1Pans-Ops PD Initial Course – Circling

VISUAL MANOEUVRING (CIRCLING) AREA

Doc 8168: VOL II Part I Section 4 Chapter 7

ICAO FPPBeijing, China

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GeneralFinal approach may be made:

a) to a runway for a straight-in landing; or

b) to an aerodrome for a circling approach.

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Visual manoeuvring (circling)

visual phase of flight after completing an instrument approach, brings an aircraft into position for landing on a runway which is not suitably located for straight-in approach, i.e. one where the criteria for alignment or descent gradientcannot be met.

Does not apply to Category H

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Visual manoeuvring (circling)

straight-in approach:the angle formed by the final approach track and the runway centre line shall not exceed:

30° for procedures restricted to Cat A and B aircraft ; and 15° for other aircraft categories.

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maximum descent gradient

a) for non-precision procedures with FAF6.5 per cent for Cat A and B aircraft; 6.1 per cent for Cat C, D and E aircraft; 10 per cent for Cat H aircraft.

for a non-precision approach with no FAF:

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PROTECTION AREA

The visual manoeuvring (circling) area is the area in which obstacle clearance shall be considered for aircraft manoeuvring visually (circling).

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PROTECTION AREA

The size of the circling area varies with the category of aicraft.

CAT A

CAT D

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PROTECTION AREA

Protection area is constructed as follows:draw an arc from the centre of the threshold of each usable runway with a radius appropriate to the aircraft category.from the extremities of the adjacent arcs draw lines tangent to the arcs; andconnect the tangent lines.

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Radius from threshold (R) = 2r + straight segment.

straight segment is a constant value depending on aircraft categoryA : 0.3 NM; B : 0.4NM ; C : 0.5 NM D : 0.6 NM; E: 0.7NM

PROTECTION AREA

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Parameters

Speed:

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Parameters

Wind:25 kt throughout the turn; andbank: 20° average achieved or the bank angle producing a turn rate of 3° per second, whichever is the lesser.altitude: aerodrome elevation + 300 m (1 000 ft); and temperature: ISA + 15°.

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Example: Aerodrome Elevation 1000ft

speed

TAS

r

straight

segment

R

CATEGORY A/100 B/135 C/180 D/205 E/240

TAS(2000) 106 143 190 217 254

TAS + 25 131 168 215 242 279

r (radius of turn) 0.69 1.13 1.85 2.34 3.12

S (Straight Segment) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7

Rc Radius 1.68 2.66 4.20 5.28 6.94

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PROTECTION AREA

CAT E

CAT A

Only for CAT A

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Exercise

Calculate Radius for construction of Visual Circling Area of CAT C for an aerodrome having elevation of 3000ft.

CAT C IAS Speed 180 Ktsk factor 4000 ft 1.0892Speed 180*1.0892 + 25 = 222.712 Ktr 1.96Straight Segment 0.5NM

R 2r + s = 4.42NM

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MOC & OCH

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To reduce OCH/A

If a sector is outside the final approach and missed approach areas may be ignored for OCA/H calculations.The sector is bounded by the dimensions of the Annex 14 instrument approach surfaces.the published procedure must prohibit the pilot from circling within the total sector where the obstacle exists.

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OBSTACLE CLEARANCE

Sectorforbidden

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example

Restrictionfor circling

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Prescribed Tracks

An location with clearly defined visual featuresoperationally desirablein addition to the circling areaspecific track for visual manoeuversmay be prescribed

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Questions