citizens budget fiji guide 2020-2021 - solevaka

CITIZENS BUDGET

GUIDE 2020-2021

Fiji

EUROPEAN UNION

2 CITIZENS BUDGET GUIDE º 2020-2021

VANUATU

SOLOMONISLANDS

PALAUFEDERATEDSTATES OF

MICRONESIA

NAURU

TONGA COOKISLANDS

KIRIBATI

TOKELAU

NIUEFIJI

PAPUA NEWGUINEA

MARSHALL ISLANDS

SAMOA

TUVALU

3FIJI

0.CONTENT

SECTIONS PAGE

1. ABOUT THE CITIZENS BUDGET GUIDE 3

2. ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THE BUDGET 4

3. BUDGET CYCLE. CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN THE BUDGET PROCESS 5

4. REVENUE COLLECTION 8

5. PRIORITIES IN SPENDING 10

6. COVID-19 RESPONSE BUDGET 12

7. BUDGET TERMINOLOGY (GLOSSARY) 14

CONTACT INFORMATION 14

1.ABOUT THE CITIZENS BUDGET GUIDE

Citizens Budget Guide is a simplified, devoid of technical language presentation of information about the national budget. Citizens Budget Guide aims not only to improve the perception of budget information but also to promote accountability and transparency in public financial management. The information provided in the document will encourage citizens to monitor the accountability of elected representatives and officials. This will promote good governance and verify the effectiveness of public funds in compliance with citizens’ needs. It allows exercising their right to public scrutiny by government officials, access to information, and the provision of services. Familiarizing citizens with the formation and use of the budget will at the same time raise the importance of public discussions in the financial management system.

The 2020-2021 Fiji Budget builds on key measures introduced in the COVID-19 Response Budget to support economic recovery, rejuvenate private sector activity, protect jobs, assist the unemployed, and maintain overall macro-fiscal sustainability.

This Citizens Budget Guide is not an official government document and was produced based on publicly available information.

The Citizens Budget Guide was developed by Fiji Council of Social Services (FCOSS) with the support of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and Pacific Islands Association of Non-governmental Organisations (PIANGO) thanks to funding by the European Union.


INDICATORCALENDAR YEAR 2021 ESTIMATE

CALENDAR YEAR 2020 FORECAST

NOMINAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT – million dollars 10,629 9,255

REAL GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT – million dollars 9,464 8,294

GDP GROWTH / - CONTRACTION – real % 14.1 -21.7

TOTAL EXPORTS – million dollars (EXCLUDING AIRCRAFT) 1,886 1,649

TOTAL IMPORTS – million dollars (EXCLUDING AIRCRAFT) 4,036 3,546

VISITORS’ ARRIVAL – NUMBERS 447,000 224,000

TOURISM EARNINGS - million dollars 1,033 620

SUGAR AND MOLASSES EXPORTS – million dollars 132 121

INFLATION - % 1.4 1.0

2.ECONOMIC ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THE BUDGET

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW 2020° In 2020, the Fijian economy is projected to contract by 21.7 percent given

the devastating impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism sector and its rippling effects on all other sectors of the economy.

° This is the largest economic contraction in Fiji’s history.

° Tourism related activities contribute around 35 percent to GDP and visitor arrivals are forecast to decline by 75 percent this year.

° As a result, accommodation & food service activities, wholesale & retail trade, transport & storage, administration & support services and arts & entertainment are expected to contract severely.

ECONOMIC OVERVIEW 2021 AND 2022° The economy is projected to rebound in 2021 and 2022 by 14.1 percent

and 6.5 percent.

° The recovery is largely premised on the expectation that international travel will normalise by the end of this year together with various measures in the budget aimed at rejuvenating private sector activity, investment and consumption spending and higher Government borrowing to sustain public spending in focused areas.

-75%

-21.7%

14.1%

6.5%

$

$

5FIJI

BUDGET SUPPLEMENT

Complements the budget address. Sets out Fiji’s financial and economic performance and outlook.

ESTIMATES DOCUMENTS

Outlines the estimated costs for each programme and activity.

BUDGET ADDRESS

The speech the Minister for Economy delivers in parliament to introduce the budget.

