citation - pcrwr

Citation:

Hifza, R., Farah, N., Fauzia, A., Saiqa, I., and Ashraf, M.,

(2020). Wastewater Assessment and Treatment Needs

Analysis of District Jhelum. Pakistan Council of Research in

Water Resources (PCRWR), pp. 52.

© All rights reserved by PCRWR. The authors encourage fair

use of this material for non-commercial purposes with proper

citation.

ISBN: __________________

Disclaimer:

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and

not necessarily those of the institution.

Wastewater Assessment and

Treatment Needs Analysis of

District Jhelum

Hifza Rasheed Farah Naz Fauzia Altaf Saiqa Imran Muhammad Ashraf

PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCES

January, 2020

i

Acknowledgements

The authors are highly indebted to all professionals

of National Water Quality Laboratory, PCRWR

Islamabad for their assistance in data collection and

analysis. Sincere and warm gratitude is due to

Ms. Kiran Anwaar, Ms. Rahila Noureen, Ms.

Rizwana Perveen and Ms. Irum Gul for testing of all

water samples. Our appreciations go to Mr. Shafiq-

ur-Rehman for analytical data quality control and

Dr. Naveed Iqbal and Mr. Ebtisam Asmat for GIS

mapping. The authors are also thankful to Mr.

Sohail Anjum, Mr. Zeeshan Munawar and Mr.

Qismatullah for data entry and formatting the report.

iii

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .................................................................... i

Summary .................................................................................. ix

1. Introduction .........................................................................1

2. Methodology .......................................................................4

2.1 Study area ....................................................................4

2.2 Study design ................................................................5

2.3 Type of samples and preservatives ..............................6

2.4 Samples collection procedure ......................................7

2.5 Analytical methods .......................................................8

3. Results and discussion ..................................................... 11

3.1 Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan (PD Khan) ........................... 11

3.2 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Jhelum ...... 32

3.3 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Dina .......... 35

3.4 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Sohawa .... 38

3.5 Water quality of river Jhelum ...................................... 41

4. Overall situation of district Jhelum .................................... 43

5. The Way Forward ............................................................. 47

5.1 The Constructed Wetlands (CW) ............................... 48

5.2 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) ................................. 49

5.3 Membrane Bio Reactors ............................................ 51

5.4 On-site treatment using bio-cleaner solution .............. 52

6. Conclusions & recommendations ..................................... 54

7. References ....................................................................... 56

Annexures ............................................................................... 57

iv

List of Figures

Figure 1: Water and wastewater sampling sites in

district Jhelum ......................................................6

Figure 2: Water and wastewater samples collection by

PCRWR team in district Jhelum ...........................8

Figure 3: Wastewater drinking water quality analysis

in the NWQL of PCRWR .................................... 10

Figure 4: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the

NEQS in tehsil PD Khan .................................... 12

Figure 5: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the

wastewater channels and ponds in tehsil PD

Khan ................................................................... 13

Figure 6: Layout of wastewater nullah in tehsil PD

Khan ................................................................... 14

Figure 7: Wastewater nullah in tehsil PD Khan ................. 15

Figure 8: Cleaning of wastewater nullah in tehsil

P.D.Khan ............................................................ 15

Figure 9: Parameters of potential concern in drinking

water samples of tehsil PD Khan ....................... 16

Figure 10: GIS characterization of wastewater sites

and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil

PD Khan ............................................................. 16

Figure 11: Wastewater situation in Pindi Saidpur village ..... 18

Figure 12: Map of the Pindi Saidpur village showing

wastewater drainage and pond .......................... 19

Figure 13: Layout of the Village Kotli Saidan ....................... 20

Figure 14: Sewearge system in village Kotli Saidan ............ 21

v

Figure 15: Map showing the wastewater drains of

Chotala and Chotala Khurd ................................ 22

Figure 16: Openly flowing sewage in Chotala and

Chotala Khurd .................................................... 23

Figure 17: Map of village Daryala Jalap showing

wastewater drainage system .............................. 24

Figure 18: Wastewater pond on the main road Daryala

Jalap ................................................................... 25

Figure 19: Map of Pinanwal village showing

wastewater drainage system .............................. 26

Figure 20: Wastewater ponds in village Panninwal ............. 27

Figure 21: Map of Sangohi village showing wastewater

drainage system ................................................. 29

Figure 22: Wastewater Situation in streets of village

Sanghoi .............................................................. 29


wastewater channels in tehsil Jhelum ................ 33


water samples in tehsil Jhelum ........................... 34



Jhelum ................................................................ 34


NEQS in tehsil Dina ............................................ 35

Figure 27: Variation in COD and BOD levels alongside

the wastewater channels in tehsil Dina .............. 36

vi



Dina .................................................................... 37


water samples in tehsil Dina .............................. 37


NEQS in tehsil Sohawa ..................................... 38


wastewater channels in tehsil Sohawa ............... 39


water samples in tehsil Sohawa ........................ 40



Sohawa .............................................................. 40


and nearby drinking water sources in district

Jhelum ................................................................ 46

Figure 35: Dumping of solid waste in wastewater

streams............................................................... 47

Figure 36: The constructed wetlands (Islamabad) ............... 48

Figure 37: The schematic diagram of the constructed

wetlands ............................................................. 49

Figure 38: Sewage Treatment Plant (Islamabad) ................ 50

Figure 39: The schematic diagram of the sewage

treatment plant ................................................... 50

Figure 40: Membrane Bio reactors plant (Islamabad) .......... 52

Figure 41: Bio Cleaner Technology ..................................... 53

vii

List of Tables

Table 1: Water quality parameters and methods used

for analysis ........................................................... 9

Table 2: Wastewater quality in tehsil PD Khan ................ 11

Table 3: Wastewater characterization of the surveyed

villages ............................................................... 31

Table 4: Drinking water status in the villages of PD

Khan ................................................................... 32

Table 5: Wastewater quality in tehsil Jhelum ................... 33

Table 6: Water quality of Jhelum River at wastewater

disposal sites ...................................................... 41

Table 7: Overall wastewater pollution situation in

district Jhelum .................................................... 43

Table 8: Possible impacts of wastewater pollution on

drinking water sources ....................................... 45

viii

List of abbreviation

APHA American Public Health Association

BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand

Cl Chlorides

COD0 Chemical Oxygen Demand

DO Dissolved Oxygen

EC Electrical Conductivity

mg/L Milligram per liter

NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards

NO3 Nitrate

NSDWQ National Standards for Drinking Water Quality

NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory

PCRWR Pakistan Council of Research in Water

Resources

PD Pind Dadan

PHED Public Health Engineering Department

SO4 Sulphate

TDS Total Dissolved Salts

TSS Total Suspended Salts

UNICEF United Nations International Children's

Emergency Fund

WHO World Health Organization

ix

Summary

In many parts of the world, health problems and diseases

have often been caused by discharging untreated or

inadequately treated wastewater. Estimates suggest that 80-

90 percent of wastewater in developing countries is

discharged directly into rivers, lakes and seas, resulting into

water-borne diseases, damaging ecosystem and affecting

tourism and economic development. Following this, the

Sustainable Development Goals target 6.3 states that “by

“2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution,

eliminating dumping and minimizing releases of hazardous

chemicals and materials, having the proportion of untreated

wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe

reuse globally”.

The water quality in Pakistan is facing severe challenges

due to untreated disposal of industrial and domestic waste.

The wastewater mixing in surface water and seepage into

the groundwater is deteriorating the water quality in various

areas of the country. This is negatively affecting the use of

water for drinking, household needs, recreation, aquaculture,

transportation and industry.

To assess such effects, the present study was centered in

Jhelum district, focusing on the impacts of untreated sewage

discharges in four tehsils (Jhelum, Pind Dadan Khan, Dina

x

and Sohawa) and wastewater needs analysis. In total, 48

wastewater samples were collected form main wastewater

bodies of district Jhelum, tested and compared with the

National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). The test

data revealed the highly polluted wastewater quality in

district Jhelum with worst situation prevailing in Sohawa and

Dina tehsils followed by tehsil Pind Dadan Khan. The

wastewater pollution indicators far exceeded the NEQS as

chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and

total suspended solids exceeded the permissible limits in

more than 80% of the wastewater samples.

The impacts of wastewater pollution on drinking water

sources along the wastewater drains/ponds were assessed

by collecting and testing 46 drinking water samples. The test

results compared with Pakistan’s National Drinking Water

Quality Standards show that 95% of the drinking water

sources were unsafe mainly due to microbiological

contamination and nitrate.

Water quality of river Jhelum was also assessed by

collecting a sample from the river site in tehsil Pind Dadan

Khan and 4 samples from tehsil Jhelum. Jhelum river sites in

tehsil Jhelum show higher level of chemical oxygen demand

and biochemical oxygen demand. This suggests that organic

pollution of river by wastewater discharges from human

xi

activities may adversely impact the people and ecosystems

and requires immediate measures.

The study highlights that untreated municipal, industrial,

hospital and agricultural waste if allowed to be continuously

dumped into soil and water bodies specifically the river

Jhelum; this may breakout the serious public health and

ecological threats in the near future.

The proper sewerage system including sewage collection

and treatment should be placed in all the urban and rural

areas of district Jhelum. The wastewater treatment using site

specific treatment methods such as bio-cleaner, sewage

treatment plant, membrane bioreactor technology,

constructed wet lands using bioremediation, packaged

wastewater treatment system etc. may be introduced at

tehsil level with contributions from governments, non-

government organizations and private sectors.

