forabout a year before they are grafted and transplanted. Grafting

greatly increases the yield, and the fact that over half of the rubbertrees of Indochina are grafts may account for the country's preeminentposition in output per acre. Each plantation has its own factory inwhich formic or some other acid is used to coagulate the rubber. Thereare no large latex treating factories.

Most rubber in Indochina was produced on large plantations ownedby Europeans. In 1940 the Saigon consulate reported that Europeanplantations covered 124,860 hectares, against only 8,400 hectaresfor Annamese and Chinese plantations. Furthermore, the trend wasat that time for the French to take over the remaining native planta-tions. Only ?,300 hectares consisted of plantations with less than40 or 50 hectares area. The largest plantation covered 8,000 hectares,and some large companies owned and operated several plantations.This explains the greater use of scientific methods in rubber culti-vation and the fact that Indochina's yield per hectare was highestof principal rubber-producing countries.

Indochina joined the International Rubber Restriction Agreementand was not required to make any reductions in acreage, but exceptfor 1939, it was not permissible for Indochina to increase total

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acreage was permitted. There has been a constant increase in rubberoutput, dur to th e practice of cutting down non-grafted trees whenthey reach 20 years of age and replacing them with superior graftedstock. For several years th e number of grafted trees being tappedhas been increasing, with consequent increase in output per hectare.The trend of production up to 1940, and estimates fo r th e followingthree years are quoted from a consular reports: ,

jable No.13

(in metric tons)12Bd o~ut1936 41,0001937 50,0001938 60,0001939 65,0001940 70,0001941 76,0001942 81,0001943 85,000

According to the international agreement, Indochina was requiredto pay a tax or fine fo r exports in excess of 60,000 metric tons. Onth e whole, th e country seems to have received fairly generous treatmentfrom the committee, and to have had to make a very small contribation

toward th e restrictive activities which raised prices for all producers.Exports were chiefly to th e United States and to France, Special

efforts were made to grow sufficient rubber to supply the needs ofMichelin and other French rubber manufacturers. However, the UnitedStates stood first among Indochina's customers, figures for 1936-1940

being as follows:

- 35


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Indochinese ubber Exrt to Chief Customes(Thousands of Metric Tons

123 JU7 128 21932 9United States 16.8 16.1 20.9 29.3 34.4France 12.1 10,4 17.3 23.2 21.0Singapore 2.9 4.8 10.5 12.3 8.4Japan 5 .3 5.0Germany 2.0 4.8 - --Great Britain -- 2.6 0.9 --Belgium -~ 1.8 1.0Russia -- -- -- 0.8--Indicates country was not among first five export destinations forthe year.

I$ view of the wartime strain upon Japan's shipping facilities,and of th e high yield and quality of Indochinese rubber, :t would notbe surprising should Japan take most of its rubber requirement fromthis nearest important producer. The Japan-Indochinese Trade Agree-ment first called fo r th e purchase by Japan of 15,000 tons of rubberduring 1941. This was a great increase over previous Japanese purchase's,but was only 20 percent of the crop. The Saigon Consulate reported thatJapan was practically th e only purchaser during th e first quarter of1941, but th e outbreak of war between Germany and Russia caused acessation of Japanese purchases, This suggested that Japan had beenpurchasing rubber fo r transshipment to Germany via Siberia, In anycase, Japan is not purchasing th e current rubber output of Indochina,fo r there are reports of th e use of the Socony-Vacuum installation atNhabe, near Saigon fo r th e storage of rubber. Further, French firms inFrance ha d built up a French National Stock of rubber in Indochina which


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amounted to 62,000 tons at the beginning of 1943. Meanwhile, theInternational Rubber Restriction Committee has agreed to permit arepresentative of the Fighting French to sit with the committee asobserver, and he will be regarded as representing the interests ofFrench Indochina,

Paradoxical as it ma9 seem, there is no evidence of genera.restriction of rubber production at the present time and trees plantedin the early 1930's are now reaching full production for the first time.This makes it appear that 1943 production must have equalled 75,00tons of which perhaps 40,000 tons were sent to Japan and 4,000 tonsused locally or sent to Occupied China. The accumulated stock ofrubber must, therefore, be considered greater than the year's productionand shows every sign of increasing rapidly until the reoccupation ofIndochina. Should the French and Annanense prevent the destructionof existing stocks of rubber by the retreating Japanese, Indochinashould be in a position to finance considerable imports of textilesand other greatly needed commodities by the export of rubber. TheVichy Government has been building up the rubber stGek against thepossibility of unhindered shipment in the futuire and it is not un-likely that its successor may be willing to purchase the stocks thusbuilt up.

