city of indianapolis combined sewer overflow (cso) …€¦ · · 2009-10-02city of indianapolis...

Evans, Mechwart, Hambleton & Tilton, Inc.

Brian Neilson 1

City of Indianapolis Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Program Goes Green

15Sep09

APWA 2009 International Congress and Exposition

• Introduction to the City of Indianapolis Green Shift in Policy and Practice

The City of Indianapolis CSO Program Goes Green - Objectives

Beware of the Policy and Practice

• Background of Green CSO Abatement w/ Costs

Magic Green Infrastructure

• Discussion on City’s Efforts Now and Next

Courtesy UNEP


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Green Infrastructure Definition and Inter-relationships

• Low Impact Development (LID)- A stormwater management approach that is modeled after nature: manage rainfall at the source using uniformly distributed decentralized site-scaled controls. The goal is to mimic a site's predevelopment hydrology by using techniques that infiltrate, filter, store, evaporate, and detain runoff at its source.

• Sustainable Site Design Sustainable development is defined as balancing the• Sustainable Site Design -Sustainable development is defined as balancing the fulfillment of human needs with the protection of the natural environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future.

• Green Stormwater Infrastructure - a stormwater management approach that captures raindrops where they fall, Green Infrastructure utilizes the absorbing and filtering abilities of plants, trees and soil to protect water quality, reduce runoff rates (time of concentration & velocity), reduce runoff volumes, and recharge groundwater supplies.

Green Infrastructure is The Foundation of Low Impact Development Low Impact Development is Sustainable Design

LID works whether replacing conventional design or in conjunction with it.

Mayor’s Vision“We are committed to making Indianapolis one of the most sustainable cities in the Midwest.”

“It is my sincere belief that environmental sustainability is a key strategy to make sure that Indianapolis continues to be competitive in a changing world, and that our community remains

Mayor Greg Ballard

changing world, and that our community remains vibrant and healthy for our children and grandchildren.”

“While we are headed in the right direction, my vision is for the City to work in close partnership with the community to move forward more aggressively with strategic, sustained action to make Indianapolis one of the most sustainable cities in the Midwest.”


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TRANSPORTIONALTERNATIVES GREEN ALLEYS

RAIN GARDENS

City’s Global Direction – CSO Plays only a Part

Saving Taxpayer Dollars

Building the Local Economy

PROCUREMENT

RECYCLING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

GREEN FLEET

SUSTAINABLE FUTURE Improve Air

Quality

Lower Carbon Footprint

BIKE PATHS CONSENTDECREE

EFFICIENCY

Improve Community Quality of Life

Attract Residents and Industries

City’s Goals – sustainindy.org

• Reduce storm water going to combined sewer overflows (CSOs)g g ( )• Improve water quality for people and wildlife• Improve air quality, energy conservation and efficiency• Increase public education and understanding of impacts• City beautification and increased quality of life (live, work, play)• Foster a “low impact” ethic; create a more sustainable city


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City’s Progress

2007– Creation of the Indianapolis Green Print

2008 Mayor Ballard Elevates it– Mayor Ballard Elevates it

to a Green Commission

– Mayor Ballard Creates the Office of Sustainability

2009 – Hold onto your hats folksHold onto your hats folks, the Office of Sustainability produces extraordinary results in 1 - year

• Past– Green Supplemental Document into Storm Water Design Manual– Public information and education sessions– Fact sheet and site design examples– Ordinance/incentive/policy review (Green Committee-Commission)– Internal staff training

City’s Program and Policy BuildingCity’s Implementation

– Sustainable Infrastructure Initiative

• Current– Green Infrastructure (GI) Master Plan– Public Projects that promote Green Roofs, Green Alleys, and Bioretention

(Rain Gardens)– Neighborhood Revitalization – St. Clair LEED ND

• Future– Elevate GI Master Plan from a concept to a block-by-block evaluation in

CSO Service area.– Public / Private Partnerships– Ordinance / Policy Guidelines, Updates and Implementation


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Fact Sheet and Site Design Examples–Public & Staff Education

Real In-the-Ground Examples around the City providing CSO Abatement.