The approach of recycling, reduce and reuse of wastewater

would result in safe and environmentally sustainable way of

wastewater utilization. To help the local communities to

address the unsafe water quality, disinfection of drinking

water sources and water storage bodies as well as regular

water quality monitoring is strongly advised.

1

1. Introduction

Polluted natural resources have a detrimental impact on their

users, the wider economy and the ecology. Untreated

municipal and industrial wastewater as well as agricultural

run-off contributes significantly to water pollution. Increased

population growth and imbalance of capital accumulation lead

to greater water consumption and effluent generation in the

urban areas whereas the water scarcity is growing all over the

country. Consequently, annual wastewater produced in

Pakistan is 962,335 million gallons, including 674,009 million

gallons from municipal and 288,326 million gallons from

industrial use (Pakistan Water Sector Strategy, 2002).

Following this, it has been reported that 73% of the

wastewater is of residential origin, 16% is contributed by

agriculture sector, while 6% and 5% is shared by the

industrial and commercial sectors, respectively. Of over 6,000

registered industries in Pakistan, 1,228 are considered “highly

polluting (Phoebe Sleet, 2019). Industrial wastewater often

receives minimal treatment, which has led to increasing levels

of water pollution as industries (particularly textiles and

tanneries) have become more prevalent.

The Industrial and domestic waste is either discharged

directly into a sewer system, a natural drain or water body, a

nearby field or an internal septic tank. Normally, municipal

wastewater is not subject to any treatment and none of the

2

cities have any secondary level treatment process. Assuming

that all the installed treatment plants are working at their full

installed capacity, it is estimated that about 8% of urban

wastewater is treated in municipal treatment plants.

Consequently, wastewater mixing in surface water and

seepage into the groundwater is expected to further

deteriorate the water quality in various areas of the country.

To assess this deterioration, the present study was conducted

on Jhelum River, which is the largest water source to the

Jhelum district, focusing on the impacts of untreated sewage

discharges on the river. Although pollution is introduced at

wastewater discharge points along the river, impacts are

expected to extend to downstream populations and

ecosystems, as pollutants are transported through the river

network. Therefore, impact of sewage and industrial effluents

on water quality was investigated in four tehsils of district

Jhelum (Jhelum, Pind Dadan Khan, Dina, and Sohawa). The

more specific study objectives were as below:

1. To investigate the wastewater quality and related

disposal practices in the district Jhelum

2. Assessing the impacts of wastewater on surface and

groundwater

3. To propose a viable plan to overcome the untreated

wastewater disposal issues.

3

Considering the wide spread disposal of untreated

wastewater of diverse origin and water scarcity in the country,

there is a dire need to improve our ambient water quality by

reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing

release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the

proportion of untreated wastewater and increasing recycling

and safe reuse as per SDG-6 target 6.3. It is therefore,

expected that this study data would support future initiatives

to accomplish following benefits:

1. Enhance management of wastewater, human waste

and storm water;

2. Reduce pollution load being discharged into rivers and

streams;

3. Contribute to the clean-up of river Jhelum draining

wastewater drains of four tehsils;

4. Comply with the National Environmental Quality

Standards; and

5. Improve public health and sanitation in the urban and

rural environment.

4

2. Methodology

2.1 Study area

The wastewater assessment survey was conducted by

PCRWR in four tehsils of Jhelum district located in the

foothills of the Salt range on the bank of River Jhelum and

nearby Khewra salt mines. The Public Health Engineering

Department (PHED) provided information about the

wastewater drains and disposal sites, origin and type of

wastewater, use for irrigation water, and drinking water

sources along the wastewater nullahs.

Supply of large quantity of clean water becomes a challenge

due to rapid growth of population and improper waste

management. In this situation of water shortage, future

wastewater treatment needs analysis 6 villages of Tehsil PD

Khan was performed to recommend PHED department for the

arrangements required before wastewater treatment setup.

The district and its tehsils are drained by a number of nullahs,

perennial ponds and streams. The nullahs and streams remain

dry in summer but create lot of problems in monsoons and

rainy seasons due to flash flood and also by carrying huge load

of dumped solid waste during monsoon season or during heavy

rainfall.

The sampling team observed that the waste from the whole

district carrying domestic, hospital and industrial effluents is

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Jhelum

5

disposed of without any treatment into nearby drains or

nullahs or ponds, which finally fall into river Jhelum or are of

seasonal type and are closed ended. In tehsils PD Khan and

Jhelum, the crop irrigation with sewerage water was a

common practice possibly due to high crop yields, saving in

cost of fertilizer and irrigation water supplement.

2.2 Study design

There is a very little separation of municipal wastewater from

industrial effluent in Pakistan. Both flow directly into open

drains, which then flow into nearby natural water bodies.

Same was the case in district Jhelum, where a mixed flow of

wastewater comprising domestic sewage, industrial effluents,

hospital waste and agriculture runoff either drain into different

sites of river Jhelum or are accumulated into open ponds are

remain stagnant or flow into seasonal drains.

Wastewater sampling was conducted to assess the

wastewater pollution spectrum, whereas nearby river and

groundwater samples were also collected from each tehsil to

assess the impacts of wastewater pollution on receiving river

as well as possible seepage into the groundwater aquifer in

the vicinity. Altogether, 48 waste samples from 4 tehsils

(Jhelum, Pind Dadan Khan, Dina, and Sohawa) were

collected from major drainage and disposal points. In total,

46 drinking water samples from drinking water sources (water

6

supply schemes, hand pumps, bore, tap water, and wells)

from the vicinity of the wastewater bodies and 05 river water

samples at main disposal sites of Jhelum river were also

collected and tested in order to study the impacts of

wastewater on local water quality and human health (Figure

1). The detail of sampling location is shown at Annexure-I.

Figure 1: Water and wastewater sampling sites in district Jhelum

2.3 Type of samples and preservatives

Standard sampling methods of American Public Health

Association (APHA, 2017) were adopted for collection,

preservation, transportation and testing of water and

wastewater samples. The details of samples and preservative

used for each sample are given below:

7

Type A – All sites –in sterilized 200 ml sampling bottles;

Type B –All sites – with 2 ml/liter Nitric acid as preservative

for trace elements;

Type C –All sites – with 1 ml/100 ml, 1 M Boric acid as

preservative for Nitrate;

Type D –All sites – no preservative for other water quality

parameters;

Type E – Surface and drain water – in polystyrene bottles of

1000 ml for DO, COD, BOD and TSS

2.4 Samples collection procedure

Wastewater samples were collected from middle of the

wastewater channel and after its disposal into the river

(Figure 2). All water and wastewater sampling bottles were

appropriately labeled with sample codes and dates of

collection. The river water pH, temperature and dissolved

oxygen (DO) were tested in the field using a pH meter, a

mercury bulb thermometer and a dissolved oxygen meter,

respectively. The pH and DO meters were immersed into

each water sample and reading was only recorded after the

meters had stabilized.

8

Figure 2: Water and wastewater samples collection by PCRWR team in district Jhelum

The field proforma (Annexure-II) for each sampling site was

filled. GPS readings were noted for GIS characterizations and

pictures with digital camera were obtained as a reference. All

the samples were transported to the PCRWR’s National

Water Quality Laboratory Islamabad under controlled

environment within required holding time specific to test

parameters.

2.5 Analytical methods

Following the standard testing procedures of American Public

Health Association (APHA 23rd edition, 2017), all the water

9

and wastewater samples were processed and analyzed. The

detail of the parameters and test methods is listed in Table-1.

Table 1: Water quality parameters and methods used for analysis

Sr.

No. Parameters Unit Analysis Method

1 Alkalinity (as CaCO3)

mg/L 2320, APHA Standard method (2017)

2 Arsenic (As) µg/L AAS Vario 6, Analytik Jena AG (3111B APHA) 2017

3 Bicarbonate (HCO3) mg/L 2320, Standard method (2017)

4 Calcium (Ca) mg/L 3500-Ca-D, Standard Method (2017)

5 Carbonate (CO3) mg/L 2320, Standard method (2017)

6 Chloride (Cl) mg/L Titration (Silver Nitrate), Standard Method (2017)

7 Electrical Conductivity (EC)

S/cm E.C meter, Hach-44600-00, USA

9 Hardness (Hard.) mg/L EDTA Titration, Standard Method (2017)

10 Magnesium (Mg) mg/L 2340-C, Standard Method (2017)

11 Nitrate (NO3 as N) mg/L Cd. Reduction (Hach-8171) by Spectrophotometer

12 Odor - Sensory Test

13 pH - pH Meter, Hanna Instrument, Model 8519, Italy

14 Potassium (K) mg/L Flame photometer PFP7, UK

15 Sodium (Na) mg/L Flame photometer PFP7, UK

16 Sulfate (SO4) mg/L SulfaVer4 (Hach-8051) by Spectrophotometer

18 TDS mg/L 2540C, Standard method (2017)

19 TSS mg/L 2540D, APHA Standard method (2017)

20 Turbidity NTU Turbidity Meter, Lamotte, Model 2008, USA

21 Fluoride (F) mg/L 4500-FC.ion-Selective Electrode Method Standard (2017)

22 Iron (Fe) mg/L Ferro Ver method (HACH Cat. 21057-69)

23 Bacteria (Coliform & E. coli)

cfu/ml 3M Petrifilm Total Coliforms and E.coli determination.