. Minor ForePtsot .

Mention has already been made of the universal use of the bambooby natives of Indochina as of other tropical countries. This ubiqui-tous plant is indispensable fo r housing, for utensils, tools, fences,boats, rafts, and in the. form of sprouts it is sometimes consime asfood.


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It reproduces itself, with little or no human aid, as rapidly asit is cut and grown in almost all part s of the country. Officialstatistics list 1,241,000 cubic meters of bamboos as having beenused in th e four older states in 1936, and it is doubtful if th efigures were at all complete in diew of the native custom of cuttingan d using bamboos within the village where statistical estimatesare not made.

It is doubtful if mangrove bark and charcoal can be classed as"minor" products in view of the fact that 329,000 hectares werereportedly covered by mangrove forests in Cochinchina alone. Thebark in the form of cutch was very widely used as a tanning substance.

Indochina is a fairly important source of derris roots, valuedfo r their rotenone content, and used in the preparation of insect-icides, sheep dip, etc. Malaya and Netherlands Indies exported about

1500 and 600 tons respectively, against 100 tons for Indochina. Therotenone content of Indochinese derris roots was ordinarily three to.four percent, compared with a maxiuma of 7 percent for'British Malayanderris. It was harvested in the wild state, but by 1941 its cultivationas a plantation product was beginning to interest rubber planters.

Stick-lac has a long history among Indochina's economic products.It has interested exporting firms only since 1920, however, Exportsof stick-lac, seed-lac and "autres lacque -- son gioi, son thit, songan" was about 2,000 metric tons per annum, and th e ,United States wasa principal buyer.

The dipterocarpus trees of southern Indochina produce a greatvariety of gums and resins. In addition tong oil exports previously


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reached a total of nearly 1,000 tons although China may have beenthe source of a large part of them. Benzoin and gum danwiar wereextracted in fair quantities, etprta of the former equalling 65tons in 1938, 34 tons in 1939 and 54 tone in the first five monthsof 1940, according to consular reports. Available information in-dicates the shipment of large quantities of gums and resins to Japan,imeluding over 10,000 tons of pine resin.

Rattan and co me cial vanes are produced in large quantitiesand used locally. Qttapercha is another commnodity produced on acommercial scale, there being an estimated 200,000 hectares inproduction. Exports of Ottaperoba were. made by Chinese chiefly

through ok and Singapore,

Masbui appears to ehadlig a vey merge proportion of totalIochinese lumbers rtsP _. by the frgentary reports avail-

able. However, it shares the trade with Mtsibishi, Dai -n, Sa~noAMa, Taitl a o a, an the seven firi have forw anassociation which apparently takes ax-_ of all is g sle lumberingand export. It is believed, however, that .french, Arnamese nChiname firmis have been allowed to continue in m ny ea underJapanese tutelage There, is little doubt thit the Japa s are makinggreat efforts to increase the export of timber from Indochina' andthere have even been reports of attempts to move great numbers ofrailway ties by mean's bamboo rafts. It is not known how suce sfulthis bisarre experiment has proved, Exports appear to bemade to all


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ports of Occupied China and to Manchuria as well as to Japan andFormosa, Several kinds of Indochinese wood appear to be used inth e wooden-ship building program centering around Saigon.

Sawmillng equipment appears to be rather high in the 'Japanesepurchases of previously existing sawmills.

The Decoux Goverr2ent proimxlgated new forest decrees in 1943standardizing grades of lumber and streamlining commercial practicesin such a manner as to facilitate exports to Japan.


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III. Fisheries and Game

A. Fihiexs and Game.For many generations Annamese law and custom have assigned

certain fishing rights to various villages and groups of peopleand the French. have not made any important changes in these customsand practices. Nor does an examination of the federal or state budgetsreveal receipts from fisheries and fishing licenses with the exceptionof Cambodia where 276,000 piasters in 1936 were received from"produits affermes" which were defined by footnote as fisheries andslaughter houses. The same heading without footnote occurs in. hebudgets of nnam, Cochinchina, and Laos, but the ts involved*are smaller.

