ciencias aplicadas_parte2 de phywe

4Applied Electrics/Electronics

76 PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 GöttingenLaboratory Experiments Applied Sciences

Contents

4.1 Semiconductors

4.1.01-15 Characteristic curves of semiconductors with FG-Module

4.1.02-01 Hall effect in p-germanium

4.1.02-11 Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3

4.1.03-01/11 Hall effect in n-germanium

4.1.06-00 Hall effect in metals

4.1.07-01 Band gap of germanium

4.1.07-11 Band gap of germanium with Cobra3

Applied Electrics/Electronics

4

77PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG · D-37070 Göttingen Laboratory Experiments Applied Sciences

Semiconductors Applied Electrics /Electronics

Characteristic curves of semiconductors with FG-Module 4.1.01-15

Principle:Determine the current strengthflow ing through a semi-conductingdiode.

Determine the collector current withthe collector voltage for various val-ues of the base current intensity.

Collector current/voltage characteristic of BC337 transistor.

Tasks:1. To investigate the dependence of

the current strength flowingthrough a semi-conducting diode.

2. To determine the variations of thecollector current with the collec-tor voltage for varios values of thebase current intensity.

What you can learn about …

� Semiconductor� P-n junction� Energy-band diagram� Acceptors� Donors� Valence band� Conduction band� Transistor� Operating point

Cobra3 Basic-Unit, USB 12150.50 1

Power supply 12V/2A 12151.99 2

Software Cobra3 PowerGraph 14525.61 1

Measuring module Function Generator 12111.00 1

Digital multimeter 2010 07128.00 1

Potentiometer 1 kΩ, 0.4W, G2 39103.04 1

Plug-in board 4 mm plugs 06033.00 1

Transistors BC-337/40, in G3 casing 39127.20 1

Carbon resistor 47 kΩ, 1W, G1 39104.38 1

Silicon diode 1 N 4007, G1 39106.02 1

Silicon diode 1 N 4148, G1 39106.03 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, red, l = 25 cm 07360.01 2

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, blue, l = 25 cm 07360.04 2



What you need:

Characteristic curves of semiconductorswith FG-Module P5410115


Applied Electrics /Electronics Semiconductors

4.1.02-01 Hall effect in p-germanium

Principle:The resistivity and Hall voltage of arectangular germanium sample aremeasured as a function of tempera-ture and mag netic field. The bandspacing, the specific conductivity,the type of charge carrier and themobility of the charge carriers aredetermined from the measurements.

2. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at room temperatureand constant control current as afunction of the magnetic induc-tion B.

3. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at constant controlcurrent as a function of the tem-

Hall voltage as a function of current.

Tasks:1. The Hall voltage is measured at

room temperature and constantmagnetic field as a function ofthe control current and plotted ona graph (measurement withoutcompensation for defect voltage).

Hall effect module 11801.00 1

Hall effect, p-Ge, carrier board 11805.01 1

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2

Iron core, U-shaped, laminated 06501.00 1

Pole pieces, plane, 30 x 30 x 48 mm, 1 pair 06489.00 1

Hall probe, tangential, with protective cap 13610.02 1

Power supply 0-12 V DC/ 6 V, 12 V AC 13505.93 1

Tripod base -PASS- 02002.55 1

Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 250 mm 02025.55 1

Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 1



Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, black, l = 75 cm 07362.05 2

Teslameter, digital 13610.93 1


What you need:

Hall effect in p-germaniumP5410201


� Semiconductor� Band theory� Forbidden zone� Intrinsic conductivity� Extrinsic conductivity� Valence band� Conduction band� Lorentz force� Magnetic resistance� Mobility� Conducti vity� Band spacing� Hall coefficient

Hall voltage as a function of magnetic induction.

perature. The band spacing of ger-manium is calculated from the mea-surements.

4. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of the magnetic in-duction B, at room temperature.The sign of the charge carriers andthe Hall constant RH together

with the Hall mobility mH and thecarrier concentration p are calcu-lated from the measurements.

5. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of temperature atconstant magnetic induction Band the values are plotted on agraph.



Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3 4.1.02-11

Principle:The resistivity and Hall voltage of arectangular germanium sample aremeasured as a function of tempera-ture and mag netic field. The bandspacing, the specific conductivity,the type of charge carrier and themobility of the charge carriers aredetermined from the measurements.

4. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of the magnetic in-duction B, at room temperature.The sign of the charge carriersand the Hall constant RH togeth-er with the Hall mobility mH andthe carrier concentration p arecalculated from the measure-ments.

5. The Hall voltage UH is measuredas a function of temperature atconstant magnetic induction Band the values are plotted on agraph.

Hall voltage as a function of temperature.

Tasks:1. The Hall voltage is measured at

room temperature and constantmagnetic field as a function ofthe control current and plotted ona graph (measurement withoutcompensation for defect voltage).

2. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at room temperatureand constant control current as afunction of the magnetic induc-tion B.

3. The voltage across the sample ismeasured at constant controlcurrent as a function of the tem-perature. The band spacing ofgermanium is calculated from themeasurements.


� Semiconductor� Band theory� Forbidden zone� Intrinsic conductivity� Extrinsic conductivity� Valence band� Conduction band� Lorentz force� Magnetic resistance� Mobility� Conducti vity� Band spacing� Hall coefficient


Hall effect, p-Ge, carrier board 11805.01 1

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2













Cobra3 measuring module Tesla 12109.00 1

Software Cobra3 Hall effect 14521.61 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1

PC, Windows® XP or higher

What you need:

Hall effect in p-germanium with Cobra3P54102111



4.1.03-01/11 Hall effect in n-germanium

Principle:The resistance and Hall voltage aremeasured on a rectangular strip ofgermanium as a function of the tem-perature and of the magnetic field.From the results obtained the energygap, specific conductivity, type ofcharge carrier and the carrier mobil-ity are determined.

4. At room temperature measure theHall Voltage UH as a func tion ofthe magnetic flux density B. Fromthe readings taken, determine theHall coefficient RH and the sign ofthe charge carriers. Also calculatethe Hall mobility mH and the carri-er density n.

5. Measure the Hall voltage UH as afunction of temperature at uni-form magnetic flux density B, andplot the readings on a graph.

Tasks:1. At constant room temperature

and with a uniform magnet ic fieldmeasure the Hall voltage as afunction of the control currentand plot the values on a graph(measurement without compensa-tion for error voltage).

2. At room temperature and with aconstant control current, measurethe voltage across the specimenas a function of the magnetic fluxdensity B.

3. Keeping the control current con-stant measure the voltage acrossthe specimen as a function oftemperature. From the readingstaken, calculate the energy gap ofgermanium.


� Semiconductor� Band theory� Forbidden zone� Intrinsic conduction� Extrinsic conduction� Valence band� Conduction band� Lorentz force� Magneto resistance� Neyer-Neldel Rule

Experiment P5410311 with Cobra3Experiment P5410301 with teslameter

Hall effect module 11801.00 1 1

Hall effect, n-Ge, carrier board 11802.01 1 1

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2 2

Iron core, U-shaped, laminated 06501.00 1 1

Pole pieces, plane, 30 x 30 x 48 mm, 1 pair 06489.00 1 1

Hall probe, tangential, with protective cap 13610.02 1 1

Power supply 0-12 V DC/ 6 V, 12 V AC 13505.93 1 1

Tripod base -PASS- 02002.55 1 1

Support rod -PASS-, square, l = 250 mm 02025.55 1 1

Right angle clamp -PASS- 02040.55 1 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, red, l = 50 cm 07361.01 3 2

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, blue, l = 50 cm 07361.04 2 1

Connecting cable, 4 mm plug, 32 A, black, l = 75 cm 07362.05 2 2









What you need:

Hall effect in n-germaniumP5410301/11

Hall voltage as a function of temperature.

Set-up of experiment P5410311 with Cobra3



Hall effect in metals 4.1.06-00

Principle:The Hall effect in thin zinc and cop -per foils is stud ied and the Hall coef -fi cient deter mined. The effect oftem per a ture on the Hall volt age isinves ti gat ed.

Hall voltage as a function of mag net ic induction B, using a cop per sam ple.

Tasks:1. The Hall volt age is measured in

thin copper and zinc foils.

2. The Hall coef fi cient is deter minedfrom meas ure ments of the cur rentand the mag net ic induc tion.

3. The tem per a ture depen dence ofthe Hall volt age is inves ti gat ed onthe cop per sam ple.

Hall effect, Cu, carrier board 11803.00 1

Hall effect, Zn, carrier board 11804.01 1

Coil, 300 turns 06513.01 2



Power supply, stabilised, 0...30 V- / 20 A 13536.93 1

Power supply, universal 13500.93 1

Universal measuring amplifier 13626.93 1




Meter 10/30 mV, 200°C 07019.00 1

Universal clamp with joint 37716.00 1







What you need:

Hall effect in metalsP5410600


� Normal Hall effect� Anomalous Hall effect� Charge car riers� Hall mobil ity� Elec trons� Defect elec trons



4.1.07-01 Band gap of germanium

Principle:The conductivity of a germaniumtestpiece is measured as a functionof temperature. The energy gap isdetermined from the measured val-ues.

Regression of the conductivity versus the reciprocal of the absolute temper-ature.

Tasks:1. The current and voltage are to be

measured across a germaniumtest-piece as a function of tem-perature.

2. From the measurements, the con-ductivity � is to be calculated andplotted against the reciprocal ofthe tem per a ture T. A linear plot isobtained, from whose slope theenergy gap of germanium can bedetermined.