24 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

mg/L Lovibond COD Reactor and Photometer

25 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

mg/L Manometric Pressure Measurement Method by Lovibond BOD System

26 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

mg/L DO Meter Method, Model Jenway 970,

10

The wastewater samples were analyzed for electrical

conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved salts (TDS), total

suspended salts (TSS), chlorides, hardness, sulphates,

nitrates, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD).

Figure 3: Wastewater drinking water quality analysis in the NWQL of PCRWR

The wastewater and river water test results were compared

with the permissible limits of National Environmental Quality

Standards (NEQs) of Pakistan. All the drinking water samples

were compared with the National Drinking Water Quality

Standards of Pakistan to evaluate the degree of fitness of

water sources for drinking purpose permissible limit of both

standards are given at annexure III and IV.

11

3. Results and discussion

Test results of water and wastewater samples of four tehsils

of district Jhelum (Jhelum, Pind Dadan Khan, Dina, and

Sohawa) are evaluated and discussed as below:

3.1 Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan (PD Khan)

In total 37 wastewater samples were collected from

wastewater channels carrying waste from schools, hospital

residential and agricultural areas of tehsil PD Khan and from

main nullah. COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total

measurement of all chemicals in the water that can be oxidized.

BOD or Biochemical Oxygen Demand is supposed to measure

the amount of food (or organic carbons) that bacteria can

oxidize. Samples of 50% of the sites were found to have

excessive COD and BOD values than NEQS effluent limits of

150 mg/L and 80 mg/L respectively (Table-2).

Table 2: Wastewater quality in tehsil PD Khan

Sr. No.

Parameters Total No. of

Samples

No. of Samples exceeding the permissible

limits

No. %age

1 Chlorides 37 10 27

2 Sulfate 37 5 13

3 TDS 37 9 24

4 TSS 37 17 46

5 COD 37 27 73

6 BOD 37 21 57

12

Likewise, 75% samples were highly polluted indicating

excessive TSS. TSS is an important water quality parameter

indicating large quantities of suspended organic and inorganic

material that must be removed prior to disposal. If TSS is not

removed properly through treatment, high concentrations can

lower the water quality in the receiving water body such as

river or lake. The suspended solids absorb light, causing

increased water temperature and decreased oxygen which

create an unfavorable environment for aquatic life. For this

reason, total suspended solids effluent levels are required to

be regulated for wastewater treatment. The excessive levels

of chlorides, sulphates and TDS, TSS, COD and BOD than

NEQS signifies required treatment and disposal of saline

liquid waste (Figure-4).

Figure 4: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the NEQS in tehsil PD Khan

13

The concentration of COD and BOD varies at different

sampling sites and is depicted as Figure-5.

Figure 5: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the wastewater channels and ponds in tehsil PD Khan

PD Khan nullah having a total length of 2 km (Figures 6 and

7) carries wastewater starting from the Civil Hospital, draining

the residential area, two high schools and PD Khan stadium.

After passing along the stadium wall, the nullah runs through

the local crop fields, where wastewater is being utilized for

irrigation. Finally, wastewater is disposed of into river Jhelum.

14

Figure 6: Layout of wastewater nullah in tehsil PD Khan

The discharge of untreated domestic and industrial

wastewater into the surface water leads to water pollution.

The test results of samples collected from 7 sampling sites

along the wastewater channel showed the range of COD (73-

9900 mg/l) and BOD (20-236 mg/L) exceeding the NEQS.

15

Figure 7: Wastewater nullah in tehsil PD Khan

PCRWR technical team in coordination with the PHED

collected samples from different sites for wastewater

assessment. The PD Khan wastewater nullah was also

blocked and polluted with solid waste. PCRWR technical

team also visited the site to plan and assist in cleaning the

drain channel to assure the continuous flow of wastewater to

avoid the problem of contamination due to stagnancy.

Pictures after cleaning are given in Figure 8.

Figure 8: Cleaning of wastewater nullah in tehsil P.D.Khan

The probable impacts of wastewater on drinking water

sources in tehsil PD Khan was also assessed by collecting 4

samples from shallow hand pumps along the wastewater

16

nullah. The deteriorated drinking water quality specifically due

to microbiological and nitrate contamination is depicted as

Figures 9 and 10. The seepage of polluted wastewater in the

shallow groundwater may be a cause of such contamination.

Figure 9: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples of tehsil PD Khan

Figure 10: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil PD Khan

17

The district and its tehsils are drained by a number of nullahs,

perennial ponds and streams. The nullahs and streams remain

dry in summer but create lot of problems in monsoons and

rainy seasons due to flash flood and also by carrying huge load

of dumped solid waste during monsoon season or during heavy

rainfall.

Under this situation, PCRWR field team has also conducted the

detailed survey of five villages of Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan to

advise the Government on arrangements required in these

villages for safe disposal of wastewater treatment. The

observations on the current status of wastewater drainage in

the six villages such as Pindi Saidpur, Kotly Saidan, Chotala,

Daryala Jalap, Pinawal, and Sanghoi and the way forward is

described here.

3.1.1 Village Pindi Saidpur

The Pindi Saidpur village is located along the north side on

the main Jhelum. The Population of the village is around 15000

persons. The wastewater of the whole village is carried by two

drains one on the east and other is on west side.

18

Figure 11: Wastewater situation in Pindi Saidpur village

The small drains carrying the waste of the whole area fall into a

local pond (Private land), used to irrigate the fields through a

tube well. The drainage lines were found blocked partially due

to dumped solid waste and debris resulting in fouling and

unhygienic environment. The drain is quite narrow and not

properly cemented. During monsoon, the local farmer who has

donated the pond used to block the wastewater flow resulting in

overflow of sewage. During monsoon season, these drains

overflow and create a lot of problem for pedestrians (Figure

12).

19

Figure 12: Map of the Pindi Saidpur village showing wastewater drainage and pond

Wastewater disposal arrangements proposed for village Pindi Saidpur

a. Existing small drains should be interconnected and

connected with the main drain to ensure proper disposal of

all the sewerage water into the local pond.

b. Clear directive should be given to the local implementing

agencies to clear off drains prior to monsoon season.

c. The favorable land is available around the pond for

wastewater treatment for reuse for irrigation.

There is a dire need for properly designed underground

sewerage system. Once the sewage collection and drainage is

managed, the next step would be the wastewater treatment for

reuse for irrigation.

20

3.1.2 Village Kotli Saidan

The village Kotli Saidan is located about 3 km from the main

Jhelum-to-PD Khan road. The population of the village is about

10,000. The village has proper underground sewerage system

carrying the wastewater of the whole village into the cultivated

area of western side (Figure 13).

Figure 13: Layout of the Village Kotli Saidan

Blockage of wastewater drains due to construction work was

found creating blockage resulting in sewage flowing along the

road. The main hole of existing sewerage system is located at

about 400 meters away from the main road. Blockage of

wastewater drains due to construction work was found creating

blockage resulting in sewage flowing along the road. The main

21

hole of existing sewerage system is located at about 400

meters away from the main road.

Figure 14: Sewearge system in village Kotli Saidan

Wastewater disposal arrangements proposed for village Kotli Saidan

After detailed survey and discussion with the local community,

the following measures are suggested to sort out the sewage

collection and drainage issues in village:

a. The local community demands the construction of 800

meters long sewerage line along the road side and to

connect this with the main hole from both sides (Figure

13).

b. After placement of proper sewerage collection and

drainage system by Public Health Engineering

Department, the next step would be treatment of all the

collected wastewater through the constructed wetlands

or other methods of bioremediation.

22

3.1.3 Village Chotala

Chotala village and union council is a part of the Tehsil and

District Jhelum. The population of the village is around 12000.

The main sewage drain of the village ends in the irrigated land

without proper disposal (Figure 15).

Figure 15: Map showing the wastewater drains of Chotala and Chotala Khurd

The end of this main drain is chocked near the local school

resulting in sewage overflow creating hurdles for the movement

of local people and to cross the area during monsoon (Figure

16). On the western side of the village, the small drains empties

into large paved open drain which leads into an open pond.

23

This pond receives a huge amount of wastewater resulting in

overflows in the irrigated area. Consequently, about 8 acres of

irrigated land is converted into a wastewater pond. According to

a local farmer, the domestic wastewater has destroyed most of

the cultivated land and the situation is deteriorating day by day.

The pond owner is willing to donate 3 kanals of land for

wastewater disposal and treatment.

Figure 16: Openly flowing sewage in Chotala and Chotala Khurd

Wastewater disposal arrangements proposed for village Chotala

a. The drainage and sewage systems of all the small drains

should be connected properly with the main and cleared off

from dumped solid waste and debris.

b. All the drains should be periodically checked and cleaned

for any blockage.

c. Reclaiming and reusing the treated wastewater would

create an alternate water source for irrigation.

24

3.1.4 Village Daryala Jalap

Dharyala Jalap is a village and union council, near the Jhelum

River situated on the main Jhelum to Pind Dadan Khan road.

The population of the village is around 15000 people. A

government owned water supply scheme is providing drinking

water to the whole village. There observed to be no proper

drainage system along the main road as the main drain of the

village empties into a wastewater pond situated on the main

road receiving domestic wastewater from the households of the

village. This pond was found expanded over an area of 6

kanals. Another pond to the northern side of the thickly

populated area also receives domestic wastewater and is used

for irrigation purpose. The detailed wastewater drainage system

is shown in Figure 17.