B. OwnershiD and Form of Orgaization.Most of the fish are caught along the sea coast, in the Grand'

Lao and in the numerous rivers and streams. Hence, private propertyin fishing grounds is the exception rather than the rule, the only,exceptions being rice fields and village ponds. In the latter,comnunal rather than individual, ownership was common.

There are no reports which indicate the organization of deep-seaor other fishing on a large scale and reports available for fishingin Tonkin and elsewhere indicate that this is a distinctly small-scale industry with a maxizmum of emphasies on individual initiative.

C. Resores. Facilities And ?r uctioa

The abundance of rivers and streams plus the extraordinarilylong sea coast give Indochina particularly great fishing resources


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and as fish rank next to rice in importance in th e native dietth e Indochinese appear to have aivantage of this natural resource,

In view of the fact that partically every famly in rice-growingareas in this par t of th e wor'ld depends upon fishing in th e ricefields and local ateam and ponds fo r yart of its diet, it isclearly impossible to give arythiTng but the roughest estimate oftotal production of fresh fish, Available vestimates which probablyrelate generally to the more important centers and to the catch inplaces where commercial traffic is important vary from 260,000 to300,000 metric tons. In a detailed and informative discussion ofthis subject, k.; Gourou in his Lies Paysans du Delta Tonkinois givesa number of individual estimates which add up to 525,000 tons.However, his own comment in another place is that th e total catch isabout 350,000 tons, and that th e Oceanographic Institute believes itpossible to increase production to 500,000 tons. He mentions, how-ever, th e difficulty of attempting to estimate total productionbecause of the deceitralised and practically universl nature offishing fo r home consumption. In view of the possiblility, therefore,that available estimates take insufficient account or no account offish caught for use in th e local household, th e following table liststh e maximum figures of Gourou as being perhaps no wider of th e markthan the other and much lower estimates:

Table 'No. 15Fih Productionn Indochina

Metric TonsGrand Lac 100,000Tonle Sap 50,000Gulf of Siam Coast 50,000


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e~a Metic TonsSouthern Annam and Eastern Cochin-china Coast, 50,000Northern Ahniam and Tonkin Coast 60,000Gulf of Tonkin (Deep-Sea Fishing) 75,000Tonkin Rice Fields 50,000Miscellaneous_90,Q__525,000

In connection with the above table it should be mentionedthat 100,000 tons is not Gourou's estimate but is the most commonlyaccepted round figure. Gourou points out that nearly all of theproduction is sold in dried or salted form for shipment to otherparts of the country and that it amounts to 30,000 tons in thisform which would be equivalent to at least 60,000 tons of fresh fish.In view of the fact that 'population around the banks of the GrandIac is fairly dense it seems reasonable to suppose'that considerablequantities of fish are consumed locally. It is also worthy of notethat whereas Gourou estimates the catch from Tonkin rice fields as50,000 tons he gives no estimate of the catch from Cochinchina andother rice fields. A slight downward division of the figure for theGrand Lac may be necessitated by the fact that since March 1941 partof the western shore of the Grand Lac has been Thai territory and'hence some of the catch of this rich fishing ground should presumablybe included in Thai rather than Indochinese statistics.

The Thai of the Tonkin mountain region have an interesting fishculture which is described at length in the May, 1939 issue ofBulletin Economique de 1' Indochine* Ponds of two to twelve acresin area are prepared by the villagers, and stocked with fish.

VNI W


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Fishing is not permitted except at special seasons, when a signalis given by the appropriate authority and most of the inhabitantsof the village rush in with all sorts of nets and other implements,to get their share of the catch.

D. Preservation and Marketing of Fish.The catch from the Grand Lao is usually dried or salted although

there is a small output of smoked fish. An interesting industry isproduction of fish paste called T"nuoc-mam". This rather malodorousproduct has a high vitamin content which commends it to medicalauthorities and is very widely used. Production. is said to be great-est in the provinces of Phan Thiet or Binh Thuan, the l1oahe.,part of Amam. The Binh Thuan output, according to a report preparedfor the 1931 Colonial Exposition of Paris, was a little over 40,000,000litres. This pamphlet entitled L' Industrie du Nuoc-man en Indochineby J. Guillerm has the fogowing to say regarding the preparationof this dishy"uoc-m2ma truly national food of the Annamese, supports animportant Indochinese pickling indutry....."TheTechniaue of Pickling...* the technique of manufacture isthe same throughout Indochian and may be summarized as foflowss

"1. A mixture of fish and salt, varying in different parts of thecountry, is placed in a vat."2. A brief maceration period, under pressure, for about threedays, provides a primary liquid more or less limpid, called

nudc , which is removed from the vat.'3. Maceration (soaking) of varied duration, &crding to thevariety of fish and the reigon, which is suitable for'nuoe-nhut.'"4. Repeated draining of the vat by washings. These washings

are effected with the aid f,, e, or better, with theaid of weak liquid fr in process of manufacture.