� Semiconductor� Band theory� Forbidden band� Intrinsic conduction� Extrinsic conduction� Impurity depletion� Valence band� Conduction band


Intrinsic conductor, Ge, carrier board 11807.01 1









What you need:

Band gap of germaniumP5410701



Band gap of germanium with Cobra3 4.1.07-11

Principle:The conductivity of a germaniumtestpiece is measured as a functionof temperature. The energy gap isdetermined from the measured val-ues.

Typical measurement of the probe-voltage as a function of the temperature.

Tasks:1. The current and voltage are to be

measured across a germaniumtest-piece as a function of tem-perature.

2. From the measurements, the con-ductivity � is to be calculated andplotted against the reciprocal ofthe tem per a ture T. A linear plot isobtained, from whose slope theenergy gap of germanium can bedetermined.


Intrinsic conductor, Ge, carrier board 11807.01 1











What you need:

Band gap of germanium with Cobra3P5410711


� Semiconductor� Band theory� Forbidden band� Intrinsic conduction� Extrinsic conduction� Impurity depletion� Valence band� Conduction band

5Material Sciences


Contents

5.1 Metallurgy

5.1.01-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and polishing of metals new

5.1.02-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching new

5.2 Structural Analysis - X-ray

5.2.01/02/03/ Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different04/05-00 powder samples

5.2.06-00 Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity ofDebye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample

5.2.07-00 Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets

5.3 Material Analysis - XRED

5.3.01-00 Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector

5.3.02-00 Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channelanalyser system

5.3.03-00 Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector

5.3.04-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of metals

5.3.05-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials

5.3.06-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of powder samples

5.3.07-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids

5.3.08-00 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials

5.3.09-00 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids

5.3.10-00 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy – layer thickness determination

Material Sciences

5.4 Surfaces and Boundaries

5.4.01-00 Surface treatment / Plasma Physics

5.4.02-00 Paschen curve / Plasma Physics

5.5 Magnetic Properties

5.5.02-00 Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer

5.5.11-11 Ferromagnetic hysteresis

5.6 Nano Technology

in preparation

5


Metallurgy Material Sciences

Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and polishing of metals 5.1.01-00


Principle:Metallography is the art of preparingmetallic samples by grinding, polish-ing and eventual etching for subse-quent microscopic examination.

Grinding and polishing prepare thesurface to a mirror polished statenecessary to reveal the microstruc-ture by a suitable etching procedureor for further analysis.

Tasks:1. Check the six metal specimens by

means of the magnifier for anycoarse defects.

2. Grind and polish the samples ac-cording to the general rules andthe detailed instructions given,considering the hardness and duc-tility data and the basic process-ing guidelines specified.

Surface condition of brass sample after step 1, magnification: 100x

3. Evaluate the influence of the indi-vidual process parameters on thesurface quality obtained in the in-termediate steps and after thefinal polishing.

4. Try to optimize the grinding andpolishing procedures.

� Grinding� Polishing� Metallographic sample

preparation� Ductility

Grinding and polishing machine, 230 V 70000.93 1

Grinding wheel, aluminium, Ø 200 mm 70000.11 1

Polishing wheel, PVC, dia. 200 mm 70000.12 1

Splash guard, 200 mm 70000.13 1

Cover, 200 + 250 mm 70000.14 1

Special magnetic foil, Ø 200 mm 70000.15 2

Thin metal disk, Ø 200 mm 70000.16 5

Polishing cloths METAPO-P, Ø 200 mm,

for 10-6 µm diamond , pkg. of 10 pcs. 70002.03 1

Polishing cloths METAPO-B, Ø 200 mm,

for 3-1 µm diamond, pkg. of 10 pcs. 70003.03 1

Polishing cloths METAPO-V, Ø 200 mm,

for 1-0.1 µm diamond and oxide, 10 pcs. 70004.03 1

Fine-polishing cloths, MD-Nap, Ø 200 mm, 5 pcs. 70005.02 1

SiC paper Grinding disks G240, Ø 200 mm, 100 pcs. 70011.70 1

Diamond suspension, 6 µm, 250 ml, bottle with sprayer 70040.25 1



Diamond suspension, 0.25 µm, 250 ml, bottle with sprayer 70043.25 1

Diamond stick , 6 µm, 25 g 70050.04 1

Aluminium oxide suspension, 0.05 µm, 1 l 70055.70 1

Diamond Lubricant, water-based, 1 l bottle 70060.70 1

Diamon Lubricant RED, 1 l 70061.70 1

Diamant plane-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Piano 220 70020.01 1

SiC plane-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Primo 220 70021.01 1

Diamant fine-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Piano 220 70022.01 1

Fine-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Largo 70023.01 1

Fine-polishing disk Ø 200 mm, MD-Allegro 70024.01 2

Sample set applied sciences 70001.01 3

Spray bottle, PE, transp., 500 ml 47446.00 1

Kimtech Science precision tissue, 198 pcs. 46417.00 1

Prot. gloves, large, pack of 100 pcs. 39175.03 1

Wash bottle, plastic, 1000 ml 33932.00 1

Dropping bottle, plastic, 50 ml 33920.00 7

Funnel, d = 40 mm, for burettes 36888.00 7

Universal brush, nylon 46421.07 6

What you need:

Labels, blank, 37 x 74 mm, 10 pcs. 37677.03 1

Marking pencils, set, waterproof 38710.21 1

Magnifier, 10x, d = 23 mm 87004.10 1

Ultrasonic cleaning bath, RK100H 46423.93 1

Cleansing solution, concentrated, 1 kg 38820.70 1

Metallographic sample preparation: Grinding and polishing of metals P5510100

5.1.02-00 Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching


Principle:Chemical etching is the most com-mon method for contrasting polishedmetal surfaces to reveal structuraldetails of pure metals and alloys. Theprecondition for a good result inetching is a carefully polished andclean surface. The experiment de-scribes the basic procedure, givessome recipes and presents a few pic-tures of several metal structures andphases.

Tasks:1. Check the six metal specimens

polished according to ExperimentSection 5.1.01-00 by means of themicroscope to see if any macro-scopic or microscopic structuralfeatures can be noticed.

Copper, etched in sol. 5, grain contrast/precip. etching, magnification approx. 100x

2. Prepare the etching solutions andetch the specimens according tothe instructions.

3. Examine the specimen surfaces asto whether the structural detailshave been satisfactorily revealed.

� Etching� Reveal crystallographic

structure� Microscopy� Micrographic phases � Metal microscopy

Microscope with incident and transmitted illumination 62244.88 1

Press for polished section 62244.15 1

Plasticine, 10 sticks 03935.03 1

Microscope slides, 50 pcs. 64691.00 1

Balance, DENVER DLT-411, 400 g/0.1 g 49061.00 1

Power supply for DLT balances, 115 V / 230 V 49064.95 1

Hot-air blower, 1200 W 47540.95 1

Marking pencils, set, waterproof 38710.21 1

Labels, blank, chemistry, 40 pcs 38687.00 1

Gloves, Neoprene, medium 46347.00 3

Safety goggles, anti mist 46333.01 1

Wash bottle, plastic, 250 ml 33930.00 1

Pasteur pipettes, 3 ml, PE, 500 pcs. 36616.00 1

Cristallizing dish, BORO 3.3, 190 ml 46242.00 2

Dish, PVC, red, 300 x 240 x 75 mm 85105.01 1

Beaker, low, BORO 3.3, 250 ml 46054.00 5

Glass rod, boro 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 180 mm, plastic 38833.00 1

Sieve, fine mesh, d = 60 mm 40968.00 1

Sample set applied sciences 70001.01 3

Nitric acid 1,40, 65%, 500 ml 30213.50 1

Hydrochloric acid 30%, 500 ml 48451.50 1

Ammonia solution, 25%, 250 ml 30933.25 1

Hydrogen peroxide, 30%, 250 ml 31710.25 1

Sodium hydroxide, flakes, 500 g 30157.50 1

Zinc chloride, dry, 250 g 31983.25 1

Iron-III chloride, 250 g 30069.25 1

Denatured alcohol (Spirit for burning), 1000 ml 31150.70 1

Isopropyl alcohol, 1000 ml 30092.70 1

PC or notebook, Windows® XP or higher

What you need:


Material Sciences Metallurgy

Recommended accessories:Metallographic sample preparation Grinding and polishing of metalsP5510100

Metallographic sample preparation: Chemical etching P5510200


Material Sciences Structural Analysis - X-ray

5.2.01/02/03/04/05-00 Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples

Principle:Polycrystalline powder samples,which crystallize in the three cubicBravais types, simple, face-centeredand body-centered, are irradiatedwith the radiation from a Roentgentube with a copper anode. A swivel-ling Geiger-Mueller counter tube de-tects the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automatically

recorded. Their evaluation gives theassignment of the Bragg lines to theindividual lattice planes, their spac-ings as well as the lattice constantsof the samples, and so also the cor-responding Bravais lattice type.

Problems:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by the fourcubic crystal powder samples withvarious Bravais lattice types as afunction of the scattering angle.

Bragg-Cu-Ka and Cu-Kb-lines of NH4Cl.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings appropriate to the angularpositions of the individual Bragglines.

3. Assign the Bragg reflections to therespective lattice planes. Deter-mine the lattice constants of thesamples and their Bravais latticetypes.