U f Th N t

Keep Indianapolis Beautiful parking

Use of The Nature Conservancy for both Ultra Urban Re-development and CSO Abatement

Indianapolis Glick Cultural Trail Bioretention

Green Infrastructure Master PlanGreen Infrastructure Master Plan – Concept to Implementation

Overall CSO GIS Analyses

CSO Sub-watersheds GIS Analysis

Neighborhood Pilot Site

Citywide GI BMP Survey

Neighborhood Pilot Site Selection

Integrate Cost – Benefit and Pilot Project Design Into CSO Abatement –Tunnel Facility Plans

Study Pilot Project Effectiveness

Full Scale Implementation


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CSO Long Term Control Plan

• 20 year plan to reduce raw sewage overflows

• Largest investment in clean water infrastructure in city history

• Ensures compliance with consent decree and Clean Water Act

• CSO LTCP estimated to be $1.7 billion by 2025 (2004 dollars)

• Overall Wet Weather Program Estimated to be $3.5 Billion

What Does It Look Like? – Low Density Residential


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What Does It Look Like? – Medium Density Residential

What Does It Look Like? – High Density Residential


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What Does It Look Like? – Neighborhood Retail

What does it look like - Permeable PavementInvisible Structures™Plastic Reinforcing Grid

Pervious AsphaltPermeable InterlockingConcrete Pavers (PICP)

Soil Filled for Grass Growth

ervi

ous

Con

cret

e w

/ Hos

e Ph

oto

by G

reg

cKin

non

from

Pug

et S

ound

Onl

ine

Concrete Grid Pavers (CGP) Gravel Filled

Pe M

The porosity allows pavement infiltration rate up to 400 in/hr. (Pilat, 2002)

Pervious Concrete

The fear of catastrophic failure after proper construction is fictional. for any anticipated rain event. (Hunt, 2007)


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Underground Detention - Conventional

Considerations• Costs that can approach $4.00 (+) per gallon• They have to be pumped – up to 250 feet up!

That means very large pumping stations• Maintenance can be expensive (they have to

be cleaned)

City of Indianapolis, IN Tunnel storage

• Every gallon from a tunnel or underground storage facility for CSO is sent to a wastewater treatment plant to be treated. Check your WWTP energy costs/needs.

• These costs will be with your City … forever!

City of Indianapolis, IN White River IUPUI storage

City of Chicago

TARP Tunnel storage

Combined Sewer Overflow LTCP - Costs

Terre Haute, INThe selected conventional alternative was evaluated on a cost established with a range (roughly) between $9.50 to $12.75 per gallon cost of underground storage.

Chicago, IL Deep Tunnels (TARP) • downspout disconnection could achieve peak flow reductions in the 1,370-acre

Before

area by 30% for a six-month or one-year storm • 3-inch and 6-inch deep rain gardens

installed at each home could reducetotal runoff by approximately 4% and 7%, respectively

• Removed a 630 foot long, 16 foot wide asphalt alley and replaced it with a

bl i t Th G

AfterGreen Roof show 50% reduction in stormwater runoffGreen Roof Retrofit Costs (City of Chicago) around $10/sq. ft.

permeable paving system. The Greenalley infiltrates and retains the volume of a 3-inch, one-hour rain event.


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BMP Performance – Milwaukee, WI and Portland, OR

Milwaukee, WI

Portland, OR

Photo courtesy of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services

Portland, Oregon

Portland’s dual approach to managing CSOs

“The Big Pipe” – CSO tunnel and

Green Infrastructure:• Green Roofs, • Rain Gardens vegetated swales and• Rain Gardens, vegetated swales and • Downspout disconnection, rain barrels, cisterns (stormwater sumps)

After 10 years, The Portland Bureau of Environmental Services has found that Green Infrastructure techniques:

-Reduce peak flows by at least 80-85%

-Retain at least 60% of the storm volume of a CSO design storm

- Disconnection of over 49,000 downspouts, paying $53 per downspout for a total cost of about $2 5 million has reduced over

SW 12th Ave Stormwater Planter

Data Courtesy of the Center For Neighborhood Technology

downspout for a total cost of about $2.5 million, has reduced over 1.2 billion gallons of runoff from reaching sewers, reducing overflows by 10 percent.