APPROPRIATIONS BILL

Contains the budget measures for this financial year.

3.BUDGET CYCLE. CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN THE BUDGET PROCESS

MAIN BUDGET DOCUMENTS

Source: Asian Development Bank

Source: Parliament of the Republic of Fiji

JANFEB

MAR

APRM

AYJU

NJU

LAU

GSEP

OCT

NO

VD

EC

JANFEB

MAR

APRM

AYJU

NJU

LAU

GSEP

OCT

NO

VD

EC

PREPARATION STEPS AND TIMELINES

2. —º FINANCE CIRCULAR ON THE BUDGET PROCESS AND TIMELINES ISSUED

3. —º INVITATION FOR PRIVATE SECTOR AND CIVIL SOCIETY SUBMISSIONS ISSUED

4. —º BUDGET SUBMISSIONS RECEIVED FROM MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS, AND OTHER ENTITIES

5. —º MINISTRY OF ECONOMY ASSESSES BUDGET SUBMISSIONS

7. —º CONSULTATIONS HELD WITH MINISTRIES, DEPARTMENTS AND OTHER ENTITIES

8. —º CONSULTATIONS HELD WITH MINISTERS

9. —º CABINET MEETS TO CONSIDER BUDGET ESTIMATES

10. —º BUDGET TABLED IN PARLIAMENT

6. —º PRIVATE SECTOR AND CIVIL SOCIETY SUBMISSIONS RECEIVED

1. —º BUDGET STRATEGY TABLED IN CABINET


Source: Parliament of the Republic of Fiji

NO

VD

EC

NO

VD

ECTHE PROCESS OF BUDGET APPROVAL IN THE PARLIAMENT

2. —º BILLS AND ALL BUDGET DOCUMENTATION ARE IMMEDIATELY CIRCULATED TO ALL MEMBERS (ACCORDING TO STANDING ORDERS).

3. —º PARLIAMENT IS ADJOURNED FOR AT LEAST SIX DAYS TO ALLOW MEMBERS THE OPPORTUNITY TO CONSIDER THE BILL AND ACCOMPANYING BUDGET DOCUMENTS.

4. —º NOTICE OF THE SECOND READING OF THE BILL WILL BE GIVEN AT LEAST TWO DAYS IN ADVANCE.

5. —º THE BILL IS READ FOR A SECOND TIME AND IMMEDIATELY REFERRED TO A COMMITTEE OF SUPPLY OF THE WHOLE PARLIAMENT.

7. —º HE COMMITTEE OF SUPPLY WILL THEN IMMEDIATELY CONSIDER THE BILL. EACH SCHEDULE AND CLAUSE WILL BE VOTED ON WITHOUT DEBATE.

8. —º THE BILL (OR BILL AS AMENDED) IS TABLED IN PARLIAMENT.

9. —º A MOTION FOR THE THIRD READING WILL BE PROPOSED BY THE MINISTER FOR ECONOMY AND DECIDED IMMEDIATELY WITHOUT AMENDMENT OR DEBATE.

10. —º IF SHE MOTION IS AGREED AND THE BILL IS PASSED, IT IS SENT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR ASSENT.

6. —º A DEBATE WILL TAKE PLACE ON EACH ESTIMATE HEAD. AMENDMENTS MAY BE MOVED AND VOTED UPON.

1. —º BUDGET ADDRESS — THE MINISTER FOR ECONOMY PRESENTS THE APPROPRIATIONS BILL (THE BILL) AND SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION AT THE FIRST READING.

OCT

NO

VD

EC

OCT

NO

VD

EC

BUDGET APPROPRIATION

REVENUE ADMINISTRATION

CASH MANAGEMENT

PROCUREMENT

INTERNAL CONTROL

BUDGET EXECUTION

2. —º EACH APPROPRIATION IS TO BE ADMINISTERED BY— (A) THE BUDGET SECTOR AGENCY SPECIFIED IN THE APPROPRIATION ACT CONCERNED OR THE BUDGET ESTIMATES TABLED WITH THE BILL FOR THAT ACT AS BEING RESPONSIBLE; OR (B) THE MINISTRY IF NO AGENCY IS SO SPECIFIED.