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"5. Removal of the by-products (remaining fish)."When ca-oR is utilized the oil constitutes an important by-product which is collected either from the faucet of the vat,or by skimming off the top during the course of preparation".

Writing on more general aspects of the Indochinese diet, M. Guillermgoes on to states

"The protein portion of the diet, relatively small, is usuallyfurnished by meats (pork and especially fish) or by vegetables.Also to relieve the monotony of the diet, the culinary art isingenious and foods are made more palatable by sauces and spices.These sauces utilize various bases, including albuminoids, saltand sometime sugar."

E. Fishing IndstryUnder Japanese Occupation.Perhaps the most important aspect of the Japanese development of

the fishing industry relates to fish oil. A small private floatingfish-oil factory formerly operating on the Grand lac was closedseveral years ago. In 1942, however, approximately 3,000 tons ofheavy fish oil were reportedly produced for use by the Japanese asa substitute for petroleum. The Japanese, being extraordinarilyexpert in fishing, appear to be expanding this industry in severalrespects and have built a large fishing port at Benbing near CapSt. Jacques near the mouth of the Saigon River. Fish oil extractionis expected to be a part of this project when it is completed. Thereis also evidence of the export of dried fish as well as fish oil.Present exports appear to be destined to Canton and other occupiedareas whereas prewar exports were mostly to Netherlands Indies,Singapore, Thailand and Hong Kong.

F. Game, Yowl and Anials.The fauna of French Indochina resemble those of other warm


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- 46 -

countries, th e moat interesting game being wild buffalo, gaur,bantang, (both are types of wild cattle), rhinoceros, tiger, leopard,pangolin, (ant eater), monkey, wild boar, python, elephant, honeybear, crocodile and sea turtle. With great expanses of untouchedjungle in Laos and of sparsely populated mountain forests in Annanand Tonkin, big-game hunting has been a popular past time In 1931M. H. d'Monestrol published his "Lea Chasses et La Faune de l ' Indo-chine" which includes a list of important animals which he himself

saw and did not include small mammals and birds. The list runs to

289 items which are not described here for lack of space. Many

species of birds common to either temperate or tropical climates are

included in the list, varieties of eagles, jungle fowl, herons, ibis,pelican, stork, geese, ducks, peafowl, pheasant, francolin, partridge,quail , pigeons and th e elegantly-plumed grosbeak.


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-


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water from snow-clad mountains provides a reliable source ofpower with the aid of dams. Moreover, the Mekong River has severalrapids which indicate the possibility of gigantic hydroelectricprojects similar to those of western United States.

The co-existence of enormous unused water-power resources andthe great number of steam plants with only some five insignificanthydroelectric plants requires explanation, A glance at the map whichaccompanies Section 8 "Industry and Commerce" of this series showsnearly all the factories centered around Cholon and Saigon and in theTonkin Delta -- the two areas which are farthest from potential water-power resources. It seems obvious therefore that any large-scale hydro-electric development must await either the movement of factories tomountain areas or to the vicinity of the Mekong Rapids or else mustentail the construction of long and expensive power lines. With theHongay region providing cheap anthracite suitable for power plantsit is not surprising that hydroelectric development has been negli-gible.

C. Water Power under Japanese Rule.The French commenced surveys of the resources around Dalat,

southern Annam in the 1920's, the waterfall of Danin on the LangbianPlateau having been the object of a petition for a concession fromthe Societe des Grands Travaux d'Marseilles. ReCent informationhas considerable development taking place in this area at the presenttime. The Ankroet Falls are being harnessed at the present time byFrench engineers who, it is reliably reported,expect to commence


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production of electricity before the end of 1944. They startedthe project in 1942. Ahother project nearby involves turning someof the water of the PRnhin River into the Suoi Krongpha to generate35,000 kilowatts. The date of prospective completion is not known.Still another project reportedly under way is in the vicinity ofPleiku, Annam, but no further information concerning this projectis available.

woo-%--


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American Consulate, Saigon:Numerous reports, including "The Mining Industry of French Indochina".

