cities/urban land use… §in 1950 1/3 of the world lived in cities. §today :1/2 live in cities;...
TRANSCRIPT
Cities/Urban Land Use…
In 1950 1/3 of the world lived in cities.
Today :1/2 live in cities; number is increasing.
Historic City Functions
Commercial Centers – Miami (?), Aventura (?)
Industrial Cities - Chicago, Detroit
Resort Cities – Rio de Janeiro, St Tropez, Marbella
Government / Religious Centers - D.C., Brasilia, Vatican City
Education Centers – Berkeley, Massachusetts
Ancient World CitiesOldest cities are found in
Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.
Mediterranean (Culture)
Athens 2,500 B.C. 1st city to exceed
100,000
Ancient Athens
Feudalism
During MEDIEVAL TIMES (14th - 15th cents), in a broad sense, refers to the relationship among European nobles. Ex: granting of fiefs (lands) (for labor) (towns? Cities?), in return for political and military favors.
Seignorialism: relation(s) between European lords and their peasants.
Medieval World CitiesAfter collapse of Roman
Empire in 5th cent, European cities were diminished/abandoned.
European Feudal Cities Began in 11th Century Independent cities
formed in exchange for military service to/among feudal lord.
Improved roads encouraged trade
Dense and compact within defensive walls
Cittadella, Italy
Paris, France
Modern World CitiesA high percentage of world’s business is
transacted and political power is concentrated in cities.
Headquarters of large businesses Media control centers Access to political power
Ex.: London, New York, Tokyo… Chicago , Los Angeles Brussels, Berlin, Paris, Zurich, & Sao Paulo
Urban Planning
Urban planning (UP): branch of architecture dealing with thedesign and organization of urban space(s) and activities.
UP is composed of: land use planning: orders and regulates the use of land in
an efficient and ethical way, preventing land use conflicts.
transport planning: the evaluation, assessment, and design of transportation facilities (streets, highways, and public transportation).
Sprawl (1/3)
The spreading outwards of a city to its outskirts.
Sprawl: disadvantages (2/3)High car dependenceInadequate facilities (cultural, emergency,
health)Inefficient street layoutsLost time and productivity for commutingHigh rates of obesity due to less walking and
bikingLess space for parksHigh use of energy, land, and water
Ex of “sprawl” (3/3): San José, CA
Smart Growth
Growth in compact, walkable, there are urban centers, to avoid sprawl and advocates for compact, bicycle-friendly, & land use.
Ex: neighborhood schools, and complete streets.
Urban Planning
Building Better Cities
How to Make a Great City
Famous Planned CitiesBrasilia, BrazilHavana, CubaWashington, D.C.
Smart Growth Pedestrian Friendly Increase Density Mixed Ethnic and
Income Groups
Largest World CitiesTen Most Populous Today ???
Rank City Population
1 Tokyo, Japan 28 million
2 New York City, United States 20.1 million
3 Mexico City, Mexico 18.1 million
4 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 18 million
5 Sao Paulo, Brazil 17.7 million
6 Los Angeles, United States 15.8 million
7 Shanghai, China 14.2 million
8 Lagos, Nigeria 13.5 million
9 Kolkata, India (Calcutta) 12.9 million10 Buenos Aires, Argentina 12.5 million
Megalopolis (1/2)
Megalopolis (Μεγαλόπολις, 371 BC; 1825–35: megalo- + polis): Greek for “great city”. An urban region consisting of several large cities and suburbs that adjoin each other.
Ex: the East Coast of the US, from Boston to Washington, D.C.
Megalopolis: another example (2/2)
Cities in Crisis: urban problems
U.S. City Problems Sprawl
commutes environmental problems
tax flight Racial and Economic Segregat
ion schools taxes
European Cities: result of very long histories
Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles
Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval Low skylines - many built before elevators, others
required cathedral or monument to be highest structure
Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work
Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do.
Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive
Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles