cities in space
TRANSCRIPT
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Source: www.nasa.gov
Cities in Space:Articulating the Space Based Economy
Narayanan Komerath
Priya Gopalakrishnan
Sam Wanis
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
With generous support from the GSGC, Texas SGC/NASA JSC, USRA/NIAC and Georgia Tech
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
OutlineOutline
Cities in Space The Space-Based Economy
Acoustic Shaping in Microgravity: Experiments Tailored Force Fields
“NASA Means Business” Into Show-Biz…
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
The natural resources available within the Near Solar System
are a few orders of magnitude greater than those on Earth
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
In reaching out for them, we will discover, invent and develop ideas
whose impact will be greater by many more orders of magnitude
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Support/Service Economy
Tim
e
Launch To Earth Orbit; Race to the Moon
Com-sats; Sensing, Exploration; Military; Research
Space Station; Maintenance; Refueling; Repair; Robotics
Orbit transfer vehiclesGEO/ L1 Station
Lunar Resources
Lunar Mining
Lunar Power
Lunar Manufacturing
Self-sustaining Economy
Lunar Launcher
1950s –70s
2005
2010
2015
Space Habitats
Year 2050 – The Space-Based EconomyYear 2050 – The Space-Based Economy
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Example of “Space-Based Business”
Customers, Facilities and Suppliers all Located Away From Earth
(Developed by High School Students under the NASA “SHARP-PLUS” program)
Georgia Space Grant Consortium project
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Launch To Earth Orbit
Microgravity Research
Lunar Resources
ISS
Hubble Space Telescope
The Space Yellow Pages: Primary Projects
Com-sats
Remote Sensing
GPS
GALILEO
Military Satellites
Return to the Moon: Heavy Lift + CEV
Science Probes
Race to the Moon: Heavy Lift
Robotic Planetary Missions
Human Missions to Mars
GLONASS
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Launch To Earth Orbit
Microgravity Research
GEO/ L1 Station Lunar Resources
ISS
Hubble Space Telescope
Com-sats
Remote Sensing
GPS
GALILEO
Military Satellites
Return to the Moon: Heavy Lift + CEV
Science Probes
Race to the Moon:
Heavy Lift
Robotic Planetary Missions
Human Missions to Mars
ISS Resupply
Fuel for Military Satellites
Commercial Satellite Refuel
Fuel Storage Station
Hydrogen to the Moon
Lunar Steel
Lunar Base Supply
Space Spare Parts Inc
EVA Repairs
The Space Yellow Pages: Level Two Projects
BOEING HABITATS
Lunar Launcher
Lunar Manufacturing
Lunar Power
Lunar Mining
Orbit transfer vehicles
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Earth Transport
GEO/ L1 Station
ISS
L 2 Space Telescope
Com-sats
Solar System Prospecting
GPS
GALILEO
Space Defense & Law Authority
Asteroid Belt Prospectors
ISS Resupply
Fuel for Military Satellites
Commercial Satellite Refuel
Fuel Storage Station
R3D3 Robots’R’Us
Hydrogen to the Moon
Lunar Steel
Lunar Base Supply
Space Spare Parts Inc
EVA Repairs
The Space Yellow Pages: Level Three Industry
BOEING HABITATS
Lunar Launcher
Lunar Manufacturing
Lunar Power
Lunar Mining
Orbit transfer vehicles
Octopus Robotic Repairs
BOEING MarsCyclers Inc
Solar Positioning System
Lunar Fuels Inc
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
GEO/ L1 Station
The Space Yellow Pages: Level Four: Space-based Business
Lunar Launcher
Lunar Manufacturing
Lunar Power
Lunar Mining
Orbit transfer vehicles
Sunspot Cruises Inc
BOEING MarsCyclers Inc
Translunar Rail Authority
Deep BreathLife Support Systems
New Mexico Helium-3 Inc
Lunar Oxygen
Delta Space Lines
Orbit Emergency Medical Inc
Float Bloat
Inflatable Structures Inc Micro-G Burgers Inc
Jupiter Nuclear Propulsion Inc
Lunar Football League
Mars & Beyond: Expeditions
Cislunar Convention Center
Micro-G Chiropractors
Space Engine Repair Inc
North Avenue Emag Constructions
Ocean of Storms Solar Panels Inc
Tranquility Titanium Inc
Omaha Fuel Cells Inc
Far Side Mineral Water
Ace Space Ice Inc.
Copernicus Metals Inc
Orbital Junk & Salvage
Inner Planet Transport System
Acoustic Shaping Inc
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Time
Am
bitio
n
1985: Permanent Colonies on Mars by 2035.
1999: Reference Mission. Six Astronauts to Mars & back by 2018, 2 more missions to follow
2000: Systematic set of robotic missions followed by human mission by 2020
2001: Robotic exploration of Mars
from orbit, robotic landers “in the
next 20 years”.
1985 2000 2015 2030
NASA Strategic Plan for Human Exploration of Mars: An Opinion Based on Observation
2004: Moon landing by 2008; Moon base 2016; missions to Mars; nuclear energy OK
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Source: www.nasa.gov
Interior of Space Settlement ‘Island One’: (from the 1970s) Courtesy SSI
http://www.ssi.org/slideshow.html
Building Cities in SpaceBuilding Cities in Space
Major obstacles:
- Radiation shield construction
- Need for artificial gravity
- Need for “critical mass” of commercial interest
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Gravity, Rotation and RadiationGravity, Rotation and Radiation
•Humans need near 1g: 9.8m/s^2 “gravity” for long-term living.Humans need near 1g: 9.8m/s^2 “gravity” for long-term living.•Artificial gravity at rim of rotating wheel: Rotation rate must be lower than 1 Artificial gravity at rim of rotating wheel: Rotation rate must be lower than 1 RPM to avoid disorientation. RPM to avoid disorientation. Radius ~ 1km. Radius ~ 1km.
•Radiation in Space (solar neutrons, charged particles + gamma rays + Radiation in Space (solar neutrons, charged particles + gamma rays + cosmic rays):humans cannot survive.cosmic rays):humans cannot survive.
•Need .5m of water or 2m of soil to stop radiationNeed .5m of water or 2m of soil to stop radiation
Mass & “weight” of shield for 2km diameter habitat are huge! Mass & “weight” of shield for 2km diameter habitat are huge!
Note: Today’s space stations do not have artificial gravity, or sufficient Note: Today’s space stations do not have artificial gravity, or sufficient shielding. If a solar storm occurs, astronauts go inside small shelters, but shielding. If a solar storm occurs, astronauts go inside small shelters, but exposure accumulates. exposure accumulates.
No solution for long-duration mission (e.g. Mars).No solution for long-duration mission (e.g. Mars).
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Bootstrapping Infrastructure: The 2km Cylinder Project
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Learning to Build Without Machine Tools: Learning to Build Without Machine Tools: The Acoustic Shaping ProjectThe Acoustic Shaping Project
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
•
ACOUSTIC SHAPING
•Experiments on the NASA KC-135 “Vomit Comet” - Reduced Gravity Student Experiments on the NASA KC-135 “Vomit Comet” - Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program:1997- 2000. Flight Opportunities Program:1997- 2000. •Team of AE sophomores first studied the behavior of a multitude of particles in a resonant acoustic chamber, in reduced gravity.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Wall formation process: KC-135 test. Frequency 800 HzACOUSTIC SHAPING
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
In micro-gravity, solid particles in a resonant chamber assume stable locations along surfaces parallel to nodal planes of the standing-wave. Liquids in finite-g form walls along nodes – which are regions of lower static pressure.
Works with most materials, and with liquidsWorks with most materials, and with liquids
Irregular grain: microgravity
Powder suspended in water: 1-g
Hollow Al2O3/ Al spheres:
microgravity
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Extension of Acoustic to Electromagnetic ShapingExtension of Acoustic to Electromagnetic Shaping
Tailored Force FieldsTailored Force Fields
Can large radiation shields be constructed far away from Earth before humans have to go there?