4. Determine the number of atoms inthe unit cell.

Exp. P5520100 with a cubic powder sampleExp. P5520200 with a tetragonal lattice structureExp. P5520300 with a hexagonal lattice structureExp. P5520400 with diamond structureExp. P5520500 with the three cubic Bravais lattices

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1 1 1 1 1

Goniometer for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.10 1 1 1 1 1

Plug-in module with Cu-X-ray tube 09058.50 1 1 1 1 1

Counter tube type B, BNC cable, l = 50 cm 09005.00 1 1 1 1 1

Lithium fluorid crystal, mounted 09056.05 1 1 1 1 1

Universal crystal holder for X-Ray Unit 09058.02 1 1 1 1 1

Probe holder for powder probes (diffractometry) 09058.09 1 1 1 1 1

Diaphragm tube with Ni- foil 09056.03 1 1 1 1 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1 1 1 1 1

Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1 1 1 1 1

Mortar with pestle, 70 ml, porcelain 32603.00 1 1 1

Ammonium chloride, 250 g 30024.25 1

Potassium chloride, 250 g 30098.25 1

Potassium bromide 100 g 30258.10 1

Molybdenum, Powder, 99,7%, 100 g 31767.10 1

Germanium, Powder, 99%, 10 g 31768.03 1

Silicium, Powder, 50 g 31155.05 1

Zinc, powder 100 g 31978.10 1

Lead-IV oxide, lead diox., 250 g 31122.25 1

Sodium chloride, 250 g 30155.25 1

Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV* 14407.61 1 1 1 1 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole* 14602.00 1 1 1 1 1

PC, Windows® XP or higher*

What you need:

Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples

P55201/02/03/04/05-00


� Wavelength� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Bravais-lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure factor� Atomic scattering factor� Bragg scattering� Characteristic X-rays� Monochromatization

of X-rays


Structural Analysis - X-ray Material Sciences

Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes 5.2.06-00using a cubic lattice powder sample

Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing powder sample isirradiated with the radiation from aX-ray tube with a copper anode. AGeiger-Mueller counter tube is auto-matically swivelled to detect the ra-diation that is constructively reflect-

ed from the various lattice planes ofthe crystallites. The Bragg diagram isautomatically recorded. The intensi-ties of the individual reflex lines aredetermined and compared withthose theoretically expected. In ad-dition, the evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes, and boththeir spacing and the correspondingBravais lattice type to be deter-mined.

Debye-Scherrer pattern of a copper powder sample.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by a cubic-crystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings from the angle positions ofthe individual Bragg lines.


� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Bravais-lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure factor� Atomic scattering factor � Lorentz-polarization factor� Multiplicity factor� Debye-Waller factor� Absorption factor� Bragg scattering� Characteristic X-rays� Monochromatization

of X-rays

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1

Goniometer for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.10 1

Plug-in module with Cu-X-ray tube 09058.50 1

Counter tube type B, BNC cable, l = 50 cm 09005.00 1

Lithium fluorid crystal, mounted 09056.05 1

Universal crystal holder for X-Ray Unit 09058.02 1

Probe holder for powder probes (diffractometry) 09058.09 1

Diaphragm tube with Ni- foil 09056.03 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1

Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1

Copper, powder, 100 g 30119.10 1

Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV* 14407.61 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole* 14602.00 1


What you need:

Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample P5520600

3. Assign the Bragg reflexes to therespective lattice planes. Calculatethe lattice constant of the sub-stance and the Bravais lattice type.

4. Determine the intensity of the in-dividual reflex lines and comparethem with the theoretically ex-pected intensities.



Material Sciences Structural Analysis - X-ray

What you need:


Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing copper powdersample and a thin copper sheet areseparately irradiated with the radia-tion from a X-ray tube with a copperanode. A Geiger-Mueller counter

tube is automatically swivelled todetect the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automaticallyrecorded. The evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes. In contrastto the powder sample, the rolled thinsheet gives a spectrum showing analignment of the crystallites (rolledtexture), that is made even morecomplete by heating the sheet.

Debye-Scherrer diagram of a rolled copper sheet.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu X-

rays back scattered by a cubiccrystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Assign the Bragg reflexes to theindividual lattice planes.

3. Record the Bragg spectrum of athin sheet of copper.

4. Repeat the measurements made inTask 3 after the sheet of copperhas been subjected to annealing.










Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1


Copper foil, 0.1 mm, 100 g 30117.10 1

Crucible tongs, 200 mm, stainless steel 33600.00 1

Butane burner for cartridge 270 and 470 47536.00 1

Butane cartridge 47535.00 1




Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets P5520700


� Wavelength� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Bravais-lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure factor� Atomic scattering factor � Bragg scattering� Characteristic X-rays� Monochromatization

of X-rays� Fiber textures� Sheet textures� Annealing texture� Recrystallization


Material Analysis - XRED Material Sciences

Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector 5.3.01-00

Principle:The X-ray energy detector is used togain information about the energydistribution of high energy gammaradiation in the range of 2 to 40 keV.The X-ray energy detector with a res-olution of 380 keV in combinationwith a multi channel analyzer is usedfor direct measurement of the tran-sition energies of K and L levels ofmetals and alloys.

Fluorescence spectrum of zinc.

Tasks:1. Calibration of the X-ray energy

spectrum of copper

2. Determination of the resolution ofthe X-ray energy detector

3. X-ray fluorescence analysis ofpure metals and alloys

4. Verification of the Bragg equationwith the help of the X-ray energydetector


Goniometer for X-ray unit 35 kV 09058.10 1

Plug-in Cu tube for X-ray unit 09058.50 1

X-ray energy detector 09058.30 1

Multi-Channel-Analyzer 13727.99 1

Software Multi-Channel-Analyzer 14452.61 1

Specimen set X-ray energy detector 09058.31 1

Univ. crystal holder 09058.02 1

Probe holder for powder probes 09058.09 1


What you need:

Spectroscopy with the X-ray energy detector P5530100


� Energy levels � Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic radiation� Bragg equation� Selection rules


Material Sciences Material Analysis - XRED

5.3.02-00 Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channel analyser system

Principle:Various metal samples are subjectedto polychromatic X-rays. The result-ing fluorescence radiation is anal-ysed with the aid of a semiconductordetector and a multi-channel anal-yser. The energy of the characteristicX-ray lines and their full widths at halfmaximum are determined. In addition,the dependence of the full widths athalf maximum and the shift of theline centroid as a function of thecounting rate are examined.

Tasks:1. Calibration of the semiconductor

detector with the aid of the char-acteristic radiation of the molyb-denum X-ray tube.

2. Recording of the spectra of thefluorescence radiation that is gen-erated by the metal samples.

3. Determination of the energy levelsand full widths at half maximumof the characteristic Ka-lines andtheir graphical representation.

4. Determination and graphical re -presentation of the full widths athalf maximum as a function of thecounting rate, with the Ka-line ofzircon used as an example.

Normal distribution of the iron Ka-lines for determining the line energy andthe full width at half maximum (the original measurement curve is hidden).

5. Determination and graphical re -presentation of the shift of theline centroid as a function of thecounting rate, with the Ka-line ofzircon used as an example.


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Fluorescence radiation� Conduction processes in

semiconductors� Doping of semiconductors� Pin-diodes� Resolution and resolving power� Semiconductor energy� Multi-channel analysers


Goniometer for the 35 kV X-ray unit 09058.10 1

Plug-in molybdenum tube for the X-ray unit 09058.60 1

Multi-channel analyser 13727.99 1


Metal samples for X-ray fluorescence, set of 7 09058.31 1

Universal crystal holder for the X-ray unit 09058.02 1

Software for the multi-channel analyser 14452.61 1

Soldering tin


What you need:

Energy resolution of the X-ray energy detector/multi-channel analyser system P5530200



Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector 5.3.03-00

Principle:Fluorescence radiation of the ele-ments of a sample can cause fluores-cence radiation inside the detectorand its housing if the energy is suffi-ciently high. As a result, the spec-trum may include lines that are notcaused by the sample.

For the detection of potential addi-tional lines, the detector is subjected


energy detector with the aid ofthe characteristic fluorescence ra-diation of the calibration sample.

2. Irradiation of the X-ray energy de-tector with monoenergetic X-raysthat are produced by the Bragg reflection on an LiF monocrystal.Meas urement of the resulting fluorescence spectrum.

3. Determination of the energy ofthe spectrum lines.

Characteristic fluorescence spectrum of the detector components (energy ofthe primary radiation E0 = 32.5 keV).

4. Assignment of the lines to ele-ments by comparing the measuredvalues with table values.

5. Comparative measurement andevaluation of the fluorescencespectra of pure metal samples.







LiF monocrystal with a holder 09056.05 1




What you need:

Inherent fluorescence radiation of the X-ray energy detector P5530300


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Fluorescence radiation� Fluorescent yield� Interference of X-rays� Crystal structures� Bragg’s law� Compton scattering� Escape peaks� Semiconductor energy

detectors� Multi-channel analysers

to monochromatic X-radiation withthe aid of a monocrystal. For com-parison, the fluorescence spectra ofpure metal samples are measured.



5.3.04-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of metals

Principle:Various metal samples are subjectedto polychromatic X-rays. The energyof the resulting fluorescence radia-tion is analysed with the aid of asemiconductor detector and a multi-channel analyser. The energy of thecorresponding characteristic X-raylines is determined, and the resultingMoseley diagrams are used to deter-mine the Rydberg frequency and thescreening constants.

Fluorescence spectra of various metals: (The Mo spectrum was obtainedthrough the analysis of the primary radiation of the Mo X-ray tube and is notcaused, therefore, by any of the metal samples.)


energy detector with the aid ofthe characteristic radiation of themolybdenum X-ray tube.