Porous paver Tree WellWater line

Disconnection Program Value = $0.002 per gallon


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CSO Reduction per $1000 Construction CostsTraditional CSO Controls Source Controls

Per Y

ear

New York, New York – Cost Comparison of CSO Controls

ons

CSO

Red

uctio

n P

Courtesy of Hudson River Riverkeeper – Sustainable Raindrops

“Green Roof Incentive” is a proposed cost sharing for the incremental difference of a traditional roof to a green roof.

Gal

l

Louisville and Jefferson County MSD

“MSD is one of the first CSO communities in the U.S. to integrate fully a comprehensive green infrastructure initiative into the CSO LTCP planning process.” (well then again there is Columbus, Ohio)

Pilot Program intended for immediate implementation;

Green Alleys – potential project sites to remove 3 MG from CSSGreen Alleys – potential project sites to remove 3 MG from CSS

Dry Wells – potential to remove 1.5 MG

Green Parking Lots – potential to remove over 4.5 MG

Rain Gardens (yeah!) – potential to remove 2.6 MG

Green Street – potential to remove 0.5 MGp

$0.12 cost per gallon (pilot level)


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Louisville and Jefferson County MSD

“Table 4.1.2 summarizes MSD’s proposed regional Green Infrastructure program initiative and compares estimated costs over a 15-year program and benefits form a stormwater reduction perspective.”

By partnering and offering incentives and partial subsidies to encourage GI investments. MSD expects to leverage its spending to more than double GI community wide.

$0.09

Downtown Revitalization (and CSO Control!) – Indianapolis, IN

Indianapolis Cultural Trail - A world-class urban bike and pedestrian path that connects neighborhoods, cultural districts and entertainment amenities, and serves as the downtown hub for the central Indiana greenway trail system.

Phase 1 Alabama Street (completed) has ten (10) bioretention areas as part of its stormwater collection

Courtesy of Rundell & Ernstberger Associates

Cultural Trail: East Corridorhttp://www.indyculturaltrail.info/east.html


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Cultural Trail Courtesy of Rundell Ernstberger Associates, LLC

Analyzing 5 years of historical rain records, the bioretention rain gardens designed and constructed in the Phase 1 -Alabama Street (1/2 street only) provided the following results for potential CSO abatement:

• 100% of all rain events about an inch or less are stored,


,infiltrated and removed from the Combined Sewer System

• On average, the bioretention areas for all rain events will remove 240,000 gallons of rain runoff annually.

• This equates to keeping 91% of all annual rainfall runoff from the combined sewer system.Of note:

1. The Cultural Trail is privately funded, almost all CSO benefits were not paid for by rate payers.

Courtesy of Rundell Ernstberger Associates, LLC


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City Pilot Project -Fall Creek and College Avenue Bioretention

Construction to be completed by end of 2009Estimates reducing the overall cost of CSO LTCP by up to 5%

City Pilot Project – Residential High Density St. Clair Place

CSO Service AreaGreen AlleysBioretentionOpen Space / Community Parks

Revitalization of Existing Neighborhood – Office of Sustainability and Department of Metropolitan Development

Open Space / Community ParksAll Other Benefits


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TNC Headquarters Has Been Used Since Its Conception for Education

Comparison of Conventional To

Low Impact Development (LID)Low Impact Development (LID)Ultra Urban Site Re-development

Nature Conservancy Headquarters – Existing Condition

2% Permeable Surface

No Infiltration

100% Discharge StormwaterInto theCombined Sewer Area

614 E. Ohio Street


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TNC Headquarters – Conventional Site Design & Drainage

Per Code:• Single Story office building• Little to No landscaping required• Underground detention with

continuous discharge to the CSO system

Conventional Site Example

E. Ohio Street

N. E

ast S

treet

Although perhaps more landscaping than required by code, this 5/3 Banking Site just west of the existing site is similar in nature to the Conventional Site used in the comparison exercise