3. —º INCLUDES TAX ADMINISTRATION, CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATION, AND SOCIAL SECURITY CONTRIBUTION ADMINISTRATION. ALL TAXES ADMINISTERED BY FIJI REVENUE AND CUSTOMS SERVICE. ALL PAYMENTS OF TAX AND NON-TAX REVENUES TYPES ARE PAID DIRECTLY INTO THE CONSOLIDATED FUND ACCOUNTS.

4. —º MINISTRIES MUST PREPARE CASH FLOW FORECASTS AND SUBMIT TO BUDGET DIVISION, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM AND THE MOE CASH MANAGEMENT UNIT BY ONE MONTH BEFORE THE START OF THE YEAR PER. THE CMU MAINTAINS THE CASH FLOW FORECAST AND MONITORS AGAINST THE FORECAST ON A DAILY BASIS.

5. —º PROCUREMENT BY COMPETITIVE TENDERING IS ADMINISTERED BY THE FIJI PROCUREMENT OFFICE FOR THE WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT.

6. —º INTERNAL CONTROL, ACCOUNTING FOR AND REPORTING ON ACTUAL EXPENDITURE AND SERVICE DELIVERY.

1. —º EXPENDITURE OF MONEY APPROPRIATED BY AN APPROPRIATION ACT FROM THE CONSOLIDATED FUND OR ANY OTHER FUND MAY BE INCURRED ONLY IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AUTHORISATION EFFECTED BY THE APPROPRIATION ACT.

7FIJI

RECOMMENDATION ON CITIZEN ENGAGEMENT IN THE BUDGET PROCESS ACCORDING TO THE OPEN BUDGET SURVEY 20191:° Ensure that any member of the public or civil society can engage with the

government when monitoring budget implementation.

° Actively engage with vulnerable and underrepresented communities, directly or through civil society organizations representing them.

° Fiji’s Parliament should prioritize the following actions: allow members of the public or civil society organizations to testify during its hearings on the budget proposal prior to its approval; allow members of the public or civil society organizations to testify during its hearings on the Audit Report.

° Fiji’s Office of the Auditor General has established mechanisms to assist the supreme audit institution in developing its audit program. It should establish formal mechanisms for the public to contribute to relevant audit investigations.

1 https://www.internationalbudget.org/open-budget-survey/country-results/2019/fiji

MINISTER RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING THE FINANCIAL AFFAIRS OF THE GOVERNMENT

BUDGET SECTOR AGENCIES

OFF-BUDGET STATE ENTITIES

—º THE ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REQUIRED TO BE INCLUDED IN THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR A BUDGET SECTOR AGENCY

—º THE ANNUAL FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REQUIRED TO BE INCLUDED IN THE ANNUAL REPORT FOR AN OFF-BUDGET STATE ENTITY

BUDGET REPORTING

—º THE MINISTER MUST TABLE IN PARLIAMENT A MID-YEAR FISCAL STATEMENT FOR THE FIRST 6 MONTHS OF EACH FINANCIAL YEAR.

QUARTERLYAPPROPRIATIONSTATEMENT

MID-YEARFISCALSTATEMENT

ANNUALREPORT

ANNUALREPORTS

ANNUALFINANCIALSTATEMENTS

ANNUALFINANCIALSTATEMENTS

—º THE MINISTER MUST TABLE IN PARLIAMENT A WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT ANNUAL REPORT FOR EACH FINANCIAL YEAR.ANNUALREPORT

—º THE WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS REQUIRED TO BE INCLUDED IN THE WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT ANNUAL REPORT FOR A FINANCIAL YEAR.

THE WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

—º THE ANNUAL APPROPRIATION STATEMENT REQUIRED TO BE INCLUDED IN THE WHOLE OF GOVERNMENT ANNUAL REPORT FOR A FINANCIAL YEAR MUST— (A) SHOW THE ACTUAL REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, AND SURPLUS OR DEFICIT, FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR; (B) SHOW THE CORRESPONDING REVENUE ESTIMATES AND APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE FINANCIAL YEAR; AND (C) SHOW DETAILS OF REPORTABLE AUTHORISATIONS RELATING TO THE FINANCIAL YEAR.

