Circulatory System

Pg. 177

Blood and Lymph

• Why do we need to eat food?

• Why do we need a blood stream?

• How does the blood stream work?

Answers

• After we eat the food, it gets broken down into nutrients that we can use for energy

• With the help of Oxygen from the respiratory system, they help to nourish the body

• Just as nutrients and O2 are used for energy, waste products produced by cells circulate in the bloodstream to be eliminated or used elsewhere

Blood constituents

• Why is blood special?

• How much blood is in a man’s body? A woman’s?

• Is blood a true homogeneous mixture?

• Blood cells are called: ________________

• What is plasma? _______________________

• Take a look at Table 6.27

Answers

• Blood is the only fluid tissue in the body

• It is red and viscous (what does this mean?)

• Man’s body contains: 5-6 L of blood

• Woman’s body contains: 4-5 L of blood

• Although it seems homogeneous (appears as only one particles but there are 2 or more particles) it is made up of cells suspended in liquid

Answers

• Blood cells are called: Formed elements

• Blood can be divided into 2 mains parts:

– Plasma

– Formed elements (RBC, WBC, Platelets)

• Plasma is the liquid that makes up the liquid other than formed elements Fig. 6.26

Blood constituents

• There are 4 parts to blood’s constituents:

– Plasma

– Red blood cells (RBC)

– White blood cells (WBC)

– Platelets

• Lets take a look at Table 6.27

Plasma

• Description:

– yellowish liquid

– 90% water

– Various substances dissolved in it (nutrients, antibodies, hormones, waste *from cellular activity)

• Functions:

– Transports nutrients to cells

– Transports waste products* to excretory organs

– Transports hormones, antibodies, proteins, ETC

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

• Description: – 4-6 billion in 1 mL of blood

– Red-coloured cell

– biconcave disks

– have no nucleus and few organelles

– Erythrocytes

• Functions: – Transports Oxygen with the help of a protein

called Hemoglobin (found in RBC)

White Blood Cell (WBC)

• Description:

– 4-11 million in 1 mL of blood

– Transparent cells

– AKA Leukocyte

• Functions:

– Provide immunity and defense against disease

Platelets

• Description:

– 150-400 million in 1 mL of blood

– Irregular fragments stemming from large cells in the bone marrow

• Functions:

– Help in blood-clotting process

Anemia

• What is Anemia? Have you heard of this disease before?

• It is a result in a lack of oxygen in the blood

• This disease can have 3 causes:

– Inadequate # of RBC

– Inadequate amount of hemoglobin in the RBC

– Abnormally formed hemoglobin

New Words

• Antibodies

• Antigens

• Coagulation

• Agglutinogen

• Agglutinins

• Agglutination

Blood types

• Can you name any of the 4 blood types?

• A, B, AB, O

• What distinguishes each blood type from another?

• Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of A or B substance on the membrane of RBCs

Blood types cont.

• In addition to A and B substances, RBC can carry the Rhesus factor (Rh factor) on their membrane

• The Rh factor implies a positive (present) or a negative (not present)

• So a RBC can carry both a substance and an Rh factor

• What combinations can exist?

Blood types

• If Amy has both substance A and the Rh factor on her RBC membranes, what is her blood type?

• A+

• If Ben has only substance A, then his blood type would be……?

• A-

Foldables

• Take out a piece of paper

• Scissors

• Black, pen, Red pen, Blue pen, Green (another colour)

• Pencil

• Lets create a Foldable

Blood type foldable

• Take your sheet of paper and *fold in half (*hamburger method)

• Hold the paper with the fold pointing upwards

• Pencil: Create 8 sections on the front of the foldable (draw 7 lines)

• Take your scissors and cut along the line on top half of the hamburger (look at me for demo!)

Foldable cont.

• IN BLACK PEN…On top of the first flap write Blood Type A+

• Continue on each flap listing all the types of blood seen in Table 6.29 pg 179 (flap=Blood Type A-…)

• Flip all the flaps up to see the inside of the hamburger. With your PENCIL Create 4 sections (draw 3 lines) BUT THE LAST SECTION SHOULD BE THE LARGEST (see board)

Foldable cont.

• RED and Blue and GREEN pen time!!

• Under each blood type write which substance is present and if the Rh factor is present. Use symbols and colours to represent each substance (A, B, Rh factor) in the last section you are to draw each RBC with all the needed substances (see Table 6.29)

Blood Transfusions

• Blood Transfusions: entails the injection of blood into a person

• Why do blood transfusions exist?

• Certain blood diseases must receive transfusions

• Accidents and emergency situations can call for transfusions

Blood Transfusions

• Blood transfusions need donors and recipients

• Donor and recipient can be the same person!

