civ3113 - engineering hydrology lab

8/20/2019 Civ3113 - Engineering Hydrology Lab

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ENGINEERINGHYDROLOGY LAB

Course : CIV 3113Lecturer : Mr. Veecock

Group Members USI

Neil Beeraspat 11!"

#osep$ Oscar L%le Leo 111"!1

Eric &$i'sa(kar 1")*!

Da+ie( Mo(i,e 11311

-ei( B/0$a( 11!)

#ite(0ra Bri02e+o$a( 111"")

#o(at$a( Ho$e(kirk 11!4

C$a(0ra0eo G$a(s$a+ 1114!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IN5ROD6C5ION.....................................................................................................1

ME5EOROLOGICAL IN&5R6MEN5&.........................................................................!

MAN6AL RAIN GA6GE.........................................................................................!

7i2/re 1: 8ict/res &$o'i(2 t$e Ma(/al Rai( Ga/2e9 I(ter(all% a(0 Eter(all% !

5HE NA56RAL &I8HON RECORDING RAIN;GA6GE <7LOA5 5Y8E=.........................3

7i2/re !: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e Nat/ral &ip$o( Recor0i(2 Rai( Ga/2e.............3

&OIL 5HERMOME5ER&........................................................................................)

7i2/re 3: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e la%o/t o> t$e &oil 5$er+o+eters at Var%i(2Dept$s..................................................................................................................)



ENGINEERING HYDROLOGYENGINEERING HYDROLOGY<!14=<!14=

5HERMOME5ER &CREEN? &5EVEN&ON@& &CREEN...............................................4

7i2/re ): 8ict/res &$o'i(2 t$e &et/p o> t$e &tee(so(@s &cree( 'it$ ario/st$er+o+eters......................................................................................................4

IND VANE.........................................................................................................

7i2/re 4: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e i(0 Va(e at t$e Meteorolo2ical Oserator%.

&6N&HINE RECORDER........................................................................................*

7i2/re : 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e &/(s$i(e Recor0er a(0 t$e c$e+icall% treate0rea0i(2 car0.........................................................................................................*

5I88ING B6C-E5 RAIN GA6GE............................................................................"

7i2/re *: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e 5ippi(2 B/cket Rai( Ga/2e9 I(ter(all% Eter(all%............................................................................................................. "

A65OMA5IC EA5HER &5A5ION..........................................................................

72/re ":8ct /re &$o'i(2 t$e A/to+ atc Rai (Ga/2 eo (t$e e>t$a (0 cor(e r9a(0 t$e A/to+ atceat $e r&tato( to t $e r2$t..................................................................................................................... 1

ANEMOME5ER..................................................................................................11

7i2/re : 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e A(e+o+eter 'it$ a 0i2ital 0ispla% rela%i(2 t$espee0................................................................................................................. 11

EVA8ORA5ION 8AN AND &I@& 5HERMOME5ER.................................................1!

7i2/re 1: &$o'i(2 t$e Eaporatio( 8a( a(0 t$e (o( >/(ctio(al &i@s 5$er+o+eter.....................................................................................................1!

MERC6RY BAROME5ER.....................................................................................13

7i2/re 11: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e Eisti(2 Merc/r% Baro+eters.......................13

BIBLIOGRA8HY..................................................................................................... 1)

! 8 a 2 e




INTRODUCTION

H%0rolo2% is t$e scie(ce t$at e(co+passes t$e occ/rre(ce9 0istri/tio(9

+oe+e(t a(0 properties o> t$e 'aters o> t$e eart$ a(0 t$eir relatio(s$ip 'it$ t$e

e(iro(+e(t 'it$i( eac$ p$ase o> t$e $%0rolo2ic c%cle. Meteorolo2ical

+eas/re+e(ts are +a0e to c$aracteri,e t$e cli+ate o> t$at locatio( a(0 to s/ppl%

+eteorolo2ical i(>or+atio( relate0 to $%0rolo2ic processes. It is >or t$is reaso( t$at