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LID “Typical” Site Landscape Design

In comparison:the exercise’s Example LID site has more permeable pavement and bioretention then the actual Nature Conservancy site (assumed

All Permeable Pavement

Conservancy site. (assumed Type B soils)

The actual site intends to utilize underground infiltration gallery for stormwater management due to high permeability of sandy, gravel subsurface soils.Had to go

Bioretention

Full Green Roofgwith a 2-story building to get equal useable space

Stormwater and Cost Comparison

The Real project has opportunity for 0.0 discharge into the CSO system…. 100% removal! Currently at no cost to the City!?

These estimates are when the LID site is extrapolated to the downtown

Information Courtesy of AMEC, Elements Engineering, & EMH&T

to the downtown Indianapolis mile-square area


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2.0'

DAY LIGHTUNDE RDRAIN

712.00

6"

715.08

14"

2.5'

48" d ia.

12

3

1.5%

45

1

6

1 7

9

10 1312

8 14

11

15

12

6-" SSD

716.25

714.45

715.45

3.0'

H :V

S EE GRA DING PLAN S EE GRA DING P LAN

H:V

1.0%

716.25

12"

1 LANDSCAPE OR GRASS FILTER STRIP2 STRAIGHT CONCRETE CURB3 IMPERVIOUS CONCRETE OR ASPHALT SURFACE4 PERVIOUS PAVEMENT SECTION - SEE SITE PLAN5 CONCRETE LEDGER BAND - SEE SITE PLAN6 12-INCH MAX. PONDING WATER QUALITY STORAGE VOLUME7 TOPSOIIL

Nature Conservancy Headquarters - Post Developed

13

707.45

6"

12" 12"

P ERFORA TEDHDPE PIPE

S CALE: NONEBIORETENTION ADJACENT PERVIOUS PAVEMENT - FULL INFILTRATIONWQ-12B

16

8 2-4 INCHES OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FINE SHREDDED HARDWOOD MULCH OR SHREDDED HARDWOOD CHIPS9 2.5-FEET DEPTH PLANTING SOIL BED SEE THE ENGINEERED SOIL MIX FOR INFILTRATION TREATMENT FOR DETAILS10 6-INCH PERFORATED DUAL WALL PVC UNDERDRAIN COLLECTION SYSTEM. MINIMUM GRADE OF 0.50 % MUST BE MAINTAINED.11 15" dia. OVERFLOW STRUCTURE TO UNDERGROUND 48" PIPE.12 GEOTEXTILE SEPARATION FABRIC13 OPEN-GRADED AGGREGATE WITH 40 % VOIDS. #73 COARSE AGGREGATE PLACED IN LOOSE 8" LIFTS AND COMPACTED

TO 90 % MODIFIED PROCTOR DENSITY.14 COMPACTED AGGREGATE BASE (SEE PAVEMENT SECTION)15 COMPACTED SUBGRADE SLOPED TOWARD BIORETENTION SYSTEM16 PERMEABLE IN-SITU GRANULAR SOILS

2.0'

DAYLIGHTUNDERDRAIN

715.08

14"

45

1

6

11

6-" SSD

716.25

714.45

715.45

3.0'

H:V

SEE GRADING PLAN SEE GRADING PLAN

H:V

1

INDIANA GRANITE BOULDER(S)SEE PLANS FOR GENERAL LOCATIONS & QUANTITIES;SEE SITE GENERAL NOTES 10 & 11.

INDIANA COBBLESSEE PLANS FOR GENERAL LOCATIONS & QUANTITIES;SEE SITE GENERAL NOTES 10 & 11.