Figure 17: Map of village Daryala Jalap showing wastewater drainage system

25

The drainage lines are not properly cleaned. Moreover, the

streets and drains are not properly leveled and are full of

domestic solid and liquid waste depicting a flood like situation in

the streets (Figure 18).

Figure 18: Wastewater pond on the main road Daryala Jalap

Wastewater disposal arrangements proposed for village Daryala Jalap

The local community is willing to donate the 6 kanals of land of

the pond on the main Jhelum and P.D khan road for the

wastewater disposal and treatment.

a. All the open drains should be properly covered and cleared

off from dumped solid waste and debris.

b. Gradients of the drainage system should be conductive for

maintaining the flow of water

c. All the drains should be periodically checked for any

blockage.

d. Once all the drains are interconnected to the main drain, the

reclaiming and reusing the treated wastewater would create

26

an alternate water source for irrigation.

3.1.5 Pinanwal Village

The Pinanwal is a major town and Union Council of Tehsil P.D

khan, District Jhelum. It is located on main Jhelum-P.D khan

road, almost 60 km from tehsil Jhelum, 24 km from P.D Khan

and 48 km from Lilla interchange. The village has a population

of about 25000. The detail sketch of Pinanwal showing its

wastewater drainage system is shown as Figure 19

.

Figure 19: Map of Pinanwal village showing wastewater drainage system

One main drain on the southern side of the village carries the

domestic waste into a pond expanded over 2 acres. The

wastewater pond is full of animal wastes, garbage and sewage.

The land of the pond belongs to the local community

(Shamilat). The situation is extremely health hazardous and

fouling as the liquid waste flows back into the streets and

27

expectedly contaminating the groundwater of nearby

population.

On the eastern side of the village, the small open drain also

empties into another local pond resulting in similar health

hazardous situation as mentioned earlier (Figure 20). Another

wastewater collection pond exists on the main PD Khan road

adjacent to the graveyard. Most of the graves have been

damaged and sunken in the pond.

Figure 20: Wastewater ponds in village Panninwal

Overall the local drains are not of enough capacity and properly

leveled to carry the sewage waste specifically in monsoon

seasons. Street flooding with sewage is a common issue. In

this unwanted situation, community is ready to donate land for

wastewater treatment; however attention of responsible

implementing agencies is highly desired.

Wastewater disposal arrangements proposed for village Pinanwal

28

a. All the open drains should be properly covered and cleared

off from dumped solid waste and debris.

b. Gradients of the drainage system should be conductive for

maintaining the flow of water

c. All the drains should be periodically checked for any

blockage.

d. Once all the drains are interconnected to the main drain, the

reclaiming and reusing the treated wastewater would create

an alternate water source for irrigation.

3.1.6 Sanghoi Village

Sanghoi is a village and union council of tehsil P.D Khan

situated at the main Jhelum and PD Khan Road. A detail sketch

of the village showing wastewater drainage system and ponds

is given as Figure 21.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_councils_of_Pakistan

29

Figure 21: Map of Sangohi village showing wastewater drainage system

Sewerage system for the disposal of untreated domestic

wastewater is composed of small open drains which combine

into two medium size drains having 1.2 feet width leading to the

nearby irrigated land.

There is a storm water drain (Kass) flowing towards the

western side of the village. Small wastewater ponds on the

bank of this kass receive sewage from many small drains of the

southern side of the village. The drains within the village are not

properly leveled and are not regularly cleaned resulting in

overflowing during rainy season.

PCRWR team also visited another nearby village of the

Sangohi Union Council (i.e. Gorah Saleem). The situation of

the sewerage system was also worst. The domestic waste

water drains and sewerage system was not properly in placed

as shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22: Wastewater Situation in streets of village Sanghoi

30

Wastewater disposal arrangements proposed for village Sangohi

a. Small drains are required to be connected with the main

kass for proper drainage.

b. The local community of the Ghora Saleem has suggested

that there should be a proper sewerage system connecting

open drains which allows water to reach the large drain and

ultimately into the natural kass, 1 km away from the village.

c. Once the sewerage disposal system is optimized, the next

step will be recycling of this wastewater.

3.1.7 Wastewater quality characterization

Wastewater samples collected from all the villages has also

verified the high pollution load in the open drains and ponds in

every village as reflected from test results of wastewater (Table

3) beyond the safe limits of National Environmental Quality

Standards (NEQS).

31

Table 3: Wastewater characterization of the surveyed villages

Sr. No.

Sample ID

Location pH Turbidity

COD BOD DO

Units mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

(NEQS, 1999) 6-9 NGVS 150 80 NGVS

1. KS-W-1 Kotli saidan 6.95 97 338 185 0.47

2. KS-W-2 Kotli saidan 6.85 255 560 297 BDL

3. KS-W-3 Kotli saidan 7.15 30 105 42 4.9

4. S-W.1 Sanghoi 6.99 155 384 174 0.40

5. S-W.2 Sanghoi 6.95 209 405 180 0.42

6. S-W-3 Sanghoi 7.42 45.3 167 78 2.7

7. C-W.1 Chotala 6.93 81 350 117 0.4

8. C-W.2 Chotala 6.70 87 564 210 0.5

9. C-W.3 Chotala 7.04 28.6 460 190 2.65

10. P-W.1 Pinanwal 7.00 37.4 402 192 0.6

11. P-W.2 Pinanwal 7.05 85 420 170 0.54

12. P-W.3 Pinanwal 7.58 14.9 363 175 0.62

13. DJ-W.1 Daryala Jalap

6.90 25.8 191 92 2.6

14. DJ-W.2 Daryala Jalap

7.36 18.6 160 70 14.5

3.1.8 Water quality assessment of drinking water sources along the wastewater drains

Altogether 26 drinking water samples were collected from 6

villages of tehsil PD Khan. The chemical and microbiological

analysis was carried out in National Water Quality Lab (NWQL)

of PCRWR. The test results were compared with National

Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) in order to assess

the safe and unsafe levels of chemical and microbiological

parameters. Out of 26 water sources, 24 sources were found

unsafe for drinking, whereas 2 samples were within safe limits

(Table 4).

32

Table 4: Drinking water status in the villages of PD Khan

Villages Total

Samples Collected

Safe for Drinking

Unsafe for

Drinking Major Causes of Contamination

No. % No. %

Kotli Saidan 04 0 0 04 100 Biological, Turbidity

Sanghoi 04 0 0 04 100

Biological, Hardness, Chlorides, Nitrate, TDS

Chotala 04 0 0 04 100 Biological, Turbidity

Pinanwal 05 0 0 05 100


Daryala Jalap 05 0 0 05 100 Biological, Hardness

Gharibwa006C* 04 02 50 02 50


Total 26 02 08 24 92 - *additional samples obtained

3.1.9 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Jhelum

Altogether, 05 wastewater samples were collected from the

tehsil Jhelum from waste channels carrying waste from

nearby residential, commercial and agricultural area of tehsil

Jhelum. Excessive level of COD, BOD and TSS than NEQS

was found in 80% of the wastewater samples (Table-5).

33

Table 5: Wastewater quality in tehsil Jhelum

Sr. No. Parameters Total No. of

Samples

Samples exceeding the

permissible limits

No. %age

1. TSS 05 04 80

2. COD 05 04 80

3. BOD 05 04 80

The concentrations of COD and BOD varies at 5 sampling

sites and is depicted as Figure-23 demanding the mandatory

wastewater treatment at 4 sites.

Figure 23: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the wastewater channels in tehsil Jhelum

The assessment of possible impacts of wastewater pollution

on nearby drinking water sources was assessed by obtaining

4 samples from hand pumps (3 Nos.) and water supply

scheme (1 No.). The test results indicated the prevalence of

biological contamination in all 4 drinking water sources

34

followed by excessive nitrate and hardness (50%), turbidity

and TDS (25%) as given in Figure-24.

Figure 24: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples in tehsil Jhelum

Figure 25: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil Jhelum

35

3.2 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Dina

In total, 4 wastewater samples were collected from four main

sites along the waste channels in the tehsil Dina carrying

waste from nearby residential, commercial and agricultural

area. All of the 4 wastewater sampling sites showed unsafe

levels of COD and BOD than NEQS highlighting the need of

wastewater treatment. Likewise, excessive TSS than NEQS

effluent limits of 200 mg/L also demand the necessary

treatment of liquid wastes (Figure 26).

Figure 26: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the NEQS in tehsil Dina

The concentration of COD and BOD varies at 4 sampling

sites and is depicted as Figure-27 demanding the mandatory

remediation at 4 sites. Moreover, solid wastes dumping in

36

wastewater channels and ponds has further deteriorated the

situation.

Figure 27: Variation in COD and BOD levels alongside the wastewater channels in tehsil Dina

The impacts of wastewater pollution on nearby drinking water

sources were assessed by collecting 3 drinking water

samples along the wastewater track mainly from groundwater.

The test results of drinking water sources showed the

prevalence of bacteriological contamination in all three

sources and indicating the probable seepage of wastewater

(Figure 28 and 29).

37

Figure 28: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil Dina

Figure 29: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples in tehsil Dina

38

3.3 Waste and drinking water quality of tehsil Sohawa

Five wastewater samples were collected from different sites

along the wastewater channels of the tehsil Sohawa carrying

waste from nearby residential, commercial and agricultural

areas. Four sites of wastewater indicated higher level of COD

and BOD than NEQS effluent limits of 150 mg/L and 80 mg/L

respectively, whereas all the sites indicated TSS beyond

NEQS effluent limits of 200 mg/L (Figure-30).

