civicus | #6
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c i v i c u s
seqtemberi 2015 #6
03 redaqtoris sveti
levan lorTqifaniZe
04 multikulturalizmi Tu kulturuli pluralizmi
06 respublikanizmi da multikulturalizmi
10 tolerantoba rogorc ideologiuri kategoria (nawyveti)
18 didi aliis dasawyisamde
mariam guliaSvili
24 18 qarTveli ebraelis werili gaeros
28 somxurenovani Teatris Sesaxeb Temo beJaniZe
30 gorxana - muslimTa sasaflao TbilisSi levan lorTqifaniZe
sarCevi
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mari-agnes lamfsdorfi
grigol gegelia
slavoi JiJeki
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redaqtoris sveti
levan lorTqifaniZe
Civicus-is morigi nomeri umniSvnelovanes Temas ukavSirdeba. Cven gadavwyviteT, rom mul-
tikulturalizmis, kulturuli mravalferovnebisa
da gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris urTierTobeb-
ze SevecadoT Tqveni yuradRebis gamaxvileba.
Cveni saTqmelis TqvenTvis ukeT gadmosace-
mad axal gamocemaSi statiebi or kategoriad
davajgufeT.
nomris pirveli bloki Teoriuli Sinaarsi-
saa, sadac SesaniSnav mkvlevarTa naSromebs
gTavazobT. germanelma specialistisma da
Cemma Zvelma megobarma mari-agnes lamfsdorf-
ma Tavisi gadatvirTuli grafikis miuxedavad
ramdenime wuTi gamonaxa, raTa CvenTvis mul-
tikulturalizmsa da kulturul pluralizms So-
ris arsebuli gansxvaveba aexsna (misi pasuxi
germanulidan Jurnalis redaqtorma Targmna).
Tavi arc grigol gegeliam, ori universitetis
leqtorma da resbublikanuri ideebis gulmxur-
vale mcvelma, dazoga. man Cveni gamocemisaT-
vis SesaniSnavad ganmarta respublikanizmis
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi da maTi urTirT-
mimarTeba multikulturalizmis problemasTan.
uzomod madlieri var Cemi megobris, axal-
gazrda sociolog nuka zuraSvilis, romelmac
CIVICUS-isaTvis Tavisi SesaniSnavi Targmani
gaimeta. nukam Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi
udidesi moazrovnis, slavoi JiJekis teqsti
gadmoaqarTula. filosofiuri msjeloba yve-
lasaTvis martivad gasagebi SeiZleba ar aR-
moCndes, magram darwmunebuli var, rom JiJekis
Txroba yvelas daafiqrebs tolerantobasa
da solidarobas, kulturaTa Tanaarsebobasa
da Tanasworobas Soris arsebul sxvaobaze.
meore kategoriaSi Tqven SeZlebT waikiTxoT
saqarTveloSi moqmedi eTnikuri Tu religiuri
umciresobebis Sesaxeb. mariam guliaSvili Tavis
statiaSi qarTveli ebraelebis gambedaobasa da
maT antisabWoTa demonstraciaze mogiyvebaT.
mariamis statiasTan erTad vaqveynebT qarTveli
ebraelebis werils, romelic maT 1960-ian wlebSi
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komitets
misweres. vfiqrob, yvelam unda icodes, rom
bolSevikuri Zaladoba dauZleveli ar yofi-
la da mis winaaRmdeg warmatebiT moqmedebas
principuli adamianebi didi msxverplis miuxe-
davad mainc axerxebdnen. samwuxarod, amgvari
gmirobebi Cveni yuradRebis miRma rCeba xolme.
kidev erTi umcroskurseli, Temo beJaniZe
mokle komentars gTavazobT Tbilisis somxuri
Teatris Sesaxeb. Tbilisis Teatri erTaderTi
somxuri Teatria, romelsac saxelmwifo statusi
oficialuri erevnis nacvlad sxva qveynis kul-
turis saministrom mianiWa. Temo qobuleTelia.
am SesaniSnavi qalaqis stumrobis dros, araerTi
misi Tanatolisgan momismenia armenofobiuri
gamonaTqvamebi, rasac araerTxel davumwuxre-
bivar. Sesabamisad, Temos kontribucias, mis
keTilganwyobasa da moqalaqeobriv Segnebas
CvenTvis gansakurebuli da simboluri mniSvn-
eloba aqvs.
aqve vaqveynebT cnobas gorxanis muslimTa
tfilisuri sasaflaos Sesaxeb, romelic Cveni
qalaqis kulturuli mravalferovnebis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi gamoxatuleba da saerTo kavka-
siuri memkvidreobis erT-erTi uiSviaTesi Zeglia.
multikulturalizmi Tu kulturuli pluralizmi mari-agnes lamfsdorfi
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Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi kulturuli mravalferovnebis aRsaniSnavad ramdenime cnebas iyeneben xolme. moqalaqeTa nawils cnebebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvave-ba uZneldeba. Sesabamisad, isini ganxilvebis dros terminebis arazustad gamoyenebis gamo xSi-rad gamousworebel Secdomebs uSveben. kulturuli pluralizmisa da multikulturalizmis cnebebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna Zalian bevrisaTvis dRemde gadaulaxav barierad rCeba. modiT, erTad SevecadoT bundovanebis gafant-vas.
ra aris multikulturalizmi?
profesor basam tibis azriT, multikulturalizmis cneba sam ZiriTad garemoebas aerTianebs:
1. adamianTa jgufebs Soris kulturuli gansxvavebebis gansaz-Rvras, identificirebas.
2. aRmoCenili gansxvavebebis aRiarebasa da pativiscemas.
3. koleqtiuri wesrigis pirobebSi ZiriTadi kulturu-li uflebebis dacvasa da daur-Rvevlobas.
cxadia, aRniSnuli gansazRvre-ba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi mesame punqtis sakuTar TavSi araerT konfliqts, dasavleTisaTvis dRemde mougvarebel dilemas moiazrebs. warmoidgineT ev-rokavSiris wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe muslimi qalis mdgo-
culturalpluralism
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mareoba. erTi mxriv, mas, rogorc Tavisufali qveynis mcxovrebs, aqvs emansipaciis, daqvemdebarebisgan gaTavisuflebis ufleba. meore mxriv ki, mis meuRles, SariaTis kanonebis mimdevars aqvs ufleba multikulturalizmis politikis farglebSi sakuTari ZiriTadi kulturuli uflebis identifi-cireba, aRiareba da koleqtiuri wesrigis pirobebSi SenarCuneba moiTxovos.
ra aris kulturuli plural-
izmi ???
kulturuli pluralizmis kon-cefcia Cven mier CamoTvlili sami punqtidan pirvel ors uyoymanod aRiarebs. kulturuli plural-izmiT gamorCeul sazogadoebeb-Sic gansakuTrebul pativiscemas gamoxataven erT sazogadoebriv sistemaSi Tavmoyrili sxvadasxva jgufis mimarT, mravalferovneba am SemTxvevaSic misaRebi da misa-salmebelia. mTavari gansxvaveba or kategorias Soris gaxlavT is, rom kulturuli pluralizmis koncefcia uyoymanod aniWebs up-iratesobas koleqtiur wesrigs da masTan Seusabamo ZiriTad kul-turul uflebebs ar aRiarebs.
vfiqrobT, qarTveli studen-tebisaTvis saintereso unda iyos aRniSnuli terminebis Sesaxeb msjelobis dawyeba da maTi Si-naarsis Taobaze axali kvlevebis warmoeba.
pluralism safe
ty
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veles yovlisa, mokled warmovad-genT respublikanizmis mniSvnelobas, Semdeg visaubrebT respublikanizmisa da pluralizmis farTo urTierT-mimarTebaze da sabolood, ganvix-ilavT Tavisuflebis cnebas, rasac, vfiqrob, yvelaze mniSvnelovani gav-lena gaaCnia multikulturuli respub-likis bedis gansazRvrisas.