2. Recording of the spectra of thefluorescence radiation that is gen-erated by the metal samples.

3. Determination of the energy val-ues of the corresponding charac-teristic Ka- and Kb-lines.

4. Determination of the Rydberg fre-quency and screening constantswith the aid of the resultingMoseley diagrams.


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Absorption of X-rays� Bohr’s atomic model� Energy levels� Moseley’s law� Rydberg frequency� Screening constant� Semiconductor energy











What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of metals P5530400



Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials 5.3.05-00

Principle:Various alloyed materials are sub-jected to polychromatic Xrays. Theenergy of the resulting fluorescenceradiation is analysed with the aid ofa semiconductor detector and a mul-tichannel analyser. The energy of thecorresponding characteristic X-rayfluorescence lines is determined. Thealloyed materials are identified bycomparing the line energies with thecorresponding table values.

Fluorescence spectrum of a superconductor (YBaCu-O).



2. Recording of the spectra of thefluorescence radiation that is gen-erated by the samples.

3. Determination of the energy val-ues of the corresponding fluores-cence lines.

4. Comparison of the experimentalenergy values with table values inorder to identify the alloy con-stituents.






Alloy samples for X-ray fluorescence, set of 5 09058.33 1

Wood’s metal, 50 g 30242.05 1


Crucible tongs, steel, 200 mm 33600.00 1

Evaporating dish, porcelain, d = 51 mm 32514.00 1


Soldering tin


What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials P5530500


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Energy levels� Fluorescent yield� Semiconductor energy




5.3.06-00 Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of powder samples

Principle:Various powder samples are subject-ed to polychromatic X-rays. The en-ergy of the resulting fluorescence ra-diation is analysed with the aid of asemiconductor detector and a multi-channel analyser. The energy of thecorresponding characteristic X-rayfluorescence lines is determined.

The elements of the samples areidentified by comparing the line en-ergies with the corresponding tablevalues.

L fluorescence lines of lead and bismuth.



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra that are produced by thesamples.


4. Comparison of the experimentalenergy values with the corre-sponding table values in order toidentify the powder components.


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Energy levels� Fluorescent yield� Semiconductor energy







Set of chemicals for the edge absorption 09056.04 1


Spatula for powder, steel, l = 150 mm 47560.00 1

Holder for powder samples 09058.09 1


PC, Windows® 98 or higher

What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of powder samples P5530600



Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids 5.3.07-00

Principle:Various saturated solutions are sub-jected to polychromatic X-rays. Theenergy of the resulting fluorescenceradiation is analysed with the aid ofa semiconductor detector and amulti-channel analyser. The energyof the corresponding characteristicX-ray fluorescence lines is deter-mined. The elements of the samplesare identified by comparing the lineenergies with the correspondingtable values.

L-fluorescence lines of lead



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra of saturated potassiumbromide and lead chloride solu-tions.

3. Determination of the energy val-ues of the corresponding fluores-cence lines and comparison withthe corresponding table values.







Balance, DENVER DLT-411, 400 g, 0.1g 49061.00 1

Beaker, polypropylene, 100 ml 36011.01 2

Spoon and spatula, steel, l = 120 mm 46949.00 1

Glass rod, BORO 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 2

Macro-cuvettes, 4 ml, PS, 100 pieces 35663.10 1

Lead(II) chloride, 250 g 31117.25 1

Potassium bromide, 50 g 30258.05 1



What you need:

Qualitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids P5530700


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Energy levels� Fluorescent yield� Solubility� Solubility product� Semiconductor energy




5.3.08-00 Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials

Principle:Various alloyed materials are sub-jected to polychromatic X-rays. Theenergy of the resulting fluorescenceradiation is analysed with the aid ofa semiconductor detector and amulti-channel analyser. The energyof the corresponding characteristic

X-ray fluorescence lines is deter-mined.

In order to determine the concentra-tion of the alloy constituents, the in-tensity of their respective fluores-cence signals is compared to that ofthe pure elements.



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra that are produced by thealloyed samples.

Spectrum evaluation method: Ka-lines of constantan, copper, and nickel witha scaled normal distribution.

3. Recording of the fluorescencespectra that are produced by thepure metals.


5. Calculation of the concentrationlevels of the alloy constituents.


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Energy levels� Fluorescent yield� Auger effect� Coherent and incoherent

photon scattering� Absorption of X-rays� Edge absorption� Matrix effects� Semiconductor energy








Set of samples for the quantitative

X-ray fluorescence analysis, set of 4 09058.34 1

Set of metal samples for the X-ray

fluorescence analysis, set of 7 09058.31 1



What you need:

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of alloyed materials 5530800



Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids 5.3.09-00

Principle:Various solutions, with known ele-ment concentrations, are subjectedto polychromatic X-rays. The energyand intensity of the resulting fluo-rescence radiation of the dissolvedelements are analysed with the aidof a semiconductor detector and a

multi-channel analyser. In order todetermine the unknown elementconcentrations in the solutions, cali-bration is performed. For this pur-pose, the known element concentra-tions of the calibration solution areplotted against the correspondingfluorescence intensities of the dis-solved elements.



2. Recording of the fluorescencespectra of potassium bromide so-lutions with various concentrationlevels.

Zoomed representation with a fitted normal distribution of the Ka- and Kb-lines of bromine.

3. Determination of the intensity ofthe characteristic bromine radia-tion, based on the spectra.

4. Creation of a calibration functionthat is based on the concentrationvalues as well as the intensity ofthe associated fluorescence radia-tion.







Balance, DENVER DLT-411, 400g, 0.1g 49061.00 1

Pipette, 10 ml, graduated in steps of 0.1 ml 36600.00 3

Pipette ball 36592.00 1

Snap-cap vials, d = 30 mm, h = 75 mm, 10 pcs. 33622.03 1

Beaker, BORO 3.3, 250 ml 46054.00 3

Spoon and spatula, steel, l = 120 mm 46949.00 1

Glass rod, BORO 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 3 mm 40485.01 2

Macro-cuvettes, 4 ml, PS, 100 pieces 35663.10 1

Potassium bromide, 50 g 30258.05 1

Water, distilled, 5 l 31246.81 1



What you need:

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence analysis of liquids P5530900


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Energy levels� Fluorescent yield� Absorption of X-rays� Auger effect� Scattering of X-rays� Matrix effects� Solubility� Solubility product� Semiconductor energy




5.3.10-00 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy – layer thickness determination

Principle:X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) issuitable for the noncontact and non-destructive thickness measurementof thin layers as well as for deter-mining their chemical composition.For this type of measurement, the X-ray source and detector are locatedon the same side of the sample.

When the layer on the substrate issubjected to X-rays, the radiationwill penetrate the layer, if it is suffi-ciently thin, to a certain extent, de-pending on the thickness, and in turncause characteristic fluorescence ra-diation in the material of the under-lying substrate. On its way to the de-tector, this fluorescence radiation willbe attenuated by absorption at thelayer. The thickness of the layer canbe determined based on the intensi-ty attenuation of the fluorescenceradiation of the substrate material.



2. Determination of the fluorescencespectrum of an iron sample.

3. Measurement of the fluorescencespectrum of the iron substratewith different numbers of pieces

Fe-fluorescence lines as a function of the number n of the pieces of alumini-um foils placed on the substrate.

of aluminium foil with the samethickness placed on the substrate.Determination of the intensity ofthe Fe-Ka fluorescence line.

4. Linear and semilogarithmic graph-ical representation of the intensi-ty of the Fe-Ka fluorescence lineas a function of the number ofpieces of aluminium foil placed onthe substrate.

5. Determination of the intensity ofthe Fe-Ka fluorescence line forvarious numbers of pieces of alu-minium foil that are fastened infront of the outlet of the tube ofthe energy detector with some ad-hesive tape.

6. Calculation of the thickness of thealuminium foil.

7. Determination of the fluorescencespectrum of a molybdenum andcopper sample.

8. Execution of tasks 3 to 6 for cop-per foil on a molybdenum sub-strate.


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic X-radiation� Fluorescent yield� Auger effect� Coherent and incoherent

photon scattering� Law of absorption� Mass attenuation coefficient� Saturation thickness� Matrix effects� Semiconductor energy







Set of metal samples

for the X-ray fluorescence analysis, set of 7 09058.31 1

Set of samples for the quantitative

X-ray fluorescence analysis, set of 4 09058.34 1



Household aluminium foil


What you need:

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy – layer thickness determination P5531000


Surfaces and Boundaries Material Sciences

Surface treatment / Plasma Physics 5.4.01-00

Principle:Different samples are exposed to adielectric barrier discharge in air atatmospheric pressure. The plasma induces both chemical and physicalreactions on the sample surface al-tering the surface structure and thusthe surface energy. The contact angleof water on the sample surface is observed in the exposed and in the

unexposed region to analyse the effect of the plasma treatment onthe surface energy.

Measurement results for the contact angle of water on different sample surfaces after plasma exposure of duration t.

Tasks:Various samples are to be treatedwith a plasma for different periods oftime. The effect of the treatment onthe contact angle of water on thesurface is to be observed by drop sizemeasurement or by web cam photo -graphy.


� Arc discharge� Glow discharge� Electron avalanches� Townsend breakthrough

mechanism� Streamers� Microdischarges� Dielectric barrier discharge

(DBD)� Surface energy� Contact angle (CA)� Contact angle measurement

Plasma Physics Operating Unit 09108.99 1

Plasma Physics Experimental Set 09108.10 1

Plasma Physics Sample Set 09108.30 1

Microliterpipette dig. 2-20 µl 47141.01 1

Pipette tips, 2-200 µl, 1000pcs 47148.01 1

Denatured alcohol (Spirit f.burning), 1000 ml 31150.70 1

Vernier caliper 03010.00 1

Water, distilled, 5 l 31246.81 1

Contact angle measurement equipment

Housing for experiment lamp 08129.01 1

Halogen lamp, 12 V/50 W 08129.06 1

Power supply 0-12V DC/6V,12V AC 13505.93 1

Lab jack, 160 x 130 mm 02074.00 1


Universal clamp with joint 37716.00 1



Web-Cam CCD USB VGA PC Philips SPC900NC 88040.00 1

Software "Measure Dynamics", single user license 14440.62 1


What you need:

Surface treatment / Plasma PhysicsP5540100


Material Sciences Surfaces and Boundaries

5.4.02-00 Paschen curve / Plasma Physics

Principle:The electric breakthrough voltage inair is measured in dependence onelectrode distance and gas pressure.The results are compared to thePaschen curve which is a result ofTownsend electric breakdown theorywhich assumes the product pd ofelectrode distance d and gas pres-sure p to be the similarity parameterdescribing the electric breakdownbehavior of a gas.