ANNUAL APPROPRIATIONSTATEMENT

—º EACH BUDGET SECTOR AGENCY MUST PREPARE AND MAKE PUBLICLY AVAILABLE, FOR EACH FINANCIAL YEAR, AN ANNUAL REPORT

—º EACH OFF-BUDGET STATE ENTITY MUST, SUBJECT TO THE REGULATIONS, PREPARE, SUBMIT AND PUBLISH AN ANNUAL REPORT FOR EACH FINANCIAL YEAR.

—º THE MINISTER MUST TABLE IN PARLIAMENT A QUARTERLY APPROPRIATION STATEMENT FOR EACH OF THE FIRST, THIRD AND FOURTH QUARTERS OF A FINANCIAL YEAR.


4.REVENUE COLLECTION

The underlying revenue policy framework for FY2020-2021 focuses on rebuilding the competitiveness of the tourism industry, raising domestic demand by lowering prices of goods and services, promoting competition, improving ease of doing business, safeguarding employment and household incomes and reviving overall economic activity.

In FY2020-2021, Government expects to receive around $1,621.4 million in operating revenue, a shortfall of $815.9 million or 33.5 percent when compared to FY2019-2020, and $1,497.2 million or 48.0 percent lower when compared to FY2018-2019.

-33.5%

-48%

FY 2020-2021

FY 2019-2020

OPERATING REVENUE

At the People’s Livelihood Survey and PFM Engagement Workshop in June 2020, community researchers that spearheaded the project, civil society partners and organisations and members of key government ministries involved in social services outlined strategies for engagement beyond the national level PFM processes. They particularly identified entry points or rather pressure points that were yet to be tapped at the sub national level for community engagement and advocacy. These are:

1. Government’s labor and livelihood initiatives and programme platforms that exist at national and divisional levels. Participants agreed that engaging on these to lobby for decentralization right down to district levels and supporting civil society efforts to connect vulnerable and near poverty population cohorts to the opportunities available from such an incentive.

2. Integrated Village Development Plan which is an ideal entry point for engaging communities meaningfully in the Public Financial Management system. Recognizing too that community profiling is important for impetus for evidence based planning at these levels and including allvoices ensures sustainability of the outcomes of such a collaboration.

3. Tapping on district advisory councillors, Turaga Ni Koro, Mata ni Tikina, Community Nurses and Zone nurses as they are mandated focal of government’s administrative and consultative structure in peri urban to rural communities to influence grassroots development priorities and financing.

4. Applying an inclusion lenses on government agencies annual workplans and strategies to analyse how government finances social protection for the vulnerable and mainstreams the approach of leaving no one behind.

5. Strengthening accountability mechanisms in sub national level and quasi government mechanisms that fosters community engagement and scrutiny and closes feedback loops about the management of public funds. This includes the iTaukei and provincial administrative structures.

9FIJI

TOTAL 2020 FISCAL ESTIMATES

2018-2019 (ACTUAL)

2019-2020 (REVISED)

2020-2021 (BUDGET)

TAX REVENUE 2,819.8 2,819.3 1,465.7

NON-TAX REVENUE 361.3 509.8 207.9

TOTAL REVENUE 3,181.1 2,699.1 1,673.6

GOVERNMENT’S CASHFLOW STATEMENT

2018-2019 (ACTUAL)

2019-2020 (REVISED)

2020-2021 (BUDGET)

OPERATING RECEIPTS

DIRECT TAXES 754.4 611.4 498.0

INDIRECT TAXES (EXCLUDING SEG 13 VAT) 2,026.9 1,532.3 922.9

– VAT (EXCLUDING SEG 13 VAT) 799.6 571.1 524.3

– CUSTOMS DUTIES 669.8 530.4 295.9

– SERVICE TURNOVER TAX 89.6 62.3 0.5

– WATER RESOURCE TAX 73.6 56.7 51.5

– DEPARTURE TAX 147.2 119.1 21.3

– STAMP DUTY 85.2 65.0 3.8

– FISH LEVY 0.05 0.0 -

– TELECOMMUNICATION LEVY 1.0 0.9 0.9

– ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE ADAPTATION LEVY 160.9 126.8 24.7