rogorc cnobilia, etimolo-giurad, respublica sityvasityviT niSnavs "sajaro saqmes". saqmis saja-rooba respublikuri filosofiisa da SemarTebis sruliad ganuyofeli nawilia. sxvamxriv, res publica aris ori mniSvnelovani ram: politikuri forma da politikuri procesis Sinaarsi. rac Seexeba politikur for-mas, yvelaze farTo da primitiuli gagebiT, respublika iseTi politi-kuri erTeulia, sadac ar arsebobs monarqia, saxelmwifos meTauri ki
respublikanizmi da multikulturalizmi
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi, res-publikanizmsac da multikultural-izmsac udavod gaaCnia aqtualuroba, gind es jer kidev mxolod faruli aqtualuroba iyos. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc respublikanizmi da arc multikulturalizmi ar ikavebs mniS-vnelovan adgils sajaro diskursSi, Tanamedrove saqarTvelo saboloo jamSi swored respublikanur da multikulturul momavlis landebs eTamaSeba. iribad, es is sakiTxebicaa, romlebic istoriulma viTarebam Tvi-Ton warmoSva. sakiTxis aqtualuroba kidev ufro mZafri saxiT gvevlineba, Tuki davuSvebT, rom respublikis Seqmna saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani idealia. magram, ramdenad gulisx-mobs da moicavs respublika, rogorc forma da respublikanizmi, rogorc politikuri procesis Sinaarsi, mul-tikulturalizms? am werilSi, upir-
grigol gegelia
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xalxis mier garkveuli droiT aris arCeuli. respublikur konteqstSi, Zalaufleba aucileblad Zevs xalxSi, xolo respublikanizmi iRwvis iseTi wyobis misaRwevad, sadac Zalaufleba maqsimalurad Zevs xalxSi da maqsi-malurad aris xalxis. es aramarto teritoriuli mowyobis idealia, aramed aseve moqalaqis politikuri CarTulobis yvelaze pretenziuli da momTxovni xedva. swored imaves gamoxatulebaa federalisturi ide-alebi, romelic sakuTari arsiT zed-miwevniT respublikanuria.
rac Seexeba politikuri procesis Sinaarss, vfiqrob, kidev ufro mniS-vnelovania davafasoT respublikis, rogorc swored Sinaarsis mniSvn-eloba, radgan respublikanizmis aRsaqmelad is ufro mniSvnelova-nia, vidre monarqiis formalurad ar-arseboba. marTlac, monarqis ararseboba savsebiT ar warmoadgens garants respublikis arsebobisa. Tuki TviTon politikis Sinaarsi ar aris arsebiTad respublikanuri, respub-lika ar iarsebebs, gind mas xalxis mier arCeuli saxelmwifos meTauri marTavdes. rogorc CvenTvis cnobi-lia, ukve or aTwleulze metia, rac saqarTvelo formalurad respub-likaa (Tumca mas "saqarTvelos res-publika"aRar ewodeba), radgan mas xalxis mier arCeuli meTaurebi gan-kargaven. miuxedavad amisa, saqarT-velo arcerTi wuTiT ar yofila respublika misi damoukideblobis ganmavlobaSi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gaerTianebuli samefo, romelic konstituciur monarqias warmoad-gens, erTerTi yvelaze ganviTare-buli respublikaa. politikuri pro-cesis Sinaarsi, anu respublikanizmi, udavod upirvelesi mniSvnelobisaa. mas gaaCnia sakuTari enobrivi veli da mdidari konceptualuri aparati, rac mas yvela sxva politikuri ide-ologiisagan gamoarCevs. res publi-ca-s msgavsad, sakuTriv respublikan-izmi, rogorc politikis Sinaarsi, erTdroulad bevri ramaa: mmarT-
velobis ideologia, samoqalaqo cxovrebisa da qmedebis filosofia, ise rogorc - Tuki nikolo makiavelis davesesxebiT - "Tavisufali cxovre-bis wesi". respublikanizmis umTavresi svetebia: politikuri Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba da politikuri CarTuloba. rogorc respublikeli moazrovneebi miiCneven, Tu saxelm-wifo ar aris politikurad damou-kidebeli, anu TviTmmarTveli, iq ver iarsebebs politikuri Tavisufleba; xolo iyo TviTmmarTveli niSnavs TviTonve iRebde kanonebs, romelic adgens modus vivendi-s, rac, piriqiT, aucilebeli winapirobaa politikuri Tavisuflebis arsebobisa.
respublikanizmi yovelTvis did Rirebulebas aniWebda politikur pluralizms, rac Zalauflebis gad-anawilebas gulisxmobs. federalizmi swored respublikanuri mowyobis principia, ise rogorc Zalauflebis Sekaveba-gawonasworebis principi, romelic antikur droSi romSi, Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli helvetikis konfederaciaSi (Sveicaria) da rene-sansisas florenciaSi, sabolood ki amerikis SeerTbuli Statebis mowyo-baSi iCens Tavs, saidanac is ukve mraval sxva saxelmwifoSi vrceldeba. Zalau-flebis erT toposSi koncentraciisa da adamianTa erTi jgufis mier aRsrulebis nacvlad, respublikanuri xelisufleba piriqiT, Zalauflebas anawilebs sivrciTadac da struqturu-ladac. amis nimuSia faqtobrivad yvela respublikanuri konstitucia, maT Soris saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis - saqarTvelos miwaze pirveli da jerjerobiT erTaderTi respublikis - konstitucia.
zogadad, respublika, Tavisi SinaarsiT, aucileblad plural-uri formaa. klasikur politikur filosofiaSi, respublika yovelTvis aRiwereboda, rogorc "forma bev-risa". es imas niSnavda, rom gansxvave-biT monarqiisagan an samTavrosagan, romelsac erTi piri ganagebs, respub-likas yovelTvis erTdroulad bevri
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marTavs. istoriulad, sakuTriv es "bevri" sulac ar niSnavda Tanamedrove gagebiT demokratias, anu xalxis mmarTvelobas. respublika iyo moqa-laqeTa sakuTreba, moqalaqeni ki xSi-rad - umciresoba. magaliTad, aTenur poliss, anu politikur sivrces, ar ekuTvnodnen qalebi, an metikebi (aTe-nis moqalaqeebi, romlebic warmo-SobiT aTenidan ar iyvnen). magram, rogorc cnobilia, igive Cvens dros aRar exeba. Tumca, ukve meTxuTmete saukuneSi, florencieli humanisti da florenciis respublikis meTauri, leonardo bruni, respublikas aRiq-vamda aramarto "bevris" mier Seqmnil politikur formad, aramed is res-publikas acxadebda Riad yvelasaT-vis, visac ki Tavisufleba da samar-Tlianoba aklda. rasakvirvelia, es ritorikuli gancxadebac iyo; brunis es teqsti panegerikia.
da mainc, ukve meTxuTmete saukunis respublikanur diskursSi, respub-lika cxaddeboda, rogorc forma "bevrisa", rogorc Tavisufali da kanonis winaSe Tanaswori moqalaqee-biT Sekruli politikuri erTeuli da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, rogorc iseTi politikuri erTeuli romelic ar iyo genetikurad, Tu isto-riulad florencielTa sakuTreba. respublikanizmi iyo da aris kate-goriulad daSorebuli nacional-izmis nebismieri formisgan. es erTi mxriv istoriuli mizezebiT aris gan-pirobebuli - rodesac respublikan-izmi iqmneboda, eri-saxelmwifo jer kidev ar arsebobda da Sesabamisad ar arsebodba nacionalizmi. respub-likanizmi azrs iZenda momcro zomis qalaq-saxelmwifos politikuri qso-vilis konteqstSi da ara didi teri-toriuli saxelmwifos konteqstSi, rogoricaa Tanamedrove eri-saxel-mwifo. Tumca, imisagan rac momaval droSi nacionalizmi iqneboda, res-publikanizmi imTaviTve Sors iyo ukve idealurad. respublika, rogorc idealuri forma, odiTganve iyo sakuTreba yvela moqalaqisa, miuxe-
davad maTi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTe-blebisa, iqneba is religiuri mrwamsi, eTniuri warmomavloba, socialuri klasi Tu seqsualuri orientacia. mas axasiaTebda patriotizmis specifi-uri reJimi, rac yvelaze martivad kanonebisa da Tavisuflebis siy-varuls niSnavda da ara teritoriisa Tu eTnosis da Sesabamisad imTaviTve SeuTavsebeli iyo nacionalizmis nebi-smier gamovlinebasTan. leonardo brunic swored amas gulisxmobda. is acxadebda florenciis karib-Wes Riad yvelasaTvis, vis mimarTac samarTali ar aRsruldeboda, vinc idevneboda, visac aklda respublika, swored rogorc politikuri pro-cesis Sinaarsi.