Breakdown voltage in dependence on electrode distance for different gaspressures.

Tasks:Measure the voltage between planeparallel electrodes at which electricbreakthrough occurs in dependenceon electrode distance d at differentgas pressures p in the hPa range.

Create plots of the breakthroughvoltage over electrode distance dand over product of electrode dis-tance and pressure pd (Paschencurve).

Plasma Physics Operating Unit 09108.99 1

Plasma Physics Experimental Set 09108.10 1


Vacuum pump, one stage 02750.93 1

Oil mist filter 02752.00 1

Rubber tubing, vacuum, i.d. 6 mm 39289.00 2

Fine control valve 33499.00 1

Vacuum gauge DVR 2 34171.00 1

Tubing connect., T-shape, ID 8-9 mm 47519.03 1

Connecting cord, safety, 32 A, l = 100 cm, red 07337.01 1

Connecting cord, safety, 32A, l = 100 cm, blue 07337.04 1

What you need:

Paschen curve / Plasma PhysicsP5540200


� Glow discharge� Electron avalanches� Free path length� Townsend breakdown theory� Paschen curve


Magnetic Properties Material Sciences

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer 5.5.02-00

Principle:With the aid of two mirrors in aMichelson arrangement, light isbrought to interference. Due to themagnetostrictive effect, one of themirrors is shifted by variation in themagnetic field applied to a sample,and the change in the interferencepattern is observed.

Measuring results of the magnetostriction of nickel with the relative changein length �l/l plotted against applied field strength H.

Tasks:1. Construction of a Michelson inter-

ferometer using separate opticalcomponents.

2. Testing various ferromagnetic ma-terials (iron and nickel) as well asa non-ferromagnetic material(copper), with regard to theirmagnetostrictive properties.


� Interference� Wavelength� Diffraction index� Speed of light� Phase� Virtual light source� Ferromagnetic material� Weiss molecular magnetic

fields� Spin-orbit coupling

Optical base plate with rubberfeet 08700.00 1

He/Ne Laser, 5mW with holder 08701.00 1

Power supply for laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1

Adjusting support 35 x 35 mm 08711.00 3

Surface mirror 30 x 30 mm 08711.01 4

Magnetic foot for optical base plate 08710.00 7

Holder for diaphragm/ beam plitter 08719.00 1

Beam plitter 1/1, non polarizing 08741.00 1

Lens, mounted, f = +20 mm 08018.01 1

Lens holder for optical base plate 08723.00 1

Screen, white, 150 x 150 mm 09826.00 1

Faraday modulator for optical base plate 08733.00 1

Rods for magnetotriction, set of 3 08733.01 1

Power supply, universal 13500.93 1


Flat cell battery, 9 V 07496.10 1


What you need:

Magnetostriction with the Michelson interferometer P5550200


Material Sciences Magnetic Properties

5.5.11-11 Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system

Principle:A magnetic field is generated in aring-shaped iron core by a continu-ous adjustable direct current appliedto two coils. The field strength Hand the flux density B are measuredand the hysteresis recorded.

The remanence and the coercive fieldstrength of two different iron corescan be compared.

Hysteresis for a massive iron core.

Tasks:Record the hysteresis curve for amassive iron core and for a laminat-ed one.


� Induction� Magnetic flux, coil� Magnetic field strength� Magnetic field of coils� Remanence� Coercive field strength

Coil, 600 turns 06514.01 2

Iron core, U-shaped, solid 06491.00 1

Iron core, rod shaped, solid 06490.00 1


Iron core, rod shaped, laminated 06500.00 1

Commutator switch 06034.03 1

Power supply, universal, with analog display 13501.93 1

Rheostats, 10 Ω, 5.7 A 06110.02 1


Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 1


Support rod with hole, stainless steel, l = 150 mm 02030.15 1






Software Cobra3 Force/Tesla 14515.61 1


What you need:

Ferromagnetic hysteresis with PC interface system P5551111

8Earth Sciences


Contents

8.1 Geology

8.1.01-00 Absorption of X-rays

8.1.02-00 X-ray investigation of crystal structures / Laue method

8.1.03-00 Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations

8.1.04/05-00 X-ray investigation of different crystal structures / Debye-Scherrer powder method

8.1.06/07/08/ Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different09/10-00 powder samples

8.1.11-00 Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity ofDebye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample


Earth Sciences

8


Geology Earth Sciences

Absorption of X-rays 8.1.01-00

1 0

10

8

8

7

2

1

3

7

6

6

9

9

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20

5

5

Principle:Polychromatic X-rays are to be ener-gy selected using a monocrystal an-alyzer. The monochromatic radiationobtained is to serve as the primaryradiation source for examination ofthe absorption behaviour of variousmetals as a function of the absorberthickness and the wavelength of theprimary radiation.

3. The absorption coefficients forcopper and nickel are to be deter-mined as a function of the wave-length and the measured valuesplotted. The energies of the K lev-els are to be calculated.

4. The validity of m/r = f(Z3) is tobe proved.

Semi-logarithmic representation of the pulse rates as a function of the ab-sorber thickness.

Ua = 35 kV, Ia = 1 mA.

Curve 1: Al (Z = 13); l = 139 pm

Curve 2: Al (Z = 13); l = 70 pm

Curve 3: Zn (Z = 30); l = 139 pm.

Tasks:1. The intensity attenuation of the

primary radiation is to be mea-sured for aluminium and zinc as afunction of the material thicknessand at two different wavelengths.The mass absorption coefficientsare to be determined from thegraphical representation of themeasured values.

2. The mass absorption coefficientsfor aluminium, zinc and tin foils ofconstant thickness are to be de-termined as a function of thewavelength. It is to be shown fromthe graphical representation thatm/r = f(l3).


� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic radiation� Bragg scattering� Law of absorption� Mass absorption coefficient� Absorption edges� Half-value thickness� Photoelectric effect� Compton scattering� Pair production






Absorption set for x-rays 09056.02 1

Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV 14407.61 1



What you need:

Absorption of X-raysP5810100

d/mm

I/I0


Earth Sciences Geology

8.1.02-00 X-ray investigation of crystal structures / Laue method

Principle:A monocrystal is to be irradiated by apolychromatic X-ray beam and theresulting diffraction patterns record-ed on film and evaluated.

Laue pattern of an LiF (100) crystal.

Cu X-ray tube: UA = 35 kV; IA = 1 mADistance between sample and film: D = 19 mmExposure time: t = 120 min

Tasks:1. The Laue diffraction of an LiF

monocrystal is to be recorded on afilm.

2. The Miller indices of the corre-sponding crystal surfaces are to beassigned to the Laue reflections.


Plug-in module with Mo-X-ray tube 09058.60 1


Crystal holder for lane diffraction 09058.11 1

Film holder 09058.08 1

Vernier caliper, plastic 03011.00 1

X-ray films, wet chemical, 100 x 100 mm, 100 pieces 09058.23 1

Bag for x-ray films, 10 pieces 09058.22 1

X-ray film developer, for 4.5 l solution 06696.20 1

X-ray film fixing, for 4.5 l solution 06696.30 1

Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3

What you need:

X-ray investigation of crystal structures /Laue method P5810200


� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Crystal classes� Bravais lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure amplitude� Atomic form factor� The Bragg equation



Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystals with different orientations 8.1.03-00

Principle:Polychromatic X-rays are to be directed against NaCl monocrystalswith different orientations. Thespacing between the lattice planesof each monocrystals then to be determined by analyzing the wave-length-dependent intensity of thereflected radiation.

X-ray intensity of copper as a function of the glancing angle:

NaCl monocrystal with different orientations as Bragg-analyzer:

1-(100); 2-(110); 3-(111)

Tasks:1. NaCl monocrystals with the orien-

tations (100), (110) and (111) areeach to be separately used torecord an intensity spectrum ofthe polychromatic radiation em-anated by the X-ray tube.

2. The Bragg angles of the character-istic radiations are to be deter-mined from the spectra, and thedistances between lattice planescalculated for each orientation.

3. The planes of reflection and theirMiller indices are to be found.


� Characteristic X-ray radiation� Energy levels� Crystal structures� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Bragg scattering� Atomic form factor� Structure factor






NaCl-monocrystals, set of 3 09058.01 1

Software X-ray unit, 35 kV 14407.61 1



What you need:

Examination of the structure of NaCl monocrystalswith different orientations P5810300



8.1.04/05-00 X-ray investigation of different crystal structures / Debye-Scherrer powder method

Principle:Polycrystalline samples are to be irradiated by an X-ray beam and theresulting diffraction patterns record-ed on film and evaluated.

3. The lattice constants of the sam-ple materials are to be deter-mined.

4. The number of atoms in the unitcells of each sample are to be de-termined.

Debye-Scherrer pattern of a powdered sample of CsCl. Thickness of the sam-ple, 0.4 mm. Exposure time, 2.0 h. Mo X-ray tube: UA = 35 kV; IA = 1 mA.