Annuaire Statistique de 1' Indochina, 1936-37.Bulletin Econoique do 1' Indochina (1937) (bi-montly) .

Burea of_ torg ndDomestic Commerce:aFiles of the Far Eastern Unit,Foreign Commerce Yearbook, 1939.Prelim iniary Survey of the Economy of French Indochina,June 2, 1943. (Confidential).

Ennis, Thomas E.,, - French Policy and Developments in Indochina.Gourou, M., - Lee Pans dui Delta Tonkinois.Guillamat, P. , - I.L.Industrie dui Nuoc-maza en Inidchin&.India lbubber World, 1941.Japanese Journal of Geography, April, 1941.Maurand, P.,, - Articles in Bulletin Economique de 1' Indochine (1938).d'Monestrol, MlI., -Les Chasses et La Faune do 1' Indochine.Numerous government studies and reports (Confidential).Thompson, Virginia, French Indochina.


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Etude des is classes. pa categories, avec indication des quantitisexploit s prpays, de leur densite, de leurs principau usages.i---BO1S DE LUXE

Les bois de luxe soint ceux, qui se recornandent par leur beaute, leur parfum agreable etdurable, Ia finesse die leur grain et Ia presence de riches veines ou de jolies mnarbrures.NOM NO M exploitee en x935 p

COrn -___mercial scientifique --Tonkin Annamm13 113

Trac. Dalbergia 8,6cochin-chinensis.

ar pays del'UnioiiCoch. Camb.

TOTAL I).NS E

m375,1 1,1

588,4 1 161 ,6

a,11,151,15

0,780,91

1,1

54,7f 0,891,3

1,12

VALEURmarchandepar m13equarri

enl iastres80 A 100

80 a 100

60Oa65

60 a 65

80&a 100

801 100

60 a 65

0,7951 80~ tOO0

Cam-lai.

Dang-huirng.

CArn-thi.

Son.

Muting-denI uyTnh-dtr&ng.

htrong.

Pemou.

Saniou.

Dalbergiabariensis.

Pterocarpus.Ipedat us.

Diospyrossiamensis.Melanorrhealaccifera

DiospyrosMun.Cassiasiamea.

DysoxylonLoureiri.Cinnamo-mum Cam-phora.

FokieniaHodgirzsi.

Cunnin-ghamia.

70 a 80

801 100

60 1 80

PRINCIPAUXUSAGES

m13

33;3113

33,2

462,5

27

185

3

110,7

062

42,72,6

1131

185

0,8

0,47

42

93,4

3

Palissandre d'Indo-chine, rougeatre, veinkdlenoir, se polissantidmirablement par lerottement. Ebknis-terie de luxe. Tresrecherche.Palissandre d'Indo-chine. Rouge violetfonce,richement veinsde noir ; suscept ible ,d'un beau poli. Ebk-nisterie de luxe. Tresrecherche.

Bois de rose, brunrouge ou rouge vif,veins, degageant un eforte odeur de rose.Ebeniisterie de luxe.Recherche.Blanc veink de noir.Tres recherche pourmarqueterie et bimi-beloterie.Acajou d'Indochine.Ebenisterie de luxe,marqueterie.Ebene d'Indochine.flixbeloterie et mar-queterie, se polit ad -rnirablernent.Bois perdrix -NoirAtre a zebruresjaun~es 01. brune5.~benisterie de luxe.Bois de santal tresrecherche pour Ia a-brication des cercueilsprdcieux. Couleurjaune brun..Bois tres parfume,recherche pour la fa-brication des mallesde luxe, susceptibled'un beau brillant.Couleur rouge ver-ditre A riches mar-brures.Bois tres parfumk,recherche pour la fa-brication des cercutilsde luxe. Couleurjaune rose.Bois tres parfumn4rechierche pour la fa-brication des cercueilsde luxe. Coulturjaune rose.

8

D 80 10,45

6

10

7

, 2

245

38

24 5

80.


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:-, BOIS DE ire CATEGORIELes bois de Ire categorie. sont caracterises par leur grande. resistance aux insectes et ai lapourriture, leur densite elevtee, leur aptitude a supporter, de grands efforts mecaniques.Ce sont, pour la plupart, des bois de construction durable.