politikuri erTeulisadmi msgavsi mikuTvnebulobisa da politikur cxovrebaSi CarTulobis aqtiuri reJi-mis idealad dasaxva yvelaze metad Tav-isuflebis respublikanuri Teori-idan gamoedineba. rogorc vaxseneT, politikuri Tavisufleba umTavresi svetia respublikuri filosofiisa. SesaZloa, yvelaze arsebiTi "multi-kulturuli respublikis" ganxilvisas swored politikuri Tavisuflebis idea iyos. maS, ra aris Tavisuflebis respublikuri idea da ra ganasxvavebs mas liberaluri ideisgan?
liberalur politikur filo-sofiaSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin, rodesac mas gaaCnia saSualeba saku-Tari survilisa da SesaZleblobis mixedviT imoqmedos ise, rom mas am procesSi aravin ar SeuSalos xeli. es aris Tavisuflebis negatiuri idea, radgan Tavisuflebis mdgomareobis gansazRvrisas, umTavresi kriteri-umi raRacis aryofnaa da ara raR-cis yofna. kerZod, xelis SeSlis aryofna, gnebavT, ar-dabrkoleba (non-interference). liberaluri Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, respubli-kuri Teoria ufro radikaluri, ufro momTxovni da ufro mdidaria. liberaluri politikuri enis mier mowonebuli arCareva, anu negatiuri Tavisufleba, politikuri Tavisu-
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flebis respublikanuri aRqmis naw-ilic aris, magram is mxolod erTi nawilia da ara erTdaerTi.
politikuri Tavisuflebis jan-mrTelobis gansazRvrisas, respub-likeli ar kmayofildeba "arCare-vis" martivi kriteriumiT. Tu liber-ali Tavisuflad miiCnevs adamians, romelic sakuTari nebis mixedviT moqmedebs da am procesSi mas xels aravin uSlis, respublikeli Tvlis, rom "xelis-ar-SeSla" savsebiT ar aris erTaderTi winaRoba, romelic Tav-isuflebas emuqreba. respublikeli miiCnevs, rom adamiani SeiZleba iyos politikurad araTavisufali maSinac ki, roca mis qmedebas aravin ar abrkolebs liberaluri gagebiT. amis sapirispirod, respublikeli ufro radikalur kriteriums iyenebs, rome-lic gaxlavT - ardamokidebuleba, anu non-dominacia (non-domination). maSa-sadame, respublikelis azriT, Tavisu-fleba arsebobs iq, sadac aravin aris represirebuli da aravin represori, anu sadac aravin aris dominirebuli da aravin ar aris dominanti. rogorc ruso werda, Tavisufleba iq arse-bobs, sadac mefoben ara adamianebi, aramed kanonebi. respublikelisaTvis Tavisufali mxolod is moqalaqea, vinc ar imyofeba damokidebulebis reJimSi, rodesac misi Tavisufleba damokidebuli ar aris mesame piris keTil nebasa Tu axirebaze, vinc ar unda iyos is: kerZo piri, korpora-cia, samoqalaqo asociacia Tu saxelm-wifo. klasikuri magaliTi, romelic respublikel avtorebs - polibiuss, cicerons, livis - sakuTari argumentis ganvrcobisas mohyavT monis magali-Tia. cxadia, Tu liberalur Teorias davnebdebiT, mona sworedac rom Tav-isufali gamodis, radgan mis qmede-bebs aravin uSlis xels liberaluri gagebiT. magram, mona Tavisufali ar aris, radgan mas ara aqvs unari Tavad, sxvisi Carevisa Tu nebarTvis gareSe, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi imaze Tu ra surs aq da axla da imoqmedos Sesa-bamiasd. mona damokidebulia sxvis
nebaze; is swored amitom aris mona. amis sapirispirod ki, moqalaqes kano-niT miniWebuli konkretuli social-uri da politikuri garantiebi gaaCnia, rac misi Tavisuflebis garantiacaa da mas moqalaqed yofnis saSualebas aniWebs.
respublikanizmis Cveni mokle eqspoziciis daskvnis saxiT, vfiqrob, SegviZlia Tamamad ganvacxadoT, rom respublikanizmi da multikultural-izmi aramarto saTanadod Seesabameba erTmaneTs, aramed iq sadac erT poli-tikur erTeulSi gansxvavebuli kul-turebi gvxvdeba, erTmaneTs avsebs da amdidrebs. respulbikanizmi upirve-les yovlisa samoqalaqo azrovnebisa da moqmedebis tradiciaa, ise rogorc cxovrebis filosofia. respublikan-izmi ar ganasxvavebs moqalaqeebs eTni-uri Tu sxva niSniT; mis konteqstSi, umTavresi moqalaqeobis reJimia, rac Tavis mxriv samoqalaqo idealebidan da Tavisuflebis Teoriidan gamom-dinareobs. iyo Tavisufali respub-likaSi, niSnavs gagaCndes socialuri da politikuri uflebebi, sxvanairad Tu vityviT, "aRiareba" kanonisa da saxelmwifos winaSe, ise rogorc unari politikuri CarTulobisa da adekva-turi meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom Tavad iyo kanonSemoqmedi. respublika arse-biTad pluraluri formaa, romelic ara uniformulobaze, aramed gansx-vavebulobaze dgas, idealurad ise rogorc praqtikulad da konstituci-urad. respublika aris politikuri forma, romelic gansxvavebulobiT Semdgari erTobaa, romelsac erTad kravs ara eTniuri warmomavloba, an kulturuli msgavseba, aramed samoqa-laqo patriotizmi, kanonSemoqmedeba, sayovelTao TviTmmarTveloba da socialuri da politikuri aqtiuroba. respublika yvelas formaa, gansxvave-biT eri-saxelmwifosagan; respub-likanuri patriotizmi ki gansxvaveb-ulobiT Sekruli erTi politikuri erTeulisa da misi kanonieri da Tav-isufali momavlis siyvarulia.
tolerantoba
rogorc ideologiuri kategoria nawyveti
slavoi JiJeki
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Targmani:
nunuka zuraSvili
tolerantoba
rogorc ideologiuri kategoria nawyveti
politikis kulturalizeba
ratom aRiqmeba dRes amdeni problema aratolerantobad da ara uTanasworobad, eqsplu-ataciad, usamarTlobad? ratom aris SemoTavazebuli gamosavali tolerantoba da ara emansipa-cia, politikuri brZola, Sei-raRebuli brZolac ki? pasuxi liberali multikulturalis-tis bazisur ideologiur opera-ciaSia: "politikis kulturali-zeba" - politikuri gansxvavebebi, politikuri uTanasworobiT, ekonomikuri CagvriTa da a.S. gamowveuli gansxvavebebi natu-ralizebulia/neitralizebulia "kulturul" gansxvavebebSi, gansx-vavebul "cxovrebis wesebSi", rom-lebic TavisTavad mocemulia, romlebic aris ara daZlevadi, aramed mxolod "Sewynarebadi". amaze, ra Tqma unda, beniaminiseul terminebSi unda vupasuxoT: poli-tikis kulturalizebidan kul-turis politizebamde. am kultur-alizebis mizezi aris pirdapiri politikuri proeqtebis (keTil-dReobis saxelmwifo, social-uri proeqtebi da a.S.) warumate-bloba, Cavardna. tolerantoba maTi post-politikuri Semcvle-lia:
tolerantobis dakanonebis gamo samarTlianobis ufro sub-stanciuri xedvebidan ukan daxeva dRes moqalaqeobisa da Zalau-flebis ufro zogadi depoliti-zebisa da Tavad politikuri cxovrebidan ukan daxevis nawilia. tolerantobis rogorc poli-tikuri miznis danergva faru-lad axdens politikis rogorc im sivrcis uaryofas, romelSic SesaZlebelia konfliqtis efeq-
turi artikulireba da moazreba sivrced, romelSic moqalaqee-bis transformireba maTive Tana-monawileobis meSveobiTaa Sesa-Zlebeli.