Tasks:1. Debye-Scherrer photographs are

to be taken of powdered samplesof sodium chloride and caesiumchloride.

2. The Debye-Scherrer rings are to beevaluated and assigned to the cor-responding lattice planes.

Exp. P5810500 with hexagonal structuresExp. P5810400 with cubic structures

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1 1

Plug-in module with Mo-X-ray tube 09058.60 1 1

Mortar with pestle, 70 ml, porcelain 32603.00 1



Caesium chloride 5 g 31171.02 1

Diaphragm tube with Zr- foil 09058.03 1

Vernier caliper, plastic 03011.00 1 1

Film holder 09058.08 1 1

X-ray films, wet chemical, 100 x 100 mm, 100 pieces 09058.23 1 1

Bag for x-ray films, 10 pieces 09058.22 1 1

X-ray film developer, for 4.5 l solution 06696.20 1 1

X-ray film fixing, for 4.5 l solution 06696.30 1 1

Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3 3

What you need:

X-ray investigation of different crystal structures /Debye-Scherrer powder method… of cubic crystal structures P5810400… of hexagonal crystal structures P5810500


� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure amplitude� Atomic form factor� Bragg scattering

Set-up of experiment P5810400



Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples 8.1.06/07/08/09/10-00

Principle:Polycrystalline powder samples,which crystallize in the three cubicBravais types, simple, face-centeredand body-centered, are irradiatedwith the radiation from a Roentgentube with a copper anode. A swivel-ling Geiger-Mueller counter tube de-tects the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automatically

recorded. Their evaluation gives theassignment of the Bragg lines to theindividual lattice planes, their spac-ings as well as the lattice constantsof the samples, and so also the cor-responding Bravais lattice type.

Problems:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by the fourcubic crystal powder samples withvarious Bravais lattice types as afunction of the scattering angle.

Bragg-Cu-Ka and Cu-Kb-lines of NH4Cl.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings appropriate to the angularpositions of the individual Bragglines.

3. Assign the Bragg reflections to therespective lattice planes. Deter-mine the lattice constants of thesamples and their Bravais latticetypes.


Exp. P5810600 with a cubic powder sampleExp. P5810700 with a tetragonal lattice structureExp. P5810800 with a hexagonal lattice structureExp. P5810900 with diamond structureExp. P581100 with the three cubic Bravais lattices

X-ray basic unit, 35 kV 09058.99 1 1 1 1 1

Goniometer for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.10 1 1 1 1 1

Plug-in module with Cu-X-ray tube 09058.50 1 1 1 1 1

Counter tube type B, BNC cable, l = 50 cm 09005.00 1 1 1 1 1

Lithium fluorid crystal, mounted 09056.05 1 1 1 1 1

Universal crystal holder for X-Ray Unit 09058.02 1 1 1 1 1

Probe holder for powder probes (diffractometry) 09058.09 1 1 1 1 1

Diaphragm tube with Ni- foil 09056.03 1 1 1 1 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, micro 33393.00 1 1 1 1 1

Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1 1 1 1 1

Mortar with pestle, 70 ml, porcelain 32603.00 1 1 1

Ammonium chloride, 250 g 30024.25 1


Potassium bromide 100 g 30258.10 1

Molybdenum, Powder, 99,7%, 100 g 31767.10 1

Germanium, Powder, 99%, 10 g 31768.03 1

Silicium, Powder, 50 g 31155.05 1

Zinc, powder 100 g 31978.10 1

Lead-IV oxide, lead diox., 250 g 31122.25 1


Software for X-ray Unit 35 kV* 14407.61 1 1 1 1 1

Data cable 2 x SUB-D, plug/socket, 9 pole* 14602.00 1 1 1 1 1

PC, Windows® XP or higher*

What you need:

Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer patterns of different powder samples

P58106/07/08/09/10-00


� Wavelength� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Bravais-lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure factor� Atomic scattering factor� Bragg scattering� Characteristic X-rays� Monochromatization

of X-rays



8.1.11-00 Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexesusing a cubic lattice powder sample

Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing powder sample isirradiated with the radiation from aX-ray tube with a copper anode. AGeiger-Mueller counter tube is auto-matically swivelled to detect the ra-diation that is constructively reflect-

ed from the various lattice planes ofthe crystallites. The Bragg diagram isautomatically recorded. The intensi-ties of the individual reflex lines aredetermined and compared withthose theoretically expected. In ad-dition, the evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes, and boththeir spacing and the correspondingBravais lattice type to be deter-mined.

Debye-Scherrer pattern of a copper powder sample.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu

X-rays back scattered by a cubic-crystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Calculate the lattice plane spac-ings from the angle positions ofthe individual Bragg lines.


� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Bravais-lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure factor� Atomic scattering factor � Lorentz-polarization factor� Multiplicity factor� Debye-Waller factor� Absorption factor� Bragg scattering� Characteristic X-rays� Monochromatization

of X-rays










Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1





What you need:

Diffractometric measurements to determine the intensity of Debye-Scherrer reflexes using a cubic lattice powder sample P5811100

3. Assign the Bragg reflexes to therespective lattice planes. Calculatethe lattice constant of the sub-stance and the Bravais lattice type.

4. Determine the intensity of the in-dividual reflex lines and comparethem with the theoretically ex-pected intensities.




What you need:

Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination 8.1.12-00of the texture of rolled sheets

Principle:A polycrystalline, cubic face-cen-tered crystallizing copper powdersample and a thin copper sheet areseparately irradiated with the radia-tion from a X-ray tube with a copperanode. A Geiger-Mueller counter

tube is automatically swivelled todetect the radiation that is construc-tively reflected from the various lat-tice planes of the crystallites. TheBragg diagrams are automaticallyrecorded. The evaluation allows theBragg reflexes to be assigned to theindividual lattice planes. In contrastto the powder sample, the rolled thinsheet gives a spectrum showing analignment of the crystallites (rolledtexture), that is made even morecomplete by heating the sheet.

Debye-Scherrer diagram of a rolled copper sheet.

Tasks:1. Record the intensity of the Cu X-

rays back scattered by a cubiccrystallizing copper powder sam-ple as a function of the scatteringangle.

2. Assign the Bragg reflexes to theindividual lattice planes.

3. Record the Bragg spectrum of athin sheet of copper.

4. Repeat the measurements made inTask 3 after the sheet of copperhas been subjected to annealing.










Vaseline, 100 g 30238.10 1


Copper foil, 0.1 mm, 100 g 30117.10 1

Crucible tongs, 200 mm, stainless steel 33600.00 1

Butane burner for cartridge 270 and 470 47536.00 1

Butane cartridge 47535.00 1




Diffractometric Debye-Scherrer measurements for the examination of the texture of rolled sheets P5811200


� Wavelength� Crystal lattices� Crystal systems� Bravais-lattice� Reciprocal lattice� Miller indices� Structure factor� Atomic scattering factor � Bragg scattering� Characteristic X-rays� Monochromatization

of X-rays� Fiber textures� Sheet textures� Annealing texture� Recrystallization

9Medicine


Contents

9.1 Hematology

in preparation

9.2 Clinical Chemisty

in preparation

9.3 Bacteriology

in preparation

9.4 Radiology

9.4.32-00 X-ray dosimetry

9.4.33-00 Contrast medium experiment with a blood vessel model

9.4.34-00 Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen

9.5 Ultrasonic Diagnostics

in preparation

9.6 Electrophysiology

9.6.01-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical simuIation at the rear end of an earthworm

9.6.02-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical simuIation at the front end of an earthworm

9.6.03-11 Recording of nerve potentials after eIectrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm

9.6.04-50 Model experiment illustrating the deveIopment of resting potential

9.6.05-11 Human electrocardiography (ECG)

9.6.06-11 EIectromyography (EMG) on the upper arm

9.6.07-11 Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting veIocity

9.6.08-11 Human electrooculography (EOG)

Medicine

9.7 Neurobiology

in preparation

9.8 Human Biology

9.8.01-11 Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG)

9.8.02-11 Blood pressure measurement

9.8.03-11 Changes in the blood flow during smoking

9.8.04-00 Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold

9.8.05-11 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiatingthreshold in humans

9.8.06-11 Acoustic orientation in space

9.8.07-00 Determination of the human visual field

9.8.08-00 Time resolving capability of the human eye

9.8.09-11 Measurement of the human respiratory rate

9


Radiology Medicine

X-ray dosimetry 9.4.32-00

3.0

2.0

1.0

100 200 300 400 500

Principle:The molecules of air within a platecapacitor are to be ionized by X-rays.The ion dose, ion dose rate and localion dose rate are to be calculatedfrom the ionization current and theradiated mass of air.

ous anode currents but with maxi-mum anode and capacitor voltages.

5. The saturation current is to beplotted as a function of the anodevoltage.

6. Using the d = 5 mm aperture, theion current is to be determinedand graphically recorded at vari-ous anode currents but with max-imum anode and capacitor volt-ages.

7. Using the two different diaphragmtubes and the fluorescent screen,the given distance between theaperture and the radiation sourceat maximum anode coltage andcurrent is to be verified.

Ionization current IC as a function of capacitor voltage UC for various anodevoltages UA. Diaphragm tube d = 5 mm; IA = 1 mA.

Tasks:1. The ion current at maximum

anode voltage is to be measuredand graphically recorded as afunction of the capacitor voltageby using two different beam limit-ing apertures.

2. The ion dose rate is to be deter-mined from the saturation currentvalues and the air masses pene-trated by radiation are to be cal-culated.