NOM .NOMcorn- siniiuxnercjat cetiiu

Lim. Erythro-ph i tumFordii.Nghis'n . IPentacetonkinense.

Cam.- xe

Ca-chic.

Xtn-thi t.Sao.

Ki~n--kien.

Xyliadokibriformis

S'horeaobtusa.

BassiaPasquieri.

HopeaodorataetdealbataHopeaPierre).

Gu ou Sindora co-G6 chinchinensis

Xoay.

Liu-tau.

Tau.

Dialium co-~chinchinensisVaticaDyeri.Vaticatonkinensis.

QUANTITE DE BOISexploitee en 1935 par pays de I'UnionTOATonikin Annam Coch. ,Camb.

m3 m3 m3 m3 rn3

2.00020.000 . 22.000

2.059 . . ) 2.059

402

.

I .381

47U

14

319

5.038

2.455

1.611

m

m

727

2.283.~

46

0

7.869

'53

118

3.000

9.168 9.228

5.965

3.024

1300

_721

18.872

2.608

4.635

289

4.300

2.108

DENSIT

0,910,99

'I

1,061,15

1051,15

0,95I fl50,730,85

0,87

0,851,121,16

0,951,000,971,01

VALEURmarchandepar m3equarriPRINCIPAUX

USAGES

en piastres

50a~60

50a60

50 4 60

50 a 60

50 a 60

50 a 60

30 a 40

70 a80

50 a 60

30 a40

30 a 40

Bois brun rougea-tre. Traverses dechemnin de fer, char-pente.Brun rouge~tre.Charpente, menuise-nie, traverses de che-rnins de fer,sculpture.Bois brun rouged-tre . Construction,charronnage, batel-lenie, traverses dechemin de fer.Bois dur, rougebrun. Construction,colonnes, charron-nage ; batellerie, tra-verses de chemin defer.Bois brun rougea-tre. Construction,carrosserie, batelerie.Bois jaunat14e.Ebe-nisterie, construction,traverses de cheminde fer, carrosserie,batellerie.Charpente, cons-truction, menuiserie,ionques, mats.Bois r:. tge pil~e quinoircit en vieilissant.

Meubles de luxe, ob-jets sculptes et tour-nes, construction.Bois rouge tr~sbrun. Construction,charronnage.Pieux, bois pourbateaux ;imputres-cible dans 'eau.Pieux, bois pourbateaux ; imputres-cible dants l'eau.


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q pl-3 -

NOMcomn-

mercial

D&-di.

Cho.

Vip.

C3-6i.

Dinh.Gi6i.

Mit.

NOMsCienti fique

XyliaKerii.

Parashoreastellata.

Mesua ferrea

Castanopsis.

Markhamiastipulata.Talauma.

Art ocarpusintegrifoliaTrai ou GarciniaLy. fagraeoides.

Go-do.B&i-1&i.

Binh-linh.San.

Lat.

Teck.

Pahudia co-chinchinensisLitsea Vang.

Vitexpubescens.Shorea co-chinchinensisChukrasiatabularis.

Tectonagrandis.

QUANTIT$ DE BOISexploitee en 1935 par pays de l'Unionl___ TOTAL

Tonkin JAnnani Coch. Carob.M3 n3

2.647

36 8

2401 I2. 104

2.842295

41

728

VALEURbENSITEarchandepar m3equarri

I .474

I .896

4.316

I :898

1.681

0,980,750,90

1,050,95I ,050,82

0,600,75

en piastres50 a 60

25 a 301

30 a 40

m3 ni3360 730 1,10

8 3.112 0,75I ,00

315 45 3 1,05I ,25

i 36 8 0,700,75

" 240 0,67S 2.510 0,53

0,6618 0 0,67

173 636 1.12

70 a 8025 a 3025a-30

PRINCIPAUXUSAGES

Bois rouge brunfonice. Traverses dechemin de fer, cour-bes pour la marine,construction.Tres bo n boil decharpente de menui-serie. recherche pourconstruction des jon-ques.Bois de couleurrouge tse conservantbien sous l'eau, Cons-truction, carrosserie,dbenisterie.Bois grin, recherchepour Construction.0-benisterie, menui-serie, tour, meubLesdc luxe. Bais jaune.Bais jaune pie.Ebenisterie, objetssculptes et tournes,crosses de fusils, cer-cueis.Jatgne fonce. Cons-truction, eb~nisterie,objets tournes, sculp-ture.Bois jaune orange,luisant,inputrescible.

de luxe, ebenisterie,traverses de cheinnde- fer, cercueils.Dais rouge tresrecherche pour ameu-blement.Bois jaune safrandemi-dur. Charpente,ebenisterie, cercueils.Carrosserie, char-ronnage, bois tournes.