+eteorolo2ical 0ata is especiall% i+porta(t eca/se t$e cli+ate a(0 'eat$er o> a(

area eert a pro>o/(0 i(F/e(ce o( +ost $%0rolo2ic processes. <&riastaa !"=

I( t$e 'orl0 o> e(2i(eeri(2 it is i+porta(t to k(o' $o' t$e cli+atic >actors

are +eas/re0 as 'ell as t$e i(str/+e(ts /se0 so t$at it ca( >/rt$er ai0 e(2i(eers

'it$ i(terpreti(2 +eteorolo2ical 0ata >or /se i( t$e 0esi2( o> str/ct/res. A( ea+ple

'o/l0 e t$e 0esi2( o> ri02es k(o'i(2 t$e +a $ea0 ac$iee0 % t$e

ca(al?'ater'a% so t$at t$e ri02e ca( e place0 sa>el% aoe a(0 t$ere>ore allo's

(o 'ater reac$es or Foo0i(2. A(ot$er ea+ple 'o/l0 e t$e 0esi2( o> a( /ra(0rai(a2e s%ste+ '$ere t$e aera2e rai(>all >or t$e area pla%s a ital role i( co+i(2

/p 'it$ t$e si,e o> t$e 0rai(a2e (et'ork as 'ell as t$e cross sectio( o> t$e 0rai(s.

it$ t$is i( +i(09 t$e lect/rer9 Mr. Veecock i(str/cte0 t$e class to co(0/ct a

isit to t$e Meteorolo2ical Oserator% at t$e Bota(ical Gar0e(s to osere a(0

ac/ire k(o'le02e o( t$e asics o> t$e i(str/+e(ts /se0 i(cl/0i(2 t$eir +et$o0s o>

+eas/ri(2 a(0 recor0i(2 0ata9 sta(0ar0 /(its9 etc.

1 8 a 2 e




METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

MAN6AL RAIN GA6GE

A +a(/al rai( 2a/2e is a c%li(0er 'it$ a >/((el o( top a(0 a plastic t/e i( t$e

+i00le. 5$e sta(0ar0 is 1++9 rea0i(2s elo' .1++ rai(>all are co(si0ere0 trace

it ca(@t e rea0 /t t$ere is still rai(>all. C/rre(tl% t$e +a(/al rai( 2a/2e as s$o'(

elo' t$at is i( t$e Bota(ical 2ar0e(s is (ot 'orki(2.

7i2/re 1: 8ict/res &$o'i(2 t$e Ma(/al Rai( Ga/2e9 I(ter(all% a(0 Eter(all%

8$otos take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02e+o$a( ??!14J

! 8 a 2 e




5HE NA56RAL &I8HON RECORDING RAIN;GA6GE <7LOA5 5Y8E=

5$e (at/ral sip$o( rai( 2a/2e is a t%pe o> sel>;recor0i(2 rai( 2a/2e '$ic$ $as a

+ec$a(ical arra(2e+e(t % '$ic$ t$e total a+o/(t o> rai(>all si(ce t$e

co++e(ce+e(t o> recor0 2ets a/to+aticall% recor0e0 o( 2rap$ paper. 5$is

i(str/+e(t $as t'o sectio(s a( /pper sectio( a(0 a lo'er sectio(. 5$e /ppersectio( co+prises a( apert/re a(0 a 0eep set >/((el t$ro/2$ '$ic$ t$e rai( is

collecte0 <t$e collector=. 5$is sectio( also acts as a coer >or t$e recor0i(2

+ec$a(is+ asse+l%. 5$e lo'er sectio(9 t$e ase /(it9 co+prises t$e recor0i(2 a(0

sip$o(i(2 +ec$a(is+s. It also $as a 2lass 'i(0o' locate0 at t$e /pper part '$ic$

sits o( t$e ase /(it s/c$ t$at t$e recor0i(2 0eice ca( e ie'e0 >ro+ t$e o/tsi0e.