3. The energy dose rate and variouslocal ion dose rates are to be cal-culated.

4. Using the d = 5 mm aperture, theion current is to be determinedand graphically recorded at vari-



Capacitor plates for X-ray Unit 35 kV 09058.05 1

Power supply, regulated, 0...600 V- 13672.93 1

Direct current measuring amplifier 13620.93 1


High value resistors, 50 MΩ 07159.00 1

Adapter, BNC socket - 4 mm plug 07542.20 1

Screened cable, BNC, l = 30 cm 07542.10 1





What you need:

X-ray dosimetryP5943200


� X-rays� Absorption inverse square law� Ionizing energy� Energy dose� Equivalent dose and ion dose

and their rates� Q factor� Local ion dose rate� Dosimeter

IC/nA

UC/V

UA= 35 kV

UA= 30 kV

UA= 25 kV

UA= 20 kV

UA= 15 kV


Medicine Radiology

9.4.33-00 Contrast medium experiment with a blood vessel model

Principle:A liquid contrast medium is to be in-jected into a model of a blood vessel,which is hidden from sight and ex-posed to X-ray radiation, to enablethe inner structure of the model tobe examined on a fluorescent screen.

Figure shows the model filled to different extents with contrast medium.

Experimental steps:1. A 50% potassium iodide solution

is to be injected into the bloodvessel model.

2. The fluorescent screen of the X-ray basic unit is to be observedto follow the course taken by theinjected solution in the blood ves-sel model.


� X-ray radiation� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic radiation� Law of absorption� Mass absorption coefficient� Contrast medium


Plug-in module with W-X-ray tube 09058.80 1

Blood vessel, model for contrast fluid 09058.06 1

Potassium iodide, 50 g 30104.05 1

Beaker, DURAN®, short form, 250 ml 36013.00 1

Wide mouth bottle with screw cap, clear glass, 250 ml 46213.00 1

Stirring rods, BORO 3.3, l = 200 mm, d = 6 mm 40485.04 1

What you need:

Contrast medium experiment with a bood vessel model P943300


Radiology Medicine

Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen 9.4.34-00

Principle:The length and the spatial position ofa metal pin which cannot be seen areto be determined from radiograms oftwo different planes which are atright angles to each other.

Projection fotos of the implant model in the xz-plane (left) and in the yz-plane (right).

Tasks:1. The length of a metal pin which

cannot be seen is to be deter -mined from radiograms of twodifferent planes which are at rightangles to each other.

2. The true length of the pin is tobe determined by taking themagni fication which results fromthe divergence of the X-rays into account.

3. The spatial position of the pin is tobe determined.


Plug-in module with W-X-ray tube 09058.80 1

Film holder 09058.08 1

Implant model for X-ray photography 09058.07 1

Vernier caliper 03010.00 1

X-ray films, wet chemical, 100 x 100 mm, 100 pieces 09058.23 1

Bag for x-ray films, 10 pieces 09058.22 1

X-ray film developer, for 4.5 l solution 06696.20 1

X-ray film fixing, for 4.5 l solution 06696.30 1

Tray (PP), 180 x 240 mm, white 47481.00 3

What you need:

Determination of the length and position of an object which cannot be seen P5943400


� X-ray radiation� Bremsstrahlung� Characteristic radiation� Law of absorption� Mass absorption coefficient� Stereographic projection


Medicine Electrophysiology

Principle and tasks:To work on the following themes bymeasuring nerve and muscle poten-tials:

● The course of a biphasic actionpotential over time

● Estimation of the conductionvelo city

● Coding of the stimulant intensityas frequency modulation

Result with weak stimulation


� Nerve and muscle potentials� Mechanical stimulation� Biphasic action potential� Frequency modulation� Median and lateral giant

nerve fibres� Conduction velocity


Power supply, 12 V 12151.99 1

Software Cobra3 Universal Recorder 14504.61 1

Bio-amplifier 65961.93 1

Earthworm experiment chamber 65981.20 1

Stimulus bristle, triggering 65981.21 1

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, red 07360.01 2

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, blue 07360.04 2

Connecting cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, black 07360.05 2

Crocodile clip, insulated, black, 10 pieces 07276.15 1

Adapter BNC plug/4 mm sockets 07542.26 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms


What you need:

Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the rear end of an earthworm P5960111

9.6.01-11 Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the rear end of an earthworm

Result with moderate stimulation


Electrophysiology Medicine

Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation 9.6.02-11at the front end of an earthworm


● The difference in sensitivity of thefront and rear ends

● The facilitation effect

● Conduction velocity and fibre diameter

● Synaptic depression

Result with weak stimulation






Stimulus bristle, triggering 65981.21 1






Aluminium foil

Earthworms

PC, Windows®XP or higher

What you need:

Recording of nerve and muscle potentials by mechanical stimulation at the front end of an earthworm P5960211

What you can learn about

� Nerve and muscle potentials� Positive feedback� Synaptic depression� Synaptic facilitation� Conduction velocity in median

and lateral giant nerve fibres

Result with infrequent strong stimulation




● The action of an anaesthetic

● The different conduction velocitiesof median and lateral giant fibres

● Refractory period of the mediangiant fibre

Result with a weak stimulus


� Nerve and muscle potentials� Electrical stimulation� Anaesthetization of muscles� Electrical resistance of nerve

fibres� Double pulse stimulation� Refractory period





Stimuli generator 65962.93 1








Petri dish, d = 100 mm 64705.00 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1

Balance MXX-212R, 210 g/0.01 g, RS232 49111.93 1

Graduated cylinder, 100 ml 36629.00 1

Aluminium foil

Earthworms

Chloretone as anaesthetic (pharmacy or dentist: 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol)


What you need:

Result with a double pulse 6 ms

Recording of nerve potentials after electrical stimulation of an anaesthetized earthworm P5960311

9.6.03-11 Recording of nerve potentials after electrical stimulationof an anaesthetized earthworm



Model experiment illustrating the development of resting potential 9.6.04-50

Principle and tasks:The potential difference betweentwo elec trolyte solutions of differentconcentrations separated by a mem-brane is detected by two silver chlo-ride electrodes and measured with amV meter. The measured and calcu-lated values are compared.

Cobra4 Mobile-Link Set 12620.55 1

Cobra4 Sensor-Unit Chemistry, pH and 2 x Temperature NiCr-Ni 12630.00 1

Immersion probe NiCr-Ni, -50...1000°C 13615.03 1

Ussing chamber 65977.00 1

Reference electrode, silver chloride 18475.00 2


Volumetric flask, 500 ml, IGJ 19/26 36551.00 1

Volumetric flask, 1000 ml, IGJ 24/29 36552.00 1

Graduated cylinder, 100 ml, BORO 3.3 36629.00 2

Cylinder, 250 ml, d = 40 mm, h = 20 cm 34213.00 1

Bottle, narrow neck, plastic, 500 ml 33906.00 4

Bottle, narrow neck, plastic, 1000 ml 33907.00 6

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel 33398.00 1

Membrane, permeable for cations, 5 pieces 31504.02 1



Wasser, distilled 5 l 31246.81 2


What you need:

Model experiment illustrating the development of resting potential P5960450


� Selective ion permeability of membranes

� Resting potential� Diffusion potential� Asymmetry potential� Silver chloride electrodes� Ion pump



9.6.05-11 Human electrocardiography (ECG)

Principle and tasks:To record an electrocardiogram (ECG)between the left leg and the rightand left arm (lead II according toEinthoven). To relate the ECG seg-ments to the course of heart con-traction (P wave, P-Q segment, QRScomplex, T wave)

Circuit diagram


� Electrophysiology � Electrocardiogram according

to Einthoven II� Heart rate� Quiet and strained heart� ECG segments� Atria� Ventricles� AV nodes





Electrode collecting cable 65981.03 1

ECG electrodes, 3 pieces 65981.01 1


Connection cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, red 07360.01 1

Connection cord, 32 A, l = 250 mm, blue 07360.04 1

Spoon with spatula end, l = 150 mm, steel, wide 33398.00 1


Graduated cylinder, 100 ml 36629.00 1


Tempo/Kleenex Tissues

What you need:

Human electrocardiography (ECG)P59605111

Typical measuring results



Electromyography (EMG) on the upper arm 9.6.06-11

Principle and tasks:To prepare an electromyogram (EMG)from a contracting or relaxing upperarm muscle (biceps) using surfaceelectrodes. Measurement of the frequency and the amplitude of theEMG at maximum contraction.

Attaching the electrodes


� Electrophysiology � Electromyogram� Muscle contractions� Biceps� Muscle potentials� Compound action potentials





EMG electrodes 65981.02 1


Electrode cream, tube 65981.05 1



Roll of adhesive tape (e.g. Elastoplast)


What you need:

Electromyography (EMG) on the upper armP5960611

Typical result



9.6.07-11 Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting velocity

Principle and tasks:To trigger a stretch reflex in thelower leg musculature by tappingthe Achilles tendon (Achilles tendonreflex). To record the compound action potential and determine thereflex latency and the conductionvelocity.









Reflex hammer, triggering 65981.10 1





What you need:

Muscle stretch reflex and determination of conducting velocity P5960711


� Electrophysiology � Electromyogram� Muscle stretch reflex� Achilles tendon� Reflex latency� Conduction velocity� Jendrassik effect� Facilitation

Typical result



Human electrooculography (EOG) 9.6.08-11

Principle and tasks:To record the changes in the electri-cal field induced by eye movements,using electrodes stuck to the skinnear the eyes. To measure an electro -oculogram (EOG) with a practisedreader, a less practised (six year old)schoolchild and, if possible, a testperson who practises a rapid readingtechnique. To evaluate the rapid hor-izontal eye movements (sacchades)and the fixation periods.