NATIVE BIO-RETENSEE LANDSCAPE P

PERMEABLE PSUBSURFACESEE SITE LAYO

INDIANA COBBLE CHECK DAM , BEYONDSEE SITE LAYOUT PLAN FOR LOCATIONS;SEE SITE GRADING PLANS FOR RIDGE ELEVATION;REFER TO SITE UTILITY PLAN & DETAILS FOR DRAINAGE REQUIREMENTS

LIMITS OF RETENTION CAPACITY;SEE UTILITY PLANS & DETAILS

NATIVE BIO-RETENTION PLANT MATERIALSEE LANDSCAPE PLANS

13

707.45

712.00

6"

6"

12" 12"

2.5'

48" dia.PERFORATED

HDPE PIPE

9

10 138

16

12

SWALEFLOWLINE

TOPSOILSEE DETAIL 1, L 103 & SPECS

SWALE GRADE BEYOND

SEE GRADING PLANS

COMPACTED SUBGRADESEE SPECS

ENGINEERED SOIL MIXSEE UTILITY PLANS & DETAILS

UNDERGROUND EXFILTRATION SYSTEMSEE UTILITY PLANS & DETAILS

SWALE

SEE SITE LAYO

Public – Private Partnerships – Influence of TNC

Public – Private Partnership with LargeLarge Pharmaceutical Corporation with over 30 acres of parking lot.


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City Pilot Project – Christian Park Open Space Rain Gardens

City Pilot Project – Christian Park Open Space Rain Gardens


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Taking it from 50,000 foot Planning Level to the Street

Green Infrastructure ComplianceCompliance

Modeling-EPA SWMM 5.0

-WINSLAMMWINSLAMM-RECARGA

EPA SWMM - Used by USEPA for Compliance Monitoring

• Primary platform for CSO modeling

• Proprietary versions

Not Yet Equipped to Easily Handle Green Infrastructure

– XP-SWMM– PC-SWMM

• Hydraulics Package– Dynamically models flow in pipes

• Very technical model

• Hydrology Package– Uses common TR-55, Green-Ampt, etc, methods for runoff

• http://www.epa.gov/ednnrmrl/models/swmm/


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WINSLAMM – Green Infrastructure & SWMM Compatible

• SWMM Compatible Hydrology package, which will model:• Continuous rainfall or single events• Bioretention• Pervious pavement• Disconnected impervious areas• Vegetated swalesVegetated swales• Wet Basins

• Compatibility allows WinSLAMM output to be directly converted to SWMM input

“One of the most important aspects of WinSLAMM is its ability to consider many stormwater controls (affecting source areas, drainage systems, and outfalls) together, for a long series of rains. Another is its ability to ) g , g yaccurately describe a drainage area in sufficient detail for water quality investigations… in accurately predicting discharge results.”

(Dr. Robert Pitt, Green Infrastructure Performance Modeling with WINSLAMM, May 2009)

WINSLAMM – Green Infrastructure & SWMM Compatible

Ease of Data Entry and Evaluation


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RECARGA – Infiltrative Green Infrastructure

• Developed by the University of Wisconsin

• NRCS Runoff Curve Number Method• NRCS Runoff Curve Number Method

• Continuous or Single Event Rainfall

• Very detailed water balance calculations

90%

100%

d WINSLAMM

Ponding Depth = 10”

So How Do These Tools Help?

70%

80%

% A

nnua

l Run

off V

olum

e Tr

eate

d WINSLAMM

RECARGA

Table 1 – Table 1 -Bioretention Sizing Study Runoff Treatment Modeling Results (WinSLAMM)Bioretention Surface Area as a Percentage of Impervious Area Tributary to Basin

% Annual Runoff Treated

2% 78.8%3% 88.4%

60%0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8%

Bioretention Surface Area as Percentage of Impervious Area Tributary to Basin

3% 88.4%

4% 93.4%

5% 97.2%

6% 99.0%

7% 99.7%


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Table 2 - Urban Green Infrastructure Runoff Redirection Cost Analysis

Runoff Redirection Options “Break Even” Period (years)

Roadway (only) Runoff Redirection 46

Roadway and Roof Runoff Redirection 12

Urban Green Infrastructure Runoff Redirection Cost Analysis

Roadway and Roof Runoff Redirection with Tunnel Storage Volume Reduction 7

Assumptions:

Costs

Bioretention – concrete, retaining wall support (Ohio) = $154.51/sq.ft.

