citrus rootstock/scion interaction: the scion’s effect on … · citrus rootstock/scion...

Citrus Rootstock/Scion Interaction:

The scion’s effect on rootstock performance

Eran Raveh

Institute of Plant Sciences

Agricultural Research Organization

Agricultural Research organization – Volcani Center Ministry of Agriculture & Rural development • The state of Israel

CREA-ENEA-Israel Workshop WORKING TOGETHER FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRI-FOOD SYSTEMS


Scion

Rootstock

Citrus is usually grown as a grafted tree


A range of citrus graft union shapes, presumably indicating rootstock-scion compatibility

A range of citrus graft union shapes, presumably indicating rootstock-scion compatibility (reproduced from Webber, 1948; https://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdf; https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216; http://pir.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/269993/Fact_sheet_-_Navelina_Orange_Rootstock_Incompatibility.pdf).

https://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdfhttps://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216https://www.abc.net.au/gardening/factsheets/get-grafting/9438216


Influence of rootstock on Navelina yield

Prof. Tahir Khurshid (Australia)


Rootstock effects on scion:

• Date of fruit maturity

• Internal and external fruit quality

• Yield

• Fruit size

• Physiological characteristics of the fruit such as colour and

rind characteristics (creasing, splitting and rind thickness)


Rootstock’s influence on tree growth, production and fruit quality

https://www.citrusaustralia.com.au/wp-content/uploads/lemon_growing_manual_5_Rootstocks.pdf


Florida

Citrus

Rootstock

Selection

Guide


What about the scion’s effect on the rootstock?


Scion’s effect on the rootstock resistance to salinity


Citrus is known as a salt sensitive crop

Citrus*

*Average yield loss of 17% for each EC unit above 1.5 dS/m

Salinity (NaCl) has negative effects on trees:

•Limits water uptake from soil (osmotic effects)

•Limits mineral uptake

•Creates a toxicity effect

•Reduces yield



Irrigation with reclaimed waste water


Sodium level in Israeli Produce (% of USDA standarts)


NaCl in diagnostic citrus leaves from Israel

Results of samples routinely sent to national labs ~30,000 citrus leaf samples tested for Cl between 1993 and 2012. 110-985 samples/year Raveh and Ben-Gal 2016 Agric Water Man


Roots are a sink organ that get their energy from the scion.

Hypothesis: Rootstock characteristics will be strongly dependent on carbohydrate supplies from the scion.

Source

Sink


Sunki mandarin Cleopatra Rangpur lime Rough lemon Sour orange Citrumelo 4475 Trifoliate orange Sweet lemon Sweet orange Troyer citrange Carizo citrange

Ranking citrus rootstock resistance to chloride uptake

Very sensitive

Non-sensitive

Maas E.V., 1997. Salinity and Citriculture. Tree Physiology 12, 195-216.


Max Cl –

Susceptible Medium Tolerant Scion Range Reference

SwL SO SwO 500 Oppenheimer 1937

CTRN> CTRM> RL SwO> SO CLEO> RANG grapefruit 1800 Cooper and Gorton 1952

SO CLEO grapefruit 1200 Cooper et al. 1958

MACR> CARZ> TROY SwL> SO> CTRM CLEO> RANG> SUNKI grapefruit 1200 Peynado and Young 1962

CARZ CLEO FA5= FA13 seedlings 4690 Forner et al. 2000

RL> TRIF CARZ> TROY> SwO RANG> CLEO> MACR seedlings 1775 Grieve and Walker 1983

MACR SO* CLEO* lemon 1490 Nieves et al. 1990

RL SO> CLEO grapefruit 680 Levy and Shalhevet 1990

SO VOLK MACR lemon 3550 Garcia Legaz et al. 1992

TROY SO> CITR CLEO grapefruit 3400 Boman 1994

CARZ= TROY RL VOLK seedlings 1147 Combrink et al. 1995

SO CLEO RANG> VOLK seedlings 3000 El Hammady et al. 1995

SO SB812 RT803> GT> CLEO seedlings 1680 Levy et al. 1999

Levy, Y., and J.P., Syvertsen, 2004.

Ranking of rootstock tolerance to chloride in different studies.

