cities in the third wave: the technological transformation of urban america leonard i. ruchelman...
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Cities in the Third Wave: The Technological Transformation of Urban America
Leonard I. Ruchelman
Group:
Peter Heller
Kate McCauley
Adam Neumeyer
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The Transformation of Urban America
Preindustrial
Industrial
Postindustrial
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Preindustrial Cities
•Small populations (typically less than 30,000 people)
•Small size allowed for personal networks between friends,
family and businesses•Small scale manufacturing
limited by hand tools, hydraulic power, and the use of animals•Located on waterfronts/ mill sites (functioned as market
centers)
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Industrial Cities
• Sudden rapid increase in the population of cities– Growth in Western cities
• Railroad– Rail Mileage Grew Rapidly– Steam-powered locomotive – Western development – Connected the East and West coast
• Mass Production – Huge new factories
• Steam Power– Provider of industrial power
• Steel – Upgrade from iron
• Inventions – telephone, light bulb, refrigerated rail cars• Improvements - Street surfacing, public lighting, water and
sewerage systems
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From Urban Concentration to Suburban Deconcentration
• In 1950 23% of Population in United States lived in suburbs
• In 1960 31% of Population in United States lived in suburbs
• In 1990 46% of Population in United States lived in suburbs
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The Great Migration: Population Decline of Ten Major Old-Line Cities
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Other Changes in the Metropolis
• Decline in Central City Employment
• Jobs move to the suburbs
• Those that need jobs the most do not have them
• Metropolis changes to Megalopolis
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Megalopolis
• Large urbanized area around a certain city
• Boston to Washington, D.C.
• Florida peninsula
• Northern California
• Southern California
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Global Restructuring
• Geographic location means nothing
• Manufacturing jobs leave United States
• Advanced technology helps regions grow
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Ten Metropolitan Regional Economies with the Highest growth
Region Rate of Expansion 1980-1991(%)
Austin, TX 22.9
West Palm Beach, FL 155.0
Raleigh-Durham, NC 140.2
Orlando, FL 95.8
Tucson, AZ 95.2
Phoenix, AZ 90.0
San Diego, CA 83.4
Augusta, GA 83.1
Sacramento, Ca 79.0
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN 68.7
United States 31.1
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Ten Metropolitan Regional Economies with the Lowest growth Rates
(ranked by change in rate of outputRegion Rate of Expansion 1980-1991(%)
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX -17.5
Peoria, IL .13.7
Davenport-Bettendorf, IA-Rock Island-Moline IL
-9.4
Flint, MI -7.0
New Orleans, LA -5.9
Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA -3.3
Youngstown-Warren, OH -2.9
Shreveport, LA 0.7
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY 1.8
Corpus Christi, TX 3.7
United States 31.1
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Key Characteristics of Cities in the Preindustrial, Industrial, and Postindustrial Stages
CharacteristicPreindustrial Industrial Postindustrial
Time Frame 17th and 18th century
1830s plus 1950s plus
Power Sources Wind, Water, Animate
Steam/Internal Combustion
Superconductivity
Technological Advancement
Agricultural Tools(Plow)
Energy Information
Role of Technology
Extraction Fabrication Process
Main Product Food Commodities Knowledge
Social Institution Family Farm Mills, Factories R&D Centers
Main Labor Force Farmers Factory Workers Information Workers
Main Mode of Movement
Pedestrian, Horse, and Carriage
Rail, Automobile Telecommuting
Division of Labor(Skills)
Simple Highly Specialized(Routine)
Very Highly Specialized(Customization)
Division of Labor(Geographical)
City Regional International
Market Place Commons CBD/Mall Electronic Network
Urban Pattern Human Network Monocentric Global Networks
Social Pattern Integrated Segregated Highly Segregated
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Third Wave Technologies
• Telecommunication Systems• Wireless Communications• Internet and the Worldwide
Information Explosion• Electronic Applications• Technological Reshaping of Work• Information Technology and the
Emergence of New Spatial Patterns
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Telecommunication Systems
• Foundations– Telegraph – Telephone
• Methods of Communications– Analog– Digital
• Computers– Vacuum tubes– Transistor Circuits
• Computer chips
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Wireless Communications
• Invented in 1896 by Guglielmo Marconi
• Four types: one-way receiver, two-way dispatch, two-way mobile/portable phones, and two-way data
• Many uses: tracking, communications
• 22,000 transmission sites in U.S., with 100,000 more in next ten years
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The Internet is Born
• Prior to its introduction, there were only small “islands” of communication
• Introduction in 1969 limited use to four sites that possessed text based computerized switches (ARPANET)
• Enormous growth (1990- 313,000 users/ 1992- < 1,000,000)
• Multiple benefits:– Allows anyone to transmit any message to millions
of recipients– Quick and easy global communication– Large stores of information
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Electronic Applications
• Virtual Museums• Libraries connected to the Internet• Electronic College Campuses• Telemedicine• Electronic Banking/Financial
Services–Smart Cards
• Teleshopping
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Transformation of Jobs
• Increasing computers = increasing downsizing • Disappearance of the traditional job (agriculture,
services, ect.)• Changing job locations• Expanding the range of services
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Information Technology and the Emergence of New Spatial
Patterns
• Front Office Functions
• Routine Back-Office Functions
• Goods and Distribution
• Complex Office Work
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Types Of Cities
• Headquarters Cities• Innovation Centers• Module Production Places• Border Cities• Retirement Centers• Leisure-Tourism Playgrounds• Edge Cities
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Headquarters Cities
• Also known as World, Global, or Capital Cities• Characteristics of Headquarter Cities
– Leaders in global markets for commodities and investment capital, foreign exchange, equities, and bonds
– High concentration of corporate headquarters– Locations of national and international headquarters
of trade and professional associations– Locations for national and international media
organizations, news and information services– Major cultural capitals
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New York
• Financial Capital• Leads in advertising and law
– Computer and engineering services are drawn to the suburbs
• Wall Street prospers = New York prospers• Site of a new high tech sector
– Silicon Alley• Cultural Capital• Popular destination for tourist• Immigrants
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Los Angeles
• Military defense expenditures– High-technology telecommunications
center• Manage military
• Location on Pacific Rim– Trade between the West and the East– Diversity of ethnic groups– Rapid growth of foreign trade
• Financial hub of the Western U.S.
