citing authors and works. internet with an inspiring message that spans across time and through...
TRANSCRIPT
With an inspiring message that spans across time and through generations, Hotel Rwanda is the type of movie that promotes change. Instead of historically telling the story of Rwanda, George takes a chance in recounting the life of a local hero, Paul Rusesabagina (Don Cheadle), and the risks he took to save the lives of many. Hotel Rwanda starts where the tragedy begins.
What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the use of another person’s ideas or words without giving them the proper credit.
Plagiarism can occur when you use someone else’s exact words without giving them credit, takingcredit for someone else’s ideas, or even presenting your own past work as a new idea.
THE PHOTOCOPY
The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration.
THE POTLUCK PAPER
The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.
THE POOR DISGUISE
Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases.
THE LABOR OF LAZINESS
The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work.
THE SELF-STEALER
The writer “borrows” generously from his previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institution.
THE FORGOTTEN FOOTNOTE
The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations.
THE MISINFORMER
The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them.
THE TOO-PERFECT PARAPHRASE
The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation text that has been copied verbatim, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information.
THE RESOURCEFUL CITER
The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work!
THE PERFECT CRIME
The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer passes off the paraphrased material as his own.
What is APA?
The American Psychological Association (APA) citation style is the most
commonly used format for manuscripts in the Social Sciences. It regulates: STYLISTICS, IN-TEXT CITATIONS,
and REFERENCES
Why Use APA Format?
• Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily
• Provides consistent format within a discipline
• Gives you credibility as a writer
• Protects yourself from plagiarism
PARAPHRASING
• Paraphrasing means that you expressed the author’s information or ideas in your own words and have given that person credit for that information or idea.
• You can prevent plagiarism by closing the document and restating the idea in your own words.
PARAPHRASING
Original Passage: “Signed into law in January 2002 by President George W. Bush, the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act signaled the nation’s most sweeping education reform of federal education policy in decades” (Smith, 2008. p. 212).
PARAPHRASING
Enacted into law in 2002 by President Bush, the No Child Left Behind Act signaled the most sweeping education reform of U.S. educational policy in decades.
PARAPHRASING
According to Smith (2008), the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century.
PARAPHRASING
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Act provided the most all-encompassing reform in U.S. education in almost half a century (Smith, 2008).
In-text Citation (Direct Quote)
When you directly quote an author, you need to put the exact words of the author in quotation marks or follow the rules for a block quotation.
Include the exact spelling and interior punctuation of the borrowed words.
In-text Citation (Direct Quote)
The author, year of publication, and page number(s) or paragraph number for non-paginated materials are always included in the text and a reference citation is included in the reference list.
McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).
In-text Citation (Direct Quote)
Regular Quotes are used when the quote is less than 40 words.
McPherson (2007) coined the phrase “goblet of motivation” (p. 71).
In-text Citation (Direct Quote)• Keep the author and year of publication
together. • Use quotation marks to identify the
exact words of the author. • Include the page number in
parentheses immediately after the direct quote.
• Place the period after the parentheses.
APA Style gives prominence to the date of a publication. In-text citations use the author's last name and the date, separated by a comma, as a brief reference in the text of the article to refer the reader to complete information in the reference list.
Example: “APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners” (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
Single author
If the author's name is mentioned in the narrative, then only the date need be given:
Example:
Jones (1998) described APA as “a difficult citation format for first-time learners” (p. 199).
Single author
Always use both names every time they are referred to in the text. Use the ampersand (&) to connect the names in the parentheses, but spell out "and" in the running text.
Examples: (Parker & Mokhesi-Parker, 1998)
Parker and Mokhesi-Parker (1998) in examining institutional design and function …
Two authors
Cite all the authors in text the first time a reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
Examples: (Parker, Mokhesi-Parker, AuthorC, AuthorD & AuthorE, 1998)
(Parker et al., 1998)
Three to five authors
Cite in text only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
Examples:
Parker et al. (1998)
(Parker et al., 1998)
Six or more authors
Examples:
Winkowski (2007) stated, “The research is unreliable” (Conclusion section, para. 4).
From the conclusion section of paragraph 4 of (book title), (2007).
Quote from non-paginated material
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Short quotation (More examples)
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
• Indent the block quote five spaces or half an inch.