Figure 30: Wastewater quality parameters beyond the NEQS in tehsil Sohawa

The concentration of COD and BOD varies at 5 sampling

sites and is depicted as Figure-31 highlighting the wastewater

treatment arrangements in tehsil Sohawa.

39

Figure 31: Variation in COD and BOD levels along the wastewater channels in tehsil Sohawa

The impacts of wastewater pollution on nearby drinking water

sources were assessed by collecting samples from 5 drinking

water sources along the wastewater channels mainly from

shallow hand pumps. The test data revealed the deteriorated

drinking water quality along the drains due to unsafe level of

microbial contamination (100% of the sites), TDS (100%),

Chlorides (100%) and Nitrate (60%) as indicated in Figures

32 and 33). The prevalence of nitrate and microbial

contamination in the shallow groundwater samples may be

due to recharge of groundwater by the nearby drains.

40

Figure 32: Parameters of potential concern in drinking water samples in tehsil Sohawa

Figure 33: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in tehsil Sohawa

The detailed test results of wastewater and nearby drinking

water sources of all the four tehsils are given at Annexure-V &

VI.

41

3.4 Water quality of river Jhelum

Water quality of river Jhelum was assessed by collecting a

sample from the river site of PD Khan and 4 samples from

tehsil Jhelum. Two sites of the river located in tehsil Jhelum

showed higher level of COD and BOD than NEQS (Table-6).

The above results implies that organic pollution of river by

wastewater discharge from human activities may adversely

impact the people and ecosystems. Without adequate

treatment, pollution control relies on a combination of natural

degradation and dilution by natural runoff to reduce

downstream effects.

Table 6: Water quality of Jhelum River at wastewater disposal sites

Sr # Sample ID Tehsil Location

EC PH Hardness Cl SO4 NO3 TDS TSS COD BOD DO

NGV 6.0-9.0 NGVS 1000 600 NGVS 3500 200 150 80 NGVS

1

JHE-RW-32

Disposal Point

Jhelum

River Jehlam at the back side of Salman paris

1650 7.14 460 20 26 12.5 990 260 345 165 4.82

2

JHE-RW-

33 Disposal

Point

Jhelum

River Jehlam

after mixing with drain of Peer Hara

517 6.98 280 20 35 4.5 310.2 30 42 10 6.18

3

JHE-RW-34

Disposal Point

Jhelum

River Jehlam after mixing with drain of Talian Wala

1678 7.3 420 12 40 11.45 1006.8 180 292 135 5.2

4

JHE-RW-

35 Disposal

Point

Jhelum

River Jehlum

after mixing with waste of Saila

305 7.45 440 96 130 0.58 183 30 50 18 6.23

5

JHE-RW-36

Disposal Point

P.D Khan Chak Nazam Bridge, Haram Pur

298 7.85 120 20 126 1.06 179 672 65 32 5.9

42

This situation of environmental pollution seems resulting from

numerous factors namely the negligence of citizens and the

infractions of many service administrations that bump their

waste directly into the rivers. The problems seem further

aggravated by the country's weak environmental governance

structure.

43

4. Overall situation of district Jhelum

Altogether, assessment of 37 wastewater samples have

revealed the highly polluted wastewater quality in district

Jhelum with worst situation prevailing in Sohawa and Dina

tehsils followed by tehsil PD khan (Table-7).

Table 7: Overall wastewater pollution situation in district Jhelum

Sr #

Tehsil

Total no. of Waste Water

Samples

Samples within the

permissible limits

Samples exceeding the permissible

limit

Major Issues

No. %age No. %age

1 PD Khan

23 4 17 19 83 pH, Cl, SO4, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD

2 Jhelum 5 1 20 4 80 TSS, COD, BOD

3 Dina 4 0 0 4 100 TSS, COD, BOD

4 Sohawa 5 0 0 5 100 TDS, TSS, COD, BOD

Total 37 5 14 32 86 pH, Cl, SO4, TDS, TSS, COD, BOD

Untreated wastewater parameters range greatly with most

being inconsistent with the limits provided in the NEQS. Since

BOD and COD as pollution indicators of residential

wastewater has not been addressed in these tehsils. The

results of COD and BOD prove that this wastewater is of high

strength requiring treatment to reduce this pollution indicator

44

before disposal. Moreover, mismanagement causes the solid

waste to move down to drainage system and then to sewer

line resulting in blockage and consequently spread various

types of diseases causing organisms.

Sewage-contaminated water also causes eutrophication,

which is the increase in concentration of chemical elements

required for life. The nitrates, phosphates, and organic matter

found in human waste serve as food for algae and bacteria.

This causes these organisms to overpopulate to the point

where they use up most of the dissolved oxygen that is

naturally found in water, making it difficult for other organisms

in this aquatic environment to live.

The wastewater pollutants also enter groundwater, rivers, and

other water bodies. Wastewater-contaminated groundwater

was located and noticed in residential areas nearby

wastewater bodies. It is expected that wastewater, depending

on its source, contains dissolved salts, organic matter, oil,

grease, detergents, many types of metals, toxicity and heavy

metals. Therefore, the attention was paid in present study to

investigate the effect of domestic wastewater seepage on the

physical and chemical properties of groundwater. The results

showed that 95% of the collected drinking water samples

were unsafe mainly due to microbiological contamination

(Table-8).

45

Table 8: Possible impacts of wastewater pollution on drinking water sources

Sr #

Tehsil

Total no. of

Drinking Water

Samples

Samples within the

permissible limits

Samples exceeding the permissible

limit

Major Issues

No. %age No. %age

1 PD Khan

9 1 11 8 89 Hardness, Turbidity, Bacteria

2 Jhelum 4 0 0 4 100

Hardness, Turbidity, NO3, TDS, Bacteria

3 Dina 3 0 0 3 100 Bacteria

4 Sohawa 5 0 0 5 100

Hardness, Cl, NO3, TDS, Bacteria

Total 21 1 5 20 95

Hardness, Turbidity Cl, NO3, TDS, Bacteria

Almost all the tehsils had the prevalence of unsafe drinking

water nearby wastewater ponds and drains (Figure-34) and

requires effective measures to decontaminate.

46

Figure 34: GIS characterization of wastewater sites and nearby drinking water sources in district Jhelum

47

5. The Way Forward

In most of the tehsils of district Jhelum wastewater is flowing in

open nullahs, which is house for mosquitoes and a major cause

of water borne diseases. To address this extremely disease

provoking situation, following remedial measures are

recommended:

Wastewater drains in all tehsils as shown in Figure 35 require

regular cleaning to clear blockage due to solid wastes dumping.

Proper collection and disposal system of solid wastes should

be ensured.

Figure 35: Dumping of solid waste in wastewater streams

Sewage generated in District Jhelum should be discharged

after proper treatment and in conformity to the National

Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 1999). In this regard,

site specific treatment methods such as bio-cleaner, sewage

treatment plant, membrane bioreactor technology,

48

constructed wetland using bioremediation, packaged

wastewater treatment system etc. should be implemented, A

brief description of these technique is given below:

5.1 The Constructed Wetlands (CW)

A constructed wetland are engineered systems, designed and

constructed to utilize the natural functions of wetland

vegetation, soils and their microbial populations to treat

contaminants in surface water, groundwater or waste stream

(Figure 36). Constructed wetlands treat the sewage water using

highly effective design principles that use plants, microbes,

sunlight and gravity to transform wastewater into reusable

water.

Figure 36: The constructed wetlands (Islamabad)

The water treatment mechanisms consists of physical filtration

and sedimentation, biological uptake, transformation of

nutrients by bacteria that are anaerobic (bacteria that flourish in

49

the absence of oxygen) and aerobic (oxygen-needing bacteria),

plant roots and metabolism, as well as chemical processes

(precipitation, absorption and decomposition) that purify and

treat the wastewater (Figure 37).

Figure 37: The schematic diagram of the constructed wetlands

This type of wastewater treatment is a suitable solution for

remote areas of district Jhelum due to land availability. This

type of treatment lowers the biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, odor and

pathogens.

5.2 Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

STP is another effective wastewater treatment process of

removing contaminants from municipal wastewater containing

mainly household sewage plus some industrial wastewater.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment

50

Figure 38: Sewage Treatment Plant (Islamabad)

Physical, chemical, and biological processes are used to

remove contaminants and produce treated wastewater (or

treated effluent) that is safe enough for release into the

environment. These processes consist of, primary, secondary

and tertiary treatment (Figure 39). A by-product of sewage

treatment is a semi-solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge,

which is further treated before disposal or reused.

Figure 39: The schematic diagram of the sewage treatment plant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_sludge

51

5.3 Membrane Bio Reactors

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the combination of

microfiltration or ultrafiltration and biological wastewater

treatment process (Figure 40). The MBR is an efficient compact

technology for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment

that produces high quality effluent suitable for reuse. The

membranes retain the biomass and mixed liquor suspended

solids (MLSS) within the bioreactor, thus producing effluent that

is free of particles, bacteria and viruses. This type of treatment

is comparatively expensive and requires highly skilled technical

man power. The MBR consists of pre-treatment systems to

capture large floating particles and coarse suspensions (e.g.

wood, textile, plastic and stones), followed by biological aerobic

digestion that converts organic waste into carbon dioxide,

nitrogen gas and water. After the biological process, the

cleaned water is typically separated by gravitational force in

settlers or clarifiers in which part of the biomass is then fed

again to the biological process. Excess biomass then flows to

the thickener for further dehydration. The last step of the MBR

technology consists of granular (sand) filtration and a chemical

treatment which filters and decontaminates the solution from

pathogenic microorganisms.

