cities of the roman empire - studio basel · source: r. tayor, roman builders, 2003. thomas,...
TRANSCRIPT
Tem
ple
of P
osei
don
at Is
tham
iaca
. 600
BC
E
Mile
tus
Foun
ded
ca. 5
00 B
CE
Part
heno
nca
. 447
- 43
2 B
CE
Tem
ple
of A
then
a N
ike
ca. 4
25 B
CE
Pri
ene
Foun
ded
ca. 3
34 B
CE
The
Impe
rial F
orum
sca
. 48
BC
E -
112
CE
Co
loss
eum
ca. 7
2 - 8
0 C
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Pan
theo
nca
. 125
CE
Had
rians
Vill
aca
. 118
- 13
4 C
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Bat
h of
Car
acel
la, R
ome
ca. 2
12 -
216
CE
Bas
ilica
St.
Pet
erca
. 330
CE
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pero
r Aug
ustu
s ru
les,
use
of c
oncr
ete
is c
omm
on31
BC
E -
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of A
ugus
tus,
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ebe
gun
ca. 2
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datio
n of
Con
stan
tinop
leca
. 324
CE
St.
Mar
ia M
aggi
ore
ca. 4
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rch
of t
he P
roph
ets
ca. 4
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SS.
Ser
gius
and
Bac
chus
ca. 5
25 -
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CE
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ca. 5
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537
CE
St.
Hrip
sim
e C
hurc
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. the
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tury
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Augusta Raurica ca. 44 BCEThe oldest known Roman colony on the Rhine,
founded by Lucius Munatius Plancus in the area of
a local Gallic tribe. The city underwent most of its
development in 15 BCE under Emperor Augustus.
Rome ca. 753 BCEThe origin of Rome has mythological and topographic ex-
planations. The city grew surrounded by seven hills, ruled
by seven Etruscan Kings. Mythology states the brothers
Romulus and Remus founded the city on top of Palantine
Hill. At its height the city had a population of one million,
where the typical insulae consisted of ten storey high
low-cost housing. The city remained the capital of the
Roman Empire until Emperor Constantine I, who moved it
to Constantinople. The inhabitants of which continued to
call themselves Roman until Ottoman rule.
Pantheon Trajan Forum Colesseum Bath of Diocletian
Major Roman and Byzantine Architecture
Examples in the Middle East Pe
rgam
onfr
om 3
rd C
entu
ry
Petr
a R
ock
Tom
bsca
. 312
BC
E -
106
CE
Dam
ascu
s an
d
Bei
rut
com
e un
der
Rom
an ru
leca
. 64
BC
E
Tem
ple
of J
upite
r at
B
aalb
ekB
egun
ca.
10
CE
Pom
pey’
s ta
keov
er
of S
yria
ca. 6
4 B
CE
Ale
xand
er t
he G
reat
con
quer
ing
Eas
tern
E
mpi
reca
. 340
BC
E
Ant
ioch
, Syr
iaFl
ouris
hes
unde
r Ju
lius
Cae
sar
ca. 4
7 B
CE
Thea
tre
and
gym
na-
sium
, Dam
ascu
sC
omm
issi
oned
by
Her
odca
. 43
BC
E
Tem
ple
of J
upite
r at
D
amas
cus
ca. 1
4 C
E
Um
ayya
d M
osqu
eca
. 706
- 71
5 C
E
Arc
hit
ect A
po
l-lo
do
rus
of
Dam
as-
cus
resp
onsi
ble
for
man
y pu
blic
wor
ksun
der T
raja
n ca
. 98
- 117
CE
Bo
ule
ute
rio
n T
hea
tre,
Eph
esus
ca. 1
47 -
151
CE
Bat
h o
f D
iocl
etio
nca
. 298
- 30
6 C
E
Foru
m o
f Tra
jan
, Rom
eca
. 105
CE
Fou
nd
atio
n o
f E
ph
esu
sca
. 88
BC
E
Fou
nd
atio
n o
f R
om
eby
Rom
ulus
and
Rem
usca
. 753
BC
E
753
BC
E
Ch
rist
715
CE
Fou
nd
atio
n o
f Au
gu
sta
Rau
rica
ca. 4
4 B
CE
0 300m 0 300m0 300m
0 300m
0 300m
0 300m
0 300m
78 79ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Tom DowdallROMAN REPUBLIC 509 -27 BCE ROMAN EMPIRE 27 BCE - 393 CE BYZANTINE EMPIRE 330 -1453 CE
Miletus ca. 500 BCEFirst example of the Hippodamus Grid
system after the city was destroyed by the
Persians. Residential zones are divided into
island lots called Insulae, and surround the
principle public and policital space, notably
the agora and temple.