• Do not use quotation marks.• Double space the quote unless your school
has a rule about single spacing block quotes.• Do not include any additional lines or spaces
before or after the block quote.• Notice that in block quotes, the period goes
before the parentheses, not after.
Block quote (long quotation)
Block quote (long quotation)
Students at Nova Southeastern University have faced challenges in learning how to use APA formatting. When discussing the challenges, Strunk (1922) stated: Use quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book, journal, brochure, or report when used in the body of the paper. Use a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short. NOTE Non-periodical titles like books and book titles have all the important words capitalized in the text citations, but these same book titles do not have all the important words capitalized in the reference list. (p.342)
Special case
Boyle (1998a, 1998b, 1998c) found in three separate studies that the rats had higher stress hormone levels after exposure.
The three studies were done in 1998 and each was published separately that year. To avoid confusion, each study will be designated by a different letter – a, b, c, etc. Items are listed in the reference section alphabetically by title.
According to T. Decano (personal communication, August 15, 2011), the school is ready for e-books.
Personal Communication
The e-books are ready for implementation (T. Decano, personal communication, August 15, 2011).
Special case
Strunk (1922) mentioned in his article to “[u]se quotes around an article title or book chapter, but italicize the title of a book…[u]se a short title in the parenthetical citation or complete title if the title is short…” (p.342).
How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
• Center the title (Bibliography or References) at the top of the page. Do not bold it.
• Double-space reference entries*.
• Flush left the first line of the entry and indent subsequent lines.
• Order entries alphabetically by the author’s surnames.
How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
• Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials: “Smith, J.Q.”).
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word.
How to create a BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• Italicize or underline titles of longer works such as books and journals.
• Do NOT italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
Book with a single author
Austin, J. H. (1998). Zen and the brain: Toward an understanding of meditation and consciousness.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Strunk, W., Jr. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Book with two authors
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E.B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Book with multiple authors
Calarco, M., San, K., & Atterton, P.(2009). Animal philosophy: Essential readings in continental thought. New York: Continuum.
Book with corporate authors
World Bank. (2004). Gender and development in the Middle East and North Africa: Women in the public sphere. Washington, DC: Author.
Section from a book
Jeffrey, I. (2002). Introduction. In B. Savelev, Secret city: Photographs from Peru (pp. 8-12). New York: Thames and Hudson.
CD-ROM
King, M.L., Jr.(1963). I have been to the mountaintop. Infamous American speeches [CD-ROM]. Retrieved from Oryx Press database [1996, November 8].
Web site
You CANNOT CITE a WEB SITE. You have to be specific by citing the WEB PAGE or a particular WEB LOG.
Web page
Freidman, G. (2003). The troubled tenses in Chaucer’s works. In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 6, 2010, from http://www.wikipedia.com/chaucer/
Web page
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). 2009 H1N1 Flu ("Swine Flu") and You. Retrieved February 6, 2010, from http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/qa.htm
Blog post
McAdoo, T. (2009, September 10). Use of first person in APA style [Web log message]. Retrieved May 7, 2010, from http://blog.apastyle.org/
Journal
Burger, J., Gochfeld, M., Jeitner, C., Burke, S., Stamm, T., Snigaroff, R., ... Weston, J. (2007). Mercury levels and potential risk from subsistence foods from the Aleutians. Science of the Total Environment, 384, 93-105. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.05.004
*doi = DIGITAL OBJECT IDENTIFIER
Online journal
Killingbeck, D. (2001). The role of television news in the construction of school violence as "moral panic" [Electronic Version]. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 8, 186-202. Retrieved October 30, 2001, from
http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol8is3/killingbeck.html
Newspaper article
Young, J. (2003, February 14). Prozac campus: More students seek counseling and take psychiatric medication. The Philippine Star, pp. A37-38.
Thesis
Johnson, S. (2004). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers. Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database.(AAT 3025476)
Johnson, S. (2004). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers [Unpublished thesis]. Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database.(AAT 3025476)
Song recording
Desmond, P. (1959). Take five [recorded by Dave Brubeck Quartet]. On Time out [CD] New York: Columbia. (1987)
Film
Jarre, K., Carr, P. (Producers), & Sommers, S. (Director). (2004). The mummy [Motion Picture]. MCA Universal Home Video.
Stage play
Atlantis Productions (Producer), & Garcia, B. (Director). (2011). Next to normal [Stage Play]. Makati: Carlos P. Romulo Auditorium.