52

Figure 40: Membrane Bio reactors plant (Islamabad)

5.4 On-site treatment using bio-cleaner solution

This biological solution uses natural microbes to treat

wastewater, returning it to its original, balanced stage. This

treatment can be deployed on-site and sludge production in this

case is minimized and consequently the foul odour. The

wastewater treated using this technology may either be

disposed of in the surface water body, or transported for

irrigation, or groundwater recharge.

53

Figure 41: Bio Cleaner Technology

In addition to the technological and scientific solutions,

coordinated efforts are needed that combine innovative and

affordable wastewater treatment with integrated water

management, targeted economic policies, and consumer

education. This requires contributions from all stakeholders

(governments, non‐government organizations, and private

sectors).

54

6. Conclusions & recommendations

The wastewater quality assessment of four tehsils of district

Jhelum shows the prevalence of highly polluted liquid wastes

originating from municipal, industrial, hospital and agricultural

sources. The wastewater without any treatment is dumped

either into the local ponds or into the Jhelum river. The

wastewater quality and river water quality results mostly

exceeded the NEQS limits.

There is marked impacts of deteriorated drinking water quality

along the wastewater drains/ponds due to higher load of

microbial contamination in all the four tehsils. Moreover,

sewage was also flowing around due to poor drainage

systems especially in the areas around Jhelum River.

The water and wastewater treatment is important before the

health and hygiene of the people living in these areas suffer

further. To achieve the SDG 6 Target 6.3, at least 50% of the

produced wastewater needs to be treated by 2030. Therefore,

proper sewerage collection and disposal system is required to

be installed in all urban and rural areas of district Jhelum .

Irrigation with wastewater is a mode of both disposal and

utilization and indeed is an effective form of wastewater

disposal (as in slow-rate land treatment). However, some

adequate treatment must normally be provided to raw

55

municipal wastewater especially in tehsil PD Khan, before it

can be used for agricultural or for aquaculture.

56

7. References

Li SY, Liu WZ, Gu S, et al. 2009. Spatiotemporal dynamics of nutrients in the upper Han River basin, China. J Hazard Mater 162:1340–6

Liu H and Wei Li. 2011. Dissolved trace elements and heavy metals from the shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region, China. Environ Earth Sci 62:1503–11

Arnason, J G and Fletcher, B A. 2003. A 40-year record of Cd, Hg, Pb, and U deposition in sediments of Patroon Reservoir, Albany County, NY, USA. Environ Pollut, 123: 383–91.

Pakistan Water Sector Strategy (PWSS) 2002. National Water Sector Profile, Volume 5, October 2002, Ministry of Water and Power- Office of the Chief Engineering Advisor. Available at http://waterinfo.net.pk/cms/pdf/vol5.pdf

Phoebe Sleet. 2019. Water Resources in Pakistan: Scarce, Polluted and Poorly Governed. http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/water-resources-in-pakistan-scarce-polluted-and-poorly-governed/

http://waterinfo.net.pk/cms/pdf/vol5.pdf

http://www.futuredirections.org.au/publication/water-resources-in-pakistan-scarce-polluted-and-poorly-governed/



57

Annexure-I

Wastewater and drinking water sampling locations of district Jhelum

Sr #

Tehsil Sample ID Sample Source

LAT/LNG Location

1.

P.D. Khan

PDK- WW-01 Drain N32.57983º E072.81669º

Main Nullah Govt. high school Tobah (Disposal Point)

2. PDK-GW-02 Ground Water

N32.57981º E072.81687º

Hand pump near Nullah

3. PDK- WW-03 Drain

N32.57999º E072.81854º

Tobah BHU

4. PDK-DW-04 Surface Water

N32.58179º E072.81942º

Water Supply of Toba BHU


N32.64662º E073.00588º

Rest House Khewra


N32.64707º E073.00729º

Main Supply pipe rim Khewra

7. PDK-WW-07 Drain

N32.64772º E073.00818º

Main entry of Salt Range Khewra


N32.64782º E073.00828º

Main entry gate of Salt Range


N32.63480º E073.01177º

ICI Filtration plant Khewra

10. PDK-WW-10 Drain

N32.63517º E073.01283º

ICI Factory waste

11. PDK-WW-11 Drain

N32.63324º E073.01225º

Nullah near Civil Hospital Khewra

12. PDK-WW-12 Drain

N32.62083º E073.02258º

ICI Back side Soda waste

13. PDK-WW-13 Drain

N32.62223º E073.02061º

Main Sewage of ICI Factory

14. PDK-WW-14 Drain

N32.59222º E073.04271º

Behind Superior College PD Khan

15. PDK-RW-15 River Water

N32.58074º E073.15836º

Chak Nazam Bridge

16. PDK-WW-16 Drain

N32.60425º E073.14043º

Behind Usman Sharif Primary School

17. PDK-WW-17 Drain

N32.66618º E073.15538º

Drainage Perennial Nullah of Sawaal

18. PDK-WW-18 Drain

N32.67090º E073.15585º

Main small lake of Sawaal Village

19. PDK-WW-19 Drain

N32.70514º E073.18931º

Ghareeb Wal Nullah

20. PDK-WW-20 Drain

N32.65518º E073.28462º

Govt. Private School Hakamabad

21. PDK-DW-21 Ground Water

N32.65527º E073.28473º

Mohalla Hakimabad Paninwal

22. PDK-WW-22 Drain

N32.65913º E073.31554º

Pond water Shahpur Sharif


N32.65930º E073.31519º

Hand pump near Shahpura


N32.66209º E073.39183º

Hand pump Dheri UC Chairman Hujra

58

Sr #


LAT/LNG Location

25. PDK-WW-25 Drain

N32.65654º E073.40952º

Main nullah of Jalal Pura Sharif

26. PDK-WW-26 Drain

N32.66174º E073.43876º

Nullah Main entry to River Jhelum (Disposal Point)

27.

Jhelum JHE-WW-01 Drain N32.92248º E073.72890º

Ward #16 Suleman Paras carrying waste of , Mohalla Suleman Paris, UC # 11,12, 13, 14, Machine Mohalla (Disposal Point)

28. JHE-DW-01 Ground Water

N32.92257º E073.72950º

Hand pump Near Salman Parus Nullah

29. JHE-DW-02

Tap water/Surface

Water

N32.92259º E073.72965º

Near Salman Parus Nullah

30. JHE-RW-02 River Water

N32.92210º E073.71965º

River jehlam after mixing with waste of Salman Parus (Disposal Point)

31.

JHE-WW-03 Drain N32.94093º E073.74424º

Waste from Baba Karan, Pira Ghaib, Civil lines Shadab Road, Jada, Kala Gujran UC-17 Mohammadi Chowk (Disposal Point)

32. JHE-RW-04 River Water

N32.94091º E073.74467º

After mixing with river Jhelum (Disposal Point)

33.

JHE-WW-05 Drain N32.95632º E073.74877º

Infront of Govt. High School Talian wala Bilal Town UC#22 Civil lines. Used for Irrigation (Disposal Point)

34.

JHE-RW-06 River Water N32.95256º E073.74979º

River Jhelum after mixing of domestic waste of Talian Wala (Disposal Point)

35.

JHE-DW-06 Ground Water N32.95256º E073.74979º

Hand pump Drinking water from Govt.high school Taliaan wala

36. JHE-WW-11 Drain

N32.90471º E073.69938º

West Colony, CMH, Basti Eid Gah Sayela (Disposal Point)

37. JHE-RW-11

River/Surface Water

N32.90368º E073.69953º

River water after mixing with waste of West Colony (Disposal Point)

38. JHE-WW-12 Drain

N32.91599º E073.69993º

Nullah carrying CMH Waste (Disposal Point)

JHE-DW-12 Groundwater N32.91589º E073.69975º

Hand pump in the vicinity of Nullah

39.