5$e rai(>all collecte0 i( t$e >/((el s$ape0 collector is le0 i(to a Foat c$a+er9

ca/si(2 t$e Foat to rise. As t$e Foat rises9 a pe( attac$e0 to t$e Foat t$ro/2$ a

leer s%ste+ recor0s t$e rai(>all o( a rotati(2 0r/+ 0rie( % a clock'ork

+ec$a(is+. A sip$o( arra(2e+e(t e+pties t$e Foat c$a+er '$e( t$e Foat $as

reac$e0 a preset +ai+/+ leel. <-a($ir !1= 5$e $ori,o(tal 2ri0 li(es o( t$e 2rap$ paper represe(t rai(>all i( +illi+eters

'$ereas t$e ertical 2ri0 li(es represe(t ti+e i( $o/rs. 5$e plot pro0/ce0 is

c/+/latie rai(>all s ti+e a(0 t$e slope o> t$e plot 2ies t$e i(te(sit% o> rai(>all >or

a(% 2ie( perio0 o> ti+e9 t$ere>ore9 i> a $ori,o(tal li(e is trace0 t$e i(te(sit% o>

rai(>all >or t$at perio0 o> ti+e is ,ero '$ic$ +ea(s t$ere 'as (o rai(>all >or t$at

perio0.

7i2/re !: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e Nat/ral &ip$o( Recor0i(2 Rai( Ga/2e

3 8 a 2 e




8$oto take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02e+o$a( ??!14J

) 8 a 2 e




&OIL 5HERMOME5ER&

A soil t$er+o+eter is /se0 to +eas/re t$e te+perat/re o> t$e soil. 5$is

i(>or+atio( is ital i( pla(ti(2 0ecisio(s >or 2ar0e(ers a(0 >ar+ers. $e( pla(ti(2

see0s9 i> t$e soil te+perat/re is too lo'9 t$e pla(t 'ill 0ie. Meas/re+e(ts o> t$e

soil@s te+perat/re 'ill 2ie a clear i(0icatio( i> t$e soil is rea0% >or pla(ti(2. I( t$eBota(ical Gar0e(s t$ere are >o/r soil t$er+o+eters at ario/s 0ept$s: 4c+9 1c+9

!c+ a(0 3c+ respectiel% as s$o'( elo'. 5$e t$er+o+eters i( t$e Gar0e(s /se

t$e pri(ciple o> t$er+al epa(sio( to tell t$e te+perat/re9 as t$e te+perat/re i( t$e

soil rises t$e +erc/r% epa(0s a(0 rises a rea0i(2 is take(.

7i2/re 3: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e la%o/t o> t$e &oil 5$er+o+eters at Var%i(2Dept$s

8$oto take( %: #osep$ Leo ??!14J

4 8 a 2 e




5HERMOME5ER &CREEN? &5EVEN&ON@& &CREEN

A &tee(so( scree( or i(str/+e(t s$elter is a( e(clos/re to s$iel0

+eteorolo2ical i(str/+e(ts a2ai(st precipitatio( a(0 0irect $eat ra0iatio( >ro+

o/tsi0e so/rces9 '$ile still allo'i(2 air to circ/late >reel% aro/(0 t$e+. It >or+s parto> a sta(0ar0 'eat$er statio(. 5$e &tee(so( scree( $ol0s i(str/+e(ts t$at +a%

i(cl/0e t$er+o+eters <or0i(ar%9 +ai+/+?+i(i+/+=9 a $%2ro+eter9 a

ps%c$ro+eter9 a 0e'cell9 a aro+eter a(0 a t$er+o2rap$ <Hocki(2 !=.