• Ppl can bank their own blood in case of emergency or in preparation for surgery

• Blood donor: a person who gives blood for the purpose of a transfusion

• Blood recipient: person who receives blood from a transfusion

Incompatible and Compatible

• If you are given the wrong blood type (incompatible with yours) you could DIE

• Ppl were dying before Blood Types were discovered in 1902

• It is very rare for this to happen now a days

Rules governing blood transfusions

• Donor’s RBC membranes must not carry substances that differ from the recipient’s RBC membrane

• Can you give me an example? (Pg. 181)

• Example: John has B+ (substance B, Rh factor)

– Can receive from B+, B-, O+, O-

– Cannot receive from A+, A-, AB+, AB-

Blood compatibility

• Blood compatibility means that one person can receive blood from another person

• See pg 181 Table 6.31

• We can draw these conclusions – Transfusions are possible w/ the same blood type

– Type O- blood can DONATE blood to anyone (universal donors)

– Type AB+ blood can RECEIVE blood from anyone (universal recipient)

Blood substances

• Substance A and B (found on RBC membrane) are called AGGLUTINOGENS

• When blood transfusions between incompatible blood types, the recipient receives blood cells with foreign agglutinogens

• The agglutinogens are seen invaders and ANTIBODIES see these as a threat and get rid of them

NINJAS!!!!

• Antibodies = AGGLUTININS are like little ninjas in the blood and try to destroy foreign substances

• Phagocytosis!!! When the white blood cell eats the invader or kills it

• The antibodies attach to foreign RBC causing them to clump

• This is called AGGLUTINATION and leads to clogging of blood vessels and can kill the recipient

Vaccines

• How to make vaccines?

– Start with a massive cell culture of the infectious agent

– The cells are treated to render them harmless

– 2 treatment methods

• Live vaccine

• Inactive vaccine

• Pg. 255 Take a look!!

Chose a treatment! • Live Vaccine

• chemically treated to remove ability to cause illness

• Cells are mixed w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life

• Infectious agent still alive, but no ability to cause disease

• Inactive Vaccine • Made using part of infectious agent (antigen) [since

recognized by antibodies]

• Isolate disease causing antigen and render it harmless

• Mix w/ pharmaceutical products to improve shelf life

• Naturally, inactive vaccine doesn’t contain live infectious agents

Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System Pg. 182

• Circulatory system contains

– Blood

– Blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)

– Heart (pumps the blood)

• Why do we have blue and red vessels carrying our blood?

• Take a look at Pg. 182

– Oxygen-rich blood is Red, carbon dioxide-rich blood is Blue

Blood Vessels

• Arteries

– Largest blood vessels in the body Fig. 6.33

– Carry blood from heart to other parts of the body

– Walls are very thick

– Can withstand the high pressure of the blood they carry

Blood Vessels

• Capillaries

– Smaller, branched off, narrow arteries called arterioles branch off and narrow further into capillaries

– Smallest blood vessels Fig. 6.34

– So narrow that RBC travel single file through them

– Walls are very thin (made up of single cell layer)

– Thin walls ease exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and organ cells (as well as nutrients and waste)

Blood Vessels

• Veins

– Once the capillaries have irrigated the organs (flushing or washing out) they unite to venules, that turn into larger veins

– Blood travels from the heart through the veins

– Pressure inside vein is very low

– Blood moves forward to return the heart with muscular contractions

– These press against the veins and cause the blood to circulate

Blood Vessels

• Veins (cont)

– Veins in lower parts of body (eg: leg) blood must flow against gravity

– Veins have valves to keep blood from flowing downward

• Pg 183 Fig. 6.35

Blood Vessels

• Arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins

The Heart

• Heart is an organ that stimulates the movement of blood

• In an adult it is the size of a fist and is located between the lungs in the thoracic cage

• What does the inside of the heart look like and how does it work?

• Fig. 6.37

Colouring time!!

• Take the worksheet on the Heart and colour it the appropriate colours

• Use Pg 184 as a reference if needed

Inside the heart

• 4 cavities

– Right atrium

– Right ventricle

– Left atrium

– Left ventricle

• Right atrium linked with right ventricle

• Left atrium linked to the left ventricle

– Right and left side of the heart do not communicate

– They are separated by a partition

The Heart

• Blood flows from atrium to ventricle on right and left side

• Blood passes through valves to do so (atrioventricular valves)

• Atrioventricular valves keep blood from moving backwards

Heart and blood vessels

• Several blood vessels are attached to the heart

• Veins: superior and inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins - attached to both atria allowing blood to enter heart

• Arteries: aorta and pulmonary arteries – attached to ventricles to carry blood as it exits

Function of heart Pg. 185

• Blood enters the Atria, when the heart is at rest and relaxed

– Filling phase = DIASTOLE

• Atrias contract simultaneously forcing blood into Ventricles, then Ventricles contract forcing blood into arteries of the heart.

– Contraction phase = SYSTOLE

• Pulse you feel in your throat or wrist is from the contraction of the left ventricle

– Heart rate vary from person to person…why?

– Best to take Resting Heart Rate lying down!

Circulation Routes Pg. 185

• Fig 6.38

• Since the heart is split into 2 parts (by the partition) blood can be pumped out of each side along 2 different routes

– Right Side = Pulmonary Circulation

– Left Side = Systemic Circulation

• Pg 186 Fig. 6.39 Lets take a look!!

Colouring time again and HW!

• More colouring use Pg 185 to help you with the colours (red and blue)

• Use Pg 186 Fig. 6.39 to help you with the roles of the circulatory system

– Homework Pg 195 # 10 – 15

– Due NEXT CLASS!! On a loose-leaf