50 a 60 ICarrosserie, cons-truction couverte.30 a40 Bois brun jaunhitre,luisant. riches mar-brures. Construction,6benisterie, charpente,sculpture.80 a 1201 Amneublement, ba-tellerie.

30 a4030 a 4040 a 45

40 a4540 a 45


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20~ BOIS DE 2e CA I tGORIESont compris dane cette categorie les bois qui sont employes surtout en constructioncouverte, par consequenlt peu resistants aux intemperies, ou en menuiserie ordinaire. Cesont des bois mi-durs, mi lourds, d'un prix abordable auic petites bourses.

NONM NOMcr- scientifiquemercial

Diu. Diptero-ca rpus .

Bang-lang.

Gil.

Hurrah.

Vin-vn.

Cho nAu.

Lagers-trcemia.

Quercus sp .

Tarrietiacochin -chinensis.Anisopterccochinchinensis.Divtero-carpustonkinensis,G~i. Aglaia.

Lim- x~t Pe1tophorumet Hoangl jerrugineumLiah.M&Iang

timeL

Xoan.

Manglietiaglauca.MeliaAzedarach.

*QUANTITB DE BOIS AERexploitee en 1935 par pays de !'Union VacALdE____________TOTAL JE\IF machndpar m3Tonkin Annam Coch. Camb. equarri

m3 m3 3 m3 m 3 en piastres1) 1.989 29.504'66.64398.136 0,80 19 a25

0,95

3.370 2.818 46..185 52.373 0,80 200,95

3. 68

4.201'

738

.824

5.955

2.434

1.083

IS50

I)

I I 50

2.500

2.063

15.893.11I

110

25

3

r

S.

273, I.

.304 27.

" 4.

.230 3'.

602

619

2011

684

3.263

1.824

8.018

0,70a0,80

0,65a0,85

0,75a0,900,90A1, 00,53a0,700,90aI,.100,420,570,53A0,64

15

I 30

20

20

Is

20

20

10

PRINCIPAUXUSAGES

Bois d'un brun jau-natre. Tres employedans la fabricationdes barques de riviere,construction; se tour-ne et se travaille fa-cilement.Bois grisitre, treeapprecie en raison desa grande flexibilite.Emiploye a la fabri-cation des avirons,bordage des barques.courbe, charronnage.Traite par le feu, sepr~te a diverses for-mres.Bois assez flexible,de grandes dimen-sions, employe pourtous les usages : char-pente, menuicerie, ba -tellerie, carrosserie,6benisterie, charron-nage.Bois de couleurrouge avec paillettesbrullantes dans lespores. Bbenisterie,construction, carros-serie. Se travaille fa-cilement.Bois blanc jau-nitre ; aubier etcur non differencies.Construction, carros-serie, -batelage, con-fection des cercueils.Bois rouge de char-pente, de menuiserieet de constructionordinaire.Bois rouge assesflexible, employe pourconfection des crossesde fusils et- en me-nuiserie.

Ne ressemble enrien au urn du Tonkin,cc bois ne resiste pasaux insectes et n'at-teint pas de fortesdimensions.Excellent boas, re-lativenient lager etde grande resistance,employe en 6benis-terie et pourcercueils.Bois de nuance ro-se rouge~tre employ.comme colonnes de smaisons ordinaires et6b~nisterie ; se con-serve longtemps


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qI-~ 55QUANTITfl DI lOIS

ea ploite en f 1935 par pays de l'UnionTonkin Annam- Coch. ICamb.

'.3 I '3 '.360 53 34

1.262a

'.7771.308;

3)

Xoanmpc.Xoandao.Chu.

Sos.Cheo.

Chi~u-lieu.RI.

Sang-dao.

Thong.

Trr&ng.

Nh~i.Ban-xe.L~ng-zntrc.

Ca-lu&i.

T'oonafebrifuga.Pygeumarboreum.Shoreavalgaris.Pasania.

Engelhardtiachrysolepsis.Terminaliachehula.