post-politikuri liberaluri proeqtis araTandmimdevrulo-bas ufro metad albaT araferi gamoxatavs, vidre misi faruli identifikacia kulturasa da bune-basTan, or tradiciul dapirisp-irebul kategoriasTan: kul-tura Tavadaa naturalizebuli, miCneuli rogorc raRac Tav-isTavad mocemuli. kulturis rogorc "meore bunebis" idea, ra Tqma unda, moZvelebulia. poli-tikis "kulturalizebis" yvelaze warmatebuli formula, ra Tqma unda, semuel hanTingtons ekuT-vnis, romelmac dRevandeli kon-fliqtebis mTavari wyarod "civi-lizaciaTa Sejaxeba" miiCnia, didia cduneba, rom amas Cveni drois hanTingtonis daavadeba vuwodoT - rogorc is agrZelebs, civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, "ideologiis rkinis farda" "kulturis xaver-dovanma fardam"Caanacvla. han-Tingtonis "civilizaciaTa Sejax-ebis" bneli perspeqtiva SeiZleba frensis fukuiamas naTeli xed-vis - istoriis dasasruli msof-lio masStabis liberaluri demokratiis saxiT - sruliad sapirispirod mogveCvenos: ra SeiZleba iyos fukuiamas "isto-riis dasasrulis" fsevdo-hege-lianuri ideisgan (saukuTeso SesaZlebeli socialuri wyobis saboloo formula napovnia kap-italistur liberalur demokra-tiaSi, romelSic Semdegi koncep-tualuri progresisaTvis adgili aRaraa, da mxolod empiriuli
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winaRobebiRaa gadasalaxi) ufro gansxvavebuli? hanTigntonis "civ-ilizaciaTa Sejaxebis" rogorc 21-e saukunis mTavari politikuri brZolis idea? "civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba" a r i s politika "isto-riis dasasrulSi".
Tanamedrove liberalizmi ideologiebis, instituciona-luri da arainstitucional-uri praqtikebis rTul qsels qmnis; Tumca, am mravalferovne-bas safuZvlad udevs bazisuri opozicia, romelsac mTlianad liberaluri xedva eyrdnoba, opozicia maT Soris, romelnic mTlianad imarTebian kulturis mier, sruliad gansazRvrulni arian im sicocxlis-samyaros mier, romelSic isini daibad-nen, da maT Soris romlebic ubralod sargebloben kultu-riT, romelnic masze maRla dga-nan, Tavisufalni arian kulturis arCevaSi. amas meore parado-qsamde mivyavarT: "barbarizmis" mTavari wyaro swored kulturaa, calkeul kulturasTan pirdapiri identifikacia, rac adamians sxva kulturebis mimarT aratoler-antuls xdis. amgvarad, bazisuri dapirispireba dakavSirebulia koleqtiursa da individualurs Soris arsebul dapirispirebas-Tan: definiciis mixedviT kul-tura koleqtiuri da calkeuli, viwro, sxva kulturebisgan eqsklu-ziuria, rodesac - Semdegi para-doqsi - swored individia is, romelic universaluria, univer-salurobis sivrcea, imdenad ram-denadac is calkeuli kulturis-gan acalkevebs Tavs da masze maRla dgeba. Tumca, vinaidan yoveli individi ramenairad unda "gamo-
calkevdes", man unda iarsebos calkeul sicocxlis samyaroSi, am Cixidan gamosvlis erTaderTi gza individis universalurad da calkeulad, sajarod da kerZod (romelSic "kerZo" moicavs ojaxis "usafrTxo zonasa" da samoqa-laqo sazogadoebis ara-saxel-mwifo sajaro sferos (ekono-mikas) gaxleCvaa. liberalizmSi, kultura arsebobas ganagrZobs, magram privatizebuli saxiT: rogorc cxovrebis wesi, rwmen-ebisa da praqtikebis nakrebi da ara rogorc sazogadoebrivi normebisa da wesebis qseli.
imdenad, ramdenadac kultura Tavadaa "barbarizmisa" da ara-tolerantulobis wyaro, gardau-valia daskvna, rom aratoleran-tulobisa da Zaladobis daZlevis erTaderTi gza subieqtis arse-bis birTvis, misi universaluri arsis kulturisgan gamocalkev-ebaa: arsobrivad, subieqti unda iyos kulturlos (germ. "ukul-turo"- mTargmnelis SeniSvna). (es SemTxveviT axal saxes aZlevs iozef gebelsis cnobil sityvebs "roca sityva kultura mesmis, xeli iaraRisken gamirbis" - magram ara maSin, roca mesmis sityva civili-zacia.) vendi brauni am liberal-uri mosazrebis problematizebas ramodenime doneze axdens:
pirveli, es araa WeSmaritad universaluri, kulturlos. vinaidan Cvens sazogadoebebSi Sromis seqsualizebuli danaw-ileba isev dominirebs, rac mamak-acs bazisuri liberaluri kate-goriebisken (avtonomia, sajaro aqtivoba, Sejibri) ubiZgebs, qalebs ki ojaxisadmi solidarobisa da a.S. kerZo sferos miakuTvnebs,
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liberalizmi Tavad, sajarosa da kerZos dapirispirebiT, xels uwyobs mamakacis dominire-bas. ufro metic, mxolod Tana-medrove dasavlur kapitalistur kulturaSi dgas avtonomia, indi-vidualuri Tavisufleba da a.S. ufro maRla, vidre koleqtiuri solidaroba, kavSiri, pasuxismge-bloba sxva damokidebulebze, sakuTari Temis wes-Cveulebebi-sadmi pativiscema - isev, liberal-izmi Tavad aniWebs upiratesobas garkveul kulturas, Tanamedrove dasavlur kulturas.
braunis meore dartymis wer-tili arCevanis Tavisuflebas exeba - liberalizmi aqac Zlier winaaRmdegobriobas aCvenebs. is aratolerantulia, roca sxva kulturis warmomadgenel indi-videbs ar eZlevaT arCevanis Tav-isufleba(kliterodeqtomia, bavSvebis gaTxoveba, Svilis kvla, poligamia, ojaxis wevris mier gaupatiureba...); Tumca, yuradRebis miRma tovebs, magaliTad, Cvens liberalur sazogadoebaSi arse-bul im udides wnexs, romelic qalebs plastikuri operaciebis, kosmetikuri implantebis, botoq-sis ineqciebisa da a.S. gakeTebas aiZulebs, raTa konkurentunari-anni darCnen seqsis bazarze.
sabolood, yvela TviT-ref-erenciuli paradoqsi aratol-erantobis Sewynarebis CixSia centrirebuli. liberalisturi multikulturalizmi kulturebs Soris tolerantobas qadagebs, maSin rodesac naTlad acxadebs, rom namdvili tolerentoba mxolod dasavlur individual-istur kulturaSia SesaZlebeli, da amgvarad samxedro inter-
venciebis rogorc sxvis ara-tolerantulobasTan brZolis ukiduresi meTodis legitimacia-sac ki axdens - zogi amerikeli feministi aSS-s mier avRaneTisa da erayis okupacias mxars uWerda rogorc am qveynebis qalebis dax-marebis formas. Tumca, brauni cdilobs maqsimalurad gamoaaS-karavos es TviT-referenciuli paradoqsi, romelsac radikali liberali nebismieri araTanmim-devrulobisgan Tavisuflad miiC-nevda: Tuki me mwams individual-uri arCevanisa da sxvadasxva kul-turebis mimarT Semwynareblobis, ra Tqma unda, es mavaldebulebs viyo "aratolerantuli" im kul-turebis mimarT, romlebic arCev-ansa da tolerantobas pativs ar scemen. brauni am yvelafers amJa-mindel anti-islamizmze foku-sirebiT xsnis, magram rac Seexeba nacizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas? gana aseve paradoqsi araa, rom mokavSireTa blokma sastiki omi gadaixada faSizmis winaaRmdeg tolerantobisa da mSvidobis saxeliT? mere ra? tolerantobas sazRvrebi aqvs, da aratolerantu-lobis mimmarT tolerantuloba ubralod mis mxardaWeras ("Sewyn-arebas") niSnavs.