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Radiation-Shielded, 1-G Station at Earth-Sun L-5 for NEO Radiation-Shielded, 1-G Station at Earth-Sun L-5 for NEO Resource ExploitationResource Exploitation
Example:
Particle diameter: 0.2m
Wavelength: 100m
Particle acceleration: 10-6 g
Resonator intensity: 328 MW/m2
Resonator Q-factor: 10,000
Beam diameter = 100m
Per module: Power input: 258 MW
Active field time: 13 hrs
Solar Collector efficiency: 10%
Collector area w/o storage: 2 sq.km
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Why Have Cities Not Been Built in Space Yet?Why Have Cities Not Been Built in Space Yet?
Radiation Shield?
Artificial Gravity?
•No commercial success path
•No convergence of interests
•No rationale for public support
•No CLEAR VISION AND PLAN articulated to the public
•NASA view: “We are at the service of the Public”
•Public view: “We are waiting for NASA to guide us!
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
““NASA Means Business”NASA Means Business”
Annual competition hosted by Texas SGC/NASA JSC to: “Business Plan to help NASA Strategic Plan for Mars Exploration.” (‘99-2000) “Help develop a “Customer Engagement Plan” (2001-02) Help articulate role of Mars missions (2003) Articulate role of ISS (2004)
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
The $10B DipThe $10B Dip
Every Business Plan for a small Space-based enterprise is faced with a need for at least $10B in investment, with no return for 10 years or more.
Why: No infrastructure, no repair, no rescue, no synergy with other such businesses.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Effect of Infrastructure on Commercial FeasibilityEffect of Infrastructure on Commercial Feasibility
NPV Boosters
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Baseline NASA in R&D E-mag launchcapability
Both
NP
V (
M$
)
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Summary of the Space-Based Economy Concept
•Buyers, Sellers, Suppliers, Manufacturers, are located beyond Earth.
-Critical Mass of mutual interest and investment required to trigger process.
-Infrastructure development with long-term plan.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Future Entrepreneurs Are Already Thinking!!!
Courtesy: Centennial Elementary School, Atlanta, GA. 2nd Grade, April 2001
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
How do we gather support for a Space-based Economy?How do we gather support for a Space-based Economy?
Everyone on Earth is a stake-holder in such an economy Investment in Space technology seen as commercial investment, not
just as investment in knowledge-generation
Critical needs identified by GSU Strategic Marketing classes:– Reliable, easy-access knowledge on problems, opportunities, and methods.– Realistic expectation that “NASA Means Business” – government
commitment to infrastructure development– User-friendly access to space experiment development and launches.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
From Aerospace Engineering Into Show-Biz…From Aerospace Engineering Into Show-Biz…
“NASA Means Business” Competition 2003:
“Develop Public Service Announcements to articulate the reasons to support the Space program, specifically the relevance of Mars missions”
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Our MessageOur Message
•What has the space program done for us?What has the space program done for us?
•NASA’s Not Just For AstronautsNASA’s Not Just For Astronauts
•So where does your money go?So where does your money go?
•MARS as a MARS as a stepping stonestepping stone
•Where is the space program headed?Where is the space program headed?
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
What has the space program done for us?What has the space program done for us?
Advanced shoe design and manufacturing
Improved Aircraft EngineExtended Weather
forecasting
Materials
Earth Resource Management
PC’s
Toys
MRI and CAT Scans
Weather Forecasting
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
NASA’s Not Just For AstronautsNASA’s Not Just For Astronauts
Medical Doctors
Scientists and Engineers
Technicians
Management
Mission Operations
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
So where does your money go?So where does your money go?
Space Exploration
Employees – Salaries
Education Programs
Circulates through the economy
$1 technical expenditure = $3 of new business
Communication
Transportation
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
MARS as a MARS as a stepping stonestepping stone
Fuel generation
Low gravity operations
R & D – Robotics, Communications.
Terraforming?
Search for Life / signs of E-T
Habitats Lander technology
Water??
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Where is the space program headed?Where is the space program headed?
Present Space Programs
Future Ambitions
Viking Lander
2001 Mars Odyssey
Mars Global Surveyor
Human HabitationLunar Mining
Space Cities
Not-so distant Future
Asteroid Hotels
Mariner 3 & 4
Past Explorations
International Space Station
Orbiters, Net Landers, Scout Missions
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Stay tuned for sample PSA …Stay tuned for sample PSA …
Please visit our websites: Please visit our websites: http://www.adl.gatech.edu/research/tff/http://www.adl.gatech.edu/research/tff/acoustic_shaping.htmlhttp://www.ae.gatech.edu/research/windtunnel/nmb/nmbhome.htmlhttp://www.ae.gatech.edu/research/windtunnel/nmb/nmbhome.html
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
The economics of starting a space-based production company are heavily dependent on the presence of a rudimentary infrastructure.