&tee(so( scree(s +a% also e k(o'( as a cotto( re2io( s$elter9 a( i(str/+e(t

s$elter9 a t$er+o+eter s$elter9 a t$er+oscree( or a t$er+o+eter scree(. Its

p/rpose is to proi0e a sta(0ar0ise0 e(iro(+e(t i( '$ic$ to +eas/re te+perat/re9

$/+i0it%9 0e'poi(t a(0 at+osp$eric press/re.

5$e i(terior si,e o> t$e scree( 'ill 0epe(0 o( t$e (/+er o> i(str/+e(ts t$at are

to e /se0. A si(2le scree( +a% +eas/re *.4 % 1 % 4.3 ce(ti+etres <3.1 %

!). % !3.3 i(= a(0 a 0o/le scree( *.4 % 14 % 4.3 ce(ti+etres <3.1 % )1.3% !3.3 i(=. 5$e /(it is eit$er s/pporte0 % >o/r +etal or 'oo0e( le2s or a 'oo0e(

post. 5$e top o> t$e scree( 'as ori2i(all% co+pose0 o> t'o asestos oar0s 'it$ a(

air space et'ee( t$e+. 5$ese asestos oar0s $ae 2e(erall% ee( replace0 % a

la+i(ate >or $ealt$ a(0 sa>et% reaso(s. 5$e '$ole scree( is pai(te0 'it$ seeral

coats o> '$ite to reFect s/(li2$t ra0iatio( a(0 'ill /s/all% re/ire repai(ti(2 eer%

t'o %ears.

8 a 2 e




7i2/re ): 8ict/res &$o'i(2 t$e &et/p o> t$e &tee(so(@s &cree( 'it$ ario/s

t$er+o+eters

8$otos take( %: #osep$ Leo #ite(0ra Bri02e+o$a( ??!14J

* 8 a 2 e




IND VANE

5$e 'i(0 a(e pla%s a +i(or /t i+porta(t role9 eca/se it +eas/res 'i(0

0irectio(. It is /s/all% co+i(e0 'it$ t$e a(e+o+eter. i(0 a(es are /s/all%co(str/cte0 so t$at t$e F/ct/atio(s i( 'i(0 0irectio( are co++/(icate0

i(sta(ta(eo/sl% to so+e >or+. I( to0a%Ks tec$(olo2ical societ%9 t$e 'i(0 a(e is (ot

o>te( /se0 % people 2oi(2 ao/t t$eir 0a%;to;0a% lies. 6s/all%9 $i2$;tec$ 'eat$er

s%ste+s ca( collect all t$e 'eat$er 0ata (ee0e0 'it$o/t a tra0itio(al 'i(0 a(e.

Ho'eer9 so+e 2ro/ps i( societ% still /se a 'i(0 a(e o( a re2/lar asis. <&pil$a/s

143=

7i2/re 4: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e i(0 Va(e at t$e Meteorolo2ical Oserator%8$oto take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02e+o$a( ??!14J

" 8 a 2 e




&6N&HINE RECORDER

A s/(s$i(e recor0er is a 0eice /se0 to +eas/re t$e a+o/(t o> s/(li2$t t$at is

receie0 % a specic area?re2io( at a(% 2ie( ti+e. 5$is 0ata is /se0 >or seeral

applicatio(s9 t$e +ost co++o( ei(2 'eat$er pre0ictio(s a(0 $eat i(0ees. 5$e

e(2i(eeri(2 applicatio(s $o'eer 'it$ '$ic$ t$ese solar o/tp/t 0ata is /se0 i( are0esi2(i(2 >or arc$itect/ral ecie(c% a(0 /il0i(2 co(si0eratio(s.

5$ere are seeral t%pes t$e 0eice9 0ieri(2 i( specicatio(s9 acc/rac%9

0epe(0ailit% a(0 +et$o0 o> >/(ctio(i(2 /t9 t$e operatio( re+ai(s 2e(erall% t$e

sa+e. It /a(ties t$e solar e(er2% striki(2 a certai( part o> t$e eart$ at a certai(

ti+e9 +eas/ri(2 ot$ t$e stre(2t$ a(0 ol/+e. <&riastaa !"=

5$e specic t%pe o> s/(s$i(e recor0er >o/(0 at t$e Meteorolo2ical Oserator% is

t$e Ca+pell &tokes Recor0er. 5$is /ses a 2lass ca(ister or sp$ere t$at 0irects

s/(li2$t o(to a c$e+icall% treate0 car0. 5$e s/(li2$t /r(s or c$ars a +ark o(to t$e

car09 calle0 a trace t$at is +eas/re0 a(0 co(erte0 i(to 0/ratio( o> ti+e. 5$e

eleatio( o> t$e s/( c$a(2es seeral ti+es t$ro/2$o/t t$e %ear9 $e(ce i( +ostcases t$ere are 0iere(t car0s /se0. 5$e car0s are c$a(2e0 'it$ respect to t$e

0iere(t seaso(s a(0 are +a0e to t 'it$ t$e eleatio( o> t$e s/(.

7i2/re : 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e &/(s$i(e Recor0er a(0 t$e c$e+icall% treate0rea0i(2 car0

8$otos take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02r+o$a( ??!14J

8 a 2 e




5I88ING B6C-E5 RAIN GA6GE

5$e tippi(2 /cket rai( 2a/2e co(sists o> a >/((el t$at collects a(0 c$a((els t$e

precipitatio( i(to a s+all seesa';like co(tai(er. A>ter a pre;set a+o/(t o>

precipitatio( >alls9 t$e leer tips9 0/+pi(2 t$e collecte0 'ater a(0 se(0i(2 a(

electrical si2(al. A( ol0;st%le recor0i(2 0eice +a% co(sist o> a pe( +o/(te0 o( a(ar+ attac$e0 to a 2eare0 '$eel t$at +oes o(ce 'it$ eac$ si2(al se(t >ro+ t$e

collector. I( t$is 0esi2(9 t$e '$eel t/r(s t$e pe( ar+ +oes eit$er /p or 0o'(

leai(2 a trace o( t$e 2rap$ a(0 at t$e sa+e ti+e +aki(2 a lo/0 click. Eac$ P/+p o>

t$e ar+ is so+eti+es re>erre0 to as a KclickK i( re>ere(ce to t$e (oise. 5$e c$art is

+eas/re0 i( 1 +i(/te perio0s <ertical li(es= a(0 .) ++ <.14 i(= <$ori,o(tal

li(es= a(0 rotates o(ce eer% !) $o/rs a(0 is po'ere0 % a clock'ork +otor t$at

+/st e +a(/all% 'o/(0. <Hocki(2 !=

5$e tippi(2 /cket rai( 2a/2e is (ot as acc/rate as t$e sta(0ar0 rai( 2a/2e

eca/se t$e rai(>all +a% stop e>ore t$e leer $as tippe0. $e( t$e (et perio0 o>

rai( e2i(s it +a% take (o +ore t$a( o(e or t'o 0rops to tip t$e leer. 5$is 'o/l0t$e( i(0icate t$at pre;set a+o/(t $as >alle( '$e( i( >act o(l% a >ractio( o> t$at

a+o/(t $as act/all% >alle(.

7i2/re *: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e 5ippi(2 B/cket Rai( Ga/2e9 I(ter(all% Eter(all%