SO = Sour Orange rootstock


A seven year old

orchard with 21

rootstock/scion

combinations

Scions

‘Mor’ ‘Nur’ ‘Newhall’ ‘Or’

Rootstocks 812 +

C35 + +

Cleo + +

Rang + + + +

SO + + + +

Troyer + + + +

Volka + + + +


Scion

‘Mor’ ‘Nur’ ‘Newhall’ ‘Or’

Rootstock 812 0.29

C35 0.25 0.64

Cleo 0.20 0.24

Rang 0.17 0.29 0.36 0.28

SO 0.20 0.23 0.44 0.46

Troyer 0.33 0.42 0.44 0.96

Volka 0.29 0.50 0.51 0.92

The effect of

rootstock/scion

combination on leaf

chloride content (% DW)


Root starch content (mg glucose per g DW)

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Roo

t ch

lorid

e c

once

ntr

atio

n (

% D

W)

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

‘Or’ mandarin

‘Nur’ mandarin

‘Mor’ mandarin

‘Newhall’

navel

Y= 4.11 - 0.08X + 4.67e-4X2

R ²=0.990

Volka rootstock

starch vs. chloride

concentrations.


Restricting cotyledon carbohydrate supplies and its effects on

NaCl uptake in germinated seeds.


The effect of partial cotyledon removal on shoot length and NaCl uptake

Cotyledon Shoot Shoot chloride Shoot sodium

removal length (% DW) (% DW)

______________________________________________

0% 6.9 cm 1.5 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 0.2

25% 6.4 cm 2.2 ± 0.7 1.8 ± 0.3

50% 5.8 cm 3.7 ± 0.9 3.1 ± 0.5

______________________________________________

*3 week-old Volkamariana seedlings were grown at room temperature and exposed to

40 mM NaCl for 28 days.


Effects of girdling on citrus sensitivity to salinity


Girdled Control

Ro

ot

chlo

rid

e c

on

ten

t (%

DW

)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Treatment

Girdled Control

Ro

ot

sod

ium

co

nte

nt

(% D

W)

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

Root chloride

Root sodium

Girdled Control

Xyl

em

sap

chlo

rid

e(m

M)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Treatment

Girdled Control

Xyl

em

sap

sodiu

m(m

M)

0.0

0.3

0.6

0.9

1.2

1.5

Xylem chloride

Xylem sodium

Treatment

Girdled Control

Le

af

ch

lori

de

(%

DW

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Treatment

Girdled Control

Le

af

ch

lori

de

(%

DW

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Treatment

Girdled Control

Ro

ot

sta

rch

(m

g g

luco

se p

er

g D

M)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Starch

Leaf chloride

Treatment

Girdled Control

Ro

ot

resp

ira

tio

n r

ate

(mic

rom

ol C

O2 p

er

g F

W)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Root respiration

Root iodine staining

Girdling was

found to

increase the

salt sensitivity

of the trees

Control

Girdled


The effect of rootstock/scion combination on leaf chloride content

(% DW) Rootstock

Scion

Lane Late Navelina Eureka Imperial

Anjiang hongju 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.06

Cao Shixiangju 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.06

Zhoupi jiangjin 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08

Zao Yang 0.22 0.17 0.13 0.09

Tri 22 0.52 0.51 0.39 0.24

ACIAR Chinese rootstocks (salt tolerant) Anjiang hongju, Cao shixiangju (Erythrosa type) Zhoupi Jiangin (Mandarin type) Zao Yang (Trifoliata type) Prof. Tahir Khurshid (Australia)


Influence of scions on rootstock phloem sap metabolites

Rootstocks: 812 Volka SO

Orra Shani

Michal

Meirav

Scions:


Effect of scion on rootstocks phloem sap metabolites (distribution and relative content in sap)

SO

Vo

lka

81

2

SO

Vo

lka

81

2

SO

Vo

lka

81

2

‘Meirav’ ‘Michal’ ‘Orra’ SCION


Effect of scion on rootstocks phloem sap

metabolites (distribution and

relative content in sap)


Conclusions

As a sink organ, rootstock’s resistance to salinity is dependent on carbohydrates supplied from the scion.

As was hypothesised, rootstock performance is strongly dependent on the scion.

It can be assumed that other rootstock characteristics will also be affected by scion carbohydrate supplies.


Thank you for your attention

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