A national-level investment in space-based infrastructure is
an essential catalyst for the development of a space-based economy.
Infrastructure Investment is the Key
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Summary: Enabling Steps For Space-Based ManufacturingSummary: Enabling Steps For Space-Based Manufacturing
ENABLING STEP: Robot-built, Solar-powered Mass Driver on the Moon- enable commercial metal extraction; propellant extraction
ENABLING STEP: Shuttle Main Tank Farm (or other large station) in LEO: - large-volume construction facilities; fuel storage; parts storage; - jump-start human presence
Courtesy: Space Science InstituteCourtesy: Space Science Institute
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Advantages of Space Based Economy ApproachAdvantages of Space Based Economy Approach
The business plan of a single industry that may appear risky when viewed by itself, becomes realistic when patched into the network of a Space based Economy
Efficiencies of scale and mutual interest, providing viable solutions to today’s “insurmountable” problems.
Various pieces of the SBE support each other : Path to a self- sustaining economy which generates wealth for Earth-based investors.
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Creating Examples of “Space-Based Business”
Criteria: Customers, Facilities and Suppliers all Located Away From Earth
•Devise a Business Plan & Technical Plan.•Identify supplier/customer needs•Publicize: Show opportunities!
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
•For size << l, standing wave trap force ~ 103 times single-beam force.•Trap stiffness in standing wave trap ~ 107 times single-beam value.•Source only needs to provide small gain over losses -
STANDING WAVE FIELDS: Particles Drift into Stable “Traps”. Theory similar for acoustic or e-mag fields!
With standing waves in a low-loss resonator, small input intensity suffices to produce substantial forces on particles.
Various mode shapes can be generated by varying frequency and resonator geometry.
Trap regions can be of complex shape.
FORCES IN UNSTEADY POTENTIAL FIELDS
ForcePotential
Stable Trap
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
The Launch-Cost Dip and its SolutionThe Launch-Cost Dip and its SolutionExample for “Acoustic Shaping Inc.”, Virtual prototype of a Space-Example for “Acoustic Shaping Inc.”, Virtual prototype of a Space-
based construction company 2000 NMB Competitionbased construction company 2000 NMB Competition
Discounted Cash Flows for ASI
-120.00
-80.00
-40.00
0.00
40.00
80.00
120.00
0 5 10 15 20Year
Dis
cou
nte
d C
ash
flo
w (
M$)
Baseline, NPV = $321M
NASA involvement in R&D, NPV = $369MNASA involvement in infrastructure development, NPV = $632M
Both NASA R&D and Infrastructure, NPV = $700M
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Flight test proof of wall formation. Self-aligned. No spin.
Acoustic chamber
Mode 110 Styrofoam walls in reduced gravity
Ground test comparison between predicted pressure contours and measured wall locations
ACOUSTIC SHAPING
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
2 2 0 3 2 01 1 0
1 0 0 + 0 2 0 2 3 0 + 1 0 0 1 1 0 + 2 2 0
SIMULATION: PREDICTED WALL SHAPES
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
•Solar-powered radio resonators in the NEO region to reconstitute pulverized asteroids into specified shapes. •Formation-flown spacecraft to form desired resonator geometry.•Asteroids pulverized using directed beam energy or robots, •Solar energy converted to the appropriate frequencies. •Materials and structures for such an endeavor must come mostly from lunar or asteroidal sources.
Asteroid Reconstruction to Build Cities?
School of Aerospace Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology
Concept for micro-g manufacturing, used to examine the startup of a small company in space.
Creating Examples of “Space-based Business”: NMB2001
Non-contact manufacturing in reduced gravity• Solid panels with specified shapes : flat, curved, cylinders• Scalable to 10ft x 10ft x 1” panels, or micro-fabrication
Flexible Automation: tailor sound & injection location Compatible with solar energy: Acoustic drivers and radiant heating