"Tavisufali arCevanis" liber-aluri idea - Tu subieqts surs, mas SeuZlia im SezRuduli tradiciis arCeva, romlis wiaRSic is dai-bada, magram Tavisufali arCev-anis gakeTebisTvis is sxvadasxva alternativebiT unda iyos uzrun-velyofili - yovelTvis CixSi moxvedrisTvisaa ganwiruli: miuxedavad imisa, rom amiS axal-gazrdebs formalurad aqvT Tavisufali arCevanis gakeTebis
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ufleba, pirobebi, romlebSic maT arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT, mas araTavisufals xdis. imisaTvis, rom maT saTanadod gaakeTon Tav-isufali arCevani, isini yoveli SesaZlebeli alternativis Ses-axeb unda iyvnen informirebulni - Tumca amis erTaderTi gza maTi amiSTa Temidan mowyveta, anu maTi "gaingliseleba" iqneboda. es aseve naTels hfens muslimi qalebis mier Cadris tarebis mimarT dominantur liberalur damokidebulebas: maT SeuZliaT Cadris tareba, Tu es maTi Tav-isufali arCevania da ara maT ojaxis wevrebis an qmrebis mier iZulebis Sedegi. Tumca, roca Cad-ris tareba qalis piradi arCeva-nia(vTqvaT, misi sulieri real-izebisaTvis), Cadris tarebis mniSvneloba sruliad icvleba: es aRaraa misi muslimuri Temis-admi kuTvnilebis niSani, aramed misi idiosinkratuli individu-alurobis gamoxatuleba; zustad igive gansxvavebaa Cinel fermers, romelic Cinur saWmels imitom miirTmevs, rom misi sofeli ase uxsovari droidan iqceva, da dasavluri megapolisis macx-ovrebels Soris, romelic Cinur restoranSi sadilobas irCevs. am yvelafridan gakveTili isaa, rom arCevani yovelTvis meta-arCeva-nia, Tavad arCevanis modalobis arCevani: mxolod is qali akeTebs namdvilad arCevans, romelic irCevs, rom ar ataros Cadri. swored amitom arian Cvens seku-larul arCevanis sazogadoe-bebSi substanciuri religiuri mikuTvnebulobis mqone adami-anebi daqvemdebarebul poziciaSi: im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu maT nebas
rTaven hqondeT maTi rwmena, es rwmena "Sewynarebulia" rogorc maTi idiosinkratuli personal-uri arCevani/mosazreba; swored amitomaa sajaro skolebSi reli-giuri simboloebis demonstra-cisa da locvis Tema aseTi sen-sitiuri: maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi kerZosa da sajaros Soris gamy-ofi xazis gabundovnebas, sajaro sivrcis neitraluri CarCos Selaxvas sayveduroben. es imas niSnavs, rom "Tavisufali arCev-anis subieqti" mxolod adamianis calkeuli sicocxlis-samyaros-gan mowyvetis, misi fesvebisgan gamoyofis ukiduresad veluri/Zaladobrivi procesis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoCndes.
universaluri liberaluri subieqtis ideologiis filo-sofiuri uaryofa da, am mizeziT, braunis mier liberalizmis kri-tikis mTavari filosofiuri samizne kartezianuri subieqtia, gansakuTrebiT mis kantianur versiaSi: subieqti, romelsac SeuZlia misi calkeuli kul-turuli/socialuri fesvebisgan gaTavisufleba da misgan sruli avtonomiisa da universalurobis mopoveba: "racionaluri kamaTi da kritika, kritikis racional-uroba, pirovnebis moraluri avtonomiis ara mxolod niSani, aramed safuZvelicaa, avtonomi-isa, romelic gulisxmobs sxve-bisgan, zogadad avtoritetis-gan damoukideblobas da Tavad azrovnebis damoukideblobas." dekartes universaluri daeWve-bis poziciis safuZvelmdebare gamocdileba swored "multikul-turaluri" gamocdilebaa imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor araa adami-
wyaro: Link
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anis tradicia sxvis "eqscentriul" tradiciaze ukeTesi:
/.../ jer kidev kolejSi swavlis periodSi viswavle, rom SeuZle-belia imdenad ucnauri an nakle-bad sarwmuno ramis mofiqreba, rac jer sxva romelime filo-sofoss ar hqondes mofiqre-buli da Cemi mogzaurobis gan-mavlobaSi ufro metad SevniSne, rom yvela, romelTa azrebic Cvengan gansxvavebulia, aucileb-lad barbarosebi an velurebi ar arian, aramed SeiZleba Zlier gonierni iyvnen, Cvenze metadac ki.
Cogito-s mTavari maxasiaTe-beli misi arasubstanciuri xasi-aTia: "masze pozitiurad saubari SeuZlebelia; rogorc ki masze pozitiurad saubars daviwebT, misi funqcia ikargeba." [6] cogito aris ara substanciuri erTeuli, aramed wminda struqturuli fun-qcia, carieli sivrce - rogorc aseTi, is SeiZleba gamoCndes mxolod substanciuri Temur sistemebs Soris arsebul sivrceSi. amgvarad, kavSiri cogi-to-s gamoCenasa da substanciuri Temuri identobebis disintegra-ciasa da dakargvas Soris arsebi-Tia da es spinozas ufro metad exeba, vidre dekartes: miuxeda-vad imisa, rom spinozam gaakri-tika kartezianuli cogito, is mas akritikebda rogorc pozitiur ontologiur erTeuls - magram saubrobda ra, dekarteze meta-dac ki, socialuri sivrc(eeb)is gareT arsebuli poziciidan, ara rogorc ebraeli Tu qris-tiani, spinoza impliciturad sruliad aRiarebda radikaluri TviT-daeWvebidan mosaubre Tvi-Tobas, rogorc "gacxadebulis
pozicias".spinoza "filosofosi rogorc
aseTia", misi ormagi gandevnilis subieqturi poziciiT (dasavluri civilizaciis gandevnilTa sazo-gadoebidan gariyuli); swored amitom unda gamoviyenoT igi para-digmad, romelic msgavsi gandevnis nakvalevebis, Temidan "amovardnis" aRmoCenis SesaZleblobas mogvcems sxva yvela did filosofosTan, maT Soris, nicSesTan dakavSire-biT, romelsac rcxvenoda german-elebis gamo da amayad usvamda xazs mis savaraudo polonur fesvebs. filosofosisTvis eTnikuri fesvebi, nacionaluri identoba da a.S., ubralod WeSmaritebis kat-egoria araa, anu, zustad kantianur terminebSi rom vTqvaT, roca eTni-kuri fesvebis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, Cven gonebis kerZo gamoyenebas vew-eviT, romelic SezRudulia mud-mivi dogmaturi wanamZRvrebiT, Cven vmoqmedebT rogorc "umwifari" individebi, da ara rogorc Tav-isufali adamianebi, romelic gonebis universalobis ganzomile-baSi arseboben. kantsa da rortis Soris arsebul opozicias, rome-lic sajarosa da kerZos Soris gansxvavebas exeba, iSviaTad axseneben, magram miuxedavad amisa, sakvanZo mniSvnelobisaa: orive mkveTrad ganasxvavebs am or sferos, magram sxvadasxva gagebiT. rortisTvis, didi Tanamedrove liberalisT-vis, kerZo aris Cveni idiosinkra-ziebis sfero, romelSic Semoq-medebiToba da veluri warmosaxva marTavs, xolo moraluri mosaz-rebebi TiTqmis represirebulia, sajaro ki aris socialuri inter-aqciis sfero, romelSic wesebs unda davemorCiloT, raTa sxvebs
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ar vavnoT; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kerZo ironiis sferoa, sajaro ki - solidarobisa.
kantisTvis ki, "msoflio-samo-qalaqo-sazogadoebis" sajaro sfero universaluri erTeu-lobis, erTeuli subieqtis para-doqss qmnis, romelic ase vTqvaT, mokle CarTviT, calkeulis medi-aciis gavliT, pirdapir monawil-eobs universalurSi. sworad amas gulisxmobs kanti "sajaroSi" "ker-Zos"sapirispirod "ra aris gan-manaTlebloba?"-s cnobil pasaJSi: Temuri kavSirebisgan gansxvavebiT, "kerZo"aris ara individualuri, aramed adamianis calkeuli identi-fikaciis Temur-institucionaluri wesrigi, sajaro ki adamianis mier gonebis gamoyenebis transnacional-uri universaloba. amgvarad, safuZ-velemdebare formulis "iazrovne Tavisuflad, magram daemorCile!" paradoqsi isaa, romelic monawil-eobs "sajaro" sferos universalur ganzomilebaSi zustad rogorc erTeuli individi, romelic gamocalkevebulia misi substanci-uri Temuri identifikaciisgan an SeiZleba masTan dapirispirebulic ki - adamiani WeSmaritad universal-uri aris rogorc mxolod radi-kaluri sagani, Temur identobebs Soris arsebul sivrceebSi. swored kanti unda waikiTxos aq rogorc rortis kritikosi: gonebis Seuz-Rudavi Tavisufali gamoyenebis sajaro sferos miseul xedvaSi, is ganmaTavisuflebeli univer-salobis ganzomilebas adamianis socialuri identobis sazRvrebs, (socialuri) arsebobis wesrigSi arsebuli poziciis gareT ayenebs - ganzomilebaSi, romelic ror-tisTan ar gvxvdeba.
