By

HASIMAH AZIT

In unicellular organisms:

TSA/V( TOTAL SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME) = LARGE

Obtain oxygen and nutrient from external environment by diffusion

Eliminate carbon dioxide and waste products to external environment by diffusion

TSV/A ratio small Cell located far away from oxygen or

nutrient sources, or eliminating organs;

so… They need internal transport system.

Origin of blood cells

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

Platelets

Lymphocytes

Neutrophil

platelets

erythrocytes platelets

Leucocytes

Blood performs two major functions: transport through the body of

◦ oxygen and carbon dioxide ◦ food molecules (glucose, lipids, amino acids) ◦ ions (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, HCO3−) ◦ wastes (e.g., urea) ◦ hormones ◦ heat

defense of the body against infections and other foreign materials. All the WBCs participate in these defenses.

Composition of blood plasma

Component Component Percent (%)Percent (%)

Water Water ~92 ~92

ProteinsProteins 6 - 86 - 8

SaltsSalts 0.80.8

LipidsLipids 0.60.6

Glucose (blood Glucose (blood sugar) sugar)

0.1 0.1

5 million / 1 ml of blood Biconcave disc 8µm diameter and 2µm thickness No nucleus Contain haemoglobin Produce in bone marrow ( 2 million/sec) Live for 120 days Destroyed in the liver and spleen by

phagocytes

Hmm … Yummy Erythrocytes !!!

For defense again disease 6,000 to 10,000 / 1 ml of blood Have nuclei Do not have fixed shapes Manufactured in bone marrow but move to

thymus gland and lymph nodes for growth and development stages

Five kinds of white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes ◦ Three kinds of granulocytes

neutrophils eosinophils basophils

◦ Two kinds of leukocytes without granules in their cytoplasm (agranulocytes) lymphocytes monocytes

Monocytes become macrophages phagocytes cells that engulf ;

foreign material (antigens) that enter the body dead and dying cells of the body.

Lymphocytes responsible for making antibodies.

Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls and into

infected tissue where they kill the invaders

Eosinophils◦ are cytotoxic, releasing the contents of their

granules on the invader. Basophils

◦ allergic responses

contains 150,000–350,000 per micro liter the essential role is blood clotting.

LABEL

HEART SPECIMEN

VALVE

Which side is the anterior surface?

What are the ventricles doing in each figure?

What are the functions of the skeleton of the heart?

Sinoatrium node and atrioventricle node

Controlled by nervous impulses. These contractions and beats are controlled by nerve impulses that originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

The SA node is also known as the pacemaker, because it sets the heart's contraction rate.

The impulses it creates will travel throughout the heart wall causing both atria to contract

The impulse then spreads to the atrioventricular (AV) node.

The AV node delays the impulse for about 0.07 seconds to allow the atria to completely contract and empty.

The impulse then travels from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle, stimulation still more fibers.

The atrioventricular bundle then carries the impulse to the cells in the ventricles by way of the Purkinje fibers.

The Purkinje fibers then carry the impulse to the cells in the ventricles, causing them to contract. This pushes blood out of the heart's

Cardiac muscle is myogenic, which means that it is self-exciting.

The heart's rhythmic contractions occur spontaneously, although the frequency or heart rate can be changed by nervous or hormonal influences such as exercise or the perception of danger.

ARTERY AND VEIN

CAPILLARY

COMPARE THE BLOOD VESSEL

?

Draw schematic figure and compare circulation system in fish, amphibian and mammals

Pulmonary circulatory system Systemic circulatory system

vitamin K

platelets thrombokinase

prothrombinthrombinion Ca2+

fibrin fibrinogen

Cut -bleed

Blood clotting mechanism

Release

Clot forms

Blood clot

Blood capillary

Interstitial fluid

Plasma filtered

Body cells

Heart

Reabsorb

lymph

Lymph node

In what way(s) is the lymphatic circulatory system different than the blood circulatory system?

What is the name for the fluid in lymphatic vessels?

Why is this fluid emptied into veins and not arteries?

…which veins?

RECYCLING - absorb lost fluid and protein and transport them up to the veins near the heart.

THE MILITARY – major highway and troop transport system for ""soldier cell" defenders

against unwelcome invaders. Phagocytes are cells that line the lymph vessels, waiting to gobble up

bacteria and foreign material that enter the body through a variety of routes,

Lymphocytes are special troops that identify the enemy and actually clone thousands of target-specific cells which either attack the problem with chemical bombs or use other special tactics to neutralize only the immediate threat without harming innocent bystander tissues.

FAT MOP - absorb the fat from our intestines

GUARD HOUSE – lymph channels often congregate in a series of pea-sized nodes in various

strategic locations in the body. These nodes act like barracks and mustering points for the various

specialized "soldier cells" of the immune system. They become large and tender if infection or cancer spreads to the area.

guard the body's entrances from potentially harmful particles and organisms.

Swollen glands, are symptom blocked lymph nodes

Pertahanan badan terhadap jangkitan

cilia

Pertahanan aktif

Stimulated by T-Stimulated by T-dependent antigens dependent antigens (help from TH cells)(help from TH cells)

Macrophage (APCs) Macrophage (APCs) with class II MHC with class II MHC proteinsproteins

Helper T cell (CD4 Helper T cell (CD4 protein)protein)

Activated T cell Activated T cell secretes IL-2 secretes IL-2 (cytokines) that (cytokines) that activate B cellactivate B cell

B cell differentiates B cell differentiates into memory and into memory and plasma cells plasma cells (antibodies)(antibodies)

Normal

leukemia

Hemofilia

AIDS