FEES, FINES & CHARGES 133.1 110.2 89.1

GRANTS IN AID 42.0 62.6 29.1

DIVIDENDS FROM INVESTMENTS 106.6 57.7 45.4

REIMBURSEMENT & RECOVERIES 12.7 35.8 11.1

OTHER REVENUE & SURPLUSES 42.8 27.5 25.9

TOTAL OPERATING RECEIPTS 3,181.5 2,437.5 1,621.5

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

3181.5

2437.5

1621.5

2020-2021(Budget)

2018-2019(Actual)

2019-2020(Revised)

Total Operating ReceiptsGOVERNMENT’S CASH FLOW


5.PRIORITIES IN SPENDING

The 2020-2021 Budget focuses on providing adequate funding to support the economic recovery and ensuring access to key public services.

Government expenditure has increased to $3,674.6 million in FY2020-2021, around $138.3 million higher than the COVID-19 Response Budget. Sustaining expenditures at this level, coupled with bold tax and customs policy measures, is critical to provide the much needed fiscal impetus to revive the economy.

+138.3MFY 2020-2021

EXPENDITURE

GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE

2018-2019 (ACTUAL)

2019-2020 (REVISED)

2020-2021 (BUDGET)

OPERATING EXPENDITURE 2,428.4 2,392.7 2,421.5

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE 1,133.5 1,097.9 1,208.3

SEG 13 VAT 38.4 45.7 44.8

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 3,600.3 3,536.3 3,674.6

EXPENDITURE BY KEY MINISTRIES AND AGENCIES

MINISTRY2019-2020 REVISED ESTIMATE$M

DECREASE FROM 2019-2020 REVISED ESTIMATE$M

INCREASE FROM 2019-2020 REVISED ESTIMATE$M

Ministry of Housing and Community Development 13.5 0.2 -

Ministry of Education, Heritage and Art 450.6 22.26 -

Higher Education Institution 81.4 21.3 -

Ministry of Health and Medical Services 394.3 - 46.84

Ministry of Agriculture 65.3 - 3.47

Ministry of Sugar Industry 53.6 58.88 -

Fiji Roads Authority (“FRA”) 348.9 - 72.4

Water Authority of Fiji 195.4 - 12.4

Ministry of Infrastructure and meteorological 30.6 4.7 -

Ministry of Waterways and Environment 15.9 5.2 -

Ministry for Women, Children and Poverty Alleviation 159 - 14.4

Ministry of Youth and Sports 11.8 4.5 -

Fiji Police Force 200.6 - 37.3

Republic of Fiji Military Forces 81.0 8.6 -

Ministry of Commerce, Trade, Tourism and Transport 87.1 4.6 -

Ministry of Civil Service 3 - -

11FIJI

6.COVID-19 RESPONSE BUDGET

An economic package of over $1.0 billion, equivalent to around 8.7 percent of GDP is announced in the COVID-19 Response Budget.

The measures are as follows:

FIJI NATIONAL PROVIDENT FUND (FNPF)° $130 million relief to employers from 1 April 2020 to 31

December 2020.

° $80 million back to Fijian employees - Employee Contribution is reduced from 8 percent to 5 percent effective from 1 April 2020 to 31 December 2020.

° $1,000 lump sum assistance to employees who have lost jobs or are on reduced hours in the tourism and hospitality industry. For FNPF members who have less than $1,000 in their FNPF General Account, Government will subsidise the remaining balance to make it $1,000.

° $500 lump sum assistance to employees (who are not able to go to work or are not able to work from home) who are affected by the lockdown/travel restriction due to COVID-19. Those who have less than $500 in their General Account, the balance will be subsidised by Government.

GOVERNMENT RELIEF PAYMENT AND GOVERNMENT SUPPLY° $150 of relief payment for those affected in the informal sector

in the lockdown areas.

° Government will reimburse directly to employers (with less than $30,000 annual income) 21 days of COVID-19 leave for employees that test positive and are certified by the Ministry of Health and Medical Services.