Targmani:
nunuka zuraSvili
didi aliis dasawyisamde
mariam guliaSvili
gavrcelebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, ebrauli diasporis Semosvla pirvelad qarTlSi nabuqodonosoris mier israelis aoxrebis periods emTxveva. mogvainebiT, ebraelTa Semodinebis ramdenime etaps gamohyofen istorikosebi, romlebic palestinaSi momxdari politikur-ekonomikuri movlenebis Sesabamisi reaqciis gamoxatulebaa. yvelaze saintereso movlena ebraelTa migraciaSi isaa, rom isini martivad moergnen saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli mowyobis bazisurad gansxvavebul struqturas da miuxedavad 26 saukunovani stabiluri Tanacxovrebisa maT arasdros gasCeniaT separatistuli ganzraxvani, Tavis mxriv ki, Tu ar CavTvliT sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Seviwrovebis mcdelobas, ebraelebi arasdros gamxdaran saqarTveloSi rasobrivi diskriminaciisa Tu eTnikuri Seviwrovebis msxverplni. mainc ra gaxda am ori eris saukunod daZmobilebis mizezi?! tradiciuli Rirebulebebi Tu gadarCenisTvis brZolis gamocdili instiqti, romelic genetikurad kodirebulia, rogorc qarTvelebSi, aseve ebraelebSi. ori eris urTierToba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino gaxda israelis warmoqmnasTan erTad, saqarTvelosTvis mZime 1992-1993 wlebSi, israelis saxelmwifo iyo erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac Tavisi saelCo gaxsna saqarTveloSi da humanitaruli daxmarebis gamogzavna daiwyo.
nebismieri qarTveli didi gatacebiT gesaubrebaT israeli-saqarTvelos Zmobis Sesaxeb, Tumca
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wyaro: The Palmach Archive via the PikiWiki - Israel free image collection project
sainteresoa Tu ra icis saqarTvelos mosaxleobam ebraelebis repatriaciis istoriis Sesaxeb, sazogadoebisTvis dRemde ucnobia, rom me-20 saukunis erT-erT yvelaze masStabur da saintereso movlenas, swored saqarTveloSi Caeyara safuZveli.
me-20 saukunis 70-iani wlebi ebrauli diasporisTvis saqarTveloSi metad mZime aRmoCnda, miuxedavad imisa, rom aqedan maT aravin sdevnida , Tavad cdilobdnen saqarTvelodan israelSi gadasvlas, amis mizezi ki samSobloSi dabrunebis dauokebeli survili iyo . survilebis asruleba arc ise martivi aRmoCnda, rogorc erTi SexedviT sCanda, maT mondomebas xistad upirispirdeboda sabWoTa xelisufleba, ebraulma diasporam saqarTveloSi ki ar moisurva totalitalur manqanas Caeketa misTvis samSoblosaken mimavali gza. saqme isaa, rom repatriaciis molodinSi ebraulma ojaxebma daiwyes didi mzadeba samSobloSi dasabruneblad, Tumca dro gadioda da Tanxmoba ar sCanda , ojaxebi ki samsaxurisa da sacxovrebeli adgilebis gareSe elodnen sasurvel pasuxs . ase gaCnda ebraelebisTvis TbilisSi "sinais mTa" da didi gaWirveba .
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi maT ver ipoves TavianTi mxsneli da gadawyvites wasuliyvnen iseT riskze, romelsac SeeZlo maTi sicocxlec ki Seewira. 1969 wels, vakumSi, sadac adamianebma ar icodnen, rom maT sityvasac hqonda fasi; ar icodnen, rom sazRvrebs miRma arsebobda samyaro, sadac SeiZleboda Tavisufali gadaadgileba, ebraulma diasporam dawera werili gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianis uflebebis komisiis saxelze, romelSic dramatulad gadmosca sakuTari Tavgadasavali da udidesi survili sakuTar samSobloSi cxovrebis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb. am
werilma masStabur saprotesto aqcias Cauyara safuZveli, romelsac saxelad - " gauSvi Cemi xalxi " ewodeboda.
" Cven davelodebiT Tveebi da wlebi, Tu
daWirda - mTeli sicocxle, magram rwmenas da
imeds ar vuRalatebT. gvwams: Cveni locvebi
RmerTamde mivida.
viciT: Cveni mowodebebi adamianebamdec
miva. rameTu Cven viTxovT mcireds - gagviSvan
winaparTa miwaze ... "
6 agvisto 1969 weli.
repatriaciis dasawyisi, aliis
pionerebs Zmeb mixelaSvilebs ukavSirdeba, swored maT moaxerxes 18 ebrauli ojaxis gaerTianeba saerTo miznisTvis sabrZolvelad. Tavdapirvelad, maT sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumSi waradgines TavianTi moTxovnebi. iq dahpirdnen, rom yvelas mousmendnen, oRond cal-calke. Tumca, saqme erTad daiwyes da erTad apirebdnen mis dasrulebas, Tanac, marto maTi misvla didi biurokratiis morevSi, ambis saeWvo dasasrulTan asocirdeboda. ebraelebi sagonebelSi iyvnen Cavardnilni, rodesac erT-erT maTgans saprotesto aqciis gamarTva mouvida azrad. 34 Tbiliseli ebraeli sabWoTa kavSiris dedaqalaq moskovSi gaemgzavra da gorkis quCaze, centralur telegrafTan gamarTa mjdomare SimSilobis aqcia.
aqciis monawileebma swrafad daimsaxures mTeli msoflios yuradReba, iq midiodnen amerikuli, inglisuri, franguli da sxva dasavluri mediis warmomadgenlebi, iRebdnen fotoebs da ambavs aSuqebdnen, rogorc admianis uflebaTa darRvevis saSinel faqts. SimSilobis momdevno dReebSi ki oficialuri da araoficialuri pirebic gamoCndnen arenaze, romelTac ar daiSures muqara da daSinebis mcdeloba. mesame dRe ki gaxda mizezi radikaluri moqmedebisa. Ramis oTx
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wyaro: Kluger Zoltan - Israeli National Photo Archive
saaTze aqciis adgilze 300-ze metma samoqalaqo tansacmelSi gamowyobilma adamianma moiyara Tavi, romlebmac aqciis wevrebs TviTnebobis Sewyvetisken mouwodes, mogvianebiT ki moskovis gareubanSi miliciis ganyofilebaSi gadaiyvanes da TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke dakiTxes. maTi saqcieli ki qveynis Semarcxvenel qmedebad monaTles. amis Semdeg Tbiliseli ebraelebi Casxes vagonSi, romlis Sesasvlel-gamosasvlels SeiaraRebuli adamianebi amagrebdnen. protestandebi mgzavrobis dros SimSilobas kvlav agrZelebdnen. TbilisSi iZulebiT dabrunebul momitingeebs rkinigzis sadgurze uamravi adamiani Seegeba.
marTalia, sabWoTa xelisuflebam iZulebis meTodiT daarbia aqcia, magram ver vityviT, rom mas Sedegi ar mohyolia. qarTveli ebraelebi moxvdnen miRebaze Sinagan saqmeTa ministr e. SevardnaZesTan, romelic maT moTxovnis dakmayofilebas dahpirda. cota xanSi marTlac daiwyo moqalaqeTa etapobrivi alia israelSi.
1970-71 wlebSi 18 ebrauli ojaxis gmirobam saqarTveloSi sabWoTa ebraelebis masobriv repatriacias Cauyara safuZveli, im dros saqarTvelodan israelSi 30 000 ebraeli gadavida sacxovreblad. israelis istoria aRiarebs Tbiliseli protestantebis, maTi gambedaobisa da simamaceis wvlils axali saxelmwifos ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
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wyaro: Link
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wyaro: Link
18 qarTveli ebraelis werili gaeros
Cven, saqarTvelos 18 morwmune ebraelTa ojaxi, mogmarTavT Tqven TxovniT dagvexmaroT israelSi gamgzavrebis saqmeSi. yovelma Cven-ganma, miiRo ra mowveva naTesavidan israelSi, Seavso ssrk-s saTanado organoebis mier gamogzavnili anketa. yovelma Cvenganma miiRo zepiri da-pirebani, rom mis gamgzavrebas aravin ar Seuqmnida dabrkolebas.