Dina Dina –WW-07 Drain

N33.03080º E073.59173º

Water from GT road, Mangla Road, Quaid e Azam Town, Mian Colony Dina (Disposal Point)

40. Dina-DW-07 Groundwater

N33.03068º E073.59161º

Drinking Water Mian Colony Dina

41. Dina-WW-08 Drain

N33.03030º E073.58612º

Carrying Waste of Slaughter house and Marble Factory(Disposal Point)

42. Dina-DW-08 Ground Water N33.03075º Bore water of Marble Factory

59

Sr #


LAT/LNG Location

E073.58652º


N33.02403º E073.60902º

Carrying waste of Rural health Center (Disposal Point)

44. Dina-DW-09 Ground Water

N33.02431º E073.60882º

Hand Pump in Rural Health Center


N33.03114º E073.05918º

Before mixing with waste of mian colony (Disposal Point)

46. Sohawa

SWH-WW-13 Drain N33.12226º E073.43340º

Carrying waste of Whole Soahawa at Kas (Disposal Point)

47. SWH-DW-13 Ground Water

N33.12217º E073.43325º

Drinking water near Nullah of Dhok Hafizabad

48. SHW-WW-14 Drain

N33.12844º E073.42535º

Nullah near Govt Degree College Sohawa (Disposal Point)

49. SHW-DW-14 Ground Water

N33.12870º E073.42596º

Bore water of Jamia Masjid Sohawa near MC Sohawa

50. SHW-WW-15 Drain

N33.13277º E073.42435º

Near Army Camping ground (Disposal Point)

51. SHW-DW-15 Shallow Well

N33.13294º E073.42439º

Well near dera Raja Ghulam Hussain Kiani

52. SHW-WW-16 Drain

N33.13776º E073.42049º

Wastewater of new abadi Dheri (Disposal Point)


N33.13772º E073.42023º

Bore water of resident Raja Arif


N33.13725º E073.42027º

New Abadi (Dheri) Sohawa Open well used for filling the tankers for water supply

55. SHW-WW-18 Drain

N 33.13790º E073.42058º

Noorpur saidaan UC Bidmust Sohawa (Disposal Point)

60

Annexure-II Wastewater Sampling Performa

SAMPLE COLLECTION PROFILE Form No.________

WASTEWATER SAMPLING PROFORMA Part-A: to be filled in by the Field Team Date:_____________

1. Water Quality Laboratory: 2. Sampled District:

3.Tehsil: 4.UC/Village:

5. Humidity: 6. Site ID:

7. Sample ID:(JHE-WW-1) 8. Sample Time:

9. Location:

10. Description of Water Source: (i) Surface Water

(ii) Ground Water

(iii) Wastewater

11. Nature of Source:

Hand Pump Tubewell Well W.Supply Cistern Tap Pond Ind. Effluent

Spring Nullah Dam Irrigation River Lake Sewage Other

Distance from wastewater

drain

Distance from

industrial wastewater

Any wastewater treatment existed

Reported diseases

near wastewater

area

12. Other Information:

Water Table (ft) Screen Depth (ft)

Depth of Sample (ft) Year Installed

Allied Source Owner/ Caretaker

No. of Users

13. General Observation and Field Analysis:

Odour? (rotten eggs) Sat Unsat Taste Sat Unsat

Colour pH

Conductivity (S/cm) DO mg/l

14. Samples collected for quality control:

Cross analysis ID -E A B C D

Field Blank ID -F A B C D

Replicates ID -G A B C D

15. GPS Reading: Altitude

Latitude

Longitude

16. Picture taken: Yes No

17. No. of consumers using Water of Sampled Source (if not wastewater):

18. Complaints of people at the location regarding drinking water quality e.g. Diarrhea etc.

20. Comments: (if any)

Collected by: Supervised by:

Type A - All sites - Microbiological analysis

Type B - All sites - Trace elements (2-10 ml/litre HNO3 as preservative)

Type C - All sites - Nitrate Nitrogen (1 ml/100 ml, 1 M Boric acid as preservative)

Type D - All sites - Other water quality parameters (no preservative)

61

Annexure-III National Drinking Water Quality Standards

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Council approved the

National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ)

which had been developed in collaboration with WHO,

UNICEF, Ministry of Health, Pakistan Council of Research in

Water Resources and National University of Sciences and

Technology through a countrywide consultative process. The

National Standards for Drinking Water Quality are more in line

with WHO Standards.

Table 1a: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (2010)

Characteristics Units

Maximum Permissible Limit (mg/L)

NSDWQ

Alkalinity (m.mol/l) NGVS

Bicarbonate (mg/l) NGVS

Calcium (mg/l) NGVS

Carbonate (mg/l) NGVS

Chloride (mg/l) 250

Color (TCU) ≤15

Conductivity (µS/cm) NGVS

Fluoride (mg/l) 1.5

Hardness (mg/l) <500

Iron (mg/l) 0.3

Magnesium (mg/l) NGVS

Odor - Unobjectionable

Nitrate-N (mg/l) 10

pH - 6.5-8.5

Potassium (mg/l) NGVS

Sodium (mg/l) NGVS

Sulfate (mg/l) NGVS

Taste - Unobjectionable

62

Characteristics Units

Maximum Permissible Limit (mg/L)

NSDWQ

TDS (mg/l) <1000

Turbidity (NTU) 5

Phosphate (mg/l) NGVS

Arsenic mg/l ≤0.050

Lead mg/l ≤0.050

Aluminium mg/1 ≤0.2

Antimony (mg/l) ≤0.005 (P)

Barium (mg/l) 0.7

Boron (mg/l) 0.3

Cadmium (mg/l) 0.01

Chromium (mg/l) ≤0.050

Copper ( (mg/l) 2

Cyanide (mg/l) <0.05

Manganese (mg/l) ≤ 0.5

Mercury mg/l ≤0.001

Nickel mg/l ≤0.02

Residual Chlorine

mg/l 0.2-0.5 at consumer end

0.5-1.5 at source

Zinc mg/l 5.0

Total Coliforms MPN/100Liter 0

E-Coli MPN/100Liter 0

The National Drinking Water Quality Standards are notified by

the Pak-EPA in the Gazette with S.R.O-1063(1)/2010 and are

mandatory to follow for drinking water quality and also

mentioned in provincial drinking water policies.

63

Annexure-IV

National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

PEPC in its first meeting held on 10th May 1993 approved the

NEQS. The approved NEQS were uniform standards

applicable to all kinds of industrial and municipal effluent for

32 parameters. In April 1996, the PEPC set up an

Environmental Standards Committee (ESC) to suggest

changes where necessary, based on conditions in Pakistan.

Finally after the Environmental Standards Committee

endorsed the proposed revised NEQS, the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Council was recommended to

approve the revised draft NEQS therefore in December 28,

1999. PEPC approved the revised NEQS.

64

Table 2a: National Environmental Quality Standards for Municipal and Liquid Industrial Effluents (mg/L, Unless Otherwise Defined)

Sr. No.

Parameter Existing Standards

Revised Standards

Into Inland Waters

Into Sewage

Treatment

Into Sea

1 Temperature or Temperature Increase

40oC =<3oC =<3oC =<3oC

2 pH value 6 - 10 6 - 9 6 - 9 6 - 9

3 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)5 at

20oC (1)

80 80 250 80**

4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

150 150 400 400

5 Total suspended solids (TSS)

150 200 400 200

6 Total dissolved solids (TDS)

3500 3500 3500 3500

7 Grease and oil 10 10 10 10

8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol)

0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3

9 Chloride (as Cl) 1000 1000 1000 SC***

10 Fluoride (as F) 20 10 10 10

11 Cyanide (as CN) total 2 1.0 1.0 1.0

12 An-ionic detergents (as MBAs)

20 20 20 20

13 Sulphate (SO4) 600 600 1000 SC***

14 Sulphide (S) 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

15 Ammonia (NH3) 40 40 40 40

16 Pesticides 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

17 Cadmium 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

18 Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent)

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

19 Copper 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

20 Lead 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

21 Mercury 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

22 Selenium 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5

23 Nickel 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

65

Sr. No.