� Electrophysiology � Electrical field measurement� Eye movements� Dipole� Sacchades� Fixation period� Practised reader versus

schoolchild� Rapid reading techniques












What you need:

Human electrooculography (EOG)P5960811

Typical result


Medicine Human Biology

9.8.01-11 Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG)

Principle and tasks:Cardiac and vascular sonic measure-ment at different locations of thecirculatory system. Measurement ofthe pulse rate at different levels ofathletic loading.

Typical vascular phonometric measurement




Acustic measuring probe 03544.00 1


What you need:

Phonocardiography: Cardiac and vascular sonic measurement (PCG) P5980111


� Pulse� Throat and chest sonic

measurement� Quiet and strained heart� Contraction tune� Systole� Flapping sound� Diastole


Human Biology Medicine

Blood pressure measurement 9.8.02-11

Principle and tasks:To prepare a plot of blood pressuremeasurement and to read the valuesof systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Typical result


� Systolic blood pressure� Diastolic blood pressure� Measuring cuff� Blood pulse waves



Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1

Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1

Blood pressure measurement set 64234.00 1

Y piece 47518.01 1


What you need:

Blood pressure measurementP5980211



9.8.03-11 Changes in the blood flow during smoking

Principle and tasks:To prepare a curve showing thechange in skin temperature duringsmoking. To discuss different curvesdepending on the smoking habits ofthe test person.

Typical result

Experiment P5980311 with Cobra3 Basic-UnitExperiment P5980340 with Cobra3 Chem-Unit


Cobra3 Chem-Unit 12153.00 1

Power supply, 12 V/2 A 12151.99 1 1

Data cable, plug/socket, 9 pole 14602.00 1

Software Cobra3 Temperature 14503.61 1

Software Cobra3 Chem-Unit 14520.61 1

Cobra3, sensor –20…110°C 12120.00 1

Lab thermometer, –10…+100°C, w/o Hg 47040.00 1

Immersion probe NiCr-Ni, –50/1000°C 13615.03 1


What you need:

Changes in the blood flow during smokingP5980311/40


� Skin temperature� Heavy and moderate smokers� Occasional smokers� Non-smokers

Experimental set-up using the Chem-Unit (P4020440)



Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold 9.8.04-00

Principle and tasks:Determination of the merging fre-quency and upper acoustic thresholdof test subjects of various ages.


� Acoustic hearing thresholds� Merging frequency� Hearing range� Sine wave generator

Headphones, stereo 65974.00 1

Sine wave generator 65960.93 1

What you need:

Human merging frequency and upper hearing threshold P5980400



9.8.05-11 Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating threshold in humans

Principle and tasks:1. Determine the hearing threshold

for a number of frequencies in thehearing range of humans and plota hearing threshold curve.

2. Determine the frequency differ-ence between two sounds of thesame intensity which can just stillbe perceived as two differentsounds (frequency differentiatingthreshold). Plot a curve of the fre -quency differentiating threshold.


Headphone, stereo 65974.00 1




Shielded BNC cable, l = 30 cm 07542.10 1

Adapter BNC socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 2


What you need:

Hearing threshold and frequency differentiating threshold in humans P5980511


� Hearing threshold curve� Frequency differentiation

thresholds� Hearing range

Frequency differentiating threshold curve



Acoustic orientation in space 9.8.06-11

Principle and tasks:To localize a source of sound usingan artificial head. To measure thetime difference and the difference inintensity of the sound waves inci-dent on each ear of the artificialhead.

Result for 0 degrees


� Spatial orientation� Artificial head� Acoustic probes� Threshold angle� Travelling time difference




Artificial head 65975.01 1

Measuring microphone with amplifier 03543.00 2

Tripod base ”PASS” 02002.55 1

Flat cell battery, 9 V 07496.10 2

Stand tube 02060.00 1

Protractor scale with pointer 08218.00 1

Tuning fork, 440 Hz, on resonance box 03427.00 1


What you need:

Acoustic orientation in spaceP5980611

Result for 20 degrees



9.8.07-00 Determination of the human visual field

Principle and tasks:Determination of the visual field ofthe right and left eye for white, blue,red and green. Detection of any visual field deficiency (scotoma). Location of the blind spot (site ofoptic nerve emergence).

The extent of the visual fields of botheyes and the position of the blindspot are determined with the aid of aperimeter.

Visual field of a right eye

Perimeter 65984.00 1

Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless 02032.00 1

Bench clamp, “PASS” 02010.00 1

Right-angle clamp 02043.00 1

Protractor scale with pointer 08218.00 1


Support base, variable 02001.00 1

Table top on rod 08060.00 1

What you need:

Determination of the human visual fieldP5980700


� Perimeter� Visual field (for white, blue,

red, green)� Field of view� Blind spot� Scotoma� Rods and cones



Time resolving capability of the human eye 9.8.08-00

Principle and tasks:To determine the flashing frequencyof an LED at which the impression ofa continuous light just occurs. Tochange the direction of incidence ofthe light using a perimeter.

To determine the flicker fusionthreshold of the left and right eye inrelation to the direction of incidenceof light stimulus and the state ofadaptation of the eyes.


� Perimeter� Time-related resolving power� Flicker fusion frequency� Light/dark adapted eye


Stimulant light source 65985.00 1

Perimeter 65984.00 1

Right-angle clamp 02043.00 1

Table top on rod 08060.00 1

Bench clamp, “PASS” 02010.00 1

Support base, variable 02001.00 1

Support rod, l = 500 mm, stainless 02032.00 1


What you need:

Time resolving capability of the human eyeP5980800

Flicker fusion frequency curve



9.8.09-11 Measurement of the human respiratory rate

Principle and tasks:The number of inhalations per unittime is dependent on many factors,such as the capacity of the lungs,health condition and activity. Therespiratory frequencies before andafter bodily exertion are to be meas -ured and compared.

Result (at rest)


� Respiratory frequency� Chest pressure measurement� Breathing in resting position� In slight and strong exertion� Eupnea� Diaphragmatic and thoracic

respiration



Software Cobra3 - Pressure 14510.61 1

Measuring module, pressure 12103.00 1

Blood pressure measurement set 64234.00 1

Y piece 47518.01 1

Rubber tubing, i.d. 4 mm 39280.00 1

Additionally required:

Kidney protective belt (motor cycle accessory)


What you need:

Measurement of the human respiratory ratewith Cobra3 Basic-Unit P5980911

Result (during slight exertion)

Send to Fax No. (00 49) 5 51 60 4115or by postor contact our local representative

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

D-37070 GöttingenFederal Republic of Germany

Address of institution

Telephone Fax

Date Signature

Please circle the corresponding experiment numbers

Information / Quotation

Please send detailed descriptions, free of charge

Please send an offer for the following experiments

1.1.01-00 1.1.02-00 1.1.03-00 1.1.04-00 1.4.04-00 1.4.10-11 1.4.15-00 1.4.16-00 1.4.20-15

1.5.01-00 1.7.01-15 1.7.02-15 1.7.03-15 1.7.04-00 1.7.05-15 1.7.06-00 1.7.07-00 1.7.08-15

1.7.09-00 2.1.01-00 2.1.02-01 2.1.02-05 2.1.04-00 2.1.05-00 2.2.01-00 2.3.01-00 2.3.02-00

2.3.03-05 2.3.04-00 2.3.07-00 2.3.08-00 2.3.10-05 2.3.12-00 2.3.14-05 2.3.14-06 2.3.17-11

2.4.01-00 2.4.07-00 2.4.11-06 3.1.01-00 3.1.02-00 3.1.04-00 3.1.10-01 3.1.10-15 3.1.12-00

3.1.13-00 3.2.01-01 3.3.01-00 4.1.01-15 4.1.02-01 4.1.02-11 4.1.03-01 4.1.03-11 4.1.06-00

4.1.07-01 4.1.07-11 5.1.01-00 5.1.02-00 5.2.01-00 5.2.02-00 5.2.03-00 5.2.04-00 5.2.05-00

5.2.06-00 5.2.07-00 5.3.01-00 5.3.02-00 5.3.03-00 5.3.04-00 5.3.05-00 5.3.06-00 5.3.07-00

5.3.08-00 5.3.09-00 5.3.10-00 5.4.01-00 5.4.02-00 5.5.02-00 5.5.11-11 8.1.01-00 8.1.02-00

8.1.03-00 8.1.04-00 8.1.05-00 8.1.06-00 8.1.07-00 8.1.08-00 8.1.09-00 8.1.10-00 8.1.11-00

8.1.12-00 9.4.32-00 9.4.33-00 9.4.34-00 9.6.01-11 9.6.02-11 9.6.03-11 9.6.04-50 9.6.05-11

9.6.06-11 9.6.07-11 9.6.08-11 9.8.01-11 9.8.02-11 9.8.03-11 9.8.04-00 9.8.05-11 9.8.06-11

9.8.07-00 9.8.08-00 9.8.09-11

Send to Fax No. (00 49) 5 51 60 4115or by postor contact our local representative

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG

D-37070 GöttingenFederal Republic of Germany

Address of institution

Telephone Fax

Date Signature

Equipment Article-No. Quantity

Information / Quotation

Please send an offer for the following equipment

Phywe Systeme GmbH & Co. KGRobert-Bosch-Breite 10

D-37079 GöttingenGermany

phone: ++49/551/604-0fax: ++49/551/604-115

[email protected]

We reserve ourselves all rights concerning errors, translation, partial reproduction and photocopies.

ciencias aplicadas_parte2 de phywe

Documents

hall effect module

function of current

temhall voltage

hall probe

function ofthe control

defect voltage

current strengthflow

band gap of germanium4