TiToelma Cvenganma, eloda ra yovel dRe rom miiRebda nebarTvas, gayida qoneba da daeTxova samsaxuri-dan. magram Tveebi, zogierTisTvis ki - wlebi, gailia, gamgzavrebis nebarTva ki ar migviRia. Cven davagzavneT aso-biT werili da depeSa - isini gaqren, rogorc cremlebi udabnos qviSaSi: gvesmis zepiri uari, werilobiTi pa-suxi ar migviRia, aravin arafers ar gvixsnis, Cveni bedi aravis ar aRelvebs.
magram Cven velodebiT, rameTu gvwams.
Cven, saqarTvelos 18 morwmune ebraelTa ojaxi saWirod vTvliT avxsnaT, Tu ratom gvsurs israelSi gamgzavreba.
yvelasTvis cnobilia ramdenad samarTlianad xorcieldeba sinam-dvileSi ssrk-s nacionaluri poli-tika, romlis Teoriuli safuZvlebi Camoyalibebuli iyo saxelmwifos damaarseblis v.i.leninis mier. didi xania qveyanaSi aRar aris ebraelTa dar-bevebi, geto da procentuli normebi. ebraels SeuZlia Tavisuflad iaros quCaSi, dasaxldes sadac surs, daikavos nebismieri Tanamdeboba, Tundac min-istrisa, rac ssrk ministrTa sabWos
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gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis adamianTa uflebebis komisias:
Tavjdomaris moadgilis, v.dimSicis magaliTzec moCans. umaRles sabWoSi aris ebraeli deputatic - a.Cakovski, "literaturuli gazeTis" mTavari redaqtori ...
amrigad, rasobrivi diskriminacia ar gvaiZulebs davtovoT qveyana, maS iqneb religiuri? magram qveyanaSi daSvebulia sinagogebi, aravin gviS-lis vilocoT saxlSic. oRond, Cveni locvebi - israelTanaa dakav-Sirebuli, rameTu gvianderZes: Tu dagiviwyo Sen ierusalimo, gaxmes marjvena Cemi. rameTu Cven, morwmune ebraelebi, vTvliT, rom ar arsebobs ebraeli rwmenis gareSe, rogorc rwmena ar arsebobs tradiciebis ga-reSe. raSi mdgomareobs Cveni rwmena da tradiciebi?
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi romis legionebi gars ertynen ieru-salims. magram, blokadis cnobili saSinelebebis miuxedavad - SimSili, uwyloba, daavadebebi da mravali sxva - ebraelebma ar uRalates rwmenas da ar danebdnen. Tumca adamianis Sesa-Zleblobebsac aqvs sazRvari - bolos da bolos wminda qalaqSi SeiWren barbarosebi. ase, aTaswleulebis winaT ganadgurda wminda taZari, da masTan erTad - ebrauli saxelmwifo. magram darCa eri: Tumca ebraelebma, vinc iaraRis xelSi daWera SesZlo, rom ar danebebuliyvnen mters, erT-maneTi daxoces, darCnen sisxlisgan daclili daWrilebi, moxucebi da bavSvebi.
da vinc wasvla ver SesZlo, adgilze iqna mokluli.
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xolo vinc ki SeZlo, udabnoSi wavida, da Tu gadarCa - miaRwia sxva qveyanas, raTa eloca da dalodeboda.
amieridan ucxo qveynebSi, maT moZu-le adamianebs Soris unda moeZebnaT sakvebi. mudam galanZRulni, Cirqmocx-ebulni, SezizRulni da devnilni, sisxliTa da ofliT moipovebdnen purs arsebobisa da zrdidnen Svilebs.
maTi xelebi dakoJrili iyo, suli ki sisxliT savse, magram eri ar mom-kvdara - da rogori eri.
ebraelebma msoflios misces rw-mena da revolucionerebi, filoso-fosebi da mecnierebi, mdidrebi da brZenebi, geniosebi bavSvuri guliT da bavSvebi moxucis TvalebiT. ar arsebobs codnis, literaturis da xelovnebis arcerTi sfero, sadac ebraels Tavisi wvlili ar Seetanos. ebraelTa Semxizvneli arcerTi qveyana ar arsebobs, romelsac maT sakuTari SromiT madloba ar gadauxades. da ra miiRes samagierod?
Tu yvelasTvis cxovreba gasaZlisi iyo, ebraelebi SiSiT elodnen sxva dros. da Tu yvelasTvis cudi dro dgeboda, ebraelebma icodnen: movida maTi aRsasrulis Jami, da maSin isini imalebodnen, an garbodnen qveynidan. da vinc garboda, yvelafers Tavidan iwyebda.
xolo visac gaqceva ar SeeZlo - iRupeboda.
vinc ki kargad daimaleboda, eloda sxva droebas.
vis aRar udevnia ebraelebi, am saqmisTvis yvela erTiandeboda!
sakmarisi iyo uvargis generlebs
omi waegoT, iqve damnaSaves ebraelTa Soris eZebdnen. sakmarisi iyo poli-tikur avanturists ar Seesrulebina mTebi micemuli danapirebebisa, iqve moiZebneboda mizezi - ebraeli. isini iRupebodnen espaneTis inkviziciis jurRmulebSi da faSisturi germaniis sakoncentracio banakebSi. antisemitebi droSasaviT afrialebdnen dreifu-sis saqmes ganaTlebul safrangeTSi da beilisis saqmes uwignur ruseTSi ...
ebraelebs ki es yvelaferi unda aetanaT.
sxvaTa Soris, maT SeeZloT sxveb-saviT mSvidad ecxovraT, sakmarisi iyo sxva rwmena mieRoT. asec moiqca zogierTi - sulmxdali yvelgan aris. magram milionebi gadarjulebas am-jobinebdnen gawamebul sicocxles, xSirad ki - sikvdils.
da Tu Seuxiznavni daexetebodnen isini dedamiwaze - RmerTTan yvelas moeZebna adgili.
da Tu maTi ferfli gaifanta mTels msoflioSi, xsovna ar momkvdara.
Cvens ZarRvebSi - maTi sisxlia, Cveni cremlebi - maTi cremlebia.
asrulda winaswarmetyveleba: fer-flidan aRsdga israeli, ar davivi-wyeT Cven ierusalimi da Cveni xelebi sWirdeba mas.
Cven 18 varT - maT, vinc am werils xeli moawera. magram cdeba is, vinc Tvlis, rom Cven mxolod 18 varT: xelis momwerTa ricxvi gacilebiT meti SeiZleba yofiliyo.
amboben, rom msoflioSi sul 12 milioni ebraelia. magram cdeba is, vinc CaTvlis, rom Cven sul 12 mil-
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ioni varT. rameTu maTTan erTad, vinc israelisTvis loculobs, Cven aseul milioni varT, isini, vinc awva-les, vinc aRar aris - CvenTan erT mwyobrSi arian, daumorCilebelni da mudam cocxlebi, brZolisa da rwmenis tradiciebis gadmomcemni.
ai ratom gvsurs Cven israelSi gamgzavreba ...
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacias istoriam daakisra udidesi misia - if-iqros adamianebze da daexmaros maT.
amitom Cven moviTxovT, gaero-s adamianis uflebaTa komisiam iRonos masze damokidebuli yvela zomebi da umokles vadaSi miaRwios ssrk-s mTavrobisgan Cveni gamgzavrebis ne-barTvis miRebas. gaugebaria, rogor SeiZleba XX saukunis bolos adami-anebs aukrZalo sadac maT surT iq icxovron. ucnauria, rogor SeiZleba daviwyeba mowodebebisa erTa TviT-gamorkvevis Sesaxeb, da ra Tqma unda, yoveli eris Semadgenel adamianTa uflebebis Sesaxeb.
Cven davelodebiT Tveebi da wlebi, Tu daWirda - mTeli sicocxle, magram rwmenas da imeds ar vuRalatebT.
gvwams: Cveni locvebi RmerTamde mivida.
viciT: Cveni mowodebebi adamiane-bamdec miva.
rameTu Cven viTxovT mcireds - gagviSvan winaparTa miwaze ...