Damascus ca. 64 BCEFirst came under western influence by Alexander
the Great ca. 330 BCE. In 64 BCE Roman
General Pompey took control of the western part
of Syria, including Damascus, and incorporated
the city into the League of Ten cities, called the
Decapolis. The Decapolis was a collection of
the most prominent cities in the middle east,
and indicates the importance Damascus had as a
centre of the Graeco-Roman culture.
The urban plan shows the first use of the
Decumanus (the major vertical street) and the
Cardo (major horizontal) in the region.
Priene ca. 334 BCEFirst city to apply the Hippodamus
system to a hilly topography. The
streets were stepped where neces-
sary instead of breaking the grid and
following the contours.
Beirut ca. 64 BCEKnown as Berytus to the Romans,
and also came under Roman rule in 64
BCE. The city quickly became embel-
lished by the dynasty of Herod the
Great with large public buildings being
erected as an indication of its status.
Berytus was widely known for its
school of law, which produced two of
Rome’s most famous jurists, Papinian
and Ulpian.
Ephesus ca. 88 BCEThe city was originally famed for its Temple of
Artemis, who had her chief shrine there, the Library
of Celsus, and its theatre, which was capable of
holding 25,000 spectators. The city was rebuilt
under Emperor Constantine I.
Source: R. Tayor, Roman Builders, 2003. Thomas, Monumentality and the Roman Empire, 2007. E.J. Owens, The City in the Greek and Roman World, 2004. Ching, A Global History of Architecture, 2007
Roman and Byzantine ArchitectureCities of the Roman Empire
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80 81ROMAN AND BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE_Tom Dowdall
MONUMENT: lasting evidence, reminder, or example of someone or something notable or greatMerriam-webster dictionary definition
Temple
Pantheon Rome
ca. 125 CE
Theatre
Bouleuterion Ephesus
147-151 CE
Ampitheatre
Colosseum Rome
72 - 80 CE
Baths
Baths of Diocletion
Rome
298-306 CE
Forum
Basilica
Market
Trajan Forum Rome 105 CE
Architect: Hippodamus of Damscus
Church
St Peters Rome
333CE
SYSTEMSBUILDING TYPOLOGIES DETAILS
Structural Innovation
The use of concrete allowed the Roman builders to develop the Arch, the Vault and Dome.
They achieved this with the use of complex formwork, and cof-fered domes to reduce weight
Wall articulation
With the onset of the arch as a more efficient structural concept to the post-and-beam, the Ro-man builders continued to articulate the wall com-bining the arch with the orders of the columns
Arch of Nero Rome55 CE
Eastern Influences to Roman Architec-ture
Stylistic variations to Ro-man architecture began to appear in the Eastern cities of the Empire, as an appropriation to the culture and climate of the region.The most prominent of these is the Syrian arch
The great covered colonnaded axes where an idea oflocal eastern inspiration,combining prestigewith the practicalpurpose of protecting shoppers and vendorsfrom the sun
Colosseum Rome72 - 80 CE
Byzantine variations of the Composite Capital
Ionic Order notation
Standard entablature Entablature pierced by a central arch, known as the Syrian Arch
The Arch-made of Voussoirs, wedged-shaped stones
The Groin Vault- An intersecting Barrel vault
The Dome
Coffered DomeFormwork for a vault0 10m
0 10m
0 30m
0 50m
0 30m
0 30m
Tuscan Doric Ionic Corinthian Composite
SimaCorniceDentils
Architrave
Voluted capital
Column shaft
Torus with horizontal flutes
Plinth
SS. Sergius and Bacchus St. Vitale
Basilica Eufrasiana Salonica
Classical Orders
Roman and Byzantine ArchitectureArchitecture Typologies and Elements
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