8$otos take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02r+o$a( ??!14J

1 8 a 2 e




A65OMA5IC EA5HER &5A5ION

A( a/to+atic 'eat$er statio( <A&= is a( a/to+ate0 ersio( o> t$e tra0itio(al

'eat$er statio(9 eit$er to sae $/+a( lao/r or to e(ale +eas/re+e(ts >ro+

re+ote areas. A( A& 'ill t%picall% co(sist o> a 'eat$er;proo> e(clos/re co(tai(i(2

t$e 0ata lo22er9 rec$ar2eale atter%9 tele+etr% <optio(al= a(0 t$e +eteorolo2icalse(sors 'it$ a( attac$e0 solar pa(el or 'i(0 t/ri(e a(0 +o/(te0 /po( a +ast. 5$e

specic co(2/ratio( +a% ar% 0/e to t$e p/rpose o> t$e s%ste+. 5$e s%ste+ +a%

report i( (ear real ti+e ia t$e Ar2os &%ste+ a(0 t$e Gloal 5eleco++/(icatio(s

&%ste+9 or sae t$e 0ata >or later recoer%. 5$e 0ata;lo22er is t$e $eart o> t$e

A/to+atic eat$er &tatio(. <Hocki(2 !=

5$e +ai( >/(ctio(s o> a 0ata;lo22er are:

• Meas/res: t$e 0ata;lo22er collects t$e i(>or+atio( o> eac$ se(sor a(0

arc$ies it.•

Calc/latio(: t$e 0ata;lo22er processes +ost o> t$e +eteorolo2ical 0ata >ort$e /sers <aera2e9 +i(9 +a...=.• Data stora2e: t$e 0ata;lo22er saes all t$e 0ata eit$er o( its o'( +e+or% or

o( a( &D +e+or% car0.• 8o'er s/ppl%: t$e 0ata;lo22er +a(a2es t$e po'er s/ppl% o> t$e A/to+atic

eat$er &tatio( s/c$ as solar pa(el.• Co++/(icatio(: t$e 0ata;lo22er 0oes +a(a2e t$e co++/(icatio( protocols

'it$ t$e re+ote serer. 5$e 0iere(t co++/(icatio( protocols are /s/all%

G&M9 G8R&9 R5C9 I7I9 /&D9 a(0 R&!3!.

Most a/to+atic 'eat$er statio(s $ae:

• 5$er+o+eter >or +eas/ri(2 te+perat/re• A(e+o+eter >or +eas/ri(2 'i(0 spee0

• i(0 a(e >or +eas/ri(2 'i(0 0irectio(

• H%2ro+eter >or +eas/ri(2 $/+i0it%

• Baro+eter >or +eas/ri(2 at+osp$eric press/re

• Ceilo+eter >or +eas/ri(2 clo/0 $ei2$t

• 8rese(t 'eat$er se(sor a(0?or isiilit% se(sor

• Rai( 2a/2e >or +eas/ri(2 li/i0;e/iale(t precipitatio(

• 6ltraso(ic s(o' 0ept$ se(sor >or +eas/ri(2 0ept$ o> s(o'

• 8%ra(o+eter >or +eas/ri(2 solar ra0iatio( <Hocki(2 !=

11 8 a 2 e




72/r e ": 8ct/re &$o' (2 t$eA/t o+a tc Ra(Ga/ 2e o(t$ee> t $a(0 cor(er a(0 t$e A/to+at c eat $er&tat o( to t$er2$t

I8$oto take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02r+o$a( ??!14J

1! 8 a 2 e




ANEMOME5ER

A( a(e+o+eter is a 0eice /se0 >or +eas/ri(2 'i(0 spee09 a(0 is a co++o(

'eat$er statio( i(str/+e(t. 5$e ter+ is 0erie0 >ro+ t$e Greek 'or0 a(e+os9

'$ic$ +ea(s 'i(09 a(0 is /se0 to 0escrie a(% 'i(0 spee0 +eas/re+e(t

i(str/+e(t /se0 i( +eteorolo2%. 5$e rst k(o'( 0escriptio( o> a( a(e+o+eter 'as2ie( % Leo( Battista Alerti i( 1)4. <&pil$a/s 143=

It co(sists o> >o/r $e+isp$erical c/ps9 eac$ +o/(te0 o( o(e e(0 o> >o/r

$ori,o(tal ar+s9 '$ic$ i( t/r( 'ere +o/(te0 at e/al a(2les to eac$ ot$er o( a

ertical s$a>t. 5$e air Fo' past t$e c/ps i( a(% $ori,o(tal 0irectio( '$ic$ t/r(s t$e

s$a>t i( a +a((er t$at 'as proportio(al to t$e 'i(0 spee0. 5$ere>ore9 co/(ti(2 t$e

t/r(s o> t$e s$a>t oer a set ti+e perio0 pro0/ces t$e aera2e 'i(0 spee0. O( a(

a(e+o+eter 'it$ >o/r c/ps9 it is eas% to see t$at si(ce t$e c/ps are arra(2e0

s%++etricall% o( t$e e(0 o> t$e ar+s9 t$e 'i(0 al'a%s $as t$e $ollo' o> o(e c/p

prese(te0 to it a(0 is lo'i(2 o( t$e ack o> t$e c/p o( t$e opposite e(0 o> t$e

cross.

7i2/re : 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e A(e+o+eter 'it$ a 0i2ital 0ispla% rela%i(2 t$espee0

8$oto take( %: #o(at$a( Ho$e(kirk ??!14J

13 8 a 2 e




EVA8ORA5ION 8AN AND &I@& 5HERMOME5ER

Heat9 at+osp$eric press/re a(0 i+ala(ces o> $/+i0it% et'ee( t$e la(0 a(0

t$e at+osp$ere ca/se 'ater to e eaporate0 >ro+ t$e s/r>ace o> t$e Eart$. 5$e

(at/ral rate o> eaporatio( is o> i+porta(ce to G/%a(a partic/larl% eca/se it is

/se0 i( 0eter+i(i(2 $/+i0it%. 5$e eaporatio( pa( is a si+ple i(str/+e(t /se0 i( +eas/ri(2 t$e rate o>

eaporatio(. It co(sists o> a lar2e steel pa( to $ol0 'ater9 a still 'ell a leel rass

c%li(0er= 'it$i( t$e pa( '$ic$ proi0es a( /(0ist/re0 'ater s/r>ace a(0 a $ook

2a/2e. 5$e $ook 2a/2e is a s+all +ec$a(is+ t$at lo'ers a $ook /(til it reaks t$e

s/r>ace o> t$e 'ater a(0 a +icro+eter c%li(0er recor0s t$at leel. <&'/s !=5$e

pa( is /se0 % lli(2 it 'it$ so+e 'ater at t$e start o> t$e 0a% a(0 recor0i(2 t$e

leel9 at a later ti+e t$e 'ater leel is +eas/re0 a2ai( to 0eter+i(e $o' +/c$ $as

eaporate0 a2ai(st t$e ti+e si(ce t$e rst leel 'as take(. Rai(>all +/st e

>actore0 i(to t$e e/atio( a(0 is s/tracte0 >ro+ t$e rst leel i> a(%.

I( +eas/ri(2 eaporatio( it is also i+porta(t to k(o' t$e aera2e te+perat/ret$at ca/se0 t$e eaporatio(. A &ies t$er+o+eter 'as a part o> t$e eaporatio(

pa( set/p.

A &i@s t$er+o+eter is a 6;s$ape0 2lass t/e t$er+o+eter 'it$ te+perat/re

scales alo(2 eit$er ar+ o> t$e Q6 o(e >or +ai+/+ te+perat/re a(0 o(e >or

+i(i+/+ te+perat/re. 5$e ar+s o> t$e Q6 $ae 2lass /ls at t$eir top t$e

+ai+/+ /l is a ac//+ a(0 t$e +i(i+/+ /l co(tai(s li/i0 alco$ol.