Parameter Existing Standards

Revised Standards

Into Inland Waters

Into Sewage

Treatment

Into Sea

24 Silver 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

25 Total Toxic metals 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0

26 Zinc 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

27 Arsenic 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

28 Barium 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

29 Iron 2.0 8.0 8.0 8.0

30 Manganese 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

31 Boron 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0

32 Chlorine 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

66

Annexure-V Wastewater test results of four tehsils of Jhelum District

Sr # Tehsil

Location Nature

of Source

EC pH Hardness Cl SO4 NO3 TDS TSS COD BOD DO

NWQS 1999 NGVS 6.0-9.0 NGVS 1000mg/l 600 mg/l

NGVS 3500 mg/l

200 mg/l

150 mg/l

80 mg/l

NGVS

1 P.D. Khan Main NullahGovt high school Tobah Drain 1608 7.88 390 720 158 4.41 964.8 207 146 70 5.72

2 P.D. Khan Tobah BHU Drain 1119 8.94 290 240 58 2.9 671.4 513 50 22 6.34

3 P.D. Khan Main entry of Salt Range Khewra Drain 197000 7.01 6200 85000 3882 0.3 118200 12 17760 450 3.72

4 P.D. Khan ICI Factory waste Drain 1161 7.41 420 220 83 2.57 696.6 6 114 52 5.91

5 P.D. Khan Nullah near Civil Hospital Khewra Drain 2020 7.73 590 20 166 13.12 1212 66 165 95 5.3

6 P.D. Khan ICI Back side Soda waste Drain 15980 8.38 550 4080 661 26 9588 315 97 65 5.97

7 P.D. Khan Main Sewage of ICI Factory Drain 21800 8.5 940 670 763 3.21 13080 342 175 97 5.5

8 P.D. Khan Behind Superior College PD Khan Drain 2280 7.3 430 384 296 1.64 1368 1164 110 49 5.93

9 P.D. Khan Behind Usman Sharif Primary School Drain 2950 7.43 360 384 253 8.3 1770 672 232 97 5.45

10 P.D. Khan Drainage Perrenial Nullah of Sawaal Drain 1366 7.53 220 168 207 5.1 8196 218 182 92 5.37

11 P.D. Khan Main small lake of Sawaal Village Drain 8200 7.17 1530 1920 1056 1.34 4920 225 53 20 6.41

12 P.D. Khan Ghareebwal Drain 2070 7.42 550 192 286 2.15 1242 162 73 35 6.23

13 P.D. Khan Govt. Private School Hakamabad Drain 1626 8.01 330 144 147 3.96 9756 1156 219 87 5.82

14 P.D. Khan Shahpur Sharif Drain 1788 6.8 420 24 168 18 1073 520 3700 1460 0.32

15 P.D. Khan Main nullah of Jalal PuraSharif Drain 2620 7.48 370 48 57 23.4 1572 1215 531 232 3.72

16 P.D. Khan Nullah Main entry to River Jhelum Drain 1321 7.63 210 72 180 3.1 792.6 1005 85 50 6.07

67

Sr # Tehsil

Location Nature

of Source



NGVS 3500 mg/l

200 mg/l

150 mg/l

80 mg/l

NGVS

17 P.D. Khan Khewra Up Stream Drain 150600 7.24 10000 54000 2452 1.59 96384 210 4460 77 2.47

18 P.D. Khan ICI Factory wastewater Near Gate Drain 16250 9.23 600 4100 409 25 9690 333 301 74 3.12

19 P.D. Khan ICI Factory Pond Khewra Drain 173600 11.52 15000 66000 413 25 107670 240 9900 78 3.59

20 P.D. Khan Main Nala PD Khan Drain 919 7.45 350 140 82 0.7 505 170 73 42 5.75

21 P.D. Khan PD Khan Hospital Gate Drain 1401 7.5 320 164 49 6.15 771 340 220 90 4.95

22 P.D. Khan Boys High School PD Khan Drain 1905 7.43 390 220 78 11.2 1143 550 538 236 2.32

23 P.D. Khan Kot Sultan PD Khan Drain 1680 7.78 420 244 27 3.3 1075 60 97 45 5.37

24 Jhelum Ward No.16 SalmanParis Drain 1713 7.09 450 26 31 11.4 1027.8 310 260 270 3.48

25 Jhelum Peer Hara Jhelum Before mixing with river

Drain 2080 7.14 500 16 69 12.2 1248 247 446 245 3.52

26 Jhelum Govt. High School Talian wala Bilal Town UC#22 Civil lines (for Irrigation)

Drain 1866 6.95 600 82 421 3.45 1119.6 260 325 157 4.8

27 Jhelum West Colony, CMH, Basti Eid Gah Saila, Jhelum

Drain 1791 7.25 450 16 28 1.15 1074.6 90 105 54 6.02

28 Jhelum Nullah carrying CMH Waste,Jhelum Drain 1647 6.95 450 15 82 9.63 988.2 250 251 105 5.86

29 Dina GT road, Mangla Road, QuaideAZam Town, Mian Colony, Dina

Drain 2190 7.12 450 10 96 7.15 1314 240 372 195 4.05

30 Dina Kas Carrying Waste of Slaughter house and Marble Factory, Dina

Drain 2460 7.31 510 10 89 8.65 1476 380 266 117 5.29

31 Dina Rural Health Center Dina Drain 1961 7.41 460 16 17 9.9 1176.6 90 276 137 4.98

32 Dina Quaid-e-Azam Town Dina Before mixing with waste of Mian Colony, Dina

Drain 1929 7.99 400 120 141 3.15 1157.4 150 294 147 4.95

68

Sr # Tehsil

Location Nature

of Source



NGVS 3500 mg/l

200 mg/l

150 mg/l

80 mg/l

NGVS

33 Sohawa Dhok Hafizabad near Kachehri, Sohawa

Drain 2890 7.28 420 8 129 13.3 1734 980 573 310 2.13

34 Sohawa Govt. Degree College Sohawa near MC Sohawa

Drain 3950 7.3 570 10 33 31.75 2370 400 1055 512 BDL

35 Sohawa Near Army Camping Ground, Sohawa Drain 3850 7.09 520 18 236 28.4 2310 740 783 403 BDL

36 Sohawa New Abadi Dheri, Sohawa Drain 3460 7.12 660 18 64 31 2076 840 934 451 BDL

37 Sohawa Noorpoor saidan, UC Bidmust, Sohawa

Drain 2950 7.34 452 50 147 35 2019 250 125 53 6.3

38 Jhelum River Jehlam at the back side of Salman paris

River water

1650 7.14 460 20 26 12.5 990 260 345 165 4.82

39 Jhelum River Jehlam after mixing with drain of Peer Hara

River water

517 6.98 280 20 35 4.5 310.2 30 42 10 6.18

40 Jhelum River Jehlam after mixing with drain of Talian Wala

River water

1678 7.3 420 12 40 11.45 1006.8 180 292 135 5.2

41 Jhelum River Jehlum after mixing with waste of Saila

River water

305 7.45 440 96 130 0.58 183 30 50 18 6.23

42 P.D Khan Chak Nazam Bridge, Haram Pur River Water

298 7.85 120 20 126 1.06 179 672 65 32 5.9

69

Annexure-VI

Test results of drinking water sources along the wastewater bodies of Jhelum District

Sr# Tehsil Location/ Tehsil Water Source

Nature of Source

EC PH Turb Ca Hard Mg HCO3 Cl K Na So4 NO3 F TDS As Total

Coliform E.Coli

Safe/ Unsafe

NWQS 1999 NGVS 6.5-8.5 5 NGVS 500 NGVS NGVS 250 NGVS NGVS NGVS 10 1.5 1000 50 µg/l Nil Nil Safe

1 P.D Khan Main Road Tobah

Ground Water Bore water 1153 7.08 3.04 120 370 17 340 77 24 94 170 2.69 1.94 634 1.25 12 8 Unsafe

2 P.D Khan Water Supply of Toba BHU

Surface Water Water Supply 860 8.09 0.83 120 350 12 330 36 1.9 46 98 0.84 3.3 473 2 18 12 Unsafe

3 P.D Khan Rest House Khewra

Surface Water Tap Water 1724 7.71 0.56 192 660 44 290 96 3.7 114 495 2.7 0.99 948 1.95 42 16 Unsafe

4 P.D Khan Main Supply pipe rim Khewra

Surface Water Water Supply 1757 7.7 2.1 210 670 35 310 96 4.4 116 421 2.71 1.00 966 0.95 28 10 Unsafe

5 P.D Khan Main entry gate of Salt Range, Khewra

Surface Water Tap Water 1748 7.81 2.1 210 640 28 330 96 3.7 118 391 2.74 1.00 961 0.95 32 16 Unsafe

6 P.D Khan ICI Filtration plant Khewra

Surface Water Tap Water 1044 7.66 1.1 116 370 24 300 122 2.7 68 147 3.06 0.36 574 0.95 NIl Nil Safe

7 P.D Khan Mohalla Hakimabad Paniwal

Ground Water Hand pump 1482 6.95 1.36 128 440 29 560 96 24 132 165 8.98 0.28 815 0.79 10 4 Unsafe

8 P.D Khan Shahpura Ground Water Hand pump 981 7.37 1123 100 360 27 340 60 3 74 188 0.13 0.28 540 0.75 18 0 Unsafe

9 P.D Khan Uc Chairman Hujra

Ground Water Hand pump 1104 7.39 9.43 60 270 29 320 72 3.2 132 163 0.1 0.25 607 9.59 12 4 Unsafe

10 Jhelum Ward No.16 SalmanParis

Ground Water Hand pump 1724 6.82 90 212 620 22 650 108 32 96 34 1.00 0.30 948 23.59 38 16 Unsafe

11 Jhelum Ward No.16 SalmanParis

Surface Water Water Supply 2340 7.19 1.26 280 800 24 560 151 70 130 380 22 0.48 1287 4.95 12 8 Unsafe

12 Jhelum Govt.high school Taliaan wala

Ground Water Hand pump 1101 7.04 0.84 160 490 22 320 36 1.9 31 155 12 0.37 606 2.98 10 6 Unsafe

13 Jehlum Civil Millitary Hospital, Jhelum


14 Dina Mosque Mian Colony

Ground Water Bore water 756 7.28 3.91 84 270 15 310 26 1.8 52 34 6.2 0.4 416 2.25 12 6 Unsafe

15 Dina Bore water of Ground Water Bore water 813 7.34 1.55 88 280 15 250 74 1.3 58 66 5.1 0.37 447 1.98 4 0 Unsafe

70

Sr# Tehsil Location/ Tehsil Water Source

Nature of Source

EC PH Turb Ca Hard Mg HCO3 Cl K Na So4 NO3 F TDS As Total

Coliform E.Coli

Safe/ Unsafe

NWQS 1999 NGVS 6.5-8.5 5 NGVS 500 NGVS NGVS 250 NGVS NGVS NGVS 10 1.5 1000 50 µg/l Nil Nil Safe

Marble Factory,

16 Dina Rural Health Center, Dina


17 Sohawa Dhok Hafizabad Near Kachehri, Sohawa


18 Sohawa Jamia Masjid Sohawa near MC Sohawa

Ground Water Shallow well 2630 7.92 3.91 128 510 46 400 384 2.9 360 240 20 0.63 1447 2.02 18 6 Unsafe

19 Sohawa Well near dera Raja Ghulam Hussain

Ground Water Shallow well 4110 7.3 3.04 256 800 39 800 480 2.3 500 284 33 0.94 2261 5.01 16 6 Unsafe

20 Sohawa New Abadi Dheri Sohawa

Ground Water Bore water 3420 7.09 2.26 228 660 22 660 312 1.2 420 300 35 0.83 1881 4.89 6 2 Unsafe

21 Sohawa New Abadi (Dheri) Sohawa Open well

Ground Water Open well 2750 7.03 1.9 292 800 66 600 372 0.6 260 274 6 0.74 1513 4.03 14 8 Unsafe

citation - pcrwr

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