° $1,000 to Fijians employed in the informal sector and tested positive for COVID-19 and are certified by the Ministry of Health and Medical Services.

° 300 percent tax deduction for employers who continue to pay their employees under self-quarantine.

° $100 to anyone (those with less than $30,000 annual income) that is not compensated during this 14 day self-quarantine period

MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL SERVICES° $40 million for the procurement of supplies & consumables,

personal protective equipment, thermal scanners, set up of isolation facilities, media awareness, infection control, contact tracing, emergency response and other contingencies.

COVID-19

$


STUDENTS° $10 million for students repaying Tertiary Education Loans

(repayments will be suspended until 31 December 2020).

COMMERCIAL BANKS° $400 million relief - all commercial banks in Fiji will offer loan

repayment holidays on principal and interest for up to 6 months for businesses and individual customers facing hardship with mortgages and loan repayments.

NATIONAL DISASTER REHABILITATION FACILITY° $60 million to assist those affected by COVID-19 - commercial

banks, Fiji Development Bank and licenced credit institutions can access funds from RBF with an interest rate of 1 percent per annum and lend to eligible businesses at a maximum interest rate of 5 percent. The SME Credit Guarantee Scheme is expanded to assist small entities affected by COVID-19.

TAXATION AND CUSTOMS ° Over $150 million – number of taxation and customs policy

changes will be implemented to provide immediate relief to businesses and individual taxpayers, revive investment & business activity, support exports & the tourism industry and protect employment.

DIRECT BUDGET FUNDING FOR COVID-19

DETAILS $M

Ministry Of Health 40.0

Fiji Police Force 0.7

Republic Of Fiji Military Forces 0.15

Ministry Of Agriculture 1.0

Fiji Competition And Consumer Commission 0.1

Unemployment Benefit - Tourism Sector 5.6

Unemployment Benefit - Lockdown Areas (Formal Sector)

7.0

Unemployment Benefit - Lockdown Areas (Informal Sector)

3.0

Unemployment Benefit - General 5.0

Assistance To Sme’s 5.0

Contingency Funds (Unemployment) 5.0

Contingency Funds (General) 27.5

TOTAL 100.0

MINISTRYOF HEALTH

40.0

CONTINGENCY FUNDS(GENERAL)

27.5

CONTINGENCY FUNDS(UNEMPLOYMENT)

5.0

ASSISTANCE TO SME’S5.0

UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT - GENERAL5.0

UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT- LOCKDOWN AREAS (INFORMAL SECTOR)

3.0

FIJI POLICE FORCE0.7REPUBLIC OF FIJI MILITARY FORCES0.15

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE1.0FIJI COMPETITION AND CONSUMER COMMISSION0.1

UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT - TOURISM SECTOR5.6

UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT- LOCKDOWN AREAS (FORMAL SECTOR)

7.0

$

%

13FIJI

7.BUDGET TERMINOLOGY (GLOSSARY)

CONTACT INFORMATION

Parliament of the Republic of Fijihttp://www.parliament.gov.fj

The Office of the Auditor-General of Fijihttp://www.oag.gov.fj

Ministry of Economyhttp://www.economy.gov.fj

Fiji Council of Social Services (FCOSS) e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Pacific Islands Association of Non-governmental Organizations (PIANGO)http://www.piango.org

BUDGET - government’s financial plan for a year developed by the government presenting its anticipated sources of financing (revenues, borrowings, or cash drawdown) and proposed expenditures.

REVENUES - the total amount of money that the Government receives for its activities from both domestic and external sources.

TAX REVENUE - revenue from compulsory, non-refundable, and non-exchange-related contributions collected by the State; the total amount of money that the government receives from taxation.

NON-TAX REVENUE - income earned by the government from sources other than taxes (e.g. income from monopolies and holdings, financial investments, repayment of loans, penalties, etc.).

GRANTS - financial assistance given to Government by development partners and does not have to be paid back.

BUDGET DEFICIT - a situation where government revenues are lower than its expenses .

GDP - the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific period.

INFLATION - the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.

EXPENDITURE - all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.

citizens budget fiji guide 2020-2021 - solevaka

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