1. SabaTa mixeilis Ze elaSviliq.quTaisi, jafariZis 532. mixeil SabaTas Ze elaSviliq.quTaisi, jafariZis 533. israel mixeilis Ze elaSviliq.quTaisi, kirovis 314. iakob aronis Ze eluaSviliq.quTaisi, maiakovskis 55. mordex isakis Ze xixinaSviliq.quTaisi, maxaraZis 196. mixeil samuelis Ze CikvaSviliq.quTaisi, xaxanaSvilis 337. moSe samuelis Ze CikvaSviliq.quTaisi, wereTlis 328. mixeil rubenis Ze beberaSviliq.quTaisi, klara cetkinis 99. iakob israelis Ze elaSviliq.quTaisi, wereTlis 5410. xaim aronis Ze mixelaSviliq.foTi, cxakaiis 5711. albert xaimis Ze mixailaSviliq.foTi, cxakaiis 5712. aron xaimis Ze mixelaSviliq.foTi, jafariZis 1813. xaim daviTis Ze TeTruaSviliq.quTaisi, jafariZis 4214. isro zaqaris Ze wiwuaSviliq.quTaisi, Saumianis 2515. efrem isros Ze wiwuaSviliq.quTaisi, Saumianis 616. bencion Salomis Ze iakobiSviliq.Tbilisi, barnovis 9117. mixael rafaelis Ze batoniaSviliq.kulaSi, stalinis 5318. mixael Salomis Ze TeTruaSviliq.kulaSi, stalinis 114
22 av6 agvisto 1969w.
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Temo beJaniZe
somxurenovani Teatris Sesaxeb
mivad aRwevda xelmosaWid Sedegebs, radgan igi epoqaluri ideebiT iyo gamsWvaluli, siRrmiseulad asaxa-vda imdroindeli sazogadoebis problemebsa Tu Sinagan samyaros.
es ambavi dResac grZeldeba. ro-gori Zvelic ar unda iyos kibeebi, kedlebi, Taobidan Taobaze gada-suli cxovrebis stili, aq dResac erTiandeba scenisa da mayureblis interesebi, dResac imarTeba mraval-ferovani warmodgenebi. "saqarTve-lo somxebisTvis yvelaze maxlobe-la qveyana iyo, sadac maT Tavisuflad SeeZloT cxovreba" wers ivane ja-vaxiSvili da gulisxmobs, rogorc erovnul da sarwmunoebriv , aseve, kulturul Tavisuflebasac.
"kulturebma Tavisuflad unda icxov-ron, mudmivad Seejibron erTmaneTs. es axangrZlivebs maT arsebobas, sa-Sualebas aZlevs evolucia da adaptacia ganicadon sicocxlis uwyvet nakadSi, Ria msoflios pirobebSi, yovelive faseuli, rac Senaxvas imsaxurebs adgi-lobriv kulturebSi, keTilis myofel niadags ipovis" - mario vargas liosas es sityvebi zustad "ergeba" somxuri kultruris Tanaarsebobas saqarTve-loSi, amis dasturad ki mxolod Te-atric SeiZleba movixsenioT, radgan petros adamianis saxelobis somxuri dramatuli Teatri msoflioSi erTa-derTia, romelic somxeTis farglebs gareT saxelmwifo Teatris statusiT funqcionirebs.
am kviris ganmavlobaSi ramdenime adamians vkiTxe: gaixseneT Tbilis-Si arsebuli somxuri warmoSobis nageboba, qandakeba an reliefuri pano, romelic TqvenTvis somxuri da qarTuli kulturis Tavisufal Tanaarsebobaze metyvelebs-meTqi? mravali pasuxidan, yvelaze metad, petros adamianis saxelobis somx-uri dramatuli Teatri movismine. diax, es is Teatria, romelic ukve saukune naxevarze mets iTvlis, Te-atri, romelic sakuTar istorias grZnobs da Teatri, romelic isto-riasTan erTad inaxavs yvela Taobis patar-patara saidumloebebs.
1858 wels, TbilisSi, somxureno-vani saxelmwifo Teatri gaixsna. Te-atrSi aRizarda gamoCenil msaxiob-Ta ramdenime Taoba. Teatrs mieniWa petros adamianis saxeli, romlis gansaxierebuli hamleti da otelos rolebi Teatris kritikosebis mx-ridan Sefasebul iqna, rogorc am nawarmoebebis gansakuTrebul in-terpretaciad, swored es rolebi ayenebs petross msoflios udides tragikosTa rigebSi.
XX saukunis 50-ian wlebamde Teatri viTardeboda, es iyo "energiuli da dauRalavi" SemoqmedebiTi proce-si. Teatri mWidrod daukavSirda im periodis xalxis cxovrebas. mis warmatebas Tu warumateblobas ganap-irobebda sazogadoebis moTxovne-bi. somxuri dramatuli Teatri mud-
gorxanis sasaflaos Sesaxeb pirve-lad aleqsandre elisaSvilis werili-dan Sevityve. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi mTawmindisa da didubis panTeonebis garda kidev ori akropolis aRmoCenaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli maTgani somxuri sasaflao gaxlavT, igi mtkvirs marcxe-na sanapiroze mdebareobs, Tbilisel muslimTa gansasvenebels ki botanikur baRTan axlos SeiZleba miagnoT.
"gorxana" mecxramete saukuneSi da-fuZnda. aq marxavdnen yvela Tbilisel muslims. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dedaqalaqelebi aRniSnul adgils gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiTa da pativis-cemiT epyrobodnen. mxolod sabWoTa xelisuflebam gabeda da Tbilisis mravalerovnebis erT-erT umniSvnelo-vanes simbolos, bevri Cveni Tanamoqa-laqisaTvis wminda adgils specialuri teqnikiT gadauara, raTa uazrod gaefar-Tovebina botanikuri baRis teritoria da kidev erTi mizezi moeZebna erT qa-laqSi mcxovrebi ori sxvadasxva eTnosis warmomadgenelTa dapirispirebisaTvis. sasixarulod, sabWoTa provokacia ar Sedga, sabWoTa provokacia CaiSala. gorxana dResac arsebobs, igi dResac inarCunebs Tavis gansakuTrebul mniS-vnelobas, uamravi azerbaijaneli peri-odulad stumrobs xolme am myudro da wynar adgils.
botanikur baRTan axlos mdebare istoriul adgils ramdenime mniS-vnelovani faqtori sZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas. Tbilisis azerbaijanul
GgorxanamuslimTa sasaflao TbilisSi
levan lorTqifaniZe
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sasaflaoze dakrZalulni arian Cveni mezobeli eris yvelaze gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi. mxolod ori maT-ganis dasaxelebac ki kmara akropolis mniSvnelobis warmosaCenad.
msoflioSi pirveli muslimuri saxelmwifo, romelmac demokrati-isa da respublikanizmis principebis mixedviT cxovreba gadawyvita, - azerbai-
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jani gaxldaT. azerbaijanis demokrati-uli respublikis daarsebaSi uamravma adamianma miiRo monawileoba. Tumca, respublikis damfuZnebelTa upirobo da gamokveTili lideri, maT Soris yvelaze didi moamage, antibolSeviki fatali xan xoiski gaxldaT. aravis gah-kvirvebia is, rom xan xoiski respublik-is pirvel premier-ministrad airCies,
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Semdeg ki ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi saministros portfelic gadauloces. azerbaijanuli demokratiis erTad-erTi da ganumeorebeli magaliTis avtori TbilisSi ganisvenebs.
gasul saukuneebSi aRmosavleT ev-ropeli dramaturgebi xSirad sau-brobdnen "TaTari molieris" Sesaxeb. Teatrmcodneebi amgvarad mirza fa-Tali axundovs moixseniebdnen. mTel regionSi popularuli Tavisi piesebis saSualebiT "mirza faTali mondome-biT akritikebda islamSi gamefebul re-ligiur fanatizms, fudamentalizmsa da crumorwmuneobiT ganpirobebul aRmosavlur tradiciebs. rig SemTx-vevebSi upirispirdeboda Siituri sam-yaros usamarTlo marTlmsajulebis sistemasa da defeqtur biurokratias. nebismieri litraturuli qmnilebiT azerbaijaneli Tavis kulturaSi pro-gresisa da ganmanaTleblobis ele-mentebis Setanas uWerda mxars." mulimi molieris samudamo navsayudelic Tbilisis mTebze unda eZioT.
redaqtori | koreqtori: levan lorTqifaniZe
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teqnikuri redaqtori | dizaini: marex gorgilaZe
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Temo beJaniZe
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Sexedulebebs.