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Innovation Centers
• R&D Centers are self-sustaining
• Key Sectors: electronics and telematics, biotechnology, aerospace, nuclear technology, medical technology, environmental technology and space.
• Examples Silicon Valley, Route 128
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Modular Production Places
• Places where routine tasks are preformed
• Examples: production of cars and processing of magazine subscriptions
• Places: Detroit and Newark
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Border Cities
• Labor Centers– Large Immigrant Populations
• Undocumented Workers = low wages
• Trade and financial centers– Importing, marketing, and distributing goods
• Utilized by the very wealthy Latin Americans– Shopping– Recreation– Wealth Security
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Miami
• Strategically positioned between North and South America and the Caribbean– Leading gateway to Latin America and the
Caribbean
• Immigration of large numbers of Latin Americans– Bilingual Spanish speaking residents
• Globalization of the world economy– Eliminated Trade Barriers
• Tourism• Foreign Banking
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Retirement Centers
• Increasing numbers of people (b/c growth and life expectancy)
• Relocation• Consequences:
- communities have to deal with changes in pensions, social security and medicare
- lower industrial development
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Leisure-Tourism Playgrounds
• One of the largest industries in the United States– The United States is the second most
popular travel destination in the world
• Consist of theme parks, gambling casinos, consumer shopping centers, sports arenas, and exhibition centers
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Las Vegas
• Developed gambling as a major industry– Spurs growth and lower unemployment– Economic backbone of Las Vegas
• 30% of all jobs are in hotels, gaming, and recreation
• Fastest growing metropolitan area in the nation– For every 100,000 people who come to play, 250
stay• Adds up to 75,000 new residents every year
• There is no corporate or personal income tax
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Edge Cities
• Defined as:” high-order multifunctional centers which have emerged in the outer suburban areas”
• Appeared in the 1950’s b/c of automobiles and communication technology
• Three types:– Uptowns– Boomers– Greenfields
• Are they real communities?
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Cities in the Third Wave
• The Role of Growth Coalitions in Cities
• “Citistates” in the Global Economy• Cities as Entertainment Centers• Suburban Sprawl and Political
Fragmentation• The Prognosis for Core Cities and
Older Metros
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The Role of Growth Coalitions in Cities
• Urban restructuring is shaped by continuously changing economic conditions
• Issue of domination results in an uneven capacity to attract growth, which in turn provides advantages and disadvantages to groups
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“Citistates” in the Global Economy
• A metropolitan area
• Stimulated by advancements in telecommunications, trade agreements
• Source of entrepreneurial leadership
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Cities in Pursuit of Niche Markets
• Cities create a certain draw
• Examples gambling, tourism, convention centers, back-office operations
• Problems get dumped on poor cities
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Cities as Entertainment Centers
• High-tech fun– Sports arenas,
cultural centers, entertainment-enhanced retailing, and urban theme parks
• Restore central cities
• Bring back what they have been losing to the suburbs
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Suburban Sprawl and Political Fragmentation
• Suburbs healthiest parts of the metropolitan economy• Technology makes possible a spatial leapfrogging
pattern
• Edge cities and Industrial Parks• Segregation of income groups
– Gated Communities
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Are Core Cities Doomed?
• While futurists are skeptical, their success depends on many variables.
• Negative Pulls:– Business relocation– Technological advances– Social problems– Declining economy– Growth of diverging jobs/ job skills
• Positive Pulls:– Central business locations– Population lifestyles– Environmental factors– Environment for innovation– Urbanized economies
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Conclusion
• All cities must be able to adapt to change in order to progress.
• “Remember that the measure of a civilization is not the tools it owns, but the use it makes of them.”
–L. Ruchelman