Bioretention Maintenance (Ohio/Indiana) = $ 1.90/sq.ft.

Tunnel Storage Cost (Ohio/Indiana + other available data) = $ 3 80/galTunnel Storage Cost (Ohio/Indiana + other available data) = $ 3.80/gal.

Wastewater treatment costs (Indpls.) = $ 0.01/gal.

Tunnel Storage Diversion

Assume 20% of total annual volume diverted for peak flow reduction

CSO Long Term Control Plan – 50,000 Feet

Sewer Separation Along Green Corridors

From the GI Master Plan• Green alleys• Green parking lot

Green street rain gardens• Green street rain gardens• Green roofs• Green spaceOther Data:• Residential rain gardens• Rain barrelsRain barrels

From the CSO Tunnel Projects• Permeable Pavement Streets

(this is big)


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Street Level Evaluation (Columbus, OH – RiverSouth)

Street Level Evaluation (Columbus, OH – RiverSouth)


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BMP Selection & Evaluation (Columbus, OH – RiverSouth)



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It’s an Engineered Treatment Facility that Requires Due Diligence for Type and Location Selection


Before

BMP Street Level Construction (Columbus, OH – RiverSouth)

Before


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BMP Street Level Construction (Columbus, OH – RiverSouth)

West Columbus Street – Porous Concrete


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Cost Effectiveness of LID for CSO Control

F. Montalto et al, “Rapid Assessment of the Cost Effectiveness of Low Impact Development for CSO Control,” Landscape and Urban Planning 82, 2007, pp 117-131.

Operation & Maintenance – A Must!


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Green Infrastructure and CSO Abatement

BMP Volume Peak Discharge Water Quality Downspout Disconnection

Filter Strips

Infiltration Practices

Pocket Wetlands

BMP Classification System

And finally…. It works!

Porous Pavement

Rain Barrels/Cisterns*

Rain Gardens

* A single cistern typically provides greater volume reduction than a single rain barrel. Key: High effectiveness Medium effectiveness Low effectiveness

BMP Classification courtesy ofBMP Classification courtesy of Water Environment Research Foundation (WERF)Project 03-SW-3Decentralized Stormwater Controls for Urban Retrofit and CSO Reduction

Remember the Due Diligence for your Designed Facility

1 2 3

BIORETENTION / RAIN GARDEN BMP SECTION SURFACE - TSS, OILS & GREASE

SUB-SURFACE (0-12") - PATHOGENS, PHOSPHORUS, METALS

SUB-SURFACE (30"-36") - NITROGEN, TEMPERATURE

2

3

1


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So who is telling the Cities and Towns that once they separate their CSOs that their MS4 boundaries increase?

Is it more cost effective to meet Water Quality Standards

Some Interesting Questions (For Me Anyway)

“…summarizing states’ current practices for developing TMDL’s and for implementing TMDL’s through stormwater permitting.”

Total Maximum Daily Loads and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Stormwater

through the MS4 or the CSO programs?

Permits for Impaired Waterbodies: A Summary of State Practices, USEPA Region V, September 15, 2007

Contributing StakeholdersThanks to the following organizations and consultants who have provided invaluable information for this presentation:City of Indianapolis Office of the Mayor –

Honorable Greg Ballard, MayorDepartment of Public Worksp

David Sherman, DirectorSteve Nielsen, PE Chief Engineer WWT & StormLarry Jones, PE Chief Engineer Transportation

Office of Sustainability, Kären Haley, Director

Indianapolis Clean Stream Team

Dr. Bill Hunt, PhD, PE, North Carolina State University

AMEC

Elements Engineering

Williams Creek

EMH&T


Brian Neilson 32

Questions?Questions?Questions?thank you

Allyson Pumphrey, LEED APAllyson Pumphrey, LEED [email protected]

Brian Neilson, PE, LEED [email protected]

Copy of presentation available via internet ftp: site upon request

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city of indianapolis combined sewer overflow (cso) …€¦ · · 2009-10-02city of indianapolis...

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