&eparati(2 t$ese t'o i( t$e +i00le o> t$e 6;s$ape0 t/e is +erc/r%. I> t$e

te+perat/re rises t$e+ +erc/r% 'ill e p/s$e0 /p t$e +ai+/+ scale a(0 ice

ersa. 5$e t'o rea0i(2s are 2ie( % +etal +arkers '$ic$ o(l% +oe '$e( ei(2

p/s$e0 % t$e +erc/r% at t$e e(0 o> a perio0 rea0i(2s are take( a(0 t$e( t$e

+arkers +/st e reset.

1) 8 a 2 e




7i2/re 1: &$o'i(2 t$e Eaporatio( 8a( a(0 t$e (o( >/(ctio(al &i@s 5$er+o+eter

8$otos take( %: #o(at$a( Ho$e(kirk #osep$ Leo ??!14J

14 8 a 2 e




MERC6RY BAROME5ER

5$is is a( a(ti/e i(str/+e(t /se0 to +eas/re at+osp$eric press/re. It is ei(2

p$ase0 o/t i( >aor o> s+aller9 c$eaper a(0 +ore acc/rate electro(ic aro+eters

a(0 eca/se o> t$e (e2atie e(iro(+e(tal eects o> +erc/r%. <Bill !1=

5$e +erc/r% aro+eter co(sists o> a 2lass t/e close0 at t$e top 'it$ a( ope(+erc/r%;lle0 ase s/spe(0e0 i( a reseroir o> +erc/r%. 5$ere is so+e space at t$e

top o> t$e t/e '$ic$ is a ac//+ '$ic$ is calle0 t$e 5orricellia( Vac//+. 5$e

press/re o> t$e at+osp$ere 'ei2$s 0o'( o( t$e +erc/r% i( t$e reseroir a(0

p/s$es it /p'ar0s i(to t$e press/re;less ac//+ atop t$e t/e. 5$is rise ca( e

e/ate0 to certai( a+o/(t o> i(crease i( at+osp$eric press/re. 5$e a+o/(t is

+eas/re0 /si(2 a parallel;+o/(te0 scale 2ra0/ate0 i( Merc/r% I(c$es <i(H2= or

+illi+eters o> Merc/r% <++H2=.

7i2/re 11: 8ict/re &$o'i(2 t$e Eisti(2 Merc/r% Baro+eters

8$otos take( %: #ite(0ra Bri02e+o$a( #osep$ Leo ??!14J

1 8 a 2 e




1* 8 a 2 e




BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Bill9 #. barometer, Britannica.com. !1.$ttp:??'''.rita((ica.co+?tec$(olo2%?aro+eter <accesse0 &ept 14t$ &epte+er9

!14=.

!. Hocki(29 .-. The Instruments of Meteorology. Octoer 31st9 !.$ttp:??'''.p$%sics./'o.ca?S'$ocki(2?p13?i(str/+.$t+l <accesse0 &epte+er!)t$9 !14=.

3. -a($ir9 D.R. MEASUREMENT O !RE"I!ITATION # The "onstructor. #/l% !39!1. $ttp:??t$eco(str/ctor.or2?'ater;reso/rces?+eas/re+e(t;o>;precipitatio(?))4?<accesse0 &epte+er 39 !14=.

). &pil$a/s9 .E -(o'les Mi00leto( a(0 At$elsta( 7. Meteorological Instruments,Thir$ E$ition re%ise$. 5oro(to: 6(iersit% o> 5oro(to9 143.

4. &riastaa9 G.8. T&/r>ace Meteorolo2ical I(str/+e(ts a(0 Meas/re+e(t8ractices.T 82. !)3. Ne' Del$i: A5LAN5IC 8/lis$ers a(0 Distri/ters <8= L5D9 !".

. &'/s9 &.&. Museo &alileo, Si'es Ma'imum an$ Minimum Thermometer. !.$ttp:??catalo2/e.+/seo2alileo.it?oPect?&isMai+/+Mi(i+/+5$er+o+eter.$t+l<accesse0 &epte+er !9 !14=.

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civ3113 - engineering hydrology lab

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