Cinnamo-mum.Hopeaferrea

PinusMerkusii.Pometiapinnata.Bischoffiajavanica.Albizzialucida.Wrightia

annamensis.Cyn od aphne

cuneata.

Stereosper-

a 35

1.4241 604

'.31.73 I

165

a

"I

a.

a

I. 194

264a

a

1.35.

18

482;82214851

260a

1.37575s

'4

57 ;

NO Mcom-

mnercial

822!I.701

260

4061575I

129,

0,95.I ,020,55a0,700,90I ,030,780,610,45

!49 1, 51,08

57 0,90

3.'"1

2,150

0,830,890,61ote

NOMscientifique PRIYCIPAUXUSAGESTOTAL! Wlm

'.31.878.0,45

0,651.9911 0,50

10,7055 0,800 95

1.777 0,440,522.666; 0, 58

763 1,00

3.266' 0,63

VALBURuaarch~adepar mn;iquarusen piastres

I0

10

20

7

7

20

201830

20'51S35

30

20

25

I0

.784

Bois de cc6uleur rose,totirnant a acajoupar.fume6, employe dan,:leg osseries, en me-nuiseeie,b's'i cigares.Asset born boil,leger, grain fin, utiliseen ebenisterie et enconstruction.Bois gris rose, areflets jaun~tres. Boisde construction trys,prise en batelleriepour les membruresBois gris clait.Menuiserie, construc-tion couverte.Bois de couleurmarron Clair, employedans la constructioncommne colonnes,charpentes.Bois de couleurmarron clair,ayant parintervalles des zeintesnoirfitres. Meubles etboiseries couvertes.Bois de grandesdimensions. employepour faire des mnafles.Bois de couleur jaunebrun a veines noi-r~tres. Construction,batelage, ebanisterie.Bois blanc vein derouge fonce, employepour faire des plan-

ches, caisserie cons-truction.Bois de couleur rougebrian tres dur,difcilea travailler, employcdans la construction.Bois rouge. employeen construction cou-verte .Bois jaune aver'reflets noirltres, em -ployc en construction.Bois blanc homogenea grain fin. Bois desaboterie, de tour, desculpture et de cais-sesie.lois tris dur, d'unrouge Clair, aubierblanc rougeltre. Co -lonnes, traverses dechemin de fer, Ion-grines de poutre, decharpente, carrossee.Meilleur bois poutpilotis, mnaisres dura couper couleurmarron clnvene .Dais jaune brun,similaire du sao, masslui est tres inffrieurquant 3 la resistanceaux insectes.Bois rouge pileflexible, utilise encosruction.

197

N

3.076

112

KhM. mumannamwese.Bo-bo. Shonwa sp.

Cling. 'Calophylluui

%Now


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40 BOIS DE 3e CATkEGOR1ECette categorie comprend des bois dits " blancs ; tendres et assez legers, iu s sont utilisesdans la caisserie, le coifrage et les constructions 1egeres de caractere provisoire ; ils n'offrentqu'une trts faible resistance aux agents destructeurs.

NM NMQUANTITE DE BOIS VALEUR PICPUNOM NOM ~exploitee en 1935 pa r pays. de l'Union mrhne PICPUfir- ____TOTAL WNSITK acadscientifique par 0m 3 USAGESmercial Tonkin Annam Coch. Camnb. equarri

m13 m3 m3 m31 3 en piastresCh.azn. Canarium 4.790 1.240 6.030 0,55 7 Bois blanc de cais-copaliferum a serie ordinaire.0,67yng. Mallotus o- 2.900 200 u 3.100 0,41 6 Bois blanc de cans-serie ordinaire, sabots,chinensis 0 5boites d'aliumettes.B6-dL. Styrax 6.700 " a 6.700 0,41 7 Bois de caisserie or-

tonkinense. Adinaire, boakes d'aliu-0, 45 metes.Mu6ng - Cassia 6..200 + . " 6.200 0,617 10 Bois blanc iaun~tre,tonkiense.utilise pour caisserie.trang. nknneig- Spatholobus. 2.660 2.550 " 5. 150 0,544 7 Bois blanc jaunicre,rang. 0 utilise pour caisserie.0,570Phay. Duabanga. 2.200 a 2.200 0,380 7 Bois blanc de cais-sonnera io - a serie.des. 0,447Thaws

civil affairs